Assignment 4 V NLD

Assignment - 4
Nonlinear Dynamics, Semester-V

Department of Physics, Darjeeling Government College
Submission Due Date: October 9, 2023
Instructions: Answer all the questions and send your scanned answer scripts to my
email: [email protected] within due date. Do not copy blindly from your
text book or friend’s answer script. Note that, your internal marks will be evaluated
based on the assignments and several internal examinations. So be careful and serious!
1. State the existence and uniqueness theorem.
2. Find all the fixed points of the system ẋ = −x + x3 , ẏ = −2y, and use linearization to
classify them. Then check your conclusions by deriving the phase portrait for the full
nonlinear system. ,
3. Consider the system ẋ = −y + ax(x2 + y 2 ), ẏ = x + ay(x2 + y 2 ) where a is a parameter.

Show that the linearized system incorrectly predicts that the origin is a center for all
values of a, whereas in fact the origin is a stable spiral if a < 0 and an unstable spiral
if a > 0.
4. Discuss the Lotka-Volterra model of competition between two species, rabbits and
sheep. find the fixed points, draw the phase portrait and discuss the result.
5. Show that a conservative system cannot have any attracting fixed points.
6. Consider a particle of mass m = 1 moving in a double-well potential V (x) = − 21 x2 +

1 4
4
x. Find and classify all the equilibrium points for the system. Then plot the phase
portrait and interpret the results physically.
7. What do you mean by reversible system? Show that the system ẋ = y−y 3 , ẏ = −x−y 2
has a nonlinear center at the origin, and plot the phase portrait.
8. Show that the system ẋ = −2 cos x − cos y, ẏ = −2 cos y − cos x is reversible, but not
conservative. Then plot the phase portrait.
1
9. In the absence of damping and external driving, the motion of a pendulum is governed
d2 θ g
by dt2
+ L
sin θ = 0, where R is the angle from the downward vertical, g is the
acceleration due to gravity, and L is the length of the pendulum. Find the fixed
points. Show that the origin is a nonlinear center. Draw the phase portrait.
10. For each of the following systems, find the fixed points. Then sketch the vector field,
and a plausible phase portrait.
(i) ẋ = x − y, ẏ = 1 − ex , (ii) ẋ = x − x3 , ẏ = y,
(iii) ẋ = x(x − y), ẏ = y(2x − y), (iv) ẋ = y, ẏ = x(1 + y) − 1,
(v) ẋ = x(2 − x − y), ẏ = x − y, (vi) ẋ = x2 − y, ẏ = x − y.
11. For each of the following systems, find the fixed points, classify them, sketch the
neighboring trajectories, and try to fill in the rest of the phase portrait
(i) ẋ = x − y, ẏ = x2 − 4, (ii) ẋ = sin y, ẏ = x − x3 ,

(iii) ẋ = 1 + y − e−x , ẏ = x3 − y, (iv) ẋ = y + x − x3 , ẏ = −y,
(v) ẋ = sin y, ẏ = cos x, (vi) ẋ = xy − 1, ẏ = x − y 3 .
12. Consider the system ṙ = r(1 − r2 ), θ̇ = 1 − cos θ where r, θ represent polar coordinates.
Sketch the phase portrait and thereby show that the fixed point r∗ = 1, θ∗ = 0 is
attracting but not Liapunov stable.
13. Consider the following “rabbits vs. sheep” problems, where x, y ≥ 0. Find the fixed
points, investigate their stability, draw the nullclines, and sketch plausible phase por-
traits. Indicate the basins of attraction of any stable fixed points.
(i) ẋ = x(3 − x − y), ẏ = y(2 − x − y),

(ii) ẋ = x(3 − 2x − y), ẏ = y(2 − x − y),
(iii) ẋ = x(3 − 2x − 2y), ẏ = y(2 − x − y).
14. Consider the system ẍ = x3 − x.

(i) Find all the equilibrium points and classify them.
(ii) Find a conserved quantity. (iii) Sketch the phase portrait.
2
15. Show that each of the systems ẋ = y(1 − x2 ), ẏ = 1 − y 2 is reversible, and sketch the
phase portrait.
16. What is limit cycle? What are stable or attracting, unstable, and half-stable limit
cycles? Give one example of limit cycle.
17. What is gradient system¿ Show that closed orbits are impossible in gradient systems.
Show that there are no closed orbits for the system ẋ = sin y, ẏ = x cos y.
18. Show that the nonlinearly damped oscillator ẍ+(ẋ)2 , +x = 0 has no periodic solutions.
19. What is Liapunov function? By constructing a Liapunov function, show that the
system ẋ = −x + 4y, ẏ = −x − y 3 has no closed orbits.
20. State the Poincare-Bendixson theorem.
21. State the Lienard’s theorem and using it show that the van der Pol equation has a
unique, stable limit cycle.

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Assignment - 4

Nonlinear Dynamics, Semester-V

1. State the existence and uniqueness theorem.

3. Consider the system ẋ = −y + ax(x2 + y 2 ), ẏ = x + ay(x2 + y 2 ) where a is a parameter.

6. Consider a particle of mass m = 1 moving in a double-well potential V (x) = − 21 x2 +

(i) ẋ = x − y, ẏ = x2 − 4, (ii) ẋ = sin y, ẏ = x − x3 ,

(i) ẋ = x(3 − x − y), ẏ = y(2 − x − y),

(iii) ẋ = x(3 − 2x − 2y), ẏ = y(2 − x − y).

14. Consider the system ẍ = x3 − x.

20. State the Poincare-Bendixson theorem.

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