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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICAFM_2017

Characterization of Particulate-Reinforced Aluminium 7075 / TiB2

Composites
Chandana Aa, Daniel Lawrence Ib, Jayabal Sc
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Madurai- 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Madurai- 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.C College of Engg and Tech, Karaikudi- 630001, India

Abstract

Aluminum-based metal matrix composite (MMC) materials are used in the design of ground transportation vehicles and aircraft due to its light
weight and high strength to weight ratio. Compared with conventional, unreinforced alloys, composite materials usually exhibit higher
strength, both at ambient and elevated temperatures, as well as good fatigue strength and wear resistance. Stir casting process is one of the most
effective methods for manufacturing Metal matrix composites (MMCs) due to its high volume reinforcement and fairly uniform distribution.
This work deals with the production of Aluminium 7075 alloy reinforced with TiB2 particle. The composites were fabricated by three varying
the volume % of Titanium diboride (TiB2) particles. The mechanical properties and microstructure analysis are identified from the
experimental results and the ability of the manufactured aluminium matrix composite from the different reinforcements.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of ICAFM’17.

Keywords:Metal matrix composite, Reinforcement, Microstructure, Mechanical properties;

1. Introduction

Nowadays metal matrix composites are widely used in engineering application for the replacement of heavy metals and also
the development of metal matrix composites increase the efficiency of the product and cost. The primary use of high-strength
aluminum alloys is in aircraft construction; the airframe of modern aircraft is approximately 80 percent aluminum by weight
(Marceau, 1994). Traditionally, the structural aluminum alloys in aircraft have been 2024 in damage-critical areas and 7075 in
strength-critical areas (Starke and Staley, 1996). The goal of aircraft designers to improve durability and save weight has led to
the development of new aluminum alloys that provide improved combinations of specific strength, durability, and damage
tolerance. The tighter controls on chemistry and processing parameters may cause an increase in the cost of the material, but
production applications of improved alloys show that this cost can be offset by benefits in performance or durability. The
comparative study on hot dynamic compaction and quasi-static hot pressing of Al7075 is mechanically milled with 0%, 5%, and
10% compositions of SiC. The maximum level of kinetic energy distributed to specimen may result increase in impact strength
therefore fine particles are easily merged leading to reduction of porosity and increase in green density. Enhancing the
dislocation density by strengthening mechanism increases the hardness by 20% with respect to monolithic material for
dynamically compacted specimen. The uniform distribution of micro hardness noticed in hot static compaction and also increases
strength with increase in SiC reinforcement [1]. Specific wear rate of Al7075 with 7% of SiC and 3% of graphite acts as a solid
lubricant this composition is prepared by stir casting method.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 8056811808

E-mail address: [email protected]

2214-7853 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of ICAFM’17.
14318 Chandana et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326

The results of hybrid composites compared with the unreinforced alloy with various parameters like loads, sliding speed, and
sliding distance. The Al7075 hybrid composite prepared by stir casting method at 600rpm with 1% of mg further it is heat treated
and solution treated at 490oC for 2hours then this samples is also undergoes water quenching and aging process at 120oC for
20hours.The test conducted in pin on disc testing machine at ambient temperature without lubrication and the structure of the
samples were examined by micro structural testing such as SEM, XRD, EDX and RSM. The specific wear rate decrease as
sliding speed increases with above mentioned parameters at low speed and low load condition. Graphite acts as solid lubricant by
creating a protective layer between pin and counter face increases wear resistance [2]. The reduction of particle size from micro
level to nano level in Al 7075 reinforced with 2% and 5% of ZrO2 by applying milling using only balls gives better results. The
structure of ZrO2 gets destabilized from tetragonal to monoclinic were maximum level of ZrO2 takes more time to achieve
dispersion and also cubic structure is noticed which can be stabilized by adding oxides such as yttria Y2O3 for minimum amount.
The powder which is obtained from grinding undergoes annealing process at 415oC for 48 hours in felisa furnace. The particle
size reduced from 37µm to 108nm by continuous milling for 140 hours further increase in time doesn’t tend to any changes [3].
This study deals with the mechanical behavior of Al7075 reinforced with 1%, 3%, and 5% of nano size Alumina (Al2O3) alloy by
mechanical alloying to produce high performance composites. The structure, grain size and crystallite size were studied by taking
SEM, TEM and XRD test along with this lattice strain are predicted by Williamson –Hall equation. The increase in Al2O3 leads
to reduction in fracture toughness which may also reduce particle size. The maximum hardness obtained at 5% of Al2O3 is
204HB whereas the tensile strength rises from 276 to 443MPa which is 60.5% higher than base matrix [4].

The super plasticity of material can be fabricated by friction stir processing. Three different profiles were selected such as
square, pentagon, and hexagon. The poor joint strength in Al7075 exhibits hot cracking this can be overcome by using this alloy
without joint. Three Stir process samples were produced at 1500 rpm rotational speed with the temperature maintained
approximately 305oC. The hardness of the materials is 100, 116, and 115 for square, pentagon and hexagon respectively. The
microstructure without cavitations was observed only in square pin which also exhibit super plastic behaviour by achieving
227% of uniform elongation [5]. Machinability of TiB2 particle reinforced in Al7050 has been investigated. PCD tool sustains
least tool wear due to hardness and wear resistance with Minimum surface roughness was observed. Al7056-T6 alloy blended
with 6% of TiB2 with grain size ranges from 50 to 200nm was machined in conventional lathe and surface roughness and
morphology tested by SEM, XRD and contact surface roughness tester accordingly. Surface roughness of tools decreases with
cutting speed and decrease of feed speed were TiB2 particles give better surface quality. Better surface roughness can be
achieved by implementing PCD and PCBN due to higher hardness also sustains least tool wear [6]. The knuckle joint made up of
Al/TiC, unreinforced alloy and graphite has been evaluated by finding the load bearing capacity for automobile applications.
Aluminium LM6 mixed with TiC material by stir casting method with a speed of 900 rpm for 10min at 800oC. Micro structural
shows more Al3Ti and Al4C3 blocks formed at 750oC which gets reduced with rise in temperature [7]. The hardness of the Al
6061–TiB2–Gr composite was increased mainly due to the weight percentage of the TiB2 and Gr. The hardness and tensile
strength decreases with increase in graphite content and addition of TiB2 raises strength value to some extent. TiB2 material
increases density with increase in hardness. The acoustic emission technique (non-destructive test) is used to measure acoustic
energy released during deformation process and early crack detection with UTM interfaced to acoustic emission recorder in wave
form which helps to detect failure during manufacturing [8].

The study revealed that the creep properties of β-phase titanium alloy with the addition of neutral element Zr were
investigated through powder metallurgy. The pre-alloyed powder with higher aluminium content with 5 different alloy
compositions Ti–45Al–5Nb– (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Zr–0.2B–0.2C were blended at 120oC for 2000rpm. The formation of a Zr-enriched γ
phase at colony boundaries was promoted by elemental Zr additions, which was an effect of the specific powder metallurgy
processing of these alloys. The results shows Zr will increase the hardenss and creep resistance [9]. Fine grained beta titanium
alloy (Ti-40Nb) was successfully prepared by mechanical alloying of TiH2 and Nb by spark plasma sintering which increases
hardness with increase in temperature. The MA also led to the lowering of dehydrogenation temperature of hydride particles.
Sintering of MAed powders under low temperature conditions (1223 K, & 1373 K) resulted in the fine-grained heterogeneous
microstructure consisting of a, b, and unreacted pure Nb phase. Brittle TiH2, unlike pure titanium powder, avoids agglomeration,
cold welding, and sticking to the milling balls and vials during ball milling or mechanical alloying process, leading to almost
100% recovery of milled powders [10]. The energy efficient surface composite is produced by Friction stir processing and Al 7075
reinforced with B4C shows maximum level of increase in wear resistance with 40-70% of increase in hardness. The matrix with
more B4C particle shows higher coefficient of friction as 0.6 which enhances resistance to wear [11]. The piston material is made
up of Al-Si alloy reinforced with 4% of TiB2 and the alloy treated at temperature of 350oC. Fractographic morphology studies
were done which shows the changes in the material from phase brittle to ductile with rise in temperature from 25-350oC were
separated TiB2 particles leads to crack [12]. The reciprocating wear behavior of AL7075/SiC was compared with 6061Al/Al2O3
composites. The Composite pins are prepared with three different weight percentages of SiC and Al2O3 particles with size of 36
μm. Hardness of these composites increases with increase in wt. % of reinforcement. However, the impact strength decreases
with increase in wt. % of SiC and Al2O3 reinforcement content [13].
 Chandana et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326 14319

The mechanical behavior, modeling and optimization of wear parameters on hybrid composites reinforced with B4C and
graphite. Aluminium alloy 6061 and 7075 were reinforced with 10 wt. % of B4C and 5 wt. % of graphite through liquid casting
technique. For improving wettability of B4C with aluminium alloy at below 850 ºC, Potassium Hexa Fluro Titanate (K2TiF6) flux
is added as same quantity of B4C. The addition of Graphite in aluminium matrix, leads to reduction in hardness and flexural
strength to overcome this, one of the most promising ceramic material boron carbide (B4C) is included. The high hardness,
increased % of elongation and wear resistance obtained in the AA 7075 hybrid composite compared to the AA 6061 alloy [14].
Microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume content SiCp / 7075Al composites is prepared by pressure infiltration
method. Contrary to other SiCp / Al composites prepared by the pressure infiltration method, an interface layer was witnessed
between SiC particles and Al matrix. Furthermore, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation
specified that this interface layer was coherent/semi-coherent with that of the SiC particles. Al7075 with 45 vol. % of SiCp
reveals high tensile strength (630 MPa) and micro-ductility. High density dislocations were found around SiC / Al interface in
SiCp / 7075Al composite after water-quenching and aging treatment. Fine dispersed nano - ή phases were observed after the
aging treatment. Compared to aged SiCp/2024Al composite, the aged SiCp / 7075Al composite showed an increase of about
200% in the tensile strain and 90% in the tensile strength, respectively. It is conjectured that nano-ή phases in the Al matrix
significantly contributed to the strengthening effect while the interface layer between SiC and Al matrix might be beneficial
aspect to the strength and plasticity composite [15]. This paper investigates manufacturing of Aluminium Alloy (Al7075)
reinforced with SiC replacing the existing components that are manufactured with Aluminium oxide reinforcement due to their
higher wear resistance and creep resistance applications. The present work was focused on the manufacturing of gear with
AMMC material using stir casting process. Since, we know that gear plays a dynamic role in manufacturing sector to transmit
power. The particle size of the selected material is 20µm were preheated before introducing into the molten metal. Stirring were
accomplished for 10 min at 400rpm.Post processing temperature was 720oC. It was observed that there is an increase in strength
and hardness by 10% compared to Al6061.Significantly SiC contributes an improving of wear resistance in Al7075/SiC
composites [16].

This study shows the influence of rutile (TiO2) content on wear and micro hardness characteristics of aluminium-based hybrid
composites are synthesized by powder metallurgy. The proposed content of TiO2 (0, 4%, 8%, 12% of mass fraction) was blended
to Al−15%SiC composites through powder metallurgy process. The mean diameter of aluminium particle chosen based on
ASTM B−214 is 37μm and TiO2 particles with an average diameter of 44μm, respectively. The powders were preheated to 200
°C before compaction. Powders were cold compacted at 800 MPa in a uniaxial press. Optical micrographs showed the uniform
distribution of TiO2 throughout the matrix. Quantitative results indicate better wear resistance and micro hardness than the
unreinforced Al−SiC composites and the base matrix with the increase of TiO2 content. SEM images unveil that high wear
resistance is recognized to high dislocation density of deformed planes and high hardness of TiO2. The micrograph of the wear
debris collected for the hybrid composites shows reduced mean size as the content of TiO2 (rutile) increases [17]. The Corrosion of
Al7075 during the production of aeronautical components: Influence of process parameters at the deburring / adjustment stage on
the development of surface defects in parts. The results showed that the degreasing bath concentration and temperature, the
immersion time of the aluminium parts in the degreasing solution, and the use of solvent pre-cleaning had no significant
influence on the quantity of surface defects. The degreasing process includes different steps, solvent cleaning, water washing,
alkaline degreasing, and drying. The surface defects found were classified and quantified considering their frequency and size.
The corrosiveness of the degreaser was shown to least time of usage [18]. Comparatively studied the composites reinforced with
SiC and TiB2. Two specimens were fabricated by adding 10 wt % of SiC and TiB2 with aluminium (6061Al-T6) metal matrix
fabricated by using stir casting route with bottom pouring technique. A silicon carbide particle of average size of 25 microns is
selected as reinforcement for the first specimen. Titanium diboride particles size of 10 microns is added as reinforcement for the
second specimen. The wt % of reinforcement for both specimens is 10 %. SiC particles were preheated at 1000°C for 2 hours to
improve the wettability by removing the absorbed hydroxide and other gases. TiB2 is preheated up to 200°C. The furnace
temperature was raised to 750°C to melt the matrix completely. At this stage the preheated SiC particles were added and mixed.
Mg 2gms is added in order to increase the wettability. Mechanical stirring was carried out for 15 min at 350 rpm average stirring
speed. Tensile strength has been observed that, TiB2 composite is 30 % higher than SiC composite and also hardness value of
SiC is higher than TiB2 composites [19]. The Effect of Ti content and stirring time on microstructure and mechanical behavior of
Al-B4C composites were investigated. A simple way to fabricate tri-modal Al-B4C-Al3Ti composites was proposed and efforts
have been made to correlate microstructure evolution with mechanical response of the composites. Commercially available pure
aluminium (99.7%), Al-5 wt% Ti and B4C powders with diameter from 2 to 50 mm were the raw materials. After removing the
slag from the melt, B4C particles were gradually added as reinforcement. The mechanical stirrer was hold at 500 rpm after all the
B4C powders were incorporated and the stable vortex lasted for 10 min to 20 min respectively. Consequently, increasing Al3Ti
volume fraction and particle size, growing Tib2 layer interface together resulted in gradual increase in tensile strength and the
transformation in particle arrangement was responsible for the leap in strength and more uniform particle spatial distribution was
achieved [20]. The reinforcement of different volume % of molybdenum particles with Al6082 produced by friction stir
processing to improve ductility of material. Rolled Aluminium alloy plates with 50mm breath and 100mm length were machined
at the middle using EDM to create groove and Mo particles (25 µm) were packed with various volume fraction. It is identified
that the Mo particles are distributed homogenously in the composite which improves the tensile strength without compromising
14320 Chandana et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326

on ductility [21].This present investigation is study about Characterization of Particulate-Reinforced Aluminium 7075 Composites
reinforced with TiB2.

2. Materials and Methodology

2.1 Preparation of composites

Al7075 alloy has been selected as the matrix and the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the matrix material
is given in the Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The reinforcing material was taken TiB2 with 4%, 6% and 8% weight
respectively. The chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the Titanium diboride are given in the Table 3 and
Table 4 respectively. The metal was first melted above the super heating 700°C in Titanium diboride is added in the graphite
crucible under a cover of nitrogen gas by using an electrical resistance-heating furnace. During this process, the molten metal
was well agitated by a mechanical stirrer to create turbulence motion. The depth of the immersed impeller was approximately 2/3
of the height of the molten metal from the bottom of the crucible and the speed of the stirrer maintained at 500 rpm. The detail of
composite composition, particle size and their respective densities are illustrated in Table5. During mechanical stirring 1 wt. %
magnesium was also added to increase the wettability of reinforcing particles. The presence of magnesium in aluminum matrix
composite not only has the beneficial effects of alloying but also reduces the surface tension and better wetting dispersion
respectively.

Table 1. Chemical Composition of Al7075

Element Percentage (%)
Cu 1.2-2
Cr 0.18- 0.28
Mn 0.3
Mg 2.1-2.9
Si 0.4
Ti 0.2
Zn 5.1-6.1
Fe 0.5
Al balance

Table 2. Mechanical properties of Al 7075

Density 2.81g/cc
Hardness, Vickers 175 HV
Ultimate Tensile Strength 572MPa
Tensile Yield Strength 503MPa
Modulus of Elasticity 71.7GPa
Thermal Conductivity 130 W/m-K
Melting Point 477-635oC

Table 3. Chemical Composition of TiB2

Element Titanium Boron

Content % 68.88 31.15

 Chandana et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326 14321

Table 4. Mechanical properties of Titanium diboride (TiB2)

Density 4.52 g/cc

Melting Point 2970o C
Modulus of Rupture 410-448
Hardness 1800 knop
Elastic modulus 510 -575 Gpa
Poisson's Ratio 0.1 - 0.15
Volume resistivity at 20°C 15x10-6 ohm.cm
Thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K

Table 5. Details of Reinforcement (TiB2)

Grain Purity
Reinforcement Density(g/cc)
Size(µm) (%)
TiB2 20 4.52 99
Grain Purity
Reinforcement Density(g/cc)
Size(µm) (%)
TiB2 20 4.52 99

The microstructure of the Al 7075 matrix and TiB2 reinforced material is obtained by scanning electron microscope and
displayed figure 1 (a) and (b). The pin on disc shows in figure 2.

Fig.1. (a) SEM image of Al7075; (b) SEM image of TiB2

Wear is erosion or sideways displacement of material from its derivative and original position on a solid surface performed
by the action of another surface. It is related to interactions between surfaces and specifically the removal and deformation of
material on a surface because of mechanical action of the opposite surface. Wear of metals occurs by the plastic displacement of
surface and near-surface material and by the detachment of particles that form wear debris. The size of the generated particles
may vary from millimeter range down to an ion range. This process may occur by contact with other metals, nonmetallic solids,
flowing liquids, or solid particles or liquid droplets entrained in flowing gasses.

Fig.2.PIN – ON – DISC SETUP

14322 Chandana et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326

The pin dimensions are 8mm diameter and 32mm length. The high carbon high Chromium disc was selected with diameter of
165mm and hardness 62HRC

2.2 Experimental procedure

Steps to be followed in order to conduct the experiment are: -

1. Place the test metal disc on DC motor.
2. Place the pin over the disc.
3. Run the motor at full speed and ON the range meter.
4. Place the weights in the pan and observe the wear pattern on disc made by pin. Simultaneously, note the reading from
range meter.
5. Take the reading from the graph.

Dry sliding wear test was conducted using pin on disk tester according to ASTM G99 standard. The composites are in the
form of cylindrical pins of 10mm diameter and 20 mm length. Pin surface were polished using emery papers with various grid
sizes (200,400,600,800), EN31 hardened steel of 62 HRC with diameter of 165mm and surface roughness of 0.8µm.All the test
are conducted in atmosphere conditions. The wear parameters selected for the experiment were sliding speed in meter per second
(m/s), load in Newton (N) and sliding distance in meter (m). The non-linear behavior of the process parameters, if exists, can
only be revealed when more than two levels of the parameters are investigated. Therefore, each parameter was analyzed at three
levels and process parameters along with their values at three levels are given in Table 6 by design of experiments.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Hardness

Hardness test was conducted by Micro Vickers testing machine using 136o included angle inverted diamond pyramid
indenter. The applied load is 0.5 Kgf for a dwell time of 10sec. Vickers / Micro hardness test procedure as per ASTM E-384, EN
ISO 6507, and ASTM E-92 standard specifies making indentation with a range of loads using a diamond indenter which is then
measured and converted to a hardness value. For this purpose as long as test samples are carefully and properly prepared, the
Vickers / Micro hardness method is considered to be very useful for testing on a wide type of materials, including metals,
composites, ceramics, or applications such as testing foils, measuring surface of a part, testing individual microstructures, or
measuring the depth of case hardening by sectioning a part and making a series of indentations. Two types of indenters are
generally used for the Vickers test family, a square base pyramid shaped diamond for testing in a Vickers hardness tester and a
narrow rhombus shaped indenter for a Knoop hardness tester. The hardness results for the different mentioned reinforcements are
tabulated in Table 7 by Micro Vickers hardness.

3.2 Effect of Reinforcement on Microstructure Analysis

3.2.1 Optical Microscope

The “As polished” matrix of the metal matrix composite produced by stir casting matrix shows the distortion of the
Composite particles. The particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix.

Fig.3. (a) 96% Al7075 with 4 % TiB2; (b) 94% Al7075with 6 % TiB2
 Chandana et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326 14323

(c) 92% Al7075 with 8% TiB2

Photo-1 shows the distribution of the particles which are very small but in photo-2 the particles are clearly resolved in the
matrix. The matrix shows no voids/pores between the grains from fig3 a, b and c.
Microstructures of the different fabricated composites are observed by optical microscope and the images shows the
distribution of reinforcement on the matrix material. The 4 wt. % of TiB2 has uniformly disturbed on the Aluminum composites
and mostly particles are in grain boundaries, 6wt. % of TiB2 has some agglomeration of particles. But 8 wt. % of TiB2 particles
are uniformly disturbed on the Aluminum composites. The better microstructures are identified in 8 wt. % of TiB2.

3.3 Effect of Reinforcement on Wear Analysis

The Tribological properties of the composites were assessed using a pin-on-disc under elevated temperature conditions. The
fabricated composite specimens have a cylindrical pin form of 8mm diameter and 50mm height. Pin surface was prepared by
grinding against 1000-grit silicon carbide paper and cleaning with acetone. Initial and final weight of the pins was weighed using
a highly sensitive electronic balance having an accuracy of 0.0001gm to determine the mass loss.
Weight loss WL (gm.) = WI-WF
Wear volume loss VL (mm3) = WL/ P
Wear rate R (mm3/N-m) = VL/ (N*D)
Where P is the density of pin material, N the normal load (N), D the sliding distance (m), WI the initial weight of the pin
(gm.) and WF is the final weight of the pin (gm.).
It is observed that the wear and friction behaviour of MMCs having aluminum as matrix strongly depends on the particles
used for reinforcements, its size and volume fraction of particles. The coefficients of friction of the metal matrix composites are
high, if the rate of reinforcement particle in MMC is low and besides this, the wear resistance increases with increasing volume
fraction of reinforcing particulates. If the particulates used for reinforcement bonded well to the matrix, the wear resistance of the
composite increases continuously with increase in the volume fraction of reinforcement particles and the critical volume fraction
mostly depends on the load and temperature applied during the wear test. The experiments are conducted by using taguchi
experiments approach. Due to the wide ranges of parameters selected, it has been decided to use orthogonal array design. The
wear parameters selected for the experiment where load is in Newton (N), sliding speed in meter per second (m/s) and
temperature (°C). The experimental results are tabulated in Table 8 and the ANOVA analysis results are showed in Table 9.

Fig. 4. (a) Wear rate about sliding distance and reinforcement; (b) Wear rate about load and speed

Table 6. Wear test parameters and levels

S.NO LOAD (N) SPEED (m/s) DISTANCE (m) REINFORCEMENT (%)

1 10 1.2 500 4
2 20 1.4 1000 6
3 30 1.6 1500 8
14324 Chandana et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326

Table 7. Hardness results for the different reinforcements of TiB2

S. No AA7075 + TiB2
COMP/TRIAL 4% 6% 8%

1 94.4 105.5 125

2 109.2 100.3 128

3 105.2 110.2 130.5
4 106.2 116.6 138.5
5 105.2 117.6 142.1
MEAN 104.4 110.04 132.82

Table 8. The variable parameters and their results

Run Load (N) Speed (m/s) Sliding distance (m) Wt. % of reinforcement Wear rate

1 10 1.4 1000 6 1.45

2 20 1.4 1500 4 1.758
3 30 1.6 1000 4 2.012
4 20 1.6 500 6 1.55
5 10 1.6 1500 8 1.35
6 30 1.2 1500 6 2.156
7 10 1.2 500 4 1.752
8 20 1.2 1000 8 1.648
9 30 1.4 500 8 2.123

Table 9. ANOVA Analysis and significant

Sum of Mean F p-value

Source Suggestion
Squares Square Value Prob > F
Model 0.604263 0.15106579 8.8147901 0.0290 Significant
A-Load 0.50402 0.50402017 29.409914 0.0056 -
B-Speed 0.069123 0.06912267 4.0333539 0.1150 -
C-Distance 0.00432 0.00432017 0.2520846 0.6420 -
D-Reinforcment 0.0268 0.02680017 1.5638077 0.2793 -
Residual 0.068551 0.01713776 - - -
Cor Total 0.672814 - - - -

Fig.4. (c) Wear rate about load and reinforcement

 Chandana et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14317–14326 14325

The Model F-value of 8.81 implies the model is significant. There is only a 2.90% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large
could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The table 7, 8 and 9 are
showed the relationship between the variable parameters and their responsible wear rate. The increasing wt. % of reinforcements
are in decreased the wear rate.

Conclusion

This investigation of Aluminium matrix composites fabricated for the Aerospace applications. The Hardness, Microstructure
and Wear are evaluvated. Al7075 reinforced with TiB2 composite specimens are prepared using stir casting technique. Hardness
of composites is gradually increased with increasing the reinforcement on the base alloy and the maximum hardness achieved at
8 Wt. % of the TiB2 reinforced Aluminium matrix. The micro structure shows the aluminium particles are uniformly distributed
in the maximum percentage of reinforced composite of 8 Wt. % the least value of the wear rate obtained from the 8 Wt. % of
TiB2 reinforced composite and the Speed and the sliding distance are in maximum with the minimum of load. Specific wear rate
decreases as the sliding speed increases up to transition speed (1.6 m/s) and load, due to work hardening of specimen surface.
The developed response surface model has been validated experimentally and exhibit low value of error up to 7%.

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