INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 14309

Second edition
2019-07

Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic — Determination of
volume and/or surface resistivity
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Détermination de la
résistivité transversale et/ou superficielle

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019

Reference number
ISO 14309:2019(E)

© ISO 2019
ISO 14309:2019(E)


iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii  © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

 ISO 14309:2019(E)


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Calibration................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7 Test pieces.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7.1 Form.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
7.2 Number of test pieces........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
8 Conditioning............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
9 Test conditions........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
9.1 Temperature and humidity........................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.2 Applied voltage........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
10 Test procedure......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
11 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Expression of results......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
11.1 Volume resistivity.................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
(standards.iteh.ai)
11.2 Surface resistivity.................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
12 Test report....................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ISO 14309:2019 9
Annex A (informative) Electrode materials.................................................................................................................................................10
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
Annex B (informative) Suitable range of test conditions...............................................................................................................11
Annex C (normative) Calibration schedule..................................................................................................................................................13
Annex D (informative) Effective area of guarded electrode.......................................................................................................15
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved  iii

ISO 14309:2019(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www​.iso​.org/iso/foreword​.html.
(standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis. ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14309:2011), which has been technically
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— A detailed explanation on the requirement for the electrode gap for volume resistivity has been
added in 5.4.2.
— The typical dimension for D2 has been changed to (60 ± 0,5) mm in 5.4.2.
— To calculate the volume resistivity, the effective area of the main electrode is now derived from
D1 + Bg in 11.1, and the information on Bg has been newly included as Annex D.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/members​.html.

iv  © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

 ISO 14309:2019(E)


Introduction
Rubber materials are widely used in many industries, either as the major material or forming a part of
the product, because of their unique physical properties which can be tailored by compounding to match
the particular requirements of the product specification. Although rubbers are generally regarded as
insulating materials, they can be made electrically conductive or dissipative by compounding with a
certain amount of carbon black or ionizable ingredients. Hence, the range of electrical resistance to be
measured is very wide. It is difficult, however, to obtain high accuracy for measurements in the high-
resistance range due to a number of factors.
In this document, the guarded-electrode system is used to determine the resistivity of rubber test
pieces since it is considered a good compromise between minimizing the errors by shunting away stray
currents and using more unwieldy measurement instruments (see also IEC 62631-3-1).
ISO 1853, on the other hand, covers rubber materials with medium to low resistance, i.e. resistivities
of 108 Ω⋅m or below. It specifies three methods for determining volume resistivity which minimize or
eliminate contact resistance.
The methods specified in this document were originally designed for the determination of both surface
and volume resistivity of insulating rubber materials, but their use can be extended to cover the range
from high to low resistivity.
It is known that the test results are sensitive to the test conditions, such as temperature and humidity,
and to heat and strain history.
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved  v

 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14309:2019(E)

Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of

volume and/or surface resistivity
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document might involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.

1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the volume and the surface resistivity of
vulcanized or thermoplastic rubbers. The method can be applied to materials with a resistivity from
101 Ω⋅m to 1017 Ω⋅m.

2 Normative references
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
(standards.iteh.ai)
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1382, Rubber — Vocabulary ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
ISO 18899:2013, Rubber — Guide to 038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
the calibration of test equipment
ISO 23529, Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1382 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:​//www​.iso​.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:​//www​.electropedia​.org/
3.1
volume resistance
Rv
quotient of a direct-current voltage applied between two electrodes in contact with opposite faces of a
test piece and the current between the electrodes, excluding current along the surface
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in ohms (Ω).

3.2
surface resistance
Rs
quotient of a direct-current voltage applied between two electrodes on the same surface of a test piece
and the current between the electrodes
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in ohms (Ω).

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved  1

ISO 14309:2019(E)


3.3
volume resistivity
ρv
measured volume resistance calculated to apply to a cube of unit side
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in ohm metres (Ω⋅m).

3.4
surface resistivity
ρs
measured surface resistance calculated to apply to a square
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in ohms (Ω) and the size of the square is immaterial.

3.5
guarded-electrode system
electrode system composed of three electrodes, a guard, and a guarded and an unguarded electrode
to reduce measurement errors by protecting the current-measuring electrode from the interfering
influences of voltages other than the test voltage, and of stray conductances
Note 1 to entry: Guarding depends on interposing, in all critical insulated parts, guard electrodes which intercept
all stray currents that might otherwise cause errors. The guard electrodes are connected together, constituting
the guard system and forming with the measurement terminals a three-terminal network. When suitable
connections are made, stray currents from spurious external voltages are shunted away from the measurement
circuit by the guard system, the insulation resistance from either measurement terminal to the guard system
shunts a circuit element which should be of very much lower resistance, and the specimen resistance constitutes
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
the only direct path between the measurement terminals. By this technique, the probability of error is
considerably reduced (see 5.3.2 of IEC 62631-3-1:2016 for more details).
(standards.iteh.ai)
4 Principle ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
The volume and surface resistances of a rubber test piece are determined, using a suitable arrangement
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
of electrodes, from the current flowing when a voltage is applied. The volume and surface resistivities
are calculated from the measured resistances, which include the contact resistance.

5 Apparatus
The test equipment consists of a power supply, current-measuring equipment and electrodes:

5.1 Stabilized direct-current power supply, capable of applying a voltage of 1 V to 1 000 V to the
test piece.

5.2 Voltmeter, capable of measuring the applied voltage with an accuracy of ±2 %.

5.3 Ammeter or other current-measuring device, capable of measuring a current of 0,01 pA to

100 mA, depending on the resistivity of the test piece to be measured. The accuracy of the current-
measuring device shall be better than 5 %.

5.4 Electrodes

5.4.1 Guarded-electrode system

Three electrodes shall be applied to the test piece:

— a main electrode (circular);
— a ring electrode (annular);

2  © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

 ISO 14309:2019(E)


— an opposed electrode (circular).

5.4.2 Shapes and dimensions of electrodes

The main (smallest) electrode is circular and is surrounded by the ring electrode. The third electrode is
circular and placed on the opposite side of the test piece to the main electrode. The arrangement of the
electrodes is shown schematically in Figure 1.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
A typical example
D1 (50 ± 0,5) mm
D2 (60 ± 0,5) mm
D3 (80 ± 0,5) mm
D4 (83 ± 2) mm
g 5 mm
h 2 mm

Key
1 main electrode
2 ring electrode
3 opposed electrode
4 test piece

Figure 1 — Arrangement of electrodes

The dimensions of the electrodes shall comply with following requirements:

— The diameter D1 of the main electrode shall be at least ten times the test piece thickness h.
— The gap g between the main electrode and the ring electrode shall be uniform in width. For the
measurement of volume resistivity, the gap needs to be such as to give a balance between fringing
and current leakage. Fringing is current flowing in a curved path near the electrode and is more
prevalent with a wide gap. Leakage current between the main and ring electrodes will be greater

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved  3

ISO 14309:2019(E)


with a narrow gap. Gaps between 1 mm and 15 mm have been used depending on the range of
resistivity to be measured.
For the measurement of surface resistivity, the gap g shall be at least twice the test piece thickness so
that the effect of the volume resistance can be ignored.
— The width of the ring electrode shall be greater than the test piece thickness h.
— The diameter D4 of the opposed electrode shall be greater than the outer diameter D3 of the ring
electrode.
NOTE The measured volume or surface resistance might depend strongly on the test piece and electrode
dimensions. For comparative determinations, the same size of test piece and electrodes need to be used.

5.4.3 Electrode materials

Electrodes shall be of a conducting material capable of being intimately applied to the test piece. If they
are applied before conditioning, the material shall be moisture-permeable. Electrodes other than of
rigid metal shall be supplemented by rigid metal backing plates.
NOTE Suitable electrode materials are considered in Annex A.

5.4.4 Electrical circuits

Suitable circuits for testing are shown in Figures 2 and 3.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 14309:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019

4  © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

 ISO 14309:2019(E)


Key
1 guarded electrode (main electrode)
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
2 guard electrode (ring electrode)
3 test piece (standards.iteh.ai)
4 unguarded electrode (opposed electrode)
5 direct-current supply ISO 14309:2019
6 switch https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/ef239604-c2d9-4c38-b534-
038f029f7893/iso-14309-2019
7 connection for short-circuiting electrodes (to discharge test piece)
8 connection for measurement circuit
9 ammeter
10 earth
11 measurement current
12 guard current

Figure 2 — Circuit configuration for volume resistivity

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved  5