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    Electron Diffraction

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    priyanka .S
    1) The document describes an experiment to demonstrate the wave nature of electrons through electron diffraction using a polycrystalline graphite sample. Electrons are accelerated through different voltages and their diffraction pattern is observed on a fluorescent screen. 2) By measuring the diameters of the inner and outer diffraction rings and using Bragg's law and de Broglie's equation, the interplanar spacings of the graphite sample can be calculated at different voltages. 3) The results show that the interplanar distances of graphite are approximately 3.4 angstroms and 1.2 angstroms, demonstrating that electrons exhibit wave-like properties.

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    Electron Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    priyanka .S
    113 views4 pages
    1) The document describes an experiment to demonstrate the wave nature of electrons through electron diffraction using a polycrystalline graphite sample. Electrons are accelerated through different voltages and their diffraction pattern is observed on a fluorescent screen. 2) By measuring the diameters of the inner and outer diffraction rings and using Bragg's law and de Broglie's equation, the interplanar spacings of the graphite sample can be calculated at different voltages. 3) The results show that the interplanar distances of graphite are approximately 3.4 angstroms and 1.2 angstroms, demonstrating that electrons exhibit wave-like properties.

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    Electron diffraction

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    1) The document describes an experiment to demonstrate the wave nature of electrons through electron diffraction using a polycrystalline graphite sample. Electrons are accelerated through different voltages and their diffraction pattern is observed on a fluorescent screen. 2) By measuring the diameters of the inner and outer diffraction rings and using Bragg's law and de Broglie's equation, the interplanar spacings of the graphite sample can be calculated at different voltages. 3) The results show that the interplanar distances of graphite are approximately 3.4 angstroms and 1.2 angstroms, demonstrating that electrons exhibit wave-like properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    113 views4 pages

    Electron Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    priyanka .S
    1) The document describes an experiment to demonstrate the wave nature of electrons through electron diffraction using a polycrystalline graphite sample. Electrons are accelerated through different voltages and their diffraction pattern is observed on a fluorescent screen. 2) By measuring the diameters of the inner and outer diffraction rings and using Bragg's law and de Broglie's equation, the interplanar spacings of the graphite sample can be calculated at different voltages. 3) The results show that the interplanar distances of graphite are approximately 3.4 angstroms and 1.2 angstroms, demonstrating that electrons exhibit wave-like properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Vellore Institute of Technology BPHY101P Engineering Physics Lab Manual

    Demonstration of wave nature of electrons through


    electron diffraction
    Objective
    To calculate the interplanar spacing of polycrystalline graphite from electrondiffraction pattern
    and to obtain de Broglie wavelength of electrons at different accelerating voltages.

    Apparatus to be used

    Electron diffraction tube, High voltage (up to 10 kV) power supply, Connecting wires, ruler.

    Basic theory
    In this experiment we form an electron diffraction pattern consisting of circular rings, after the
    electron gets transmitted through a very thin polycrystalline graphite sheet. Figure showssheet of
    graphite with hexagonal arrangements of carbon atoms.

    Consider this arrangement as two sets of inter-penetrating planes of atoms each with its own
    interplanar distances 1 and 2 in order of Angstroms. These planes can be further considered as
    two sets of inter-penetrating multiple slits. If electrons behave like waves and if they are allowed to
    pass through these slits, they would get diffracted just as EM waves get diffracted (provided their
    wavelength is comparable to interplanar distances).

    The apparatus shown in the figure below depicts that electrons are produced at filament,
    accelerated and passed through the thin graphite crystal. To accelerate electrons,a power supply is
    used. There are sets of circular disks inside evacuated tube in which the right most is anode with
    graphite crystal and left most is cathode. Remaining disks are to focus electrons. Electrons passing
    through the graphite hit the florescent screen on the right end of the tube. As graphite has two
    different lattice spacing, two diffraction rings are seen at each voltage..
    Vellore Institute of Technology BPHY101P Engineering Physics Lab Manual

    Now, we can apply law to this case. For the first order diffraction
    = d sin (1)

    From theory, de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential V is


    = 12.3 Å/ (2)
    From the geometry of the above figure,

    (3)

    Procedure
    First, turn ON the voltage controller and make sure the initial voltage is set to zero. After that,
    turn thevoltage knob slowly so that we can see a set of two rings on the florescent screen. Since
    diffraction is property of waves, we demonstrate that electrons too exhibit wave nature. By this
    demonstration, interplanar distances can be also be found by measuring the diameter of the
    rings. For the inner ring, first measure the inner diameter and then the outer diameter
    using a ruler. Find out the average diameter . Similarly for outer ring, measure the
    inner and outer diameters and find out the average . Now, Repeat these
    steps for different accelerating voltages 3.5 to 5 kV, at voltage intervals of 0.5 kV.

    Precautions
    Never accelerate beyond 5 kV.
    Never touch any controls on the power supply other than the switch and
    the voltage varying knob.
    Never apply force while measuring the ring diameters.
    Keep a ruler gently over the tube to measure the diameters of rings. Metalrulers are strictly
    prohibited.
    Vellore Institute of Technology BPHY101P Engineering Physics Lab Manual

    Observations
    Distance between graphite sheet and screen (L) = 13.5 cm. For inner ring, d1 =

    sin d1(Å)
    (kV) (cm) (cm) (cm ) (nm)
    (kV)-1/2

    For outer ring, d2 =

    (kV) sin d2(Å)


    (cm) (cm) (cm ) (nm)
    (kV)-1/2

    Calculations
    By using the values from table, calculate sin , , d1 and d2 with the help of equations (3),
    (2) and (1), respectively. And then calculate the average of d for inner and outer rings.

    Results
    Interplanar distances of the graphite are found to be and
    Vellore Institute of Technology BPHY101P Engineering Physics Lab Manual

    Inferences/Conclusions

    Questions on related concepts (Self-assessment)

    Q1. Why cannot we explain diffraction by assuming particle nature of electrons?


    Q2. What is/are the source of error in this experiment?
    Q3. Why does the diameter change with voltage?

    Q4. What does the inner and out circle indicate?

    Q5. How can you get the interplanar spacing graphically?

    Q6. Why do we have a circular pattern?

    Further references

    [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYnU4T3jbgA

    [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AM8LcaKxZGg

    [3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2OXawoAD6M

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