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    3 MTT NDT Discontinuities

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    Hamza Hassan
    The document discusses different types of discontinuities in materials including voids, inclusions, cracks, and changes in microstructure. It describes discontinuities that can originate from manufacturing processes like casting and welding, or can be induced during service from corrosion, fatigue, creep or brittle fracture.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 MTT NDT Discontinuities

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Hassan
    19 views23 pages
    The document discusses different types of discontinuities in materials including voids, inclusions, cracks, and changes in microstructure. It describes discontinuities that can originate from manufacturing processes like casting and welding, or can be induced during service from corrosion, fatigue, creep or brittle fracture.

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    Material testing technique slides

    Original Title

    3-MTT-NDT-Discontinuities

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    The document discusses different types of discontinuities in materials including voids, inclusions, cracks, and changes in microstructure. It describes discontinuities that can originate from manufacturing processes like casting and welding, or can be induced during service from corrosion, fatigue, creep or brittle fracture.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views23 pages

    3 MTT NDT Discontinuities

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Hassan
    The document discusses different types of discontinuities in materials including voids, inclusions, cracks, and changes in microstructure. It describes discontinuities that can originate from manufacturing processes like casting and welding, or can be induced during service from corrosion, fatigue, creep or brittle fracture.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    1

    Discontinuities
    Structural Material
    • A continuous body is one which does not contain
    voids or empty spaces of any kind
    • A body is homogeneous if it has identical properties
    at all points
    • A body is considered to be isotropic with respect to
    some property when that property does not vary
    with direction or orientation. (A property which
    varies with orientation with respect to some system
    of axes is said to be anisotropic.)
    Discontinuities
    • Spatially sharp departures from material
    homogeneity and continuity inside a component
    at any level of magnification are called
    discontinuities.
    • Engineering materials always possess some
    discontinuities
    May be acceptable or unacceptable
    • Examples; voids, inclusions, laps, folds, cracks,
    chemical segregation, and local changes in
    microstructure. pitting, and welding undercut.
    Discontinuities
    When the discontinuities become unaccepatble?
    Answer:
    When they
    ➢Degrade the performance or durability of the
    structure below the expectations of design
    ➢Challenge the operability, reliability, and life of a
    component
    Discontinuities
    • Evaluation: Identified discontinuities are evaluated as
    either rejectable or nonrejectable conditions in a part
    (based on standards and codes).
    • Discontinuities are evaluated completely by
    determining their
    1. location,
    2. number,
    3. shape,
    4. size,
    5. orientation, and
    6. type.
    Discontinuities-Origin
    Why is it important to know the origin of
    discontinuities?

    Wikipedia
    Discontinuities-Origin
    Origins:
    ➢Manufacturing
    ➢During Service
    ➢Maintenance and Repair
    Discontinuities-Origin
    Classification of Discontinuities:
    ➢Inherent discontinuity
    1. Primary processing discontinuities
    2. Secondary processing discontinuities

    ➢Service discontinuities
    Discontinuities-Origin
    Classification of Discontinuities:
    Based on Processing Stages
    ➢Primary processing discontinuities
    ➢Secondary processing discontinuities
    Based on Forming Process
    ➢welding discontinuities
    ➢Casting discontinuities
    ➢Forging discontinuities
    ➢Rolling discontinuities
    Based on Service
    ➢Service discontinuities
    Discontinuities-Origin
    CASTING

    Etched Aluminium Ingot

    Shrinkage voids are potentially deleterious, weakening


    structures by reducing the continuity of load bearing material.
    Discontinuities-Origin
    CASTING

    A scab is a surface discontinuity


    that has a rough and porous
    texture, usually with a
    cavity underneath caused by
    Cold Shut: stream of liquid metal solidifying refractory inclusion near the
    on and not fusing with a previously solidified surface. Scabs are more commonly
    part of the component. found in thin sections of castings.
    Discontinuities-Origin
    CASTING

    Inclusions
    http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/tag/sand-casting-defects/
    Discontinuities-Origin
    WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
    Concavity
    Convexity
    Discontinuities-Origin
    WELDING DISCONTINUITIES
    • Other discontinuities;
    ➢Hydrogen damage
    H+H--->H2
    In low strength and ductile material alloy
    accommodate damage due to H2 bubbles.
    In high strength alloys H2 bubbles will cause
    cleavage and faracture called hydrogen cracking or
    delayed cracking (Tip>wait before carrying NDT)
    Discontinuities-Origin
    WELDING DISCONTINUITIES

    Lack of penetration in weld


    Discontinuities-Origin
    DISCONTINUITIES RESULTING FROM
    PLASTIC DEFORMATION
    • In Forging
    ➢ Burst: Stress exceeds the UTS >>material beaks apart,
    this laod-induced cracking is called a burst
    Discontinuities-Origin
    CORROSION-INDUCED DISCONTINUITIES
    • Pitting
    • stress corrosion cracking
    (SCC)
    • intergranular stress
    corrosion cracking
    (IGSCC)
    (inter or trans
    granular) FIGURE 2-12 Corrosion
    pit that penetrated a pipe
    wall (5×). (Courtesy of R.
    B. Pond, Jr.)
    FIGURE 2-13 Stress corrosion
    cracking in nickel alloy (200×).
    (Courtesy of R. B. Pond, Jr.)
    Discontinuities-Origin
    OPERATIONALLY INDUCED
    DISCONTINUITIES
    • FATIGUE CRACKING

    • Creep Cracks: The cracks are usually preceded by


    discontinuities in the form
    of creep voids, which are small and distributed
    Discontinuities-Origin
    OPERATIONALLY INDUCED
    DISCONTINUITIES
    • Brittle Fracture:
    Causes
    Microstructural change
    Temperature change

    FIGURE 2-16 “Rock candy” fracture surface of a grade 8


    bolt cracked by hydrogen embrittlement.
    (Courtesy of R. B. Pond, Jr.)

    Grain boundary ppt. ,


    brittle facture>>rock candy

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