Adiong vs. Comelec

G.R. No.
103956 March 31, 1992
BLO UMPAR ADIONG, petitioner,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, respondent.
GUTIERREZ, JR., J.:
Facts
On January 13, 1992, the COMELEC promulgated Resolution No. 2347 pursuant to its
powers granted by the Constitution, the Omnibus Election Code, Republic Acts Nos. 6646 and
7166 and other election laws.
Petitioner Blo Umpar Adiong, a senatorial candidate in the May 11, 1992 elections now
assails the COMELEC's Resolution insofar as it prohibits the posting of decals and stickers in
"mobile" places like cars and other moving vehicles. According to him such prohibition is violative
of Section 82 of the Omnibus Election Code and Section 11(a) of Republic Act No. 6646. In
addition, the petitioner believes that with the ban on radio, television and print political
advertisements, he, being a neophyte in the field of politics stands to suffer grave and irreparable
injury with this prohibition. The posting of decals and stickers on cars and other moving vehicles
would be his last medium to inform the electorate that he is a senatorial candidate in the May 11,
1992 elections. Finally, the petitioner states that as of February 22, 1992 (the date of the petition)
he has not received any notice from any of the Election Registrars in the entire country as to the
location of the supposed "Comelec Poster Areas."
Issue
Whether or not the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) may prohibit the posting of decals and
stickers on "mobile" places, public or private, and limit their location or publication to the
authorized posting areas that it fixes
Ruling
NO, First — the prohibition unduly infringes on the citizen's fundamental right of free speech
enshrined in the Constitution. There is no public interest substantial enough to warrant the kind of
restriction involved in this case. The preferred freedom of expression calls all the more for the
utmost respect when what may be curtailed is the dissemination of information to make more
meaningful the equally vital right of suffrage.
Significantly, the freedom of expression curtailed by the questioned prohibition is not so much that
of the candidate or the political party. The regulation strikes at the freedom of an individual to
express his preference and, by displaying it on his car, to convince others to agree with him. A
sticker may be furnished by a candidate but once the car owner agrees to have it placed on his
private vehicle, the expression becomes a statement by the owner, primarily his own and not of
anybody else. If, in the National Press Club case, the Court was careful to rule out restrictions on
reporting by newspapers or radio and television stations and commentators or columnists as long
as these are not correctly paid-for advertisements or purchased opinions with less reason can we
sanction the prohibition against a sincere manifestation of support and a proclamation of belief by
an individual person who pastes a sticker or decal on his private property.
Second — the questioned prohibition premised on the statute and as couched in the resolution is
void for overbreadth. A statute is considered void for overbreadth when "it offends the
constitutional principle that a governmental purpose to control or prevent activities constitutionally
subject to state regulations may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly
and thereby invade the area of protected freedoms."
The restriction as to where the decals and stickers should be posted is so broad that it
encompasses even the citizen's private property, which in this case is a privately-owned vehicle. In
consequence of this prohibition, another cardinal rule prescribed by the Constitution would be
violated. Section 1, Article III of the Bill of Rights provides that no person shall be deprived of his
property without due process of law.
The right to property may be subject to a greater degree of regulation but when this right is joined
by a "liberty" interest, the burden of justification on the part of the Government must be
exceptionally convincing and irrefutable.
Third — the constitutional objective to give a rich candidate and a poor candidate equal
opportunity to inform the electorate as regards their candidacies, mandated by Article II, Section
26 and Article XIII, section 1 in relation to Article IX (c) Section 4 of the Constitution, is not
impaired by posting decals and stickers on cars and other private vehicles. Compared to the
paramount interest of the State in guaranteeing freedom of expression, any financial
considerations behind the regulation are of marginal significance.
It is to be reiterated that the posting of decals and stickers on cars, calesas, tricycles, pedicabs
and other moving vehicles needs the consent of the owner of the vehicle. Hence, the preference of
the citizen becomes crucial in this kind of election propaganda not the financial resources of the
candidate. Whether the candidate is rich and, therefore, can afford to doleout more decals and
stickers or poor and without the means to spread out the same number of decals and stickers is
not as important as the right of the owner to freely express his choice and exercise his right of free
speech. The owner can even prepare his own decals or stickers for posting on his personal
property. To strike down this right and enjoin it is impermissible encroachment of his liberties.
There are many candidates whose names alone evoke qualifications, platforms, programs, and
ideologies which the voter may accept or reject. When a person attaches a sticker with such a
candidate's name on his car bumper, he is expressing more than the name; he is espousing ideas.
The court’s review of the validity of the challenged regulation includes its effects in today's
particular circumstances. The court is constrained to rule against the COMELEC prohibition. ***
(ADDITIONAL INFO)

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G.R. No.

103956 March 31, 1992

BLO UMPAR ADIONG, petitioner,

GUTIERREZ, JR., J.:

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