Howe or Pratt Truss?

[2020-0100] MICAH P.
BELOCURA
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
CVE151 – Structural Theory 1
Prelim Exam
Problem:
As an engineer in a design and build firm, you are tasked to design a truss with an unsupported
length and height as indicated in the figure. Moreover, you get to choose the general layout of the truss
(i.e. Pratt or Howe Truss Layout). This truss is going to use angle bars placed back to back in a T-shaped
configuration using a 10 mm gusset plate. These bars are made with A36 steel with a modulus of
elasticity E = 200 GPa, allowable axial tensile stress of FT = 149 MPa, and allowable axial compressive
stress of FC = 132 MPa.
The design process for structural steel members follow the Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
principle. Under this principle, the collective/combined effect of different types of loads are simply
added arithmetically and do not use load factors (U = D + L + W). The self-weight of the truss is already
included in the dead load shown in the figure
Given:
Truss Dimensions (m) Dead Load (kN) Live Load (kN) Wind Load (kN)
a L h D1 D2 D3 L1 L2 W1 W2 W3 W4
0.883 7.064 1.99 1.6 3.2 1.28 0.88 1.76 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9
Scaling
• Truss Load Diagrams

drawing units (m): paper units (mm)
• Maxwell Diagrams
drawing units (kN): paper units (mm)
Determinacy and Stability of the Truss
o Pratt and Howe

➢ Statically Determinate Structure
r = 3 reactions , m = 29 members, j = 16 joints
r + m = 2j
3 + 29 = 2(16)
32 = 32
➢ Internally Stable
When the truss is disjoined from its supports (hinge and roller), its
shaped is still maintained, therefore it also maintains its rigidity.
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[2020-0100] MICAH P. BELOCURA
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
➢ Externally Unstable
When an upward force is applied at the right end of the truss, joint right
to the roller support, the truss will have a tendency to rotate.
Support Reactions of the Truss
o Dead Load (Pratt and Howe)
By symmetry,
↑ ΣFy = 0
2(1.60) + 7(3.20) + 5(1.28)
By = Hy = = 16
2
By = Hy = 16kN ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0kN
o Live Load (Pratt and Howe)
By symmetry,
↑ ΣFy = 0
2(0.88) + 7(1.76)
By = Hy = = 7.04
2
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By = Hy = 7.04kN ↑
Bx = 0
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0kN
o Wind Load (Pratt and Howe)
From ⊿AME,
1.990
θ = tan−1 ( ) = 29.3978°
(4)(0.883)
Solving for Hy,
↺ ΣMB = 0
(0.883)(6)(Hy)
+ (0.883)[sin(90 − θ)][−0.5(7) − 0.90(6) − 0.90(5) − 0.90(4) − 0.50(3) + 0.40(3)
+ 0.80(2) + 0.80 − 0.40]
1.990
+( ) [cos(90 − θ)][0.90 + 0.90(2) + 0.90(3) + 0.50(4) + 0.40(4) + 0.80(3)
4
+ 0.80(2) + 0.80] = 0
5.298Hy + (0.883)[sin(90 − θ)][−15.3] + (0.4975)[cos (90 − θ)][13.8] = 0
Hy = 1.5855
Hy = 1.59kN ↑
Solving for By,
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 1.5855 + [sin(90 − θ)][0.40(2) + 0.80(2) − 0.50(2) − 0.90(3)] = 0
By = −1.1499
By = 1.15kN ↓
Solving for Bx,
→ ΣFx = 0
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Bx − [cos(90 − θ)][0.40(2) + 0.80(3) + 0.5(2) + 0.90(3)] = 0
Bx = 3.3870
Bx = 3.39kN →
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Magnitude and Nature of Forces
(Note: Forces are determined through graphical method, Maxwell’s diagram. Results are tabulated
through excel.)
o Pratt Truss Layout

• Dead Load
TABLE1.1 Magnitude and nature (i.e. tensile or compressive) of all the truss
members for dead load (pratt truss layout).
MEMBERS
Maxwell's Load Force Chord Truss
Nature
Diagram Diagram (kN) Member
1 A1 AB 2.8398 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
2 P2 BC 2.8398 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
3 O4 CD 8.5194 TENSILE BOTTOM
4 N6 DE 9.6553 TENSILE BOTTOM
5 M9 EF 9.6553 TENSILE BOTTOM
6 L11 FG 8.5194 TENSILE BOTTOM
7 K13 GH 2.8398 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
8 J14 HI 2.8398 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
9 B1 AJ 3.2595 TENSILE TOP
10 C3 JK 9.7786 COMPRESSIVE TOP
11 D5 KL 11.0824 COMPRESSIVE TOP
12 E7 LM 9.4526 COMPRESSIVE TOP
13 F8 MN 9.4526 COMPRESSIVE TOP
14 G10 NO 11.0824 COMPRESSIVE TOP
15 H12 OP 9.7786 COMPRESSIVE TOP
16 I14 IP 3.2595 TENSILE TOP
17 1,2 BJ 16 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
18 2,3 CJ 13.0381 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
19 3,4 CK 5.12 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
20 4,5 DK 1.7113 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
21 5,6 DL 0 N/A INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 EL 2.7886 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
23 7,8 EM 6.08 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
24 8,9 EN 2.7886 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
25 9,10 FN 0 N/A INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 FO 1.7113 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
27 11,12 GO 5.12 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
28 12,13 GP 13.0381 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
29 14,15 HP 16 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
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• Live Load
TABLE 1.2 Magnitude and nature (i.e. tensile or compressive) of all the truss
members for live load (pratt truss layout).
MEMBERS
Nature
2 K2 BC 1.5619 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
3 K4 CD 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
4 K6 DE 3.6444 TENSILE BOTTOM
5 K9 EF 3.6444 TENSILE BOTTOM
6 K11 FG 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
17 1,2 BJ 7.04 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
18 2,3 CJ 5.3782 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
19 3,4 CK 2.64 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
21 5,6 DL 0.5867 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 EL 1.0225 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
25 9,10 FN 0.5867 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 FO 0.7844 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
29 13,14 HP 7.04 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
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• Wind Load
members for wind load (pratt truss layout).
MEMBERS
Nature
1 A1 AB 0.8149 TENSILE BOTTOM
3 K4 CD 2.7777 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
4 K6 DE 2.303 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
5 K9 EF 0.976 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
6 K11 FG 0.5283 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
9 B1 AJ 0.7099 COMPRESSIVE TOP
13 F8 MN 0.1004 TENSILE TOP
17 1,2 BJ 1.1499 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
18 2,3 CJ 0.236 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
19 3,4 CK 0.1158 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 EL 1.2663 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
25 9,10 FN 0.5045 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 FO 0.6745 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
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o Howe Truss Layout
• Dead Load
TABLE 1.4 Magnitude and nature (i.e. tensile or compressive) of all

the truss members for dead load (howe truss layout).
MEMBERS
Nature
2 P3 BC 8.5194 TENSILE BOTTOM
3 O5 CD 9.6553 TENSILE BOTTOM
4 N7 DE 8.2354 TENSILE BOTTOM
5 M8 EF 8.2354 TENSILE BOTTOM
6 L10 FG 9.6553 TENSILE BOTTOM
7 K12 GH 8.5194 TENSILE BOTTOM
10 C2 JK 3.2595 TENSILE TOP
15 H13 OP 3.2595 TENSILE TOP
18 2,3 BK 17.1135 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
20 4,5 CL 2.2309 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 DM 3.5009 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
24 8,9 FM 3.5009 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 GN 2.2309 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
27 11,12 GO 3.2 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
28 12,13 HO 17.1135 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
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• Live Load
TABLE 1.5 Magnitude and nature (i.e. tensile or compressive) of all the
truss members for live load (howe truss layout).
MEMBERS
Nature
2 K3 BC 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
3 K5 CD 3.6444 TENSILE BOTTOM
4 K7 DE 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
5 K8 EF 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
6 K10 FG 3.6444 TENSILE BOTTOM
7 K12 GH 3.1238 TENSILE BOTTOM
10 C2 JK 1.7927 TENSILE TOP
18 2,3 BK 7.0593 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 DM 1.2837 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
23 7,8 EM 0 N/A INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 GN 1.0225 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
27 11,12 GO 0.88 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
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• Wind Load
members for wind load (howe truss layout).
MEMBERS
Nature
1 A1 AB 0.8149 TENSILE BOTTOM
3 K5 CD 2.303 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
4 K7 DE 1.6582 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
5 K8 EF 1.6582 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
6 K10 FG 0.976 COMPRESSIVE BOTTOM
9 B1 AJ 0.7099 COMPRESSIVE TOP
11 D4 KL 0.4275 TENSILE TOP
12 E6 LM 0.3334 TENSILE TOP
17 1,2 BJ 0.9182 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
18 2,3 BK 0.3098 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
21 5,6 DL 1.4532 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
22 6,7 DM 1.5898 COMPRESSIVE INTERMEDIATE
23 7,8 EM 0 N/A INTERMEDIATE
26 10,11 GN 0.8793 TENSILE INTERMEDIATE
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• Combined Loads
➢ Pratt Truss Layout
TABLE 2.1 Nature of the combined load and the corresponding maximum tensile and compressive forces in each
Pratt truss-chord member.
Axial Forces (kN) Combined Load

DEAD LIVE WIND
MEMBER L (m) U=D+L+W NATURE OF U
LOAD LOAD LOAD
1 AB 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 0.8149 -3.5868 COMPRESSIVE
2 BC 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 -2.5721 -6.9738 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (bot.)
3 CD 0.883 8.5194 3.1238 -2.7777 8.8655 TENSILE
4 DE 0.883 9.6553 3.6444 -2.303 10.9967 TENSILE
5 EF 0.883 9.6553 3.6444 -0.976 12.3237 TENSILE max tensile force (bot.)
6 FG 0.883 8.5194 3.1238 -0.5283 11.1149 TENSILE
7 GH 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 -1.0186 -5.4203 COMPRESSIVE
8 HI 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 -1.0186 -5.4203 COMPRESSIVE
9 AJ 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 -0.7099 4.3423 TENSILE
10 JK 1.0135 -9.7786 -3.5855 -0.0232 -13.3873 COMPRESSIVE
11 KL 1.0135 -11.0824 -4.183 -0.1174 -15.3828 COMPRESSIVE
12 LM 1.0135 -9.4526 -3.5855 -0.4067 -13.4448 COMPRESSIVE
13 MN 1.0135 -9.4526 -3.5855 0.1004 -12.9377 COMPRESSIVE
14 NO 1.0135 -11.0824 -4.183 -0.1756 -15.441 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (top)
15 OP 1.0135 -9.7786 -3.5855 -0.1824 -13.5465 COMPRESSIVE
16 IP 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 0.8874 5.9396 TENSILE max tensile force (top)
17 BJ 0.4975 -16 -7.04 1.1499 -21.8901 COMPRESSIVE
18 CJ 1.0135 13.0381 5.3782 -0.236 18.1803 TENSILE
19 CK 0.995 -5.12 -2.64 0.1158 -7.6442 COMPRESSIVE
20 DK 1.3303 1.7113 0.7844 0.7152 3.2109 TENSILE
21 DL 1.4925 0 -0.5867 -0.5349 -1.1216 COMPRESSIVE
22 EL 1.7341 -2.7886 -1.0225 1.2663 -2.5448 COMPRESSIVE
23 EM 1.99 6.08 1.76 0.0633 7.9033 TENSILE
24 EN 1.7341 -2.7886 -1.0225 -1.3398 -5.1509 COMPRESSIVE
25 FN 1.4925 0 -0.5867 0.5045 -0.0822 COMPRESSIVE
26 FO 1.3303 1.7113 0.7844 -0.6745 1.8212 TENSILE
27 GO 0.995 -5.12 -2.64 -0.2763 -8.0363 COMPRESSIVE
28 GP 1.0135 13.0381 5.3782 0.5628 18.9791 TENSILE max tensile force (inter.)
29 HP 0.4975 -16 -7.04 -1.5855 -24.6255 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (inter.)
TOTAL: 31.2878 -72.9594
o Bottom-Chord
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=12.3237 kN at member EF
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=6.9738 kN at member BC
o Top Chord:
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=5.9396 kN at member IP
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=15.441 kN at member NO
o Intermediate-Chord:
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=18.9791 kN at member GP
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=24.6255 kN at member HP
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➢ Howe Truss Layout
TABLE 2.2 Nature of the combined load and the corresponding maximum tensile and compressive forces in each Howe
truss-chord member.
Axial Forces (kN) Combined Load
DEAD LIVE WIND
MEMBER L (m) U=D+L+W NATURE OF U
LOAD LOAD LOAD
1 AB 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 0.8149 -3.5868 COMPRESSIVE
2 BC 0.883 8.5194 3.1238 -2.7777 8.8655 TENSILE
3 CD 0.883 9.6553 3.6444 -2.303 10.9967 TENSILE
4 DE 0.883 8.2354 3.1238 -1.6582 9.701 TENSILE
5 EF 0.883 8.2354 3.1238 -1.6582 9.701 TENSILE
6 FG 0.883 9.6553 3.6444 -0.976 12.3237 TENSILE max tensile force (bot.)
7 GH 0.883 8.5194 3.1238 -0.5283 11.1149 TENSILE
8 HI 0.883 -2.8398 -1.5619 -1.0186 -5.4203 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (bot.)
9 AJ 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 -0.7099 4.3423 TENSILE
10 JK 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 -0.2592 4.793 TENSILE
11 KL 1.0135 -9.7786 -3.5855 0.4275 -12.9366 COMPRESSIVE
12 LM 1.0135 -11.0824 -4.183 0.3334 -14.932 COMPRESSIVE
13 MN 1.0135 -11.0824 -4.183 -0.6827 -15.9481 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (top.)
14 NO 1.0135 -9.7786 -3.5855 -0.6895 -14.0536 COMPRESSIVE
15 OP 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 0.3804 5.4326 TENSILE
16 IP 1.0135 3.2595 1.7927 0.8874 5.9396 TENSILE max tensile force (top.)
17 BJ 0.4975 -3.2 -1.76 0.9182 -4.0418 COMPRESSIVE
18 BK 1.3303 -17.1135 -7.0593 0.3098 -23.863 COMPRESSIVE
19 CK 0.995 3.2 0.88 0.8024 4.8824 TENSILE
20 CL 1.7341 -2.2309 -1.0225 -0.9323 -4.1857 COMPRESSIVE
21 DL 1.4925 -1.92 -1.1733 1.4532 -1.6401 COMPRESSIVE
22 DM 2.1771 3.5009 1.2837 -1.5898 3.1948 TENSILE
23 EM 1.99 1.28 0 0 1.28 TENSILE
24 FM 2.1771 3.5009 1.2837 1.6821 6.4667 TENSILE max tensile force (inter.)
25 FN 1.4925 -1.92 -1.1733 -1.5375 -4.6308 COMPRESSIVE
26 GN 1.7341 -2.2309 -1.0225 0.8793 -2.3741 COMPRESSIVE
27 GO 0.995 3.2 0.88 -0.7568 3.3232 TENSILE
28 HO 1.3303 -17.1135 -7.0593 -0.7387 -24.9115 COMPRESSIVE max compressive force (inter.)
29 HP 0.4975 -3.2 -1.76 -1.033 -5.993 COMPRESSIVE
TOTAL: 33.615 -36.16
o Bottom-Chord
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=12.3237 kN at member FG
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=5.4203 kN at member HI
o Top Chord:
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=5.9396 kN at member IP
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=15.9481 kN at member MN
o Intermediate-Chord:
Maximum Tensile Load: UT=6.4667 kN at member FM
Maximum Compressive Load: UC=24.915 kN at member HO
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• Visual Presentation of the Axial Forces on each Truss Members
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CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
Selecting the Efficient Cross-Sectional Area for the Angle Bar
The maximum tensile and compressive loads in each truss chord member of both truss
layouts are already determined in the previous tabulation. Based on the given problem, the
following allowable axial stresses are σT=149 MPa for tensile stress and σC=132 MPa for
compressive stress. And to calculate the minimum allowable cross-sectional area for the angle bar,
the formula that will be used is:
Maximum Load (N)

A(mm2 ) =
N
Alowable Axial Stress ( )
mm2
TABLE 3.1 Tabulation of data to determine the minimum allowable cross-sectional area for the angle bar in each truss layout.
ALLOWABLE AXIAL STRESS MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CSA FOR

MAXIMUM LOAD (N)
(N/mm2) ANGLE BAR (mm2)
CHROD TRUSS TENSILE COMPRESSIVE TENSILE COMPRESSIVE

TENSION COMPRESSION
MEMBER LOAD LOAD STRESS STRESS
BOTTOM 12323.7 6973.8 149 132 41.35469799 26.41590909

PRATT TOP 5939.6 15441 149 132 19.93154362 58.48863636
INTERMEDIATE 18979.1 24625.5 149 132 63.68825503 93.27840909
BOTTOM 12323.7 5420.3 149 132 41.35469799 20.53143939
HOWE TOP 5939.6 15948.1 149 132 19.93154362 60.4094697
INTERMEDIATE 6466.7 24911.5 149 132 21.70033557 94.36174242
Based on the table provided (table B-5) in appendix B, the minimum cross-sectional area for the
angle bar that can be used is 312 mm2 which is the L51 x L51 x 3.2 angle bar. And from the tabulation in
the table 3.1 above, all of the minimum allowable cross-sectional area for the angle bar of Pratt and
Howe trusses are less than 312 mm2. Therefore, the L51 x L51 x 3.2 angle bar will be used in both truss
layouts. And since the truss is going to use angle bars that are placed back-to-back in a T-shaped
configuration using a 10 mm gusset plate, the 312mm2 cross-sectional area will be doubled and the total
area that will be considered is 624mm2. Moreover, since the thickness of the angle bar is 3.2mm did not
exceed with the 10 mm gusset plate, the selected angle bar is a reasonable choice.
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Average Deflection of the Truss Layouts
In order to further defend the choice in selecting a truss layout, calculating the average
deflection for both Pratt and Howe Truss is necessary.
Note:
❖ Virtual Work Method is used in calculating the deflections in each joint.

❖ Maxwell’s diagram is used in determining the axial forces when virtual unit load (1kN) is
applied.
❖ Virtual unit loads are applied one at a time. Some joints have the same calculations for their
support reactions due to symmetry.
❖ Vertical 1kN at joint B and H and horizontal 1kN at joint B are not included in the calculations
because there is no deflection in where the supports are located.
❖ Excel spreadsheet is used in tabulating the data.
❖ For uniformity’s sake, the naming of the truss members in this part of the report is the same
as the naming of the truss members in the load diagram, not in the Maxwell’s diagram.
• Support Reactions (Pratt and Howe)
Horizontal Virtual Unit Load
1. 1kN at Joint A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I
↑ ΣFy = 0
By = Hy = 0kN
→ ΣFx = 0
1 + Bx = 0
Bx = 1kN ←
2. 1kN at Joint J and P
↺ ΣMB = 0
1.99
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1 ( )=0
4
Hy = 0.094 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.094 = 0
By = 0.094kN ↓
→ ΣFx = 0
1 + Bx = 0
Bx = 1kN ←
3. 1kN at Joint K and O
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↺ ΣMB = 0
1.99
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1 ( ) (2) = 0
4
Hy = 0.188 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.188 = 0
By = 0.188kN ↓
→ ΣFx = 0
1 + Bx = 0
Bx = 1kN ←
4. 1kN at Joint L and N
↺ ΣMB = 0
1.99
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1 ( ) (3) = 0
4
Hy = 0.282 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.282 = 0
By = 0.282kN ↓
→ ΣFx = 0
1 + Bx = 0
Bx = 1kN ←
5. 1kN at Joint M
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1(1.99) = 0
Hy = 0.376 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.376 = 0
By = 0.376kN ↓
→ ΣFx = 0
1 + Bx = 0
Bx = 1kN ←
Vertical Virtual Unit Load
1. 1kN at Joint A
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) + 1(0.883) = 0
Hy = −0.167
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Hy = 0.167 ↓
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 1 − 0.167 = 0
By = 1.167kN ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
2. 1kN at Joint C and K

↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) − 1(0.883) = 0
Hy = 0.167 ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.167 − 1 = 0
By = 0.833kN ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
3. 1kN at Joint D and L
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) − 1(0.883)(2) = 0
Hy = 0.333 ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.333 − 1 = 0
By = 0.667kN ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
4. 1kN at Joint E and M
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) − 1(0.883)(3) = 0
Hy = 0.5 ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.5 − 1 = 0
By = 0.5 ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
5. 1kN at Joint F and N
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) − 1(0.883)(4) = 0
Hy = 0.667 ↑
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↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.667 − 1 = 0
By = 0.333 ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
6. 1kN at Joint G and O
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(. 883)(6) − 1(0.883)(5) = 0
Hy = 0.833 ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 0.833 − 1 = 0
By = 0.167 ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
7. 1kN at Joint I
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1(0.883)(7) = 0
Hy = 1.167kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0
By + 1.167 − 1 = 0
By = −0.167
By = 0.167 ↓
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
8. 1kN at Joint J
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(0.883)(6) = 0
Hy = 0 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0
By − 1 = 0
By = 1kN ↑
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
9. 1kN at Joint P
↺ ΣMB = 0
Hy(0.883)(6) − 1(0.833)(6) = 0
Hy = 1kN ↑
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↑ ΣFy = 0
By − 1 + 1 = 0
By = 0kN
→ ΣFx = 0
Bx = 0 kN
After solving the reactions, the axial forces in each member of the virtual system can now be
determined through Maxwell’s Diagram.
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• Tabulation of Axial Forces in the Virtual System
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After determining the axial forces in the virtual system, the horizontal and
vertical deflection at each joint are being calculated through the formula;
1 UL
defx = ( )∑ (Fvx )
1kN AE
1 UL
defy = ( )∑ (Fvy )
1kN AE
Then the resultant deflection at each joint is then calculated through;
def = √(defx )2 + (defy )2
where, A=624mm2 and E=200(10)6 kN/m2
For Pratt Truss Layout,
TABLE 4.1 Tabulation of data to determine the average deflection of Pratt truss layout.
JOINT A JOINT C JOINT D
MEMBER U (kN) L(m) A(m2) E(kN/m2) FvxA FvyA def(xA) def(yA) FvxC FvyC def(xC) def(yC) FvxD FvyD def(xD) def(yD)
1 AB -3.587 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 -1 -1.775 3E-05 5E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 BC -6.974 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 -1.775 0 9E-05 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0
3 CD 8.8655 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.74 0 -5E-05 0 0.74 0 5E-05 1 0.59 6E-05 4E-05
4 DE 10.997 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.394 0 -3E-05 0 0.39 0 3E-05 0 0.79 0 6E-05
5 EF 12.324 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.197 0 -2E-05 0 0.2 0 2E-05 0 0.39 0 3E-05
6 FG 11.115 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.148 0 -1E-05 0 0.15 0 1E-05 0 0.3 0 2E-05
7 GH -5.42 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 HI -5.42 0.883 0.000624 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 AJ 4.3423 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 2.037 0 7E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 JK -13.39 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.849 0 -9E-05 0 -0.8 0 9E-05 0 -0.7 0 7E-05
11 KL -15.38 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.453 0 -6E-05 0 -0.5 0 6E-05 0 -0.9 0 0.0001
12 LM -13.44 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.255 0 -3E-05 0 -0.3 0 3E-05 0 -0.5 0 6E-05
13 MN -12.94 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.255 0 -3E-05 0 -0.3 0 3E-05 0 -0.5 0 5E-05
14 NO -15.44 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.226 0 -3E-05 0 -0.2 0 3E-05 0 -0.5 0 6E-05
15 OP -13.55 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.17 0 -2E-05 0 -0.2 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 0 4E-05
16 IP 5.9396 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 BJ -21.89 0.4975 0.000624 2E+08 0 -1.167 0 0.0001 0 -0.8 0 7E-05 0 -0.7 0 6E-05
18 CJ 18.18 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 1.188 0 0.0002 0 0.85 0 0.0001 0 0.68 0 0.0001
19 CK -7.644 0.995 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.583 0 4E-05 0 0.58 0 -4E-05 0 -0.3 0 2E-05
20 DK 3.2109 1.3303 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.52 0 2E-05 0 -0.5 0 -2E-05 0 0.3 0 1E-05
21 DL -1.122 1.4925 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.389 0 5E-06 0 0.39 0 -5E-06 0 0.78 0 -1E-05
22 EL -2.545 1.7341 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.339 0 -1E-05 0 -0.3 0 1E-05 0 -0.7 0 2E-05
23 EM 7.9033 1.99 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.25 0 -3E-05 0 0.25 0 3E-05 0 0.5 0 6E-05
24 EN -5.151 1.7341 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.048 0 3E-06 0 0.05 0 -3E-06 0 0.1 0 -7E-06
25 FN -0.082 1.4925 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.056 0 -6E-08 0 -0.1 0 6E-08 0 -0.1 0 1E-07
26 FO 1.8212 1.3303 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.074 0 -1E-06 0 0.07 0 1E-06 0 0.15 0 3E-06
27 GO -8.036 0.995 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.083 0 -5E-06 0 -0.1 0 5E-06 0 -0.2 0 1E-05
28 GP 18.979 1.0135 0.000624 2E+08 0 -0.17 0 -3E-05 0 0.17 0 3E-05 0 0.34 0 5E-05
29 HP -24.63 0.4975 0.000624 2E+08 0 0.167 0 -2E-05 0 -0.2 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 0 3E-05
TOTAL: 3E-05 9E-05 -5E-05 0.0006 1E-05 0.0009
Deflection per joint(m): A: 9.76754E-05 C: 0.000587486 D: 0.000903707
Average Deflection (m): 0.000609175
Average Deflection (mm): 0.609175134
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…continuation of table 4.1
JOINT E JOINT F JOINT G JOINT H
FvxE FvyE def(xE) def(yE) FvxF FvyF def(xF) def(yF) FvxG FvyG def(xG)def(yG) FvxH FvyH def(xH) def(yH)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0
1 0.44 6E-05 3E-05 1 0.3 6E-05 2E-05 1 0.15 6E-05 9.3E-06 1 0 6E-05 0
1 0.59 8E-05 5E-05 1 0.39 8E-05 3E-05 1 0.2 8E-05 1.5E-05 1 0 8E-05 0
0 0.59 0 5E-05 1 0.79 9E-05 7E-05 1 0.39 9E-05 3.4E-05 1 0 9E-05 0
0 0.44 0 3E-05 0 0.59 0 5E-05 1 0.74 8E-05 5.8E-05 1 0 8E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -4E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.5 0 6E-05 0 -0.3 0 4E-05 0 -0.17 0 1.8E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.7 0 8E-05 0 -0.5 0 6E-05 0 -0.23 0 2.8E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.8 0 8E-05 0 -0.5 0 6E-05 0 -0.26 0 2.8E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.8 0 8E-05 0 -0.5 0 5E-05 0 -0.26 0 2.7E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.7 0 9E-05 0 -0.9 0 0.0001 0 -0.45 0 5.7E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.5 0 6E-05 0 -0.7 0 7E-05 0 -0.85 0 9.3E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.5 0 4E-05 0 -0.3 0 3E-05 0 -0.17 0 1.5E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.51 0 8E-05 0 0.34 0 5E-05 0 0.17 0 2.5E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.3 0 2E-05 0 -0.2 0 1E-05 0 -0.08 0 5.1E-06 0 0 0 0
0 0.22 0 8E-06 0 0.15 0 5E-06 0 0.07 0 2.5E-06 0 0 0 0
0 -0.2 0 2E-06 0 -0.1 0 1E-06 0 -0.06 0 7.5E-07 0 0 0 0
0 0.15 0 -5E-06 0 0.1 0 -3E-06 0 0.05 0 -2E-06 0 0 0 0
0 0.75 0 9E-05 0 0.5 0 6E-05 0 0.25 0 3.2E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.15 0 -1E-05 0 -0.7 0 5E-05 0 -0.34 0 2.4E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.2 0 2E-07 0 0.78 0 -8E-07 0 0.39 0 -4E-07 0 0 0 0
0 0.22 0 4E-06 0 0.3 0 6E-06 0 -0.52 0 -1E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.3 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 0 2E-05 0 0.58 0 -4E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.51 0 8E-05 0 0.68 0 0.0001 0 0.85 0 0.00013 0 0 0 0
0 -0.5 0 5E-05 0 -0.7 0 7E-05 0 -0.88 0 8.7E-05 0 0 0 0
9E-05 0.001 0.0002 0.001 0.0003 0.00064 0.0002 0
E: 0.000980632 F: 0.000972463 G: 0.000690151 H: 0.000218675
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JOINT I JOINT J JOINT K JOINT L

FvxI FvyI def(xI) def(yI) FvxJ FvyJ def(xJ) def(yJ) FvxK FvyK def(xK) def(yK) FvxL FvyL def(xL) def(yL)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0
1 -0 6.3E-05 -9E-06 0.42 0 3E-05 0 0.88 0.74 6E-05 5E-05 0.75 0.59 5E-05 3.7E-05
1 -0 7.8E-05 -2E-05 0.22 0 2E-05 0 0.44 0.39 3E-05 3E-05 0.667 0.79 5E-05 6.1E-05
1 -0 8.7E-05 -3E-05 0.11 0 1E-05 0 0.22 0.2 2E-05 2E-05 0.333 0.39 3E-05 3.4E-05
1 -1 7.9E-05 -6E-05 0.08 0 7E-06 0 0.17 0.15 1E-05 1E-05 0.25 0.3 2E-05 2.3E-05
1 -2 -4E-05 7E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -2 -4E-05 7E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0 -2E-05 -0.5 0 5E-05 0 0.19 -0.8 -2E-05 9E-05 0.287 -0.7 -3E-05 7.4E-05
0 0.2 0 -3E-05 -0.3 0 3E-05 0 -0.5 -0.5 6E-05 6E-05 0.383 -0.9 -5E-05 0.00011
0 0.3 0 -3E-05 -0.1 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 -0.3 3E-05 3E-05 -0.43 -0.5 5E-05 5.6E-05
0 0.3 0 -3E-05 -0.1 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 -0.3 3E-05 3E-05 -0.43 -0.5 5E-05 5.3E-05
0 0.5 0 -6E-05 -0.1 0 2E-05 0 -0.3 -0.2 3E-05 3E-05 -0.38 -0.5 5E-05 5.7E-05
0 0.8 0 -9E-05 -0.1 0 1E-05 0 -0.2 -0.2 2E-05 2E-05 -0.29 -0.3 3E-05 3.7E-05
0 2 0 1E-04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0 -1E-05 0.09 1 -8E-06 -9E-05 0.19 -0.8 -2E-05 7E-05 0.282 -0.7 -2E-05 5.8E-05
0 -0 0 -3E-05 -0.7 0 -1E-04 0 -0.2 0.85 -3E-05 0.0001 0.287 0.68 4E-05 0.0001
0 0.1 0 -5E-06 0.33 0 -2E-05 0 0.09 -0.4 -6E-06 3E-05 0.141 -0.3 -9E-06 2E-05
0 -0 0 -3E-06 -0.3 0 -1E-05 0 -0.6 -0.5 -2E-05 -2E-05 -0.13 0.3 -4E-06 1E-05
0 0.1 0 -8E-07 0.22 0 -3E-06 0 0.44 0.39 -6E-06 -5E-06 0.094 -0.2 -1E-06 3E-06
0 -0 0 2E-06 -0.2 0 7E-06 0 -0.4 -0.3 1E-05 1E-05 -0.57 -0.1 2E-05 2.4E-06
0 -0 0 -3E-05 0.14 0 2E-05 0 0.28 0.25 4E-05 3E-05 0.423 0.5 5E-05 6.3E-05
0 0.3 0 -2E-05 0.03 0 -2E-06 0 0.06 0.05 -4E-06 -3E-06 0.082 0.1 -6E-06 -7E-06
0 -0 0 4E-07 -0 0 3E-08 0 -0.1 -0.1 6E-08 6E-08 -0.09 -0.1 9E-08 1.1E-07
0 0.5 0 1E-05 0.04 0 8E-07 0 0.08 0.07 2E-06 1E-06 0.126 0.15 2E-06 2.9E-06
0 -1 0 4E-05 -0 0 3E-06 0 -0.1 -0.1 6E-06 5E-06 -0.14 -0.2 9E-06 1.1E-05
0 1.2 0 0.0002 0.1 0 1E-05 0 0.19 0.17 3E-05 3E-05 0.287 0.34 4E-05 5.2E-05
0 -2 0 0.0002 -0.1 0 9E-06 0 -0.2 -0.2 2E-05 2E-05 -0.28 -0.3 3E-05 3.3E-05
0.00018 0.0002 6E-05 -9E-05 0.0003 0.0006 0.0003 0.0009
I: 0.000240065 J: 0.000106871 K: 0.000694823 L: 0.000959882
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JOINT M JOINT N JOINT O JOINT P
FvxM FvyM def(xM) def(yM) FvxN FvyN def(xN) def(yN) FvxO FvyO def(xO) def(yO) FvxP FvyP def(xP) def(yP)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -5E-05 0 1 0 -4.9E-05 0 1 0 -4.9E-05 0
0.667 0.444 4.2E-05 2.8E-05 0.75 0.296 4.7E-05 1.9E-05 0.833 0.148 5.23E-05 9.28E-06 0.917 0 5.75E-05 0
0.556 0.592 4.3E-05 4.6E-05 0.667 0.394 5.2E-05 3.1E-05 0.778 0.197 6.05E-05 1.53E-05 0.889 0 6.92E-05 0
0.444 0.592 3.9E-05 5.2E-05 0.333 0.789 2.9E-05 6.9E-05 0.556 0.394 4.85E-05 3.44E-05 0.778 0 6.78E-05 0
0.333 0.444 2.6E-05 3.5E-05 0.25 0.592 2E-05 4.7E-05 0.167 0.74 1.31E-05 5.82E-05 0.583 0 4.58E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.383 -0.51 -4E-05 5.5E-05 0.287 -0.34 -3E-05 3.7E-05 0.191 -0.17 -2.1E-05 1.85E-05 0.096 0 -1E-05 0
0.51 -0.68 -6E-05 8.5E-05 0.383 -0.45 -5E-05 5.7E-05 0.255 -0.226 -3.2E-05 2.82E-05 0.128 0 -1.6E-05 0
0.574 -0.76 -6E-05 8.3E-05 0.43 -0.51 -5E-05 5.6E-05 0.287 -0.255 -3.1E-05 2.78E-05 0.143 0 -1.6E-05 0
-0.57 -0.76 6E-05 8E-05 0.43 -0.51 -5E-05 5.3E-05 0.287 -0.255 -3E-05 2.68E-05 0.143 0 -1.5E-05 0
-0.51 -0.68 6.4E-05 8.5E-05 -0.38 -0.91 4.8E-05 0.00011 0.51 -0.453 -6.4E-05 5.68E-05 0.255 0 -3.2E-05 0
-0.38 -0.51 4.2E-05 5.6E-05 -0.29 -0.68 3.2E-05 7.5E-05 -0.191 -0.849 2.1E-05 9.34E-05 0.478 0 -5.3E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.376 -0.5 -3E-05 4.4E-05 0.282 -0.33 -2E-05 2.9E-05 0.188 -0.167 -1.6E-05 1.46E-05 0.094 0 -8.2E-06 0
-0.38 0.509 -6E-05 7.5E-05 -0.29 0.34 -4E-05 5E-05 -0.191 0.17 -2.8E-05 2.51E-05 -0.096 0 -1.4E-05 0
0.188 -0.25 -1E-05 1.5E-05 0.141 -0.17 -9E-06 1E-05 0.094 -0.083 -5.7E-06 5.06E-06 0.047 0 -2.9E-06 0
-0.17 0.223 -6E-06 7.6E-06 -0.13 0.149 -4E-06 5.1E-06 -0.084 0.074 -2.9E-06 2.53E-06 -0.042 0 -1.4E-06 0
0.125 -0.17 -2E-06 2.2E-06 0.094 -0.11 -1E-06 1.5E-06 0.063 -0.056 -8.5E-07 7.51E-07 0.031 0 -4.2E-07 0
-0.11 0.145 3.9E-06 -5E-06 -0.08 0.097 2.9E-06 -3E-06 -0.055 0.048 1.94E-06 -1.7E-06 -0.027 0 9.55E-07 0
0 -0.25 0 -3E-05 -0.42 0.5 -5E-05 6.3E-05 -0.282 0.25 -3.6E-05 3.15E-05 -0.141 0 -1.8E-05 0
0.109 0.145 -8E-06 -1E-05 0.573 -0.68 -4E-05 4.9E-05 0.382 -0.339 -2.7E-05 2.43E-05 0.191 0 -1.4E-05 0
-0.13 -0.17 1.2E-07 1.6E-07 -0.09 -0.22 9.2E-08 2.2E-07 -0.438 0.389 4.31E-07 -3.8E-07 -0.219 0 2.15E-07 0
0.167 0.223 3.2E-06 4.3E-06 0.126 0.297 2.4E-06 5.8E-06 0.586 -0.5 1.14E-05 -9.7E-06 0.293 0 5.69E-06 0
-0.19 -0.25 1.2E-05 1.6E-05 -0.14 -0.33 9E-06 2.1E-05 -0.094 -0.417 6.02E-06 2.67E-05 -0.329 0 2.11E-05 0
0.383 0.509 5.9E-05 7.8E-05 0.287 0.679 4.4E-05 0.0001 0.191 0.849 2.94E-05 0.000131 0.67 0 0.000103 0
-0.38 -0.5 3.7E-05 4.9E-05 -0.28 -0.67 2.8E-05 6.5E-05 -0.188 -0.833 1.85E-05 8.18E-05 -0.094 -1 9.23E-06 9.82E-05
9.8E-05 0.00085 -8E-05 0.00096 -8.1E-05 0.0007 0.000131 9.82E-05
M: 0.000856016 N: 0.000960482 O: 0.000704757 P: 0.000163943
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For Howe Truss Layout,
TABLE 4.2 Tabulation of data to determine the average deflection of Howe truss layout.
JOINT A JOINT C JOINTD

MEMBER U (kN) L(m) A(m2) E(kN/m2) FvxA FvyA def(xA) def(yA) FvxC FvyC def(xC) def(yC) FvxD FvyD def(xD) def(yD)
AB -3.587 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 -1 -1.78 3E-05 5E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BC 8.8655 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.74 0 -5E-05 1 0.74 6E-05 5E-05 1 0.59 6E-05 4E-05
CD 10.997 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.39 0 -3E-05 0 0.39 0 3E-05 1 0.79 8E-05 6E-05
DE 9.701 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.22 0 -2E-05 0 0.22 0 2E-05 0 0.44 0 3E-05
EF 9.701 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.22 0 -2E-05 0 0.22 0 2E-05 0 0.44 0 3E-05
FG 12.324 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.2 0 -2E-05 0 0.2 0 2E-05 0 0.39 0 3E-05
GH 11.115 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.15 0 -1E-05 0 0.15 0 1E-05 0 0.3 0 2E-05
HI -5.42 0.883 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AJ 4.3423 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 2 0 7E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JK 4.793 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 2.04 0 8E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KL -12.94 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.85 0 -9E-05 0 -0.85 0 9E-05 0 -0.68 0 7E-05
LM -14.93 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.45 0 -5E-05 0 -0.45 0 5E-05 0 -0.91 0 0.0001
MN -15.95 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.23 0 -3E-05 0 -0.23 0 3E-05 0 -0.45 0 6E-05
NO -14.05 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.17 0 -2E-05 0 -0.17 0 2E-05 0 -0.34 0 4E-05
OP 5.4326 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IP 5.9396 1.014 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BJ -4.042 0.498 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 -3E-08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BK -23.86 1.33 0.00062 2E+08 0 -1.56 0 0.0004 0 -1.11 0 0.0003 0 -0.89 0 0.0002
CK 4.8824 0.995 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.58 0 2E-05 0 0.42 0 2E-05 0 0.33 0 1E-05
CL -4.186 1.734 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.68 0 4E-05 0 0.68 0 -4E-05 0 -0.39 0 2E-05
DL -1.64 1.493 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.39 0 -8E-06 0 -0.39 0 8E-06 0 0.22 0 -4E-06
DM 3.1948 2.177 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.43 0 -2E-05 0 0.43 0 2E-05 0 0.85 0 5E-05
EM 1.28 1.99 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
FM 6.4667 2.177 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.06 0 7E-06 0 -0.06 0 -7E-06 0 -0.12 0 -1E-05
FN -4.631 1.493 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.06 0 3E-06 0 0.06 0 -3E-06 0 0.11 0 -6E-06
GN -2.374 1.734 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.1 0 -3E-06 0 -0.1 0 3E-06 0 -0.19 0 6E-06
GO 3.3232 0.995 0.00062 2E+08 0 -0.08 0 -2E-06 0 0.08 0 2E-06 0 0.17 0 4E-06
HO -24.91 1.33 0.00062 2E+08 0 0.22 0 -6E-05 0 -0.22 0 6E-05 0 -0.45 0 0.0001
HP -5.993 0.498 0.00062 2E+08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL: 3E-05 0.0002 6E-05 0.0007 0.0001 0.0009
Deflection per joint(m): A: 0.000242132 C: 0.000677894 D: 0.000920195
Average Deflection (m): 0.000697062
Average Deflection (mm): 0.697061799
44 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)

JOINT E JOINT F JOINT G JOINT H
FvyE FvyE def(xE) def(yE) FvxF FvyF def(xF) def(yF) FvxG FvyG def(xG) def(yG) FvxH FvyH def(xH) def(yH)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.443 6.3E-05 3E-05 1 0.296 6.3E-05 2E-05 1 0.148 6.3E-05 9.3E-06 1 0 6E-05 0
1 0.591 7.8E-05 5E-05 1 0.394 7.8E-05 3E-05 1 0.197 7.8E-05 1.5E-05 1 0 8E-05 0
1 0.665 6.9E-05 5E-05 1 0.443 6.9E-05 3E-05 1 0.222 6.9E-05 1.5E-05 1 0 7E-05 0
0 0.665 0 5E-05 1 0.443 6.9E-05 3E-05 1 0.222 6.9E-05 1.5E-05 1 0 7E-05 0
0 0.591 0 5E-05 0 0.788 0 7E-05 1 0.394 8.7E-05 3.4E-05 1 0 9E-05 0
0 0.443 0 3E-05 0 0.591 0 5E-05 0 0.739 0 5.8E-05 1 0 8E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.51 0 5E-05 0 -0.34 0 4E-05 0 -0.17 0 1.8E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.68 0 8E-05 0 -0.45 0 5E-05 0 -0.23 0 2.7E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.68 0 9E-05 0 -0.91 0 0.0001 0 -0.45 0 5.9E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.51 0 6E-05 0 -0.68 0 8E-05 0 -0.85 0 9.7E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.67 0 0.0002 0 -0.45 0 0.0001 0 -0.22 0 5.7E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.25 0 1E-05 0 0.167 0 7E-06 0 0.083 0 3.2E-06 0 0 0 0
0 -0.29 0 2E-05 0 -0.19 0 1E-05 0 -0.1 0 5.6E-06 0 0 0 0
0 0.167 0 -3E-06 0 0.111 0 -2E-06 0 0.056 0 -1E-06 0 0 0 0
0 -0.18 0 -1E-05 0 -0.12 0 -7E-06 0 -0.06 0 -3E-06 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 2E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.18 0 -2E-05 0 0.851 0 1E-04 0 0.425 0 4.8E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.167 0 -9E-06 0 0.222 0 -1E-05 0 -0.39 0 2.2E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.29 0 1E-05 0 -0.39 0 1E-05 0 0.678 0 -2E-05 0 0 0 0
0 0.25 0 7E-06 0 0.333 0 9E-06 0 0.417 0 1.1E-05 0 0 0 0
0 -0.67 0 0.0002 0 -0.89 0 0.0002 0 -1.11 0 0.0003 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.00021 0.0009 0.00028 0.001 0.00037 0.00076 0.0004 0
E: 0.000924544 F: 0.001013081 G: 0.000846015 H: 0.000443642
45 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
JOINT I JOINT J JOINT K JOINT L

JOINT I FvyI def(xI) def(yI) FvxJ FvyJ def(xJ) def(yJ) FvxK FvyK def(xK) def(yK) FvxL FvyL def(xL) def(yL)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 -0.15 6E-05 -9E-06 0.416 0 3E-05 0 0.833 0.739 5E-05 5E-05 0.75 0.591 5E-05 4E-05
1 -0.2 8E-05 -2E-05 0.222 0 2E-05 0 0.444 0.394 3E-05 3E-05 0.667 0.788 5E-05 6E-05
1 -0.22 7E-05 -2E-05 0.125 0 9E-06 0 0.25 0.222 2E-05 2E-05 0.375 0.443 3E-05 3E-05
1 -0.22 7E-05 -2E-05 0.125 0 9E-06 0 0.25 0.222 2E-05 2E-05 0.375 0.443 3E-05 3E-05
1 -0.38 9E-05 -3E-05 0.111 0 1E-05 0 0.222 0.197 2E-05 2E-05 0.333 0.394 3E-05 3E-05
1 -0.74 8E-05 -6E-05 0.083 0 7E-06 0 0.167 0.148 1E-05 1E-05 0.25 0.296 2E-05 2E-05
1 -1.77 -4E-05 7E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -1.148 0 -4E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.17 0 -2E-05 -0.478 0 5E-05 0 -0.957 -0.85 0.0001 9E-05 0.287 -0.679 -3E-05 7E-05
0 0.226 0 -3E-05 -0.255 0 3E-05 0 -0.51 -0.45 6E-05 5E-05 -0.77 -0.905 9E-05 0.0001
0 0.452 0 -6E-05 -0.127 0 2E-05 0 -0.255 -0.23 3E-05 3E-05 -0.38 -0.452 5E-05 6E-05
0 0.848 0 -1E-04 -0.096 0 1E-05 0 -0.191 -0.17 2E-05 2E-05 -0.29 -0.339 3E-05 4E-05
0 2.036 0 9E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2.036 0 1E-04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -0.565 -1 9E-06 2E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.223 0 -6E-05 0.88 0 -0.0002 0 0.251 -1.11 -6E-05 0.0003 0.377 -0.891 -1E-04 0.0002
0 -0.08 0 -3E-06 -0.329 0 -1E-05 0 -0.658 -0.58 -3E-05 -2E-05 -0.14 0.333 -5E-06 1E-05
0 0.097 0 -6E-06 0.382 0 -2E-05 0 0.764 0.678 -4E-05 -4E-05 0.164 -0.387 -1E-05 2E-05
0 -0.06 0 1E-06 -0.219 0 4E-06 0 -0.439 -0.39 9E-06 8E-06 -0.66 -0.778 1E-05 2E-05
0 0.061 0 3E-06 0.24 0 1E-05 0 0.48 0.425 3E-05 2E-05 0.72 0.851 4E-05 5E-05
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.43 0 -5E-05 -0.034 0 -4E-06 0 -0.069 -0.06 -8E-06 -7E-06 -0.1 -0.122 -1E-05 -1E-05
0 0.389 0 -2E-05 0.031 0 -2E-06 0 0.063 0.056 -3E-06 -3E-06 0.094 0.111 -5E-06 -6E-06
0 -0.68 0 2E-05 -0.055 0 2E-06 0 -0.109 -0.1 4E-06 3E-06 -0.16 -0.194 5E-06 6E-06
0 0.583 0 2E-05 0.047 0 1E-06 0 0.094 0.083 2E-06 2E-06 0.141 0.167 4E-06 4E-06
0 -1.56 0 0.0004 -0.125 0 3E-05 0 -0.251 -0.22 7E-05 6E-05 -0.38 -0.445 0.0001 0.0001
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.0004 0.0002 -6E-05 2E-05 0.0003 0.0006 0.0004 0.0009
I: 0.000465988 J: 6.28986E-05 K: 0.000718303 L: 0.001003209
46 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
JOINT M JOINT N JOINT O JOINT P

FvxM FvyM def(xM) def(yM) FvxN FvyN def(xN) def(yN) FvxO FvyO def(xO) def(yO) FvxP FvyP def(xP) def(yP)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.667 0.443 4.2E-05 2.8E-05 0.75 0.296 4.7E-05 1.9E-05 0.833 0.148 5.2E-05 9.3E-06 0.917 0 6E-05 0
0.556 0.591 4.3E-05 4.6E-05 0.667 0.394 5.2E-05 3.1E-05 0.778 0.197 6.1E-05 1.5E-05 0.889 0 7E-05 0
0.5 0.665 3.4E-05 4.6E-05 0.625 0.443 4.3E-05 3E-05 0.75 0.222 5.1E-05 1.5E-05 0.875 0 6E-05 0
0.5 0.665 3.4E-05 4.6E-05 0.625 0.443 4.3E-05 3E-05 0.75 0.222 5.1E-05 1.5E-05 0.875 0 6E-05 0
0.444 0.591 3.9E-05 5.2E-05 0.333 0.788 2.9E-05 6.9E-05 0.556 0.394 4.8E-05 3.4E-05 0.778 0 7E-05 0
0.333 0.443 2.6E-05 3.5E-05 0.25 0.591 2E-05 4.6E-05 0.167 0.739 1.3E-05 5.8E-05 0.583 0 5E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.383 -0.509 -4E-05 5.3E-05 0.287 -0.339 -3E-05 3.6E-05 0.191 -0.17 -2E-05 1.8E-05 0.096 0 -1E-05 0
0.51 -0.679 -6E-05 8.2E-05 0.383 -0.452 -5E-05 5.5E-05 0.255 -0.23 -3E-05 2.7E-05 0.128 0 -2E-05 0
-0.51 -0.679 6.6E-05 8.8E-05 0.765 -0.905 -1E-04 0.00012 0.51 -0.45 -7E-05 5.9E-05 0.255 0 -3E-05 0
-0.383 -0.509 4.4E-05 5.8E-05 -0.287 -0.679 3.3E-05 7.7E-05 0.957 -0.85 -0.0001 9.7E-05 0.478 0 -5E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.148 0 5E-05 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.502 -0.668 -0.0001 0.00017 0.377 -0.445 -1E-04 0.00011 0.251 -0.22 -6E-05 5.7E-05 0.126 0 -3E-05 0
-0.188 0.25 -7E-06 9.7E-06 -0.141 0.167 -5E-06 6.5E-06 -0.094 0.083 -4E-06 3.2E-06 -0.05 0 -2E-06 0
0.218 -0.29 -1E-05 1.7E-05 0.164 -0.194 -1E-05 1.1E-05 0.109 -0.1 -6E-06 5.6E-06 0.055 0 -3E-06 0
-0.125 0.167 2.5E-06 -3.3E-06 -0.094 0.111 1.8E-06 -2E-06 -0.063 0.056 1.2E-06 -1E-06 -0.03 0 6E-07 0
0.137 -0.182 7.6E-06 -1E-05 0.103 -0.122 5.7E-06 -7E-06 0.069 -0.06 3.8E-06 -3E-06 0.034 0 2E-06 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.137 -0.182 -2E-05 -2.1E-05 -0.72 0.851 -8E-05 9.6E-05 -0.48 0.425 -5E-05 4.8E-05 -0.24 0 -3E-05 0
0.125 0.167 -7E-06 -9.2E-06 0.658 -0.778 -4E-05 4.3E-05 0.439 -0.39 -2E-05 2.2E-05 0.219 0 -1E-05 0
-0.218 -0.29 7.2E-06 9.6E-06 -0.164 -0.387 5.4E-06 1.3E-05 -0.764 0.678 2.5E-05 -2E-05 -0.38 0 1E-05 0
0.188 0.25 5E-06 6.6E-06 0.141 0.333 3.7E-06 8.8E-06 0.658 -0.58 1.7E-05 -2E-05 0.329 0 9E-06 0
-0.502 -0.668 0.00013 0.00018 -0.377 -0.891 0.0001 0.00024 -0.251 -1.11 6.7E-05 0.0003 -0.88 0 0.0002 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.564 -1 -1E-05 2E-05
0.00021 0.00088 -2E-05 0.00103 1.3E-05 0.00074 0.0005 2E-05
M: 0.00090529 N: 0.001029845 O: 0.000736849 P: 0.000466041
From the calculations in table 4.1 and 4.2, the results show that the average deflection in the
Pratt truss is 0.6092 mm while the average deflection in the Howe truss is 0.6972mm. This indicate
the Howe truss will tend to deflect more compared to Pratt truss.
𝑳
Verifying that the deflection at the center of the truss (joint E) will not exceed to 𝟐𝟓𝟎,
Based on table 4.1 and 4.2, defE=0.9806mm in Pratt truss and defE=0.9245 mm Howe Truss.
𝐿 7.064(1000)
Given that L=7.064m, thus,250 = (250)
= 28.256. Therefore, this indicates that at the center of the
truss,
𝐿
250
> defE (Pratt)> defE (Howe)
47 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
L
This means that since the deflection in both truss layouts did not exceed , both trusses are as well
250
considered as safe design.
Load-to-Mass Ratio
Load-to-mass ratio is another key factor that could help in selecting the better truss layout. In
this section, comparing the average load-to-mass ratio of each truss layout is being carried out. Based
on the table provided (table B-5) in appendix B, the mass of the L51 x L51 x 3.2 angle bar is 2.4 kg/m.
Through this the load-to-mass ratio of each member is being calculated through the formula;
Combined Load (U)

Load − to − Mass Ratio =
2.4kg/m(Length of the truss members)
For the Pratt Truss Layout

TABLE 5.1 Tabulation of data to determine the average Load-to-Mass Ratio of Pratt truss layout.
Members Combined Load (kN) L(m) Mass (kg) Load-to-Mass Ratio
AB 3.5868 0.883 2.1192 1.692525481
BC 6.9738 0.883 2.1192 3.290770102
CD 8.8655 0.883 2.1192 4.183418271
DE 10.9967 0.883 2.1192 5.189080785
EF 12.3237 0.883 2.1192 5.815260476
FG 11.1149 0.883 2.1192 5.24485655
GH 5.4203 0.883 2.1192 2.557710457
HI 5.4203 0.883 2.1192 2.557710457
AJ 4.3423 1.0135 2.4324 1.78519158
JK 13.3873 1.0135 2.4324 5.503741161
KL 15.3828 1.0135 2.4324 6.324124322
LM 13.4448 1.0135 2.4324 5.527380365
MN 12.9377 1.0135 2.4324 5.318903141
NO 15.441 1.0135 2.4324 6.348051307
OP 13.5465 1.0135 2.4324 5.569190923
IP 5.9396 1.0135 2.4324 2.441868114
BJ 21.8901 0.4975 1.194 18.33341709
CJ 18.1803 1.0135 2.4324 7.47422299
CK 7.6442 0.995 2.388 3.201088777
DK 3.2109 1.3303 3.19272 1.005694204
DL 1.1216 1.4925 3.582 0.313121161
EL 2.5448 1.7341 4.16184 0.611460316
EM 7.9033 1.99 4.776 1.654794807
EN 5.1509 1.7341 4.16184 1.237649693
FN 0.0822 1.4925 3.582 0.022948074
FO 1.8212 1.3303 3.19272 0.570422712
GO 8.0363 0.995 2.388 3.365284757
GP 18.9791 1.0135 2.4324 7.802622924
HP 24.6255 0.4975 1.194 20.62437186
Total: 135.5668829
Average Load-to-Mass Ratio: 4.67472
48 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
For the Howe Truss Layout
TABLE 5.2 Tabulation of data to determine the average Load-to-Mass Ratio of Howe truss layout.
Members Combined Load (kN) L(m) Mass (kg) Load-to-Mass Ratio
AB 3.5868 0.883 2.1192 1.692525481
BC 8.8655 0.883 2.1192 4.183418271
CD 10.9967 0.883 2.1192 5.189080785
DE 9.701 0.883 2.1192 4.577670819
EF 9.701 0.883 2.1192 4.577670819
FG 12.3237 0.883 2.1192 5.815260476
GH 11.1149 0.883 2.1192 5.24485655
HI 5.4203 0.883 2.1192 2.557710457
AJ 4.3423 1.0135 2.4324 1.78519158
JK 4.793 1.0135 2.4324 1.970481829
KL 12.9366 1.0135 2.4324 5.318450913
LM 14.932 1.0135 2.4324 6.138792962
MN 15.9481 1.0135 2.4324 6.556528531
NO 14.0536 1.0135 2.4324 5.777668147
OP 5.4326 1.0135 2.4324 2.233432001
IP 5.9396 1.0135 2.4324 2.441868114
BJ 4.0418 0.4975 1.194 3.385092127
BK 23.863 1.3303 3.19272 7.474191285
CK 4.8824 0.995 2.388 2.044556114
CL 4.1857 1.7341 4.16184 1.005733041
DL 1.6401 1.4925 3.582 0.457872697
DM 3.1948 2.1771 5.22504 0.611440295
EM 1.28 1.99 4.776 0.2680067
FM 6.4667 2.1771 5.22504 1.237636458
FN 4.6308 1.4925 3.582 1.29279732
GN 2.3741 1.7341 4.16184 0.570444803
GO 3.3232 0.995 2.388 1.391624791
HO 24.9115 1.3303 3.19272 7.802594653
HP 5.993 0.4975 1.194 5.019262982
Total: 98.621861
Average Load-to-Mass Ratio: 3.400754
Based on the data at tables 5.1 and 5.2 calculated through an excel sheet, the Pratt truss has a
greater load-to-mas ratio compared to the Howe truss. This indicate that the members of the Pratt
truss did a better performance in utilizing its length compared to the Howe truss.
49 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
Rationale
There are several factors that can be taken into account when selecting the design's more
efficient and reasonable truss layout. Both truss layouts are considered as safe design since the
𝐿
deflection at the center did not exceed to 250 thus, some other factors are being evaluated in order to
defend the choice of the truss layout. It can be observed that both truss layouts are composed of
alternate vertical and inclined members however they differ in where their diagonal members are
directed. Pratt’s diagonals are directed towards the middle while Howe’s diagonals are directed away
from the middle. This shows that both truss layouts have different structural characteristics, thus, also
produce different effects when being utilized.
Substantially, the cost of a certain project is of much significance when civil engineers are
assigned to construct a structure. Both truss layouts exhibit congruent external dimensions, but because
of the orientation of their diagonals, they differ in their internal dimensions—specifically the lengths of
their intermediate truss-chord members. For economical reasons, Pratt truss layout is the best choice
because it uses less amount of materials. To elaborate, its total length (31.29m) is shorter than the total
length of Howe truss layout (33.62m). The difference in length is quite long, that's why Pratt truss layout
is a cost-effective structure.
Moreover, deflection result is also an important aspect when it comes to roof truss design. For
structural reasons, comparing the average deflection of both trusses is as well considered to further
defend the choice of the truss layout. From the calculations, it is determined that the maximum
deflection is located at the center (joint E). Although Howe’s deflection (0.9245mm) at the center is less
than compared to Pratt’s deflection(0.9806mm) at the same point, it does not equate to the overall
strength of the structure because the combined loads that are being considered are not symmetrical
especially that the wind loads are being taken into account. That’s the reason why calculating the
deflection of each truss layout and getting its average is much necessary. Based on the calculations in
the previous pages, Pratt truss has an average deflection of 0.6092 mm and Howe has an average
deflection of 0.6972 mm. With this, Pratt truss will deflect less on average compared to Howe truss. This
indicates that Pratt truss can support a greater load since it is more rigid than Howe Truss.
Therefore, Pratt truss layout is a better option when considering this type of factor.
Another factor that added up to which truss layout is stronger on average is the load-to-mass
ratio. From the calculations above, it is observed that the Pratt truss has a greater load-to-mass ratio
compared to Howe truss. This means that the members of the Pratt truss can carry out more in utilizing
its length compared to the Howe truss. To explain further, the members in the Howe truss have more
length however the axial forces are less than compared to Pratt truss, therefore the length of its
members are not being utilized well.
In conclusion there are other more factors that can be considered for this type of scenario in the
field of civil engineering, however for this report, the factors mentioned are already enough to defend
50 | o f 5 1
CVE151-E15(1-4/MTh), 1st-Term (2022-23)
the type of truss that is being selected. Based on the overall results, the Pratt truss is the more efficient
truss to select because it is a cost-effective structure, will deflect less on average and also the length
truss members are well utilized. And because of the Pratt truss is a rigid design, the loads are being
dissipated more efficiently compared to Howe truss.
51 | o f 5 1

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[2020-0100] MICAH P.

• Truss Load Diagrams

Determinacy and Stability of the Truss

o Pratt and Howe

Support Reactions of the Truss

o Dead Load (Pratt and Howe)

o Live Load (Pratt and Howe)

o Wind Load (Pratt and Howe)

Solving for Hy,

Solving for By,

Solving for Bx,

o Pratt Truss Layout

TABLE 1.4 Magnitude and nature (i.e. tensile or compressive) of all

Axial Forces (kN) Combined Load

Maximum Load (N)

ALLOWABLE AXIAL STRESS MINIMUM ALLOWABLE CSA FOR

CHROD TRUSS TENSILE COMPRESSIVE TENSILE COMPRESSIVE

BOTTOM 12323.7 6973.8 149 132 41.35469799 26.41590909

❖ Virtual Work Method is used in calculating the deflections in each joint.

• Support Reactions (Pratt and Howe)

Horizontal Virtual Unit Load

Vertical Virtual Unit Load

2. 1kN at Joint C and K

• Tabulation of Axial Forces in the Virtual System

def = √(defx )2 + (defy )2

where, A=624mm2 and E=200(10)6 kN/m2

For Pratt Truss Layout,

…continuation of table 4.1

JOINT I JOINT J JOINT K JOINT L

…continuation of table 4.1

JOINT A JOINT C JOINTD

…continuation of table 4.2

JOINT I JOINT J JOINT K JOINT L

…continuation of table 4.2

JOINT M JOINT N JOINT O JOINT P

considered as safe design.

Combined Load (U)

For the Pratt Truss Layout

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