KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA LEDANG,JOHOR

DIPLOMA IN BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(RADIOLOGY 1B)

MAY 2021 - OKTOBER 2021

REPORT WRITING

Lecturer’s name  Theresa Marion A/P B Nambirajan

 Table Of Contents

1.0 Introduction 1-2

2.0 Method of Gathering Information 2
3.0 Findings/ Discussion 3 – 10
4.0 Conclusion 11
5.0 Individual Reflection
5.1 Umair Bin Ariffin 12
5.2 Muhammad Zamani Bin Rashidi 13
5.3 Noor Aiman Bin Jasmani 14
5.4 Adam Haris Bin Fazly Sham 14
5.5 Muhammad Irham Bin Ishak 15

REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Landslide in the village of Sungai Ruil, Brinchang, Cameron

Highlands, Malaysia occurred on August 7, 2011 at 5:50 pm.
This incident has caused six houses buried by debris or mud
which engaged seven fatalities and two injuries This landslide
has been classified as landslide debris flow. Total area of the
village involved is around 40 hectares whilst the catchment
area of the village is around 80 hectares. The landslide forensic
investigation was carried out to identify the caused of the
failure. There are three methods in conducting the study that
involved geological mapping and interpretation for assessment
of geological hazards. The second method is the debris flow
hazard assessment in all the drainage including rainfall
analysis. The rainfall analysis was carried out to produce the
snake line and critical line. The third method is an analysis of
slope stability in locations with high potential of slope failure in
the area. There are three factors identified that resulted from
this incident. The first factor is the presence of geological
factors weakness (covered by colluviums), weathered material,
orientation and location of adversely discontinuities and relict
slope failure. While the second factor is the appearance of the
morphology of hilly terrain, presence of channel order 0 or
'ephemeral drainage' and river bed gradient more than 35
degrees. The third factor is human activity that build water
barrier. While the high intensity of rainfall in a short period of
time is believed to be a triggering factor.
Menthod Of Gathering Information

There are several sources that I have believed and are

convinced of although mostly through searches on the internet
because in this covid-19 pandemic season it has to some
extent made it difficult to search for information in detail.

In addition, there is also a lot of information and knowledge that

I found on the internet that was previously rarely heard. We
searched for reports on landslides in Cameron Highlands
located in the state of Pahang. The report we were looking for
was in line with the title and assignment given. managed to
obtain information about landslides through journals,
newspapers, articles and others online.

In conclusion, By completing this report, we sincerely hope to

be able to avoid a similar thing disasters from happening in
Malaysia in the future.
3.0 DISCUSSION
Firstly, findings of this study unfold that the causes of slope
failure are multidimensional and there are many reasons that
can contribute to a landslide. From holistic perspective, it is
clear that human errors are dominating that contributes to
landslides in Malaysia while the geological/morphological
causes are infrequent which particularly include rainfall and
erosion. The human errors are mainly in the form of improper
planning, faulty design, non-maintenance and negligence
during the construction. The investigations on Cameron
Highland (2011) The landslide factors chosen from topography
map were slope,slopeaspect, curvature, elevation, land use,
proximity to road,and river/lake. Similarly, along with other
landslides, the potential reason for Puncak Setiawangsa (2012)
landslide was design inaccuracies in which shotcrete wall was
built on metamorphic rock to prevent the water from entering in
to soil which is unadvisable due to lack of strength of
metamorphic rock.

According to the statistics of Gue and Tan, on causes of

landslides in Malaysia, 60% of the landslides occurred due to
design errors and only 6%happened due to geological reasons.
Therefore, based on findings, this study recommends the use
of Human Reliability Assessment technique for mitigating the
chances of human errors by addressing their causes and
strong adherence with the design guidelines to minimize the
likelihood of landslide

There are two effects of the landslides which is positive effects

and negative effects.The first one is positive effects of
landslides. As with all natural hazards, landslides offer some
important service functions. Thus, the positive effects of
landslides are: creating new habitats, increasing biodiversity,
providing raw materials and can be good tools for studying the
environment. The first one is create new habitats. One of the
most important beneficial effects of landslides is that they
create new habitats. When landslides occur, they obviously
change landscapes. In this way, many micro-environments like
hummocks (hills) and ridges form. These features can be
warmer, drier, wetter, more exposed, less exposed, muddier
etc. than the surrounding regions. Very often, repeated debris
flows and slides can deepen gullies resulting in expanded water
flows. Like so, new habitats form. Second is can increase
biodiversity. As these new habitats result, biodiversity in that
particular region can also increase. It provides opportunities for
organisms to colonize the slide sites and grow or survive. For
example, slides with ridged topography often form ponds.
Sometimes, beavers colonize these sites and create beaver
ponds. At other times, cliffs appear during landslides. Cavity
nesters like kingfishers and bank swallows can thus inhabit
these cliffs. Rodents may also find better habitats hiding under
the debris of landslides. What’s more, in New Zealand, kauri
trees grow preferentially on landslides scars.Next, it can be
firewood and medicinal plants. Landslide sites can also provide
various raw materials be it in the aftermath of a slide or years
later. For instance, in Nicaragua, residents of small farms
extract fallen Jamaican nettle trees from slides for firewood. In
India, indigenous populations harvest medicinal plants such as
Nardostachys grandiflora from landslides. Next is game and
berries. Furthermore, as plants eventually shoot up in the slide
site, they attract animals. Hunters can thus pursue wild game to
the productive land. Berry pickers can also harvest from these
regions, as well as those looking for firewood, decorative or
medicinal plants. This landslides can causes minerals increase.
Similarly, landslides can expose mineral deposits. Over time,
mineral grains like gold and diamonds detach due to
weathering. They can concentrate at the base of slides or in
nearby streams. Tool for studying the environment. As it is
common with disasters, humans can learn from them. Thus, in
many instances, landslide sites are good tools for studying the
environment. While geologists use landslides to study faults
and rock strata, ecologists observe the emergence of plants
and their successive growth. Sometimes, bird watchers and
scientists may also use these sites for their own studies.

Next is negative effects of landslides. The negative effects of

landslides are: they damage/destroy ecosystems, harm
agriculture, damage built infrastructure, lead to economic
losses, deaths, social disruption and can lead to other hazards.
Landslides damage or destroy ecosystems. It is Impact on
water quality. When landslides occur, they can seriously
damage or destroy ecosystems. Sometimes the effects can last
for thousands of years. They can pollute streams and water
bodies with sediment and debris. This invariably has severe
repercussions on water quality and marine life. Second, wipe
out forest land. What’s more, these hazards can wipe out large
tracts of forests, wildlife habitats and remove productive soils
from slopes. In 1960, an earthquake triggered several
landslides in Chile which destroyed more than 250 km2 of
forest. Dam up or flood streams. Also, they can dam up rivers
and streams. In so doing, water flow is restricted. Marine and
terrestrial organisms that depend on the water flow may
eventually die. Conversely, dams may flood the opposite side
too. Outburst floods can introduce a tremendous amount of
new sediment into streams. Or they can submerge and kill
vegetation in the flooded region. Landslides harm agriculture.
One of the most damaging effects of landslides is the
destruction of agricultural land. Debris spread over farms,
cultivation and pastures, covering important agricultural land.
They destroy seeds, plants, food stocks and grazing land.
These lands can remain inaccessible for years ultimately
impacting on farmers’ livelihoods. In Guatemala as an example,

watersheds collapsed in 2005 due to landslides associated with

Tropical Storm Stan. Consequently, farmers were severely
affected by this event. Damage built infrastructure. Landslides
can cause serious damage to the built infrastructure. They can
destroy and/or damage houses, buildings and infrastructure
close to hills and mountains. They block roads, railroads and
shipping lanes. In 1980, a debris flow from Mount St Helens
volcano filled the Columbia River with more than 34 million m3
of sediment. Cargo ships could not reach Oregon until the
sediment was dredged. Economic losses. As it currently
stands, economic losses due to these hazards have been
increasing during the past decades. This is mostly linked to
increasing development and investment in landslide-prone
regions. Basically, landslide costs include both direct and
indirect losses. Direct losses refer to costs of repair,
replacement or maintenance of properties and assets affected
by landslides. All other costs like loss of agricultural
productivity, effects on water quality and reduced real estate
values are indirect losses. The devastating 1983 Thistle
landslide in Utah, United States, had direct and indirect
economic losses on the order of $688 million. Loss of lives and
social disruption. Landslides are responsible for a number of
deaths, injury to people, damage to housing, infrastructure and
agricultural lands. In the United States alone, some 25-50
people are killed by landslides each year. In Italy, more than
10,000 people died in 840 landslides during the period 1279 to
1999. More often than not, the disasters happen without
warning giving people no time to escape. Sometimes, such
events can impact on the mental health of people also; children
and youngsters especially at more at risk. Moreover, victims of
landslides can develop crush injuries or crush syndrome after
they have been rescued from the debris. Landslides can lead to
other hazards. Very often, landslides can trigger other hazards
like tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, wildfires and earthquakes.
One of the most famous landslides that initiated baffling
tsunami waves is the 8000-year-old Storegga submarine
landslide off the coast of Norway. Tsunami waves flooded
coastlines as far away as Greenland. Similarly, the 2007
landslide in Vancouver, Canada, resulted in the discharge of 3
million m3 of debris into the Chehalis Lake. Several hectares of
shoreline forest were destroyed and tsunami waves pulled out
trees from the shoreline to a height of 18 m.

4.0 Conclusion landslide

According to studies that have been done, Cameron Highland
areas are prone to landslides. The factors such as soil,
vegetation, topography, slope, lithology and lineament have
been counted into consideration. They are influencing
increment potential of the landslide occurrences in the area.
However, landslide-location and potential areas for susceptible
mapping can be assessed further in fut ure studies and
predicted through scientific analysis of landslides. In addition,
we suggest landslide -related factors to be assessed and
geographic infor mation system (GIS) software, Arc GIS 9 .2 to
be used as the basic analysis tools for spatial management and
data manipulation.
5.0 INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION
5.1 UMAIR BIN ARIFFIN
My group was chosen to write a report about landslide that
happen at Cameron Highland in 2011. When we get the topic
we started to distribute work effectively and fairly. All of us
agree with the task given. We were search what the cause and
the effect of the landslide and gave some opinion what people
should do in the future

I am responsible for writing the introduction which is tell about

what exactly happen at that disaster. So I searched some
report from some article and some newspaper company to get
the information. There are quite hard to search about the
accident because it happen long time ago but I have done my
part easily. After I have done my work, I help other teammate to
search their part because some of us have poor internet
connection.

At the end, we were done our work but unfortunately we were

late and turn in after the due date. What I get from doing this
report is it teach me how to manage team work and carry and
help each other. We also learn about how fast time running
from us and we should do it as soon as possible at the future.
5.2 MUHAMMAD ZAMANI BIN RASHIDI
As a result of this case study , I would like to present some
benefits during the completion of the presentation procedure,
one of which is that I can understand the meaning of the word
English.Indirectly, I was able to lighten my burden in preparing
it.Together in searching for informationin more detail because
when teammates work. therefore, it is able to hone one's
creativity in giving ideas effectively.hence the virtues of working
together can foster good relationships by communicating with
each other.
In addition, I also found that the care of the environment is very
important in human life to ensure the comfort and safety of the
earth. If we love this prosperous life, let us take care and
defend the environment such as flora and fauna to ensure a
bright future.
The conclusion I can give is that the conservation of the earth
must be carried out to ensure the supply of food resources,
health resources to produce medicines, (a also serves as a
source of beauty, beauty and peace in addition to clean air.
*Usteru, all levels of society must work together and help each
other in preserving the environment so that the cleanliness of
the environment can be improved in our lives.

5.3 NOOR AIMAN

For this group assignment I’ve do it with my teammates
which is Zamani, Irham and Umair and Adam. I did the
discussion for this report writing. My tittle of report assignment
is the landslide at Cameron highland . Firstly my experiance at
Cameron highland is the beautiful place and tourist attraction .
As such, one of the highlights of a trip to the Cameron
Highlands is the chance to visit the source at the Boh Tea
Plantation where you can enjoy the lush green terraces and
learn how the tea is harvested and grown. My opnion , about
landslide at cameron highland because uncontrolled
development in slope areas. On top of that , my assignments is
the discussion about landslide at cameron highland . Besides,
in my report there is any discussion

5.4 ADAM HARIS

After I get the task i find up my own group. my group are

Umair,Noor Aiman,Zamani and Irham then we do the meeting
and then did a slide with amir najmi. before that we discussed
the titles and we do the slide with the title that we choose.our
problem is we are not able to do our assignment with all of the
members because of few matters that avoid one of member to
join the meeting.

5.5 MUHAMMAD IRHAM

Me and my friend have done a study on the title we chose in

line with the title of natural disasters. We have consulted
various sources to make our study more thorough such as
online newspapers and landslide related articles. My group was
given the task to complete the sections I had divided for
example i made a summary, (umair) introduction, (zamani)
gathering information, and (aiman and adam haris) discussion.
Even though my internet is unstable, I remain eager to do this
research. i have gone to the library in town to get a stable
internet. I am among the group members who are always
trusted and always complete assignments as quickly as
possible just like the friends in this group.
 The problem I faced while studying this issue was having
to find various sources from landslide related articles and
newspapers.
What i got from studying this natural disaster i was able to
find out the tools used to detect landslides in cameron highland
in the future.
I would like to provide a more effective solution such as
installing structures such as piles and retaining walls in slope
areas.

REFERENCES
Tarmiji, M., Masami, F., & Norhasimah, I. (2013). Orang Asli in
Peninsular Malaysia: Population, spatial
distribution and socio-economic condition. Ritsumeikan Journal
of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6,
75-115.
U.S. Geological Survey. (2004). Landslide types and
processes: USGS science for a changing world. Fact
Sheet 2004-3072, 1-5.
U.S. Geological Survey. (2013). Landslide preparedness:
USGS science for a changing world – Landslide
hazards program. Available at
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learn/prepare.php
Utusan Malaysia. (2011). Kronologi kejadian tanah runtuh di
negara ini. Available at
http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?
y=2011&dt=0522&sec=Terkini&pg=bt_24.htm
Utusan Malaysia. (2011). Tragedi Pos Dipang. Available at