PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

=CHAPTER 1=
Communication

-can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from
one person to another.
-Pertains to the exchange of information between two or more people (verbal or non-verbal).

Nature and Elements of Communication

1. Sender
2. Sender’s Message
3. Receiver
4. Channel
5. Feedback
6. Interference
7. Context

Sender
-is the encoder or the source of the message.

Sender’s Message
-refers to the ideas and feelings that he or she encodes.
-It may be in verbal form (words) or nonverbal symbols (pitch, tone, gestures and facial
expressions, eye movement etc.

Receiver
-is the decoder or the recipient of the message who, likewise, has his or her own attributes.

Channel
-also called the medium, is a vehicle used in conveying the message.
-It is based on the delivery (verbal or nonverbal) and the means used (face-to-face) or
technology mediated.

Feedback
-pertains to the verbal and nonverbal responses to the sender's encoded signals.
-It gives information on how the message is interpreted.

Interference
-serves as a barrier to communication.
-It relates to the factors that hinder the recipient’s ability to send or receive messages.

Context
-is the situation and environment in which communication occurs.
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
-types or modes of communication have distinct purposes or functions.

Verbal Communication
-is the use of sounds and words to impart one's thoughts and feelings.

Functions of Verbal Communication

1. Regulation (Control)
-Spoken language is used to control one's or other people's behavior or activities.
Ex. Raise your hand if you have any questions.

2. Social Interaction
-A person speaks to create relationships, form associations, develop intimacy, and
maintain bonds and connections with other people.
Ex. Don't worry. You can do this.

3. Motivation
-Expressing one's desire, goals, inclinations, choices, needs and wants.
Ex. I'd like to become a doctor (manifest and aspiration).

4. Information
-One can obtain and give information by asking or sharing ideas orally.
Ex. giving directions, sharing opinions.

5. Emotional Expression
-One communicates orally to show one's feelings and emotions.
Ex. I’m hurt.

Nonverbal Communication
-are as important as verbal communications.
-It is the conveyance of meaning through body language.

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

1. To replace
-Actions can replace or substitute speech.
Ex. One can shrug shoulders instead of saying "I don't know".

2. To repeat
-Gestures duplicate and reinforce one's message.
Ex. Nodding while saying yes.
 3. To complement
-Body language enhances and adds nuance to the meaning off verbal message.
Ex. A person rubs his or her stomach when feeling hungry.

4. To accent
-To accent is to emphasize certain parts of the verbal intent or the utterance.
Ex. I am VERY angry with you.

5. To regulate
-This function is associated with controlling the flow of conversations.
Ex. talking to a person (face, move closer, eye to eye).

6. To contradict
-occurs when verbal and nonverbal messages contradict each other.
Ex. I'm alright (with a frown).

7. To deceive
-Gestures and actions supplement the message therefore making it believable.
Ex. I like it! (tho not sincere).

Ethical Communication
-The sender's message and delivery can affect the receiver in a positive or negative way.

Basic Principles of Ethical Communication.

1. Understand and respect others' communications before evaluating and responding.

2. Help promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that protect the
unique needs and characteristics of individual concerns.
3. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortions,
intolerance, intimidation, coercion, hatred, or violence.
4. Commit yourself to courageous expression of your personal convictions in pursuit of fairness
and justice.
5. Accept responsibility for the short-and long-term consequences of your own communication
and expect the same from others.
6. Avoid plagiarism
7. Promote honesty, truthfulness, and accuracy as essentials to the integrity of communication.

Mediated-Communication
-is an interaction carried out by using information communication technology.
Like cellphones and the internet.
=Chapter 2=
COMMUNICATION IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

The concept of Communication and Globalization

It gives emphasis on the importance of:

 Cultures of people in the society
 Respect for individual differences and cultural diversity

Communication in Multicultural Setting

Dynamics of Communication across cultures

-People from a variety of cultures and ethnicities come together in one organization,
community, or country.

Intercultural Communication
(Process of Communication)
-Effective communication between people with differing cultural identities.
-Verbal and Nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds.

 Inter= between

 cultural=from a culture

 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CULTURES

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
-The existence of various cultural or ethnics groups within a society. Also, it is the term used for
discussing the importance of respecting other people’s cultures.

Ex. Islamic Tradition

CULTURES AND CO CULTURES

Culture
-is the system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired,
shared, and used by its members in daily living.

Co-Culture
-group members who use the strategy of cultural assimilation attempt to fit in or join with the
members of the dominant culture.

Ex. An OFW speaks in English in the US still speaks Cebuano at home and with fellow Filipinos.

Individualism versus collectivism

-REVEALS HOW PEOPLE DEFINE THEMSELVES IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS.
High context versus low context

High Context Communication

-Cultures with high context communications system are tradition bound.
-their cultural traditions shape the behavior and lifestyle of group members.

Low context Communication

-generally, encourage members to exhibit a more direct communication style.

HIGH POWER DISTANCE VERSUS LOW POWER DISTANCE

High Power Distance

-MEASURES THE EXTENT TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE WILLING TO ACCEPT POWER
DIFFERENCES.

Lowe Power Distance

-BELIEVE POWER SHOULD BE USED ONLY WHEN IT IS LEGITIMATE.
-THEY ARE APT TO EMPLOY EXPERT OR LEGITIMATE POWER.

MASCULINE VERSUS FEMININE CULTURE

-Cultures differ in their attitudes towards gender roles.

IDENTIFYING THE IMPACT OF STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICE

-PEOPLE'S PERCEIVED MENTAL IMAGES OR REPRESENTATION THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH
OTHERS.
=Chapter 3=

Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings

Categories of Culture and Cultural Metaphors

 Communication is diverse in every part of the world.

 Thus, knowing the culture of the speaker or audience further helps you create the
proper language and tone in communicating with them.
Ex. Americans, Swiss, and Germans consider time to be precious. Meanwhile, Spaniards, Arabs,
and Italians say otherwise.
Three divisions to determine world culture.
 Linear
 Multi-activities
 Reactives
Germany and Switzerland belong in the linear activities category since they like to do things
one at a time.

Meanwhile, Italy and the Latin Americas belong to the multi-activities category since they do
multiple tasks at a time.

Asian countries mostly belong in the reactive category since they prioritize emotions, courtesy,
and respect above anything else.
Cultural Metaphor
-A cultural metaphor is a major phenomenon, institution, or activity in a nation with which most
citizens identify cognitively or emotionally and through which it is possible to describe the
national culture and its frame of reference in depth.
Cultural Characteristics
 Culture is learned
 Culture is shared
 Culture is based on symbols
 Culture is integrated and interconnected
 Culture is dynamic
Communication Characteristics and Strategies
-Are the application of knowledge and understanding of cultural characteristics and metaphors
in a group for the goal of successful communication.

Nuances of Communication in Cultural Diversity

Contextual Differences
-People have various contexts in their communication on how they decide, do business, and
others. As such, cultural contexts come into play. In an intercultural environment, this is a
factor they consider.

Legal and Ethical Differences

-These differences are also influenced by cultural contexts. In the US, a signed
business contract means looking forward to making future businesses while
in Asian countries, it simply means as a simple agreement.

Ex. Live in partners of 10 yrs. can be considered as a common law partner in the US

Social Differences
-Being aware of others’ culture and how it affects your communication allows
fostering of better relationships between individuals and helps avoid conflict.

Attitudes Towards Work and Success

-Asian workers are happier and more successful if they have good relationships with
others while North Americans find satisfaction in finishing job assignments and following
organizational policies.

Roles and Status

-In various countries, there are specific roles and statuses that they maintain in their culture.
Some countries are more patriarchal while others consider their culture more matriarchal.

Ex. In China and other Asian countries, people address their higher ups as their job titles while in the Us,
it only pertains to Mister and Miss.

Manners
-In an intercultural environment, manners must be known to all since each person has a
different background.

Ex. Belching is considered wrong in the US and in Middle Eastern countries, but in Taiwan and
China, it’s considered a compliment.

Concept of Time
Ex. In the US, Germany, and Switzerland, time is a precious tool. Meanwhile, in Spain and
Middle Eastern countries, time isn’t that big of a deal.

Openness and Inclusiveness

Ex. An example of this is the way Filipinos are hospitable towards foreigners while in Russia,
Hong Kong, and India, they tend to show some biases and other times – racial discrimination
towards other cultures.

Nonverbal Differences
-Aside from social differences, you can differentiate the low context countries
from high context ones through their non-verbal contexts.
Ex. In some European cultures, the way to greet is a kiss from the cheek.
-It is necessary to bow in Japan and in Turkey, it is rude to place your hands inside your pocket.

Age Differences
Ex. In the US, they tend to accept the youth more into their decision-making processes while in
Asian countries, the seniors are the valued, imbuing the values of respect towards elders.
Gender Differences
-In companies using traditional contexts, men hold a higher authority than women. They are
considered as the important factor in the work force.
-However, more and more cultures and countries have pushed for gender equality in the
workforce and mostly have embraced the importance of women in making the decisions and
having an impact towards society.

Bovee and Thill (2013) introduced ways on how to ensure communication that despite the legal and
ethical businesses in an intercultural environment, the transactions become successful:

1. Look for mutual ground

2. Sending and receiving messages without passing judgement
3. Send honest messages
4. Respectful of cultural differences