Radiation Biophysics I-II-III Total: ©prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Radiation
Biophysics
I-II-III Total
©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan
Radiation Biophysics
• Radiation, radiance. The emission of any
massive, charged, energetic particle or wave
energy from a point energy source to the
environment in the directions of radii.
• Radiate
• Radius
2 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Interaction with Radiation
Before interaction After interaction
S Reflected, scattered, S’
passing energy
parameters
Incoming energy
parameters E’, I’, m’, v’, f’, l’,...
E, I, m, v, f, l,...
When particle or wave nature energy is applied to a

biological S system, while S sysem changes into S’, changes
in energy parameters of radiation (photon or particle energy,
intensity, mass, velocity, frequency, wavelength, etc.) may
also be encountered.

Interaction with Radiation
Before interaction After interaction
Reflected, scattered,
passing energy
S parameters S’
Incoming energy
parameters E’, I’, m’, v’, f’, l’,...
E, I, m, v, f, l,...
*Changing the biological system positively (radiotherapy,

physical therapy,…)
*Extracting information about the macro or microstructure of
the biological system by interpreting the changes in the
radiation parameters (radiodiagnostic, molecular structure
determination by X-ray scattering,…)
Classification
• Particle: Alpha, beta rays
• Wave:
* a) Material Vibration: Sound, Ultraound
* b) Electromagnetic Wave: Light, x-ray,
gamma ray, microwave, radio waves,...
5 Radiation Biophysics ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Classification
• According to another criterion :
• Ionizing radiation (x-ray, alpha ray,…)
• Non-ionizing radiation (Infrared rays,
microwaves, ultrasound,…)
6 Radiation Biophysics ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Nature of Light
• Our opinion about the nature of light had changed over time
drastically.
• Newton (1642-1727) Light emitting matter emits energy in the

form of particles.
• Huygens (1629-1695) Light is wave
• Young (1773-1829) Diffraction, wave
• Maxwell (1831-1879) Electromagnetic wave
• Schrodinger (1887-1961) (wave equation) Nobel)
• Bohr (1885-1962). Bohr’s atom. (1922 Nobel)
• Einstein (1879-1955) Photoelectric phenomena (1921 Nobel)
• De Broglie (1892-1987) Particle-wave duality of light and
matter

Electromagnetic Waves
• Wave and photon
λ
E
B x
Electric and magnetic fields, one gives birth the other
c = λ. f 8 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Photon
hf
c ≈ 3.108 m/s
h = 6,62.10-34 J.s
c = λ.f
Ε = h.f

Elecromagnetic
Spectrum

Generation of Light
• Bohr Postulates
• There are certain orbits in the -e
atom where electrons can be
circulated, the electron does F
not release energy due to its +e
accelerated motion on the
orbit.
• The angular momentum of 2
the electron can take up to v e.e
F=m =k 2
multiples of (h / 2π). r r
Generation of Light
Bohr's second postulate, according to wave mechanics, the
orbital length must be equal to exact multiples of the
wavelength of the wave accompanying the electron.
Since the wave accompanying a particle moving with the
velocity v and mass m is (h/mv) of;
h
λ=
mv
+e
h
2πr = n
mv
h
mω = mvr = n
2π
Electronic energy levels of hydrogen atoms
2
1 e En, eV
E=− k 0
n
2 r 4
3
-2
n 2h 2 2
r=− 2 2 -4
4π e mk -6
-8
2 2 4 -10
2π k me 1
E=− 2 2 -12
h n 1
-14

Pachen, Balmer, En, eV n
0
Lymann Series 5
-1 4
∆E=Ehigher-Elower
ΔE = Eüst − Ealt
-2
3
ΔE -3
f= 2
h -4
λ = c/ f
Wavelength, nm
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
To the n=1
n=1. level 122
düzeye 103 97 95 94 93 93 92 92
To the n=2
n=2. level
düzeye visible 657 487 435 411 398 389 384 380
To the n=3
n=3. level
düzeye 1878 1284 1095 1006 956 924 903
Emission and Absorption of
Light
En, eV
n
0
5
-1 4
3 hf hf
-2
-3
2
-4
ΔE = h f

Inverse Square Law
SourcePower = I1.4π r12 = I 2 .4π r22 Watt/m2
2
r
I2 1
= 2
r1
I1 r2
r2

Absorption Law
x dx
Io
I I-dI dI = - µ I dx
Io
-µx
I = Io e
Io
2 Halfway 0.693
thickness L 1/2 =
µ
L 1/2 x
(HVL)

The probability of a photon striking an absorber target
dx
N=n.A.dx
A*=a.n.A.dx
a
A
A
A*
probability to encounter a target P1 = = n.a.dx
A
The probability of a photon to be absorbed
A* probability to encounter a target
P1 = = n.a.dx
A The probability that the photon encountering the
target will be absorbed on the target
P2 (λ )
dI
− = n.a.P2 (λ ).dx probability of being
I absorbed
S(λ ) = a.P2 (λ )
Absorption cross section
dI
= −n.S(λ ).dx
I µ(λ ) = n S(λ )
−µ( λ ) x − n S (λ ) x
I = Ioe I = Ioe
Lambert Beer Law and Optical Density
− n S (λ ) x absorbance
I = Ioe
ln I = ln Io − nS(λ )x
Transmittance
T= 100.(I/Io) [%]
Molar extinction coefficient
− ε .c .l
I = Io .10
O.D. = log10 (Io / I ) = ε .c.l
Optical
density O.D.=2-log T
ELECTROMAGNATIC
WAVES,
High Frequency
Currents
Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

LC Circuit
I k
L ++++
C
----
1
fo =
2π LC
Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 22
Radio Waves
Superimposed
information on
CARRIER carrier
High frequency current
Modulated
Radio MODULATION electromag-
Radio
frequency superimposing netic wave
frequency
oscillator audio information emitted from
amplifier
on high frequency antenna
current
Sound Amplifier Superimposition of an information

wave signal on high-frequency current,
Electrical analog of propagation from the antenna as a
sound wave modulated electromagnetic wave.
Microphon

Modulation
Information signal Information signal
Carrier wave Carrier wave
Amplitude modulated wave Frequency modulated wave
a b

Radio Waves These waves, whose wavelengths reach from 30 cm
to kilometers, are obtained and detected by special electronic
circuits. They are used as carrier waves in all kinds of signal
transmission (radio, TV, wireless, etc.). Transmission of
physiological signals with the same method is called biotelemetry.
Microwaves Wavelengths between 50 mm and 30 cm. Radar. It
can cause impairment of transparency in the lens of the eye and
changes in the nervous system and thus in EEG patterns. It is
accepted that microwave radiation intense than 10 mW / cm2 in the
environment is not suitable for living beings. Microwaves with a
frequency of 2.45 GHz are used in physical therapy for heating
(diathermy). Microwave ovens in our kitchens also heat foods
including water.

Dipolar elements
6 January 2023 Girne

Light
Ultraviolet light
Infrared light

Infrared (IR) Rays Wavelengths between 0.8 µm-125 µm. n. They exist
in the sunlight spectrum and are emitted from the surfaces of hot bodies.
For this reason it also called as thermal radiation.
They are detected by their effects on photo papers or by special electronic
circuit elements that are sensitive to photons.
Thermography is an imaging system giving temperature map of our
body.

Visible Light. These rays with wavelengths between 360 nm - 800 nm
are emitted as a result of excited atoms. They are mostly found in the
solar spectrum. The main light source on the earth is the sun light.
Artificial light sources as lamps also developed by human. Usually any
lamp gives the %10 of its energy as visible light, but other as IR light.
Visible light is the main original source and continuity source of livings
things on the earth. Solar energy goes first to plant kingdom due to
photosynthesis then goes to all living bodies.
Visible light also very important for human in order to get information
about nature. More than %90 of information we are receiving about the
environment comes via visual sensation.
Spectrophotometric analysis of visible light emission and absorption
spectra is one of the most important analysis methods of the atomic
content of matter.

Ultraviolet Rays (UV) Wavelengths between 2 nm-400 nm. These rays
are found also in the solar spectrum. Small amounts of ultraviolet rays are
considered necessary for vitamin D synthesis and bone development.
However, their excessive violence is harmful.
Ultraviolet rays can be divided into three category due to their wavelength
so their biological effects.
1. UVA- is in the range of 400 to 315 nm. It is not blocked by the
ozone layer and reaches on earth.
2. UVB- is in the range of 315 to 280 nm. Much of it is blocked by
the ozone layer. In case of long-term exposure, it can cause
sunburns, cataracts and some skin cancers.
3. UVC- is in the range of 280 to 100nm. The ozone layer
completely blocks this band, preventing it from reaching the
earth. It is known to disrupt the DNA and RNA structure of
cells. It should be used very carefully.
LASER

Laser …….
Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation
Microwave Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation
Laser
Laser
Laser
Maser

STIMULATED EMISSION
Interaction
• The probability that a before after
photon that encounters a E2

E
E1
lower-level atom will be
A) SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
absorbed is the same as
Interaction
the probability that the before after
same photon that E2

E
encounters an excited- E1
B) ABSORPTION
level atom will cause
Interaction
stimulated emission of before after
radiation. E2
E
E E
E1
C) STIMULATED EMISSION
Population inversion
LASER GENERATION
Electrical power
supply A B
Relative
Laser
intensitiy
Pumping lamp Natural
light
C
Wava length
Laser medium
Full reflective mirror Partial reflective mirror

Ordinary Light and LASER
• a) The photons that make up the laser are coherent, ie
they are in phase (Fig. 21-5B).
• b) Laser light travels in one direction as a parallel beam.
Beam dispersion is in the order of one or a few
milliradians.
• c) Laser light is monochromatic and the energies of laser
light photons are the same.
• d) Laser power density is quite high. While its total
power is lower than that of a conventional light bulb, its
power density can reach 25 MW/cm2.
• e) Laser light is polarized.
• Laser sources of different wavelengths and powers have
been developed in visible or infrared regions using
solid, liquid and gaseous environments. Like ordinary
light, laser also undergoes refraction, reflection,
diffraction and interference, and can focus.
• The most important parameters in the interaction of
laser with media are power density and wavelength.
• The form of the interaction depends more on the
wavelength, and the magnitude of the interaction
depends on the power density.

• Cells and tissues strongly absorb ultraviolet laser light.
• Ultraviolet laser causes molecules to decompose,
possibly changing the genetic status of cells in the skin,
increasing the possibility of cancer.
• For the visible laser, cells and tissues other than blood
are usually transparent. Very few biomolecules can
absorb this region.
• For the infrared (IR) region with a wavelength greater
than 1000 nm, all biomolecules have intense and
specific vibration spectra. These spectra provide
information about macromolecules and their
conformation.

• Infrared (IR) laser used for various surgical
purposes is usually absorbed by tissue water.
• CO2 laser with this feature is preferred for cutting
tissues and bones and closing vessels.
• Nd: YAG infrared laser, which has a relatively
lower water absorption, is preferred for
coagulation purposes.
• Very thin laser beams can be applied to cells
under the microscope, and highly localized
changes can be made in organelles and
chromosomes.
X-Rays

X-Rays
X-Rays generation
Catode Electrons
Target metal
Anode
Fuse
x-rays A
X-Ray generation: Characteristic Radiation
Electrons hitting target items cause :
1- To be excited of target atoms,
2- Ionization of target atoms,
3- Characteristic radiation (K electron capture)
4- They cause continuous radiation (Bremsstrahlung: braking radiation).
C
M L
K
x-ray photon
e- Characteristic
e-
radiation

X-Ray generation: Characteristic Radiation
Electrons hitting target items cause :
1- To be excited of target atoms,
2- Ionization of target atoms,
3- Characteristic radiation (K electron capture)
4- They cause continuous radiation (Bremsstrahlung: braking radition).

X-ray intensity-wavelength distributions
for different operating voltages
Intensity Characteristic
radiation
Continuous
braking radiation
(bremsstrahlung)
l min Wavelength

Distribution of X-rays from an X-
ray source
1,0 — Relative intensity
X-rays produced
0,8 — at the anode
Outgoing Characteristic
0.6 — from anode radiateon
Outgoing
from tube
0.4 — Continuous
radiation
Outgoing
from filter Outgoing Emax = h.fmax
0,2 — from body
eV=(1/2)mv2
0—
| | | | | | | 0 20 40
60 80 100 120
Photon energy, keV

Intensity attenuation and Absorption
absorption
Intensity attenuation
scattering

Intensity attenuation and
Absorption
x dx
I
Io I-dI
dI = - I µ dx
I = Io e-µx
Io/2
L1/2 = 0,693
L1/2 µ
Half
thickness
x

1. Unmodified
Scattering

2. Photoelectric absorption
1 2
hf = W + mv
2 Mass attenuation coefficient for
Incoming x- photoelectric effect
ray photonM LK 100 —
h.f
Secondary x- 10 —
ray photon
h.f’
1—
Photoelectron
e-
A 0,1 —
A. X-ray absorption by photoelectric effect and secondary B
X-ray radiation. B. Mass attenuation coefficient versus
photon energy in photoelectric absorption when X-ray in 0,01 — | | |
lead (on logarithmic scale). 10 100 1000 keV
3 −4.5
τ = Z (hf ) 50 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan
3. Compton
Scattering
Δλ = (1 − cosθ ).h / me c
Pair formation
∆E = m c2
h f= 2 me c2 = 2 * 9,11x10-31* (3*108)2 = 1,64*10-13 J= 1,02 MeV.

Total Attenuation
• e µ τ σ κ
µm = = + +
ρ ρ ρ ρ
Mass attenuation coeffi-
cient (in logaritmic scale)
µ/r, total mass attenuation

coefficient
s/r, Compton
scattering
k/r, pair
t/r, photoelec- formation
tric absorption
1 MeV
Photon energy (in logaritmic scale)
January 10, 2023 Girne

PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS
When X-rays fall on substances such as calcium tungstate,
zinc cadmium sulfide and caesium iodide, it causes
fluorescence radiation and visible patterns to appear. In X-
ray fluoroscopy, this property of x-rays is used.
It has effects on photographic films, similar to the effects of
ordinary light on negative films.
They enter many environments where visible light cannot

enter, and they are absorbed in the environment. The
amount of absorbing depends on
i) atomic number,
ii) density,
iii) photon energies of X-rays.
X-rays ionize the matter and air through which it passes.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF X-RAYS
X-rays can cause ionization and excitation in biomolecules,
cells may disintegrate and die.
It can also cause cell death indirectly from environmental
effects.
The biological effects of radiation may be somatic, such as
burns under the effect of radiation, or an inherited change
caused by chromosome disruption or gene mutations.
There are also overdose of x-ray applications in medicine,
such as the planned destruction of malignant tumors. High-
dose x-rays can be used in processes of sterilization of
hospital devices such as syringes, surgical gowns, etc .

Radyoactivity

Radyoactivity
Radioactivity is the act of emitting radiation
spontaneously from the atomic nucleus.
This is done by an atomic nucleus that, for
some reason, is unstable; it "wants" to give
up some of its energy in order to shift to a
more stable configuration.

During the radioctive disintegration, all the
emitted radiations are ionising type (alpha,
beta, gama rays).
Ionizing
Radiation

• When radiation emitted by a g b
radioactive material passes
through a constant electric field
- +
and falling on a photographic
- +
plate, it has been shown that
- +
some of them are positively - +
charged particles, some of them - +
are negatively charged particles Source
and some of them are photons.

Type of radiations
• Alpha rays: nuclei of helium atoms stripped of their electrons
• Beta rays: electrons (sometimes, positrons)
• Gama rays: energetic photons
a g b rays
- +

Geiger Counter
Cathode
V
V A
Anot
Anode A
-
e

Alpha Rays Formation Scheme
• Ra226 --> Rn222 + He4 +γ {α:4,79; 4,61; 4,21;
88 86 2
γ:0,188 ΜeV; 1602 yıl }
• 86Rn222 --> 84Po218 + 2He4 +γ {α:5,49; 4,99;
γ:0,521 ΜeV; 3,825 gün }
222 (yar›
86Rn (Half ömür: 3,82
life 3,82 gün)
days)
α, 4.99 MeV
α, 5,49 MeV
% 0,078
% 99
γ, 0,521 MeV
A
218
84Po
Alpha Rays
• They can be held with one or two sheets of
paper
• They release energy in the tissue with a size
of one or two cells with great damage, they
are rarely used in medicine.

The Formation Sheme of Beta Rays
• In the nucleus with too many neutrons n -> p+ + ß-
• In the nucleus with too many protons p+ -> n + ß+
• ß- : electron
• ß+: positron
14
6C
22
11Na
β+ β−
14
7N
γ
22 B C
10Ne
Beta Rays
• Beta rays consume their energy at 1-2 mm
in tissues.
• After the positrons lose their kinetic energy,
when they encounter an electron, they both
disappear, their mass energies are converted
into gamma rays.

Gama Rays
• Gama rays have the same properties as like
x-rays

Number of Radioactive Atoms
Varies with Time
− λ .t
N = N o .e
• Decay Constant (λ) and Half Life (T1/2)
• T1/2 = 0,693 / λ

Number of Radioactive Atoms
Varies with Time
• Decay Constant (λ) and Half Life (T1/2)
• T1/2 = 0,693 / λ
N, number of Ln N
radioactive atom
No
Slope= l
No/2
T1/2 Time, t Time, t

Activity
Activity: Number of disintegrated atoms in unit time
A, activity of the ra- Ln A
− λ .t dioactve substance
N = N o .e Ao
Slope= l
A = −dN / dt Ao/2
A = λ .N T1/2 Time, t Time, t
− λ .t
A = λ .N = λ .N o .e
Activity is the most commonly measurable quantity
1 Bq = 1 becquerel = 1 disintegration/s

Physical and Biological Half Lifes
Physical and Biological Half Lifes
− λ .t
N = N o .e
λeffective = λphysical + λbiological
1/Τ1/2(effective)= 1/Τ1/2(physical)+ 1/Τ1/2(biological)

Half lifes, radiation characteristics and application areas
of some artificial radioisotopes used in medicine.
Iso- Half Particle Maximum Energy of Medical Application Areas
tope life emitted energy of g - ray
particle photon
(MeV) (MeV)
14
6 C 5760 year b- 0,159 - Tracer analysis
24
11 Na 15 hour b- 1,139 1,37; 2,75 Tracer analysis
32
15 P 14,3 day b- 1,71 - Tracer analysis
47
20 Ca 4,7 day b- 0,69; 2,00 0,5; 0,81; 1,31 Ca metabolism analysis
59
26 Fe 45 day b- 0,27; 0,46 1,10; 1,29 Tracer in blood analysis
58
27 Co 71 day b+ 0,485 0,51; 0,81 Tracer in anemia analysis
131
53 I 8,04 day b- 0,33; 0,61 0,36; 0,64 Tracer in thyroid anaysis and therapy
133
54 Xe 5,3 gün b- 0,35 0,08 Lung ventilation

Radioactivity Activity Units
• 1 Bq = 1 becquerel = 1 decay/s
• 1 Curie (Ci) = 3,7 x 1010 Bq
• Rutherford (Rd) = 106 Bq

Radiation Dose 1
• In physics, the general definition of dose is in the form of (intensity ×
time). For ionizing radiation, the radiation dose is defined based on the
ionizing effects of the rays.
• Radiation exposure
• The sum of charges of the same signed ions formed in the air.
• C/kg : The amount of charge of ions formed in 1 kg of dry air in coulomb units.
• r (roentgen) The amount of ion pair charges generated in 1 cm3 of dry air in cgs charge
units.
• 1 r = 2,58 x 10-4 C/kg

Dose rate:
C/(kg.s)
r/s

Radiation units 2
ABSORBED DOSE (absorbed radiation dose)
The amount of energy absorbed by a unit mass of a given substance
1 Gy (gray) = 1 J/kg {special named derived unit}
1 rad : The amount of dose that 1 gram of substance receives in response to 100 erg
of energy absorption is a practical unit.
1 rad = 100 erg/g = 0,01 gray

The absorption of ionizing rays in the medium depends on the mass absorption coefficient of the
medium. For this reason, the energy absorption of environments exposed to the same amount of
radiation is different.
Absorbed radiation dose power:

W/kg
Examples Of AbsorbedDoses
Photon Absorbed radiation dose (gray)
energy Air Water Soft Bone
tissue
10 keV 0,0087 0,0091 0,0093 0,036
100 keV 0,0087 0,0095 0,0095 0,015
1 MeV 0,0087 0,0097 0,0096 0,0092
Absorbed radiation doses of various substances when

exposed to X - or gamma radiation of 1 r = 2,58 x 10-4 C/kg,
1 gray = 100 rad (with units updated from Hay and Hughes,
1983).

Biological effects and applications
of ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is more effective in cell nuclei than in the cell
cytoplasm.
Breaks and reconnections in macromolecules can cause genetic
disorders. Cellular differences are also important. For example, it has
been found that quickly dividing cells are affected very easily.
Epithelial cells are affected many times more than CNS cells.
Ionizing radiation can disrupt the integrity of cells, inactivate the cell.
Inactivation of simple organisms, for example, the virus, can occur in
different ways. In addition to direct killing, radiation can destroy the
ability to give viable offspring, eliminate the ability of viruses to kill
the cells they live on, prevent their adsorption on cells, affect their
metabolic processes and cause genetic degradation.
Biological effects and
applications of ionizing radiation
As a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation, warming,
photochemical reactions, changes in molecules are observed in the
biological material. An absorbed ionizing photon or particle will
perform some kind of event with a certain probability.
Ionizing radiation is still used in radiation therapy as the most

important option in the treatment of cancer. In practice, it is
necessary to calculate the dose and an application plan that will cause
maximum damage to the tumor tissue and minimum damage to
normal tissue.

The Security of Working with Radiation
Maximum allowable doses

Working Other members
with radiation of society
mSv/week mSv/13 week mSv/year mSv/year
Whole body, head and 1 12,5 50 5
body, eye lenses, ovaries
Whole body skin, thyroid 6 75 300 30
Feet, arms, legs 15 187,5 750 75
1 Sv (sievert) = 100 rem

Ultrasound
Ultrason
Sound and Ultrasound
16 – 20 000 Hz
Bat, grasshopper, whale, dolphin
1876, Galton whistle 30 kHz

1899 Koenig sound forks 90 kHz
1880 Curie brothers : piezoelectric phenomena
1915 Pulse-echo methods for submarines, Langevin
Quartz crystals needs high amplitude voltage
Artificial ceramics
Piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric event

Sound and ultrasound
are propagated in the
Particle
Tanecik
form of longitudinal
vibrations
titreflimleri
waves in fluids.
Propagation
Dalga
yay›lma
do€rultusu
direction of wave
Dalga
Wave length
boyu, λ
β
c=
ρ
2 2 2 2
I = 2π f ρcA = p / (2 ρ c)
o

Ultrasound Production and Detection
oscilloscope
ossiloskop
P
+ +++ Piezoelectric
λ/2 event
- - -
a
header
oscillator
ossilatör
Inverse
+++ + Piezoelectric
event c
b - - -

The product of the velocity
Ii of sound (or ultrasound)
Ir r = Ir / I i in a medium (v) and the
c1. ρ1 = Z 1 density of the medium (ρ)
are called the
cc22..ρ
p22=Z
= Z2 2 It characteristic impedance
t = It / Ii of the medium (Z).
Z = c.ρ
Intensity reflection I r (Z1 − Z 2 )2
r= =
coefficient, r Ii (Z1 + Z 2 )2

Absorption of Ultrasound
Absorption coefficients and penetration depth

for 1 MHz frequency ultrasound waves in some
biological material. The penetration is equal to
the opposite of the absorption coefficient.
Absorption Penetration
Medium coefficient cm
-1
(α: cm )
Water 2,5.10-4 4 000
Brain tissue 0,11 9,1
Skeletal muscle 0,13 7,7
Fatty tissue 0,05 20
Bone tissue 0,40 2,5
− α .x
I = I o .e
% Intensity, I Su
100
Penetration in
water, 4 000
cm
80
Absorption of
Ultrasound
− α .x
I = I o .e
60
Half-value line
Fatty
tissue
40 1/e=%37 Penetration line

37
Brain
20 tissue
Skeleta
l muscle
Bone tissue
0
5 10 15 x, depth, cm 20
Penetration depth
for bone
Properties of Ultrasound
Temperature rises in medium exposed to
ultrasound radiation.
Cavitation (formation of gas or hollow bubbles)
is observed. If the radiation intensities are too
high, the bonds of the molecules can be broken
and the cell membranes can be broken due to the
cavitation effect.
Under the effect of ultrasound, the cell groups
under the influence of periodic pressure changes
are called micromassage.
Pulsed Ultrasound
micromassage
Is›sal
Thermal veand mikromasaj
effects
mikromasaj
micromassage etkisi
etkileri
effects
Is›sal
Thermal
effects
etkisi
Pulslu
Pulsed
ultrases
Ultrasound

Velocity and Characteristic Impedance
of Sound and Ultrasound in Biological
Environments
Velocity Impedance
Tissue (m/s) kg/(m2.s)
Blood 1580 1,6.106
Bone 2240 3,8-7,4.106
Fat tissue 1450 1,4.106
Muscle 1580 1,7.106
Lung 0,26.106
Plazm 1,5.106
Water 1480 1,5.106

NOT:
Note: These slides are prepared by Prof. Dr. Ferit
Pehlivan and generally taken from his textbook
(PEHLİVAN, F. 2019. Biophysics 10th Edition. Ankara:
Pelikan Yayıncılık) and they are used in his lectures as
auxiliary tools. They should not be perceived as the
summary of his lectures.

©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 89
Main Source: PEHLİVAN, F. (2021). Biyofizik 11. Baskı. Ankara:
Pelikan Yayıncılık /Turkish)
BİYOFİZİK
Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan, 1943 Doğanşehir-Malatya doğumlu-
dur. 1955 te Akçadağ İlköğretmen Okulu’na girmiş, son sınıfa
geçtiğinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığınca Ankara Yüksek Öğretmen
Okuluna seçilmiştir. Bu okul hesabına 1965 yılında Ankara Fen
Fakültesi Fizik Bölümünden mezun olmuş, üç yıl lise fizik öğ-
retmenliği yaptıktan sonra 1968 yılında Ankara Tıp Fakültesine
asistan olarak katılmıştır. 1973 yılında doktorasını tamamlamış,
1979 yılında Biyofizik dalında doçent olmuş, 1989 da aynı dal-
da profesörlüğe yükseltilmiştir. Ankara Tıp Fakültesi’nde 42
yıl çalıştıktan sonra 2010 yılında emekli olmuş, aynı yıl Ufuk
Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi kadrosuna katılmıştır. Halen buradaki
görevine devam etmektedir.
BİYOFİZİK
BİYOFİZİK Prof. Dr. Ferit PEHLİVAN
10. Baskı
Prof. Dr. Ferit PEHLİVAN

+1
Prof.
0 Dr. Ferit
-1 PEHLİVAN
0,5 -2
5
0,
COO-
19
| 2, C
| 28 H
1
2
|
| 4,
pK’1 3
4
|
| COO- C
(a-COOH) 5
6
|
| , 66 C H
7 | 9 H C
8 |
pK’R 9 1
0 1
|
|
COOH C H 2N COO-
pK’1 1 1 | C H H
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+
(a-NH3 ) 3
| H
pH 14 + C
COOH C H 3N COO-
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H + C
C H 3
N COO -
H H
+ C
H 3N COOH
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11.
Baskı
HACETTEPE-TAŞ KİTABEVİ

©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 90

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Radiation

2 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

When particle or wave nature energy is applied to a

3 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

*Changing the biological system positively (radiotherapy,

5 Radiation Biophysics ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

6 Radiation Biophysics ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

• Newton (1642-1727) Light emitting matter emits energy in the

7 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

c = λ. f 8 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

9 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

10 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

13 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

15 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

16 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

17 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Sound Amplifier Superimposition of an information

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 23

Carrier wave Carrier wave

Amplitude modulated wave Frequency modulated wave

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 24

25 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

6 January 2023 Girne

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan 26

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

28 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

29 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Light Amplification by Stimulated

Microwave Amplification by Stimulated

33 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

photon that encounters a E2

same photon that E2

Full reflective mirror Partial reflective mirror

35 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

37 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

38 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

Ultrases ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

43 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

44 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

45 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

46 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

47 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

48 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

49 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

h f= 2 me c2 = 2 * 9,11x10-31* (3*108)2 = 1,64*10-13 J= 1,02 MeV.

52 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

µ/r, total mass attenuation

January 10, 2023 Girne

They enter many environments where visible light cannot

X-rays ionize the matter and air through which it passes.

54 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

55 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

56 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

57 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

58 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

and some of them are photons.

59 Radyasyon Biyofiziği ©Prof. Dr. Ferit Pehlivan

h f= 2 me c2 = 2 * 9,11x10-31* (3108)2 = 1,6410-13 J= 1,02 MeV.