Truss Analysis

4.
0 ANALYSIS OF PIN-JOINTED FRAMES

A pin-jointed frame is a structure constructed from a number of straight members connected together
at their ends by frictionless pinned joints. If the frame is composed of such members which are just
sufficient to keep the frame in equilibrium, when the frame is supporting an external load, then the
frame is known as perfect frame. Though in actual practice the members are welded or riveted together
at their joints, yet for calculation purposes the joints are assumed to be hinged or pin-jointed. The
following are assumes made in determining the forces in a frame:
 The frame is perfect frame

 The frame carries load at the joints
 All the members are pin-jointed
Analysis of a frame consist of:
i. Determinations of the reactions at the supports

ii. Determination of the forces in the members of the frame.
Methods of resolution by joints

This method can only be used to determine the internal forces in the members of statically determinate
pin-jointed trusses. It consists of isolating each joint of the framework in the form of a free-body
diagram and then by considering equilibrium at each of these joints, the forces in the members of the
framework can be determined. Initially, all unknown forces in the members of the framework are
assumed to be in tension, and before analysing each joint it should be ensured that each joint does not
have more than two unknown forces.
To determine all the forces in all the members of a frame, it is, in general, best to use the method of
resolution at joints. At any joint in a plane frame at which there are no more than two unknown forces,
write down two equations of equilibrium obtained by resolving all forces at that joint in two mutually
perpendicular directions. Solve these equations for the two unknown forces. Proceed systematically
through the frame until all forces are known.
Example 4.1
A truss of span 5m is loaded as shown below. Find the reactions and forces in the members of the truss.
Solution
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 60 = 5 ∗ 0.5 = 2.5𝑚
1
The distance of the line of action of the vertical 10kN from point A will be ADcos60
2.5 ∗ 0.5 = 1.25𝑚
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 = 2.5𝑚 ∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 5 − 2.5 = 2.5𝑚
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶 cos 30 = 2.5 ∗ 0.866 = 2.165𝑚
The distance of the line of action of the vertical load of 12kN from point B will be BEcos30
𝐵𝐸 cos 30 = 2.5 ∗ 0.866 = 1.875𝑚
Therefore, the distance of the line of action of the load of 12kN from point A will be 5 − 1.875 =
3.125𝑚
Taking moments about A
𝑅 ∗ 5 = 10 ∗ 1.25 + 12 ∗ 3.125 = 50𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 10𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 10 + 12 − 10 = 12𝑘𝑁
Joint A
Resolving forces vertically
𝐹 sin 60 + 12 = 0
𝐹 = −13.856𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Resolving forces horizontally
𝐹 +𝐹 cos 60 = 0
𝐹 = 13.856 ∗ 0.5
𝐹 = 6.928𝑘𝑁 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒)
Joint B
2
Resolving forces vertically
𝐹 sin 30 + 10 = 0
𝐹 = −20𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒)
Resolving forces horizontally
𝐹 +𝐹 cos 30 = 0
𝐹 = 20 ∗ 0.866
𝐹 = 17.32𝑘𝑁 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒)
𝐹 = −𝐹 = −10.392𝑘𝑁; 𝐹 = −14𝑘𝑁
Example 4.2
The truss shown below is composed of similar members all of which are 3 m long. Determine the forces
in all the members due to a vertical load of 90 kN at G.
Solution
All members are the same length; thus, all internal angles are 60˚.
Determine VE by taking moments about A:
𝑀 =0
90 ∗ 3 − 𝑉 ∗ 9 = 0
𝑉 = 30𝑘𝑁
Determine VA by taking moments about E:
𝑀 =0
𝑉 ∗ 9 − 90 ∗ 6 = 0
3
𝑉 = 60𝑘𝑁
Joint E
(∑V = 0)
𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + 𝑉 = 0
𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + 60 = 0
(∑H = 0)
−𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐹 =0
−(−34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 𝐹 =0
𝐹 = +17.32𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒)
Joint D
(∑V = 0)
−𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑏60 − 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
−𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑏60 − (−34.64)𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
(∑H = 0)
−𝐹 − 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
−𝐹 − (+34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (−34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 = 0
Joint F
4
+𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
+𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + (+34.64)𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
𝐹 = −34.64𝑘𝑁
−𝐹 − 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹 =0
−𝐹 — 34.64𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (+34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (+17.32) = 0
Joint C
−𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
−𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − (−34.64)𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0
−𝐹 − 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝐹 =0
−𝐹 − (+34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (−34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (−34.64) = 0
Summary
Member Force Member Force Member Force
AB -69.28 AG +34.64 BC -69.28
BG +69.28 CD -34.64 CF -34.64
CG +34.64 DE -34.64 DF +34.64
EF +17.32 FG +51.96

Truss Analysis

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4.

0 ANALYSIS OF PIN-JOINTED FRAMES

 The frame is perfect frame

Analysis of a frame consist of:

i. Determinations of the reactions at the supports

Methods of resolution by joints

𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 60 = 5 ∗ 0.5 = 2.5𝑚

2.5 ∗ 0.5 = 1.25𝑚

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 = 2.5𝑚 ∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 5 − 2.5 = 2.5𝑚

𝐵𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶 cos 30 = 2.5 ∗ 0.866 = 2.165𝑚

𝐵𝐸 cos 30 = 2.5 ∗ 0.866 = 1.875𝑚

Taking moments about A

𝑅 ∗ 5 = 10 ∗ 1.25 + 12 ∗ 3.125 = 50𝑘𝑁

Resolving forces vertically

Resolving forces horizontally

Resolving forces horizontally

Determine VE by taking moments about A:

Determine VA by taking moments about E:

−𝐹 — 34.64𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (+34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (+17.32) = 0

−𝐹 − (+34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (−34.64)𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + (−34.64) = 0

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