Volume-04 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online)

Issue-03 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

March-2019 www.rrjournals.com[UGC Listed Journal]

Skill Development Programmes in India – A Literature Review

1 2
Maroof Maqbool & Mahmood Ahmad Khan
1
Post-Doctorate Fellow (ICSSR), Department of Education, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K (India)
2
Department of Education, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K (India)

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History India is recognized as one of the youngest nations in the world with over 50% of the
Published Online: 13 March2019 population under 30 years. It is estimated that by about 2025, India will have the 25% of the
total global workforce (World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2012). Hence, there is a need to
Keywords further develop and empower the human capital to ensure the nation‟s global
Skill Development, Programmes, competiveness. As far the economic progress of our country is concerned, India is still
Education, Employability, lagging behind due to various problems like poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, medical
Entrepreneurship Training
infrastructure etc. Youth plays a crucial role in achieving economic prosperity of the country.
In the present scenario, it is found that most of the youth being educated are facing severe
unemployment problem due to lack of skills and technical knowledge. Most of them are
unaware of the developments taking place in the modern world.
The present paper is based on the secondary data which was collected from different
researches. The study focused on the skill development programmes implemented in India.
This study is to investigate the existing literature for the skill development programmes and
leveraging the demographic proportion in India by making them more skilled and
employable. This literature survey is to review the various initiatives taken by Government of
India, programmes conducted through public and private partnership, ways to increase the
employability skills, challenges faced for the success of the programme, etc. The study also
discusses about the skills imparted through educational programmes and requirement of
additional sector specific courses. Hence, the paper will highlight the needs, challenges and
scope of the skill development programmes.

1. Introduction growth and socio-economic stability. Skill Development can be

National Skill Development Initiative will empower all defined as proficiency that is acquired or developed through
individuals through improved skills, knowledge, nationally and training or experience. It strengthens the ability of individuals to
internationally recognized qualifications to gain access to adapt to changing market demands and help benefit from
employment and ensure India‟s competitiveness in the global innovation and entrepreneurial activities. At national level, the
market. The government has recognized the need for Skill future prosperity of any country depends ultimately on the
Development firstly with the 11th Five Year Plan providing a number of persons in employment and how productive they are
framework to address the situation. The first National skill at work. Skilled human resource is essential for inclusive
Development Policy was framed in 2009 and subsequently a growth. Hence, skill development can be connected to a
National Skill Development Mission was launched in 2010. The broader growth, employment and development demanding
12th Five Year Plan observes that Skill development government interventions.
programmes in the past have been run mainly by the
government, with insufficient connection with the market 2. Vision for the National Skill Development Initiative in
demand. It has called for an enabling framework that would India
attract private investment in vocational training through Public-
 At present the capacity of skill development in India is
Private Partnership. A department of skill Development and
around 3.1 million persons per year. India has
Entrepreneurship was created under the Ministry of Youth
capacity to 15 million annually. India has target of
Affairs and Sports in July, 2014 and was subsequently
creating 500 million skilled workers by 2022. Thus,
upgraded to full-fledged ministry in November 2014. The role
there is a need for increasing capacity and capability
of the ministry involves coordinating and evolving skill
of skill development programs.
development frameworks, mapping of existing skills and
certification, industry-institute linkages etc.
 The skill development initiatives will harness
inclusivity and reduce divisions such as male/female,
India has gradually progressed as a knowledge-based rural/urban, organized/unorganized employment and
traditional/contemporary workplace.
economy due to the profusion of capable, flexible and qualified
human capital. With the constantly rising influence of  The skill development initiatives support the supply of
globalization, India has immense opportunities to establish its trained workers who are adjustable dynamically to the
distinctive position in the world due to its young work force. If, changing demands of employment and technologies.
the youth of India given an opportunity to show their metal This policy will promote excellence and will meet the
through educating them in some skills, it will deciding progress. requirements of knowledge economy.
Skills and knowledge are key drivers of macro-economic

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 The skill development initiative does not discriminate States by rotation, for a period of two years, and three
between private or public delivery and places distinguished Academicians/Subject Area Specialists are other
importance on outcomes, users‟ choice and members. Secretary, Planning Commission is Member
competition among training providers and their Secretary of the Board.
accountability.
 The skill development initiatives support employment 6. National Skill Development Corporation:
generation, economic growth and social development The National Skill Development Corporation is a non-profit
processes. Skill development policy will be an integral company under the Companies Act 1956 with an appropriate
part of comprehensive economic, labour and social governance structure. The head of the Corporation is a person
policies and programmes. A framework for better of eminence/reputed professional in the field of Skill
coordination among various Ministries, States, Development. The Corporation would constitute Sector Skills
industry and other stakeholders will be established. Councils with following functions:
 Identification of skill development needs including
3. Why India needs Skill Development? preparing a catalogue of types of skills, range and
 We need skill India, as we have maximum young depth of skills to facilitate individuals to choose from
population without jobs. If, their potential is not them.
harnessed they will fall prey to drug addiction and  Development of a sector skill development plan and
other anti-social activities, which we as a nation maintain skill inventory.
cannot afford.  Determining skills/competency standards and
 The skilled workforce is crucial for the success of qualifications.
recently launched missions - Make in India, Digital  Standardization of affiliation and accreditation
India, and Smart Cities. process.
 With China gradually vacating its factories, with rising  Participation in Affiliation, accreditation, examination
Chinese wages and an appreciating Yuan, and also and certification.
with internal demographic challenge, India has an
 Plan and execute Training of Trainers.
opportunity to become a factory of the world.
 To convert this vision into reality, India needs to
 Promotion of academies of excellence.
create a skilled and productive workforce matching  Establishment of a well-structured sector specific
international standards of quality and productivity Labour Market Information System (LMIS) to assist
through integration of skills and training along with planning and delivery of training.
education
 Skills are needed to those currently in colleges for 7. National Council for Vocational Training: (NCVT)
them to be better employed NCVT will be strengthened and re-engineered with a
 With most of the major economies of world having broader mandate and representation. The main functions
sizeable ageing population, India has huge include:
opportunity of serving the booming market.  Design, development and maintenance of National
Vocational Qualification Framework (NVQF) which inter
4. Governance of skill Development Initiative alia includes:
Prime Minister‟s National Council on Skill Development,  Setting up a framework for competency standards,
under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister has been set up as structure of courses, credit structure, accumulation and
an apex institution for policy direction and review. The certification.
Ministers for Human Resource Development, Finance,  Setting up a framework for affiliation and accreditation of
Industries, Rural Development, Housing and Urban Poverty institutions.
Alleviation, Labour and Employment and Micro Small &
 Quality control mechanism.
Medium Enterprises are members. Deputy Chairman,
Planning Commission, Chairperson of the National
 Labour market information system and dissemination of
information at the national level.
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council, Chairperson of the
National Skill Development Corporation and 6 experts in the  Monitoring and evaluation on the effectiveness and
area of skill development are other members. Principal efficiency of national skill development efforts through
Secretary to the Prime Minister is the Member Secretary to the appropriate reporting and communication mechanism.
Council.
Partnerships will be consciously promoted between
5. National Skill Development Co-ordination Board: Government, industry, local governments, civil society
institutions and all skill providers. It will also include, training
A National Skill Development Co-ordination Board has
providers, professional societies, Self Help Groups,
been set up under the Chairmanship of Deputy Chairman,
Cooperatives and NGOs/civil society institutions. Creation of
Planning Commission. Secretaries of Ministries of Human
an institutional mechanism and regular consultation with stake
Resource Development, Labour and Employment, Rural
holders will form the corner stone of Skill Development
Development, Housing and Urban Poverty, Alleviation and
Initiative.
Finance are members. Chairperson/Chief Executive Officer of
the National Skill Development Corporation, Secretaries of four

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Equal access to skill development is essential for all social review of the related literature enables the researcher to define
groups particularly women and disadvantaged section of the limits of his fields and accordingly delimits or defines his
society, to help them in securing employment and moving out problem. The present investigators have reviewed the literature
of poverty. Removing barriers to access and addressing their with reference to skill development programmes in India which
specific needs are key elements in achieving inclusive growth. will give an understanding about the research conducted in the
Entry barriers such as educational qualification, transportation, field and research gaps to be filled by further research.
language etc. will be addressed. While enhancing the
opportunity of skill development for all, entry assessments will Singh & Kaur (2018), conducted a study entitled “A Study
be deployed to channelize people with different profiles and on Skill Development of Paint and Coating Industry”. This
needs into appropriate skill development programmes. The study aims to identify the reasons for shortage of skills in paint
effort will be combined with a major initiative in raising industry and to determine how to deal with skill gap among
awareness among the target groups about the benefit of skill painters. Primary data sources were used for the study. A self
development, employment and learning opportunities and also –administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 130
about support schemes that enable them to participate in painters working in Kurukshetra district. The findings of the
training. study indicated that lack of formal training and inadequate
provisions for the training of painters are the main reasons
Quality and relevance of skill development are key to behind the shortage of skills in paint industry. The results of the
India‟s global competitiveness as well as improving an present study indicate that there is shortage of skilled
individual‟s access to employment. For enterprises to compete workforce in paint industry. Skills are always shown in the
in the global economy, the quality of training must reach world quality of work. Poor quality of works could be the results of the
standards and be relevant to the needs of national and lack of skilled painters. Unskilled painters produce poor quality
international markets. To increase the relevance with future of works. Training has a positive and significant effect on
employment market including promotion of self-employment, performance of workforce. The result shows that painters lack
soft skills and entrepreneurship skills will be made integral part formal training. They do not have formal certificate or diploma
of skill development. The demographic advantage that the through formal training. Even the youth entering this
country enjoys, coupled with prospects of global shortages in occupation do not acquire formal training for their work.
skills as the world population ages, means that the country Painters lack sufficient knowledge and skills. They used to get
could be supplying skills to the world. informal training from their family and friends. Due to these
reasons their performance are not satisfactory. Furthermore,
The skill development in India is imperative but the the present level of knowledge and skills are inadequate to use
government cannot accomplish this task alone. The World the new equipment‟s and techniques in painting work. There is
Bank Enterprise Surveys 2014 reveal that the percentage of a skill gap in paint industry. There are various problems faced
firms offering formal training programmes for its permanent, by the painters. Painters face difficulty in getting work. They do
full-time employees in India is just 36 percent, compared to 80 not get timely payment for their work. The painters work on
percent in China‟s. The Chairman of National Skill heights and there is no provision for their safety against risk.
Development Agency(NSDA) and National Skill Development To reduce the risk there should be the insurance of painters.
Corporation (NSDC), describes the situation as a “market
failure” where the employers are not investing to skill Ansari and Khan (2018), conducted a study on “Role of
employees, and employees do not have the ability and Education and Skill Development to Promote Employment in
willingness to pay for skilling. However, the industry is India”. The objectives of the study were to analyze and
gradually witnessing increased participation from Corporates highlight the status of contemporary education with respect to
and Public Sector Undertaking (PSUs) who are coming forward skill development and to provide some suggestions based on
and investing in country‟s youth by supporting skill the observations and analysis of the study. The study is based
development through their Corporate Social Responsibility on secondary data collected from published reports, surveys,
(CSR) initiatives. They are getting involved in range of books, prominent sites, media reports etc. Looking into
activities such as financing, providing infrastructure, requirements of the objectives of the study the research design
recognition of prior learning, adoption of national qualification employed for the study is of descriptive type. It is concluded
framework and occupational standards etc. that to sum up skill development for India is critical from both
the socio-economic and demographic points of view. It is an
8. Literature Review important tool for reducing poverty, enhancing competitiveness
A review of literature enables the researcher to go into and employability and to promote the self-entrepreneurship
greater details and wider applicability of the problem in hand, among youths. With this new approach, our economy can
so as to provide new ideas, explanations and hypotheses. The surely achieve its targeted results. In India, around 12 million
final and specific reason for reviewing related literature is to youth enter the workforce every year, with poor education and
know the recommendations of the previous researchers for negligible work skills, if they are unemployed due to lack of
further research which they have listed in their studies. The skills, massive social unrest could arise. Now it is time to stop
length of the review will depend upon the number of relevant spending on that imperfect approach and comprehensively
articles and the purpose for which the research report is being embrace the globally-proven training based model. In
written. Review of the related literature helps the researchers particular, to move further into a knowledge-based economy, to
to acquaint himself with current knowledge in the field or area promote industrial development and to achieve high economic
in which researcher is going to conduct his research. The

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growth, it must increase its investment in education and magazines, articles, media reports and Government portals of
training for youth with a proper balance between them. Make in India, Skill India, etc. Being looked into requirements
of the objectives of the study the research design employed for
Gupta and Agarwal (2018), conducted a study on the study is of descriptive type. The authors adopted to have
“Training Prospects in Power Sector in India”. greater accuracy and in depth analysis of the research study.
Available secondary data was extensively used for the study.
The objective of the study were to find out the various The study concluded that the overall status of skill capacity
training activities going on in the power sector. It also focuses available, skill requirement, skill gap and initiatives taken by
on the kind and level of trainings provided, kind of organization Government of India for Skill Development. To make, “make
involved in imparting such kind of trainings and the duration of in India” project successful, youth of the Nation should be
the training. The study will cover public and private players empowered with Formal Education, Technical and Vocational
involved in imparting training in power sector. The study training to meet the Industrial and Market requirement as per
concluded that training programs in power sector are global standard. Despite various efforts and investments in
conducted for each level through various modes like short shaping the skills of a huge labor force there are grave
term, long term, and workshop, graduate and post-graduate drawbacks in the System. Even after the Government investing
programs. With the growing capacity of the sector the need for a lot in training costs and infrastructure, creation of robust
manpower requirement is already traced out and power sector workforce for the industry is still a fantasy. As a fast growing
skill council is working for imparting skills and increasing the developing economy, besides white and blue collar, India also
employability ratio available for the direct consumption of needs Grey collar- knowledge workers which include ICT skills,
people to the industry with new techniques and know-how. problem solving, analytical ad effective communication skills
Efforts are being taken to re-skill the existing workforce and and rust collar-skilled workers at the grass root level in
updating them with the new avenues available and currently unorganized sector and un-benchmarked sectors like
approaching into the sector. Still there is a gap between the construction, agriculture and related trade. The vocational
manpower required and the manpower available. Power Sector training should start from High School. Students should be
Skill Council along with National Skill Development Corporation made industry ready by making the curriculum for professional
has come up with new programs, and to maintain the courses such as Engineering and MBA in a way that provides
standards, involved the private players in imparting skills to the complete on the job training. The standard and quality of
youth of India. training needs to be upgraded. Soft skills training along with
technical skills will bring desired results.
Shrivastav and Jatav (2017), conducted a study entitled
“An Analysis of Benefits and Challenges of Skilling India” The Singh and Sanjeev (2016), conducted a study on “Need
main aim of this paper was to study the prospects and for Re-Skill training towards Make in India Initiative” The
challenges for skilling in India. The specific objectives of the purpose of the present study was to identify the factors
study were to study and analyze the Indian experience of skill affecting the employee‟s attitude in an organization towards
development in India and analyze the challenges faced for skill skill training. An empirical study is conducted in IT
development in India in terms of financial resources. Data has Companies located in Delhi and National Capital Region
been gathered from the secondary sources for the study. The (NCR). The research is Exploratory in nature. A structured
data mainly collected from the Ministry of Micro, Small & questionnaire was administered to the executives in the
Medium Enterprises (MSME), websites of the respective start- organization. The instrument was administered to 10 or more
ups companies, websites of the various Government agencies employee in an organization drawn from different functional
and their annual reports. The study revealed how the different areas. The employees in these organizations were given a
types of programmes launched by Government of India can list of 18 statements that measured their extent of agreement
generate job opportunities in India with new Industrial skill towards the variable. The items were measured on a 5 point
requirement. The study finds out the overall status of Skill Likert scale with 1 representing strongly agree and 5
capacity available, skill requirement, skill gap and initiatives representing strongly disagree. These statements were
taken by Government of India for Skill Development. The selected after pilot testing in two organizations and modified
existing skill development policy in India needs an urgent accordingly. Finding of the study includes that employees
treatment. The institutional structure needs simplification with agree that re-killing is important for job growth and it also
greater investment in training infrastructure and an emphasis helps them in learning new technology and skills .They are
on supporting a casual labour force that needs to be of the opinion that re skilling provides them with better
accompanied with incentives for private sector participation growth opportunities and enhances overall performance of
too. the organization. The study also concluded that it is very
important to provide the right kind of skills to employees for
Prasad and Purohit (2017), conducted a study on “Skill better employment opportunities. The companies must put
Development, Employability and Entrepreneurship through more emphasis on re-skilling than hiring IT professionals for
Make in India: A Study”. The objectives of the study were to saving their time and money .The research suggests that
understand through the review of literature and the effect of employee attitude towards re-skilling is influenced by factor
Make in India initiative on employability, understand the like Need oriented, Appropriate re skill training ,Soft skill
present status of skill development in India. The paper is based training ,Value Addition, Updated knowledge and Advanced
on exploratory research based on the secondary data and Growth. Further the managers involved in the planning of
information sourced from libraries, relevant books, journals,

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skill training and re-skilling program must consider these

factors. Pandey (2016), conducted a study on “Improvising Skill
Development & Employability Potential through Higher
Hazarika (2016), conducted a study on “Skill Development Education, Research & Innovations in India” the objectives of
for Rural Entrepreneurship: A study on State Institute of Rural the paper were to study policies framed for skill development
Development (SIRD), Assam” The objectives of the study were and identifying the gap between the government and private
to examine different skill development facilities provided by programmes, discuss on the current scenario on skill
State Institute of Rural Development for rural entrepreneurship, development programme, vocational education and women,
to study the motivational role of training and its effect on private and public sources of skill development, initiatives
starting an enterprises in rural areas and to suggest measures under ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship. It
to improve entrepreneurship development through institutional also discuss about the role of bringing the higher education
support in rural areas of Assam. The present study is an system under the umbrella of National Skill Development
empirical as well as descriptive in nature. It is based upon the Corporation, University Grants Commission and Make in India.
methods of survey research and the data which were collected The study concluded that private sector plays a major role in
both from primary and secondary sources. Data are mostly overcoming the gaps in Government policies. However, their
representative in nature. In order to make the study more motive is to expand and scale up their very own enterprises.
relevant, it has been purposively decided that the study would Thus, their process of skill development may vary. There is a
be carried out on 40 rural entrepreneurs (men and women) lack of innovation in Skill development programmes. Almost all
who have started their enterprise after receiving training from courses and curriculums are catering to industrial needs. It is
State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD), Amoni Growth the time when at one side employment opportunities are being
Centre located in the Nagaon district of Assam. It is observed created in industries, on the other hand climate and
that overall employment in the sample units has increased at environment is severely getting affected by fast
the rate of 23 per cent from the initial year of establishment. industrialization, besides other factors. Therefore, skill
Apart from a change in the income level of the entrepreneurs development programs must be framed innovatively such that
the enterprise may also affect other members of the society, it there is environment protection, optimal utilization of bio-waste
is found that 67 per cent of the entrepreneurs agreed that their and earning of livelihood can happen, all at same time. There
standard of living have improved. In the study district, it is also is a strong need of trained trainers at different levels who can
found that 63 per cent of the entrepreneurs have developed serve full time in the institutes to provide full attention to the
their leadership skills through various training programmes on registered candidates. There are plenty of Government
motivation and are able to approach financial institutions Schemes but most of them are in collaboration with private
without hesitation. From the study it is found that 59 per cent of sources, or indirectly benefitting enterprises. More than 20
the respondents have upgraded themselves technically with Ministries/Departments run 70 plus schemes for skill
the support of technically skilled trainers. The study also development in the country. However, there are gaps in the
revealed that 52 per cent of respondents could efficiently capacity and quality of training infrastructure as well as
allocate available resources. It is found that from the randomly outputs, insufficient focus on workforce aspirations, lack of
selected respondents, 30 per cent were women. Out of them, certification and common standards and a pointed lack of focus
71% have successfully established their small enterprises and on the unorganized sector.
earn their livelihood. In the study district, it is found that only 13
per cent of the respondents have come to know about the Chavda and Trivedi (2015), conducted a study on
programmes through print media. Others have joined the “Impact of Age on Skills Development in Different Groups of
trainings when they came to know about the same from friends Students The objectives of the study were to study the impact
and relatives. of age on skills development in different groups of students, to
study the effect of gender on the development of skills, to
Deka and Batra (2016), conducted a study entitled “The make aware the students about their skills, to aware the
Scope of Skill Development, Employability of Indian Workforce students about the key role of life skills in personality
in Context of Make in India: A Study” To understand through development. In the present study, Walker‟s Life Skills Test
the review of literature the effect of “Make in India” initiative on (2009) was used. This test measures four types of life skills (1)
employability, to analyze through the review of literature if the Social etiquettes (2) Communication (3) Self-esteem and (4)
Skill Development measures will help to bridge the gap of Hygiene. 150 students were selected randomly from schools
existing skills and required skills of workforce and Labour force and colleges of Ahmedabad city. Age wise students were
in India. The study is based on review of Secondary Data. The divided in three groups namely A, B, and C. Group “A”
data has been collected by accessing various libraries, consisting of students having age of 11 to 13 years, in group
emerald and government portals of “Make in India”, Skill India “B” age of 14 to 17 years and in group “C” age of 18 to 20
etc. The study revealed how “Make in India” can generate job years. Group A1, B1 and C1 is for boys and group A2, B2 and
opportunities in India with new Industrial skill requirement. The C2 is for girls. Each group is of 50 students (25 boys and 25
study find out the overall status of Skill capacity available, skill girls in each group).”t” test was used to analyze the data
requirement, skill gap and initiatives taken by Government of statistically. The study concluded that Group A (11-13 Years),
India for Skill Development. To make “Make in India” project B (14-17 Years) and C (18-20Years) are different age groups.
successful, youth of the nation should be empowered with The result shows that B group has better Skills Development
formal education, technical and vocational training to meet the than group A and C group is better than B. It means C group is
Industrial requirement as per global standards. better than group A and B. This difference is only due to age

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and maturity. Age is a major affecting factor for skills achieved through effective use of schemes by proposed
development. There is no significant difference found between restructuring of Skill Development Mission.
Boys and Girls considering all age groups together. Thus, the
main object of our research work is proved. Age and maturity Kanchan and Sakshi (2015), conducted the study on
are the only important factors for skills development. “Skill development initiatives and strategies in India”. The
objectives of the study were to understand the status,
Amandeep (2015), conducted a study on “Skill challenges and the skill development initiatives and strategies
Development in Higher Education: Trends and Issue” studied and its impact in India. The data were collected from
the present scenario of India on skill and education, examine secondary sources like journals, magazines, articles and
opportunities available to learners, and suggested the future media reports. The study found that 80% of the workforce in
prospects of skill development. Comparing the percentage of India (rural and urban) doesn‟t possess any identifiable and
employers experiencing in filling job vacancies world-wide marketable skills. Therefore, the study suggest that bridging
th
India rank on 7 position facing major difficulty in the field of this gap through various skill development initiatives could
Accounting & Finance Staff, IT Personnel, Secretaries, PAs, make India the global hub for skilled manpower, and also result
Receptionists, Admin Asst. & Office Support Staff, Teachers, in a surplus of skilled manpower of approximately 47 million
Engineers, Marketing / Public Relations / Communications 2020, Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and
Staff Sales Managers, Management / Executive Legal Staff, Industry (FICCI).
Researchers. Although there was increase in the number of
universities but with the widened gap lead to introduction of Abhishek and Aditya (2015), conducted an evaluative
skill development programme. Target are divided among study on “Skill Development Programmes: A Project
various sectors with private partnership skill programmes are Management Perspective”. The objectives of the study were to
introduced with emphasis on quality & affordability of analyze the challenges of implementing skill development
education. programme and dropouts‟ data and subsequently evaluate the
existing model of a skill training, development and placement
Misra (2015), conducted a study on “Skill Development: A programme. The study is based on analysis of secondary data
Way to Leverage the Demographic Dividend in India”. The obtained from public domains, as well as private confidential
objectives of the skill development mission were to upgrade data obtained from the parent organization, Infrastructure
skill, provide knowledge and recognized qualification to get the Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) Skills after mutual
access of global labor market and increase the productivity in consent to use it for academic purposes. The study revealed
organized and unorganized sector and understand the present that the major challenge faced by the government in
skill development policy initiatives in India and find out the implementing the skill development programs in India is
ways and means to produce world-class skilled manpower mobilizing adequate funding so as to support the existing skill
domestically through effective use of skill development development projects. Of the 12 million people joining
schemes of Government of India. Primary data was collected workforce every year, the unskilled workforce accounts for the
through personal interview with government officials and major chunk of this section. It is therefore, necessary that a
training providers. Secondary data collected through bottom up the pyramid approach be taken into consideration as
government policy documents, schemes, case studies, they form a major part of the skilling capacity. It also found that
research papers & documents of various international agencies there exists very strong gender bias in the enrolment of skill
like International Labour Organization (ILO), World Bank (WB) development courses and the streams have been historically
and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development associated with a gender, hence marring the talent based on
(OECD). It is concluded that India is in demographic phase and merit. The solution lies with NGOs and Panchayats to inform
is in position to reap the benefits of the demographic dividend women and their families regarding Vocational Educational
by providing trained manpower to fulfill the global and domestic Training (VET), and help existing women candidates organize
need for skilled manpower, the Government of India had into self-help groups.
initiated National Policy on Skill Development, to facilitate its
target of imparting requisite skills training to 500 million people Kaptan (2014), conducted a study on “Skill Development
by 2022. However, on the other hand, there are lots of and Capacity Building-Role of education Institution” the study
challenges in the way of achieving target such as quality of discussed about the importance, role, and need of skill
training, standardization of curriculum, recognition of course development and capacity building programme as the principal
globally etc. India has lot to work on policies for the skill purpose of education. Paper discussed about the suitability of
development and put efforts for effective implementation of education to meet the requirement of industry and labour
these schemes. The adoption of a much more robust approach market, improving the quality and competency of labour
is essential for putting in place a quality skill education and through skill development programme as conventional
training framework in the country. It is proved that existing skill education system lack synergy between industries and
development policy should be modified in accordance with the institutions. Paper finally concluded that there is a strong need
need of the industry and global market. By establishment of of capacity building & skill development programmes and there
Skill Development University in every state will fulfill the need should be strong active participation of educational institution
of academic curriculum design, assessment and certification to accomplish the mission.
as per the global standard. Private participation will be more
appropriate in infrastructure development and training to the Bhiwa (2014,) conducted the study on “Skill Development-
participants. Target to train 500 million people by 2022 can be an engine of economic growth” found that although India had

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acquired the membership of G20 countries still our human discussed about the education and employment of Indian
development index is low and requires a huge intervention and youth. It also discussed about challenges in skill development.
initiatives from the government. Our expenditure on education It describes about the ample of educational opportunities but
share 3.4 of GDP in comparison of other countries like the problem of drop out leads to unskilled youth. Paper
Thailand which share 7.6 share of Gross Domestic Production concluded that to avail the benefit of demographic dividend
(GDP) is very low (in the year 2014). India‟s world population government of India should ensure that skill development
share is 17.6 % having the largest number of working age mission should be success and identified an enormous skills
group providing an opportunity to achieve inclusion and gap in India between what industries demand based on recent
productivity through investing in education and enhancing the rapid economic growth and the skills that young people acquire
technical skill, soft skill and industry knowledge of Indian youth. through vocational training. For more than a half century, well-
Government has taken initiative like launch of National Skill institutionalized public vocational education and training
Development Council, National Knowledge Commission, etc. systems have been in place both within and outside the formal
to promote skill development programs in various sectors. education system. But they are not large enough to
accommodate many school graduates, and they have not been
Kapur (2014), conducted a study on “Skills Development able to provide young people with the vocational skills that
in India” analyzed the concept of skill development in India and industries need. Thus, youths‟ access to vocational training
explored the programs and policies that have been initiated for continues to be limited. However, the Indian government has
this purpose. She identified that various programs and policies, recently embarked on a drastic reform of its training policy,
educational and training centers have been established to intensifying its efforts to increase the number of skilled
facilitate skill development in India. In India, rural masses are workers. It has formulated National Skills Development Policy
still in a backward condition, steps therefore, have been and National Manufacturing Policy; set up a new institutional
implemented to develop skills amongst them for the purpose of framework to accelerate and coordinate skills development
obtaining self-sufficiency in resource utilization, governance efforts, and developed the National Vocational Education
and leadership. In urban and rural areas, various training Qualification Framework (NCEQF). Training institutes now
centers have been established to impart skill development have more autonomy and private-sector involvement, and have
activities to the individuals such as literacy skills, which mainly improved their governance and curriculum. These changes are
consists of three „R‟s, reading, writing and arithmetic; computer too recent to examine the effects on training outcomes. But it
skills, artisan skills, production, manufacturing and so forth. will be interesting to see how these reforms improve access to
Skill development always leads to progress of the individual and demand for vocational training among youths as well as
and the kinds of skills and knowledge that he acquires may not the outcomes of training.
be applicable immediately but it always proves to be beneficial
in the long run. Saleem and Shahid (2011), conducted a study on
“Degree of influence of training and development on
India Skill Report (2014), revealed the underachieved employee‟s behavior”. The result revealed that the purpose of
status of skilled labours in India it judge that if we continue in training and development is pervasive. Training and
the current pace in skill training, we would have a skill gap of development builds a team of highly effective and efficient way.
75-80% across Industrial sectors in India. There will be huge Employees who are trained regularly are well motivated, well-
human resource in the country but without sharpen hand and mannered and have enhanced confidence and self-esteem.
head which corporate do not require, and jobs for which the Training and development prepare and enhance employee‟s
right fit is not available. The economic impact of this brutal knowledge and skills to enable them so that they adapt to new
cycle is something one can estimate, but the social impact of technology, the changes that happened inside the organization
having a powerhouse of educated yet frustrated youth who are and the working environment. Training and development also
directionless with no jobs in hand is unimaginable. creates a pool of employees and chances for promotion or to
Raina (2013), conducted a study on “Skilling Initiative for replace employees who have left the organization. This study
Undergraduate students at the Entry Level: A Case study” A highlights that training and development of an employee, plays
primary study was conducted through feedback analysis to an important role and higher authorities of these different
study about skilling attempts in an undergraduate college to sectors give feedback that all employees should be given
bridge skill gaps. The study discussed about how education opportunities of training and development that lead to
and skill development are integral part of the growth process organizational efficiency and growth.
and highlights the importance of skilling initiatives at the
undergraduate level as an attempt to bridge skill gaps and Punia (2002), has conducted a survey on “Training needs
shaping the mindset of demographic dividend at the entry identification in Indian organizations”. The questionnaire
level. The six parameters soft skills, wellness, dance, general contains various groups of statements as job satisfaction.
awareness, orientation day 1 and orientation day 2 was Organizational climate, Empowerment, work planning,
analyzed on relevance, enjoyment and information. The study leadership Team building, communicating and effectiveness of
concluded that efforts need to be made on transforming the existing Training programmes. The objectives of this study are
system from present model of education to developmental to determine the Training needs for individuals, staff,
education integrating it with the market need and opportunities. supervisors, executives, group and organizations. As per the
results of the study through the nature of Training needs of
Okada (2012), conducted a study on “Skills Development employees is almost similar yet the content required and the
for Youth in India: Challenges and Opportunities” the paper way of disseminating may vary as per the cadres of the

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 Volume-04, Issue-03,March-2019 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

employees. Moreover the Training needs of staff are more of get the objectives of skill India fulfilled, some of them are as
technical nature and those of supervisors and executives are under:
Behavioural ones.  Student‟s mobilization to get trained has been a major
concern due to traditional mindset, low willingness to
Brown (2001), conducted a study on “Return on migrate, low salaries at entry level.
investment in Training”. The result reveals that training and  The employer does not distinguish whether an employ
development efforts are big business in the United States, with has picked up skills on the job or he/she has acquired
the amount of money spent increasing every year. However, them through formal training.
changes in the economy and declining profit margins are
 Scaling up aspirations to current jobs as well as
prompting many businesses to question the value of their
getting the right kind of training partners and effective
training investments. Do businesses benefit from their
stakeholder‟s management are to be taken into
expenditures on employee training or are they merely
consideration.
preparing their workers for jobs elsewhere? When workers
bear the costs of such training, do they realize personal  Wages are linked with categorization of skilled, semi-
benefits or does the employer reap the only rewards? This skilled or unskilled, but these have to be aligned with
study examines myths and misconceptions about who pays skill levels defined as per National Skill Qualification
and who reaps the Return on Investment (ROI) in training. Framework. (NSQF)
Investments in Training are assumed to have positive returns.
10. Conclusion
From the literature it is very clear that there is urgent There is more need of government intervention and
requirement of focusing on the education enhancement and policies to encourage these kind of courses in various sectors
skill development youth to make them employable. It is a high and raise the employability through various short term, long
time to get benefitted from our demographic quotient, a crucial term and vocational courses. Although the need for skill
time to invest in the training and development opportunities in development initiative is understood and realized by many
every sector and level. Employment generation is the one sectors still there are few sectors where awareness needs to
issue other than that employability and productivity is another be created. Also ministry of skill development and
issue. As per the India Skill report 2015 only, 37.22 % of entrepreneurship, National skill development council and
surveyed people were found employable. India ranked last sector skill councils are formulated still more work is to be done
among 60 countries on labor productivity (World on identification of employability attributes, design and modify
Competitiveness Yearbook, 2012). CII (2009) had projected curricular course to cater the demand of the sector. The age
Incremental Human Resource Requirement till 2022 at 201 group available to Indian economy is more influenced toward
million. Currently about 26 million people enter the working age the learning traditional concept, if skilled can contribute to
group every year with about 65% of them looking for jobs. Age make the economy stronger instead of becoming the liability.
is a major affecting factor for skills development. There is no The skill development will raise the efficiency level of the work
significant difference found between Boys and Girls force and raise the employability of youth, who otherwise feel
considering all age groups together. Age and maturity are the alienated after being educated but not getting a job to earn.
only important factors for skills development. To make “Make Skill development will also help the country to raise Gross
in India” project successful, youth of the nation should be Enrolment Ratio (GER) at various levels of educations from
empowered with formal education, technical and vocational elementary to higher education because the parents and their
training to meet the Industrial requirement as per global children would find a meaning in education due to
standards. employability. It has been seen in the Indian context that when
a child remains at his home without a job despite being
9. Challenges to skill development in India educated formally, the parents feel education as a
From the review of literature it is obvious that the meaningless entity. Due to skill development the parents will
challenges to skill development in India are rampant and some decidedly want their wards in educational institutions because
need immediate actions. The skill development programmes finally what matters for a parent is to earn a living and live life
have noted that if youth are properly skilled they can contribute with dignity and honor.
to economic growth. However, there are many challenges to

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