Konspect New Version

NOUN.
Ot so`z turkumi sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlarga bo`linadi. Ya’ni countable and

uncountable nouns.
Uncountable nouns -> barcha sanab bo`lmaydigan otlarga sanalmaydigan otlar deb
aytiladi. Sanalmaydigan otlarning kesimi birlikda bo`ladi.
F.ex. milk oil Milk is white.
money sugar Oil has a lot of components.
coffee rice Coffee comes from Brazil.
Uncountable nouns :
Liquid (suyuqliklar): water, milk, oil, juice, ink…
Solid (quyuqliklar): ice, cream, butter…
Gazes (gazlar) : steam(bug`), smoke (tutun), air, oxygen (kislorod)…
Particles (moddalar): dust, chalk, dirt, grass, sugar, …
Languages (tillar): Arabic, Hindu, Indian, French, Irish, Uzbek…
Fields of study (fanlar): Biology, Chemistry, Economics, History…
Sport activities (sport turlari): football, baseball, tennis, golf…
-Ing activies (-ing bilan tugagan faoliyat turlari): playing, running, driving, diving….
Naturel phenomenon (tabiiiy hodisalar): dew, fog (tuman), heat, lightning, rain, storm,
thunder, wind, darkness, sunshine, avalanche…
Yuqoridagilarga qo`shimcha sanalmaydigan otlar:
Money* Pollution Gossip
Furniture Flour
Accommodate Sand-qum
Advice Garbage –axlat, qoldiq
Luggage Jewellery
Baggage Homework
Traffic Gasoline
Gem-qimmatbaho tosh Housework
Petrol Evidence
Eslatma:
Money (pul) sanalmaydi, lekin pul birligi sanaladi.
F.ex: 2 million dollars isn’t enough to develop transportatiton.
Dollars are used all over the world.
Ba’zi bir Uncountable Nouns sanaladigan ko`rinishda bo`lishi mumkin: bunday vaqtda
uning ma’nosini tarjima orqali farqlashimiz mumkin:
1. Uncountable (sanalmaydigan) 2. Countable (sanaladigan) nouns

nouns
Hair- soch. (umumiy ma’noda) Hair- soch tolasi.
His hair is black. (Uning sochi qora) I found a hair in my soup.(Men ovqatdan soch
I wash my hair every night. tolasi topdim.)
I get some grey hairs but I pull them out.
Experience – tajriba ma’nosida Experience – sarguzasht ma’nosida sanaladi.
sanalmaydi. We had many experiences during our journey.
You need a lot of experience to get
this job.
Paper – qogòz ma’nosida Paper – gazeta, document ma’nsida sanaladi.
sanalmaydi. I have read these papers.
I need some paper to write an
application.
Stone – tosh. (umumiy ma’noda Stone – mayda toshcha sanaladi.
sanalmaydi) He threw a stone then 2 stones at me.
This building is made from stone.
Fish – baliqdan tayyorlangan ovqat Fish – baliq (xom holda), baliq turlari ma’nosida
ma’nosida sanalmaydi. sanaladi.
What is for dinner? Your favorite We catch a lot of fish every summer.
fish soup. There many kind of fishes. Fishes – baliq turlari
ko`rsatilganda ishlatiladi.
Chicken – ovqat turi ma’nosida Chicken – 1) Chick ning ko`pligi 2) tovuq
Chicken smells good. There is a chick . The chickens are very fat.
Potato – kartoshka (ovqat ma’nosida) Potato – xom holda sanaladi. Potatoes-ko`pligi.
I like fried potato. Potatoes grow in Samarkand.
Time – vaqt ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Time - marta ma’nosida sanaladi. Ko`pligi times.
Time is over. How many times have you read this book?
Life – hayot (umumiy ma’noda Life – umr ma’nosida sanaladi. Ko`pligi lives
sanalmaydi) In our lives we have had many experiences
Life is good.
Work – ish (umumiy ma’noda Work – yozuvchi, rassom, san’atkorlarning
sanalmaydi) asarlari, qilgan ishlari, ijodi ma’nosida sanaladi.
I like my work. In his works Navoi describes culture and humanity
of Uzbeks.
Wood – yogòch ma’nosida Wood – o`rmoncha
sanalmaydi. There are many woods in Russia.
We need much wood to build our
home.
Glass –shisha (umumiy ma’noda Glass – stakan ma’nosida sanaladi.
sanalmaydi) A glass of water – bir stakan suv
Beer/ coffee/ wine/ gin – umumiy A beer/ a coffee (coffees)/ a wine(wines)/a gin
ma’noda sanalmaydi. (gins)- agarda stakan ma’nosida tushunilsa.
She drank strong coffee. I ordered a beer/ 2 beers
We ordered some wine.
Fruit so`zining birligi ham ko`pligi Meva turini ko`rsatilganda fruits so`zi kelishi
ham bir xil shaklda bo`ladi. mumkin.
Export, import – umumiy ma’noda Export(import)- Tovar (goods)ma’nosida kelsa
kelsa sanalmaydi. sanaladi.
Room – bo`sh joy ma’nosida Room – xona ma’nosida sanaladi.
sanalmaydi.
Abstract Nouns
Abstract Nouns – tegib, ko`rib, eshitib, sanab bo`lmaydigan otlarga mavhum otlar
deyiladi.
Ular ham sanalmaydigan otlarga kiradi. Ular faqat his qilinadi hamda ularning kesimi
birlikda bo`ladi.
Confidence-ishonch Intelligence Success
Beauty-go`zallik Justice-adolatli Permission
Courage-jasur, mard Knowledge Bravery
Education Laughter Romance
Enjoyment Friendship Truth
Fun Childhood Violence
Happiness Strictness Wealth
Enthusiasm-hissiyot Kindness Comfort
Hate-nafrat Lack Laugh
Impression-ta`surot Patience-chidamli, sabirli Interest
Hope Peace Excitement
Health Pride-mag`rurlik Wit
Honesty-rostgo`y Progress Power
Importance-muhimlik Recreation Humor
Lekin: Courage and confidence are
To have a desire
Countable nouns.
F:ex: a dog, 2 dogs, many flowers, a lot chairs………

Sanaladigan otlar a/an artikilini oladi.
F:ex: a cup, a 3 years old boy, a book…..
Birlik otdan ko`plik otga 3 xil yo`l bilan o`tiladi:
1. –s/es (-lar) qo`shimchasi qo`shilishi bilan yasaladi.
Holiday-holidays
Match-matches
2. Shaklan o`zgaradi:
3. “o, ch, sh, ss, x” bilan tugagan birlik otlarga ko’plik yasash uchun “es”
qo’shiladi
tomato, tomatoes brush, brushes box, boxes church, churches kiss, kisses potato
potatoes
Izoh: ba’zi boshqa tildan kirib kelgan “o” bilan tugagan birlik otlarga ko’plik
yasash uchun “s” qo’shiladi.
Dynamo — dynamos, kimono – kimonos, piano – pianos, kilo – kilos, photo
– photos, soprano - sopranos
4. Quyidagi 12 ta ot “f” bilan tugab ularni ko’plikka aylantirish uchun “f / fe” ni
tushirib “ves”
calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf:
loaf - loaves wife - wives wolf - wolves
5. hoof, scarf va wharf otlari yo “s” yo “ves” ni ko’plikda qabul qiladilar:
hoofs or hooves scarfs or scarves wharfs or wharves
6. qolgan “f” yo “fe” bilan tugaganlarni ko’plikka aylantirih uchun “s” qo’shiladi:
cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safes
man-men goose-geese tooth-teeth phenomenon-
phenomena
child-children life-lives crisis-crises memorandum-
memoranda
woman-women loaf-loaves thesis-theses fungus - fungi
person-people cactus-cacti datum-data syllabus
persons aniq syllabi/syllabuses
shaxslarga
nisbatan
chick-chicken criterion-criteria nucleus-nuclei diagnosis -
diagnoses
foot-feet half-halves analysis-analyses louse – lice
leaf-leaves knife-knives oasis-oases terminus - termini
mouse-mice wife-wives bacterium-bacteria erratum – errata
radius – radii
Lekin: Percent ko`plikda s olmaydi.
! Birlik otlarning kesimi birlikda, ko`plik otlarning kesimi ko`plikda bo`ladi.
F:ex: There are a lot of data.
She has written some memorando.
Those teeth have cavities.
7. Umuman o`zgarmay turadi. Ko`plik ham, birlik ham bir xil bo`ladi.
Kesim tanlash ma`noga qaraladi:
Sheep-sheep Trout - trout aircraft-aircraft
Deer-deer Cod - cod shrimp-shrimp
Fish-fish Plaice - plaice swine-swine
Species-species Squid - squid series-series
Carp - carp Turbot - turbot means-means
Pike - pike Mackerel – mackerel
Salmon - salmon cattle-cattle
F:ex: There are several shrimp. There are many species of fishes.
He caught many fish.
Fish have existed for ages.
Deer are beautiful animals.
Izoh: lekin ko’pchilik baliq turlar birlikdan ko’plikka aylanganda “s” qo’shiladi.
crab crabs herring herrings sardine sardines
eel eels lobster lobsters shark sharks
Izoh:
Agar gapda fe’l manosida kelsa (III shaxs birlikka nisbatan) yoki ko`llar/okeanlar
ma’nosida kelsa Waters ishlatilishi mumkin.
Compound nouns (Qo`shma otlar).
Compound noun – ikki otning qo`shilib, bir ma`no hosil qilishiga aytiladi. Bunda birinchi
ot aniqlovchi bo`lib keladi. Qo`shma otlarni ko`plikka aylantirish uchun ko`plik
qo`shimchasi
ikkinchi otga o`tadi. Birinchi ot ko`plikda kelmaydi.
Policeman Bus driver Cookery book
Boyfriend Kitchen cupboard Address book
Girlfriend Window cleaner Animal hospital
Water tank Morning call Night flight
Bedroom Tooth brush Language center
Tea break Paper bag Car park
Breadknife Birthday party Letter box
Engine driver Dental clinic
F:ex: He has several kitchen cupboards.

There are 3 animal hospitals.
She has bought 2 tooth brushes.
Are there any car parks here?
Istisno holatlar: Women doctors/ men drivers/ shoe stores
Agar qo`shma ot predlogli bo`lsa, ko`plik shakli predlogdan oldin qo`yiladi.

Sister-in-law -> sisters-in-law, Hanger on -> hangers on, looker-on ->lookers-on
Qisqartmalarni to`g`ridan-to`g`ri ko`plikka aylantiramiz: MPs; VIPs; OAPs (old age
pensioners) UFOs (unidentified flying objects)
Archimedes’ rule (Arximed qonuni)-> bunda “s” so`z tarkibida qotib qolgan.
!!! Atoqli otlar –s/es (-lar) qo`shimchasi bilan kelsa ham birlik kesim oladi.
F:ex: The United States has 51states.
The United Nations is situated in New York.
Philippines consists of many island.
!!! Pul, vaqt, masofa, ogìrlik, uzunlik o`lchov birliklari, ko`plik shaklda bo`lsa ham birlik
kesim oladi.
F:ex: 25 dollars is needed to do smth…..
1000 pounds is the monthly profit of Tom`s mother.
8 hours is spent on my homework.
20 kilometrs was enough for him to run everyweek.
3 kilos of meat is our weakly purchase.
Lekin: ko`plikdagi o`lchov birliklaridan oldin “there are” ishlatiladi.
!!! Quyidagi arifmetik hisob-kitoblar birlik kesim talab qiladi.
2 and 2 is 4 multiply 7*7 is 49
30 minus 10 is 20 49 divides 7 is 7
2 plus 5 is 7
!!! 2 ta sanalmaydigan ot alohida-alohida tushunilsa, ko`plik kesim oladi.
Butter and bread cost 5 dollars.
Lekin: butter rod, hot-dog, cheeseburger, kabilar non ichida pishloq, saryog`, …… bo`lib
bitta narsa vujudga kelsa, birlik kesim bo`ladi.
!!! Barcha kasallik nomlari hatto –s/-es ko`plik qo`shimchasini olsa ham birlik kesim
bilan keladi.
F:ex: Diabetes is a serious illness.
Measles is / Mumps has /Hay fever consists of……
!!! Barcha sport turlari hatto –s/-es qo`shimchasi bilan kelsa ham, brlik kesim oladi.
Darts is an interesting play.
Baseball has several rules. Lekin: Sports are
Billiards consists of several types.
!!! Quyidagi otlar ajralmas 2 qismdan iborat, ular bir narsa sanalsa ham, lekin ko`plik
kesim talab qiladi.
Scissors Pyjamas Pliers Shears
Shorts Glasses Tweezers Knockers
Pants Binoculars Tongs
Jeans Spectacles Pincers
Trousers Tights Knockers
F:ex: These scissors are for cutting the cloth.

My jeans are fashionable.
I have forgotten to bring those trousers.
These socks are new.
Where are your glasses?
Yuqoridagi otlarni sanash uchun quyidagi strukturaga amal qilamiz.
2
3
4 + pairs of + ……. + ko`plik kesim
Several
Many
F:ex: How much does a pair of shoes cost?

How much do 3 pairs of shoes cost?
I have bought jeans. They suit me well.
A number of / The number of…
A number of = several , some, a few.
A number of + plural noun (countable) + plural verb

F:ex: A number of students have been waiting for you.
A number of guests are already here.
I have a number of friends.
The number of + plural noun + singular verb

(….larning soni)
F:ex: The number of cars was enough.
The number of strikers has risen.
The number of cars was 2000.
Majority(ko`pchilik) / Minority(kamchilik)
Majority
+ singular verb.
Minority
F:ex: Majority is ready. Majority has lost their jobs.
Minority is being questioned. Majority studies French.
Majority
+ of + plural noun + plural verb.
Minority
F:ex: Majority of my friends are abroad.
Majority of students have been enrolled.
Minority of worker are working hard these days.
The + family/name/surname + plural verb.
F:ex: The Sobirovs are rich people.
The Browns are famous.
The + nationality + plural verb.
F:e: The English like to talk about their gardens.
The French are polite people.
Sanalmaydigan otlarning miqdor qismi.
Tea – a cup of
Water – a glass/ a bottle of
Rice – a bowl / a kilo of
Juice – a carton of / a glass of
Paint – a tin of
Toothpaste – a tube of
Chocolate – a bar of / a piece of / pound of
Bread – a piece of / a slice of / a loaf of
Wood – a piece of
Cheese – a slice of / a kilo of / a piece of
Soap – a piece of
RULE: ba’zan uncountable otlarni miqdor ko’rsatkichlarini ko’rsatib ularni countable

singular va pluralga aylantirish mumkin.
Singular
a bale of cotton A breath of air a drop of oil a kilo of rice
a bar of a bundle of hay a drop of rain a layer of
chocolate a cake of soap a fall of rain soil/dirt
a bar of soap A carton of a fall of snow A loaf of bread
a basket of fruit orange juice a glass of water a lump of sugar
a bit of news a cloud of dust a grain of sand a mass of hair
A block of ice a column of a harvest of a pane of glass
A bottle of water smoke wheat/corn A piece / slice of
a bowl of rice a crate of fruit a heap of rubbish bread
A box/packet of a cup of A jar of jam a piece of advice
cereal tea(coffee) A kilo of cheese
A piece of a reel of a sheet of paper a stock of wood
information. thread/film a shower of rain a suite of
A piece of wood a roll of a slice of cheese furniture
A piece of/a film/cloth A sort of work A tin of paint
sheet of paper a set of china a stack of corn A tube of tooth
a pot of jam a sheaf of corn a stack of hay paste
a ream of paper a sheaf of grain a stack of timber a tuft of grass
a sheaf of wheat a stack of wood a tuft of hair
Ularni pluralga aylantirish uchun quyidagicha:
2 grains of sand five litres of coffee. some lumps of sugar

3 bars of chocolate many bits of news some pieces of advice
3 drops of oil many bowls of rice some sheet of paper
3 kilos of rice many slices of cheese Some sorts of work
A few cakes of soap plenty glasses of water Three grains of sand.
a lot panes of glass several pots of jam
a number cups of tea some glasses of water
Quyidagi otlar ko`plik shaklda bo`ladi. Ularning birlik shakli yo`q. Ular hamma
vaqt ko`plik kesim qabul qiladi. Ularni olmosh bilan almashtirsak They ga tengdir. These ,
those ko’rsatish olmoshlari bilan ishlatiladi.
Arms Steps Wages Riches
Belongings Stairs Earnings Peoples
Clothes Customs Outskirts (xalqlar)
Contents Congratulation Goods
Savings s Wits
Thanks Tropics Proceedings
Agar yuqoridagi so`zlar birlikda kelsa mutlaqo boshqa ma’noda keladi:

Arm-qo`l custom – urf-odat good – yaxshi savings account
Cloth – mato ma’nosida; a custom(s) house customs duty
Lodging- vaqtincha yashab turiladigan joy
Lodgings – ijaraga beriladigan xona
Hayvon, o`simliklar, insonlar to`dasini ifodalovchi so`zlar o`zidan keyin birlik kesim ( is,
was, has) qabul qiladi.
A school of fish A flock of sheep / birds A group of people
A pack of wolves (dog, A herd of cattle (horses) A bouquet of flowers
…..) A colony of ants A bunch of flowers
A troop of monkeys A gang/band of thieves
F:e: A bunch of flowers costs 5 dollars.

A gang of thieves here is dangerous.
RULE: ba’zan odam, o’simlik, hayvonlar va predmetlar miqdor ko’rsatkichlarini
ko’rsatib ishlatiladi. Ularga miqdor ko’rsatkichiga qarab kesim shakli tanlanadi.
Quyidagilar hayvon va o’simlik to’da nomlari.
PEOPLE
an army of soldiers a bunch of crooks a company of soldiers
a bevy of beauties/girls a caravan of gypsies a congregation of
a band of musicians a choir of singers worshippers
a band of robbers a class of pupils a crew of sailors
a board of directors a class of students a crowd of spectators
a body of men a company of actors a crowd of people
a dynasty of kings a galaxy of film stars a gang of prisoners
a galaxy of beautiful a gang of crooks a gang of robbers
women a gang of labourers
a gang of thieves a posse of policemen a party of friends
a horde of savages a regiment of soldiers
a host of angels a staff of employees IZOH
a line of kings/rulers a staff of servants 2 bands of robbers
a mob of rioters a staff of teachers some classes of pupils
a group of dancers a team of players many crowds of
a group of singers a tribe of natives spectators
a pack of rascals a troop of scouts several staffs of servants
a pack of thieves a troupe of artistes the staffs of teachers
a party of friends a troupe of dancers
a patrol of policemen a troupe of performers
A caravan of gypsies is traveling in the country.

A troop of scouts was seen in the forest
LEKIN: Some bands of musicians were invited to the concert.
Crowds of people are
THINGS
an album of autographs a compendium of games a pack of lies

an album of photographs a constellation of stars a packet of cigarettes
an album of stamps a cluster of diamonds a packet of letters
an anthology of poems a cluster of stars a pair of shoes
an archipelago of islands a clutch of eggs a pencil of rays
a batch of bread a crop of apples a quiver of arrows
a battery of guns a fleet of motor-cars/taxis a range of hills
a block of flats a fleet of ships a range of mountains
a book of exercises a flight of aeroplanes a rope of pearls
a book of notes a flight of steps a row of houses
a bouquet of flowers a forest of trees a series of events
a bunch of bananas a galaxy of stars a set of clubs
a bunch of flowers a garland of flowers a set of tools
a bunch of grapes a glossary of difficult a sheaf of arrows
a bunch of keys words/phrases a sheaf of papers
a bundle of rags/old clothes a group of islands a shower of blows
a bundle of firewood/sticks a grove of trees a stack of arms
a catalogue of prices/goods a hail of bullets a string of beads
a chain of mountains a hand of bananas (each a a string of pearls
a chest of drawers finger) a suit of clothes
a cluster of coconuts a heap of ruins a suite of rooms
a cluster of grapes a hedge of bushes a wad of currency/notes
a clump of bushes a heap of stones a wreath of flowers
a clump of trees a library of books a mass of ruins
a collection of coins a line of cars IZOH
a collection of curiosities a list of names The clusters of grapes
a collection of pictures a necklace of pearls many clumps of trees
a collection of relics an outfit of clothes some sets of clubs
a collection of stamps an orchard of fruit trees 2 sheaves of papers
a comb of bananas a pack of cards
A packet of cigarettes is 3 dollars
A bunch of flowers was given to her at the concert.
BUT
2 packets of cigarettes aren’t recommended to smoke a day.
ANIMALS
an army of ants a herd of swine a skein of wild geese in

a bevy of quail a hive of bees flight
a brood/flock of chickens a host of sparrows a string of horses
a catch of fish a kindle of kittens a stud of horses
a cloud of flies a litter of cubs a swarm of ants
a cloud of insects a litter of piglets a swarm of bees
a cloud of locusts a litter of kittens a swarm of insects
a colony of gulls a litter of puppies a swarm of locusts
a colony of ants a menagerie of wild a team of horses
a drove of cattle animals a team of oxen
a drove of horses a muster of peacocks a train of camels
a flight of birds a nest of ants a tribe of goats
a flight of doves a nest of mice a troop of lions
a flight of locusts a nest of rabbits a troop of monkeys
a flight of swallows a pack of dogs, a zoo of wild animals
a flock of birds/geese wolves/foxes
a flock of sheep/goats a plague of insects Izoh:
a gaggle of geese a plague of locusts 2 flocks of birds/geese
a haul of fish a pride of lions, tigers, Some flights of birds
a herd of buffaloes cheetahs several schools of fish
a herd of cattle a school of fish the tribe of goats
a herd of deer a school of porpoises many troops of monkeys
a herd of elephants a school of whales
a herd of horses a shoal of fish
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

A flock of birds is cycling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
LEKIN: Some schools of fish are being attacked by sharks.
Many flocks of birds are cycling overhead.
Izoh: Flock- tuyogì mayda hayvon va qushlarga
Herd – tuyogì katta hayvonlarga
Collective nouns.
Collective nous (jamlovchi otlar) – ikki xil bo`ladi, ular ma`nosiga ko`ra ham ko`plik,
ham birlik ot bo`ladi.
Ular to`g`risida shunchaki ma`no berilsa birlik kesim ishlatiladi.
Ular ichidagi odamlar harakati tushunilsa ko`plik kesim ishlatiladi.
Army
Team
Family
Staff
Congress + plural verb.
Organization
Audience
Jury
Committee
F:ex:
My family is large. The staff here is big.
Tom`s family are moving to Tashkent. Liverpool are attacking again.
The audience have applauded.
Izoh: Komanda yutayotganligi yoki yutqazayotganligi e’lon qilinsa birlik kesim olinadi.
Manchester is leading. Liverpool is playing against New Castle.
The + adjective.
The poor (kambagàllar) Siafatlar otlashgan holda kelganida ko`plik
kesim
The rich ishlatiladi.
The young
The wounded (yaradorlar)
The injured + plural verb.
The old
The blind
The deaf
The handicapped(nogironlar)
Much / Many.
Much /Many o`zbek tilida ko`p degan ma`noni bildiradi, biroq ularning bir-biridan
farqi shundaki, much sanalmaydigan, many esa sanaladigan otlar uchun ishlatiladi.
Many  a lot of, plenty of(unc/count nouns)/ a big number of, a great number of(count
noun) kabi so`zlar bilan sinonim bo`la oladi.
Much  a lot of, plenty of (unc/count nouns)/ a great dalof, a great amount of, a big deal
of, amount of(uncount nouns) kabi so`zlar bilan sinonim bo`la oladi.
Much(2) – ish-harakatning ko`p bajarilganligini bildiradi. Synonyms: a lot, a great
deal.
F:ex: He runs much.
Tom reads a lot.
Tom works a great deal.
Few / Little.
Few / little – kam (yetarlimas) deb tarjima qilinadi. Few sanaladigan otga ishlatilsa,
little sanalmaydigan otga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
Synonyms: few – a small number of + countable noun.
little – a small amount of + uncountable noun.
F:e: Tom`s little money to buy a TV set.
Tom`s few friends in a new city.
A few / A little.
A few/a little – bir nechta, biroz (yetarli) deb tarjima qilinadi. A few sanaladigan otga
ishlatilsa, a little sanlmaydigan otga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
F:ex: I have a little time to have dinner.
Tom`s a few friends in his town. He is not a newcomer.
I have a little money to buy a few flowers.
A / an + number + (time) + noun.(1)

F:ex:
a – 2 – year – boy (1 ta 2 yoshli a – 5 – day – life
bola) a – 3 – room – flat
a – 5 – day – trip (5 kunlik sayohat) a 6 floor building
a – 2 – week – holiday An 8 speed bike
a – 2 – door – car a - 2 hundred - floor - building
A / an + noun + of + number + noun/time.(2)

F:ex: a building of 6 floors.
a room of 2 doors.
a flat of one room.
2/3/25/several/five + number + noun.(3)ko`plikda kelishi.
F:ex: 3 eight speed bicycles
two 6 floor building
five 3 window rooms
25 ten year old boys
2/3/25/several/five + noun + of + number + noun.(4)
F:ex: four buildings of six floors
3 girls of 5 years old
Four cans of 2 littres
Only/ just bilan faqat a few yoki a little keladi.
One third — 1/3 qismi
A seventeenth — 1/17 qismi
IZOH! Agar bir necha otlar boshqa otdan oldin kelsa u paytda oldingi otlar aniqlovchi
vazifasida bo’lib ularga hech qanday qo’shimcha qo’shilmaydi.
A ten year Old girl A girl of ten years old
A ten year Old girl a girl of ten years old is
A three room flat A flat of three rooms is
A four door car A car of four doors Is
A two hundred page book A book of two hundred pages Is
A five speed bicycle A bicycle of five speeds Is
A three week holiday A holiday of three weeks
A three piece suit A suit of three pieces
A twenty minute flight A flight of twenty minutes
A six month course A course of six months
A two day trip A trip of two days
A week holiday A holiday of a week
An hour film A film of an hour
Three ten year old girls Three girls of ten years old are
Five three room flats Five flats of three rooms are
Two four door cars Two cars of four doors are
Three two hundred page books Three books of two hundred pages Are
Ten five speed bicycles Ten bicycles of five speeds are
Many two hour films Many films of two hours
Izoh: vaqt ko’rsatkichlai bilan strukturalarda “’s” yoki “’” dan ham foydalansak bo’ladi.
A) Miqdori birlik
A week holiday = week’s holiday Eslatma: a artikli tushsa “’” ishlatiladi.
An hour film = hour’s film
A month course = month’s course
A 3 day holiday – 3 day’s holiday
B) Miqdori ko’plik
A two week holiday = a two weeks holiday
A three hour film = a three hours’ film
Two five month courses = two five months’ courses
I've got a week's holiday starting on Monday.

Jill has got three weeks' holiday.
I live near the station - it's only about ten minutes' walk.
RULE:
Dozen = 12 Score = 20 Gross = 44
A) Agar orqasidan otkelsa bular aniqlovchi bo’lib qo’shimcha olmaydi.

A dozen eggs
Two dozen eggs
Three dozen students
Three score people.
B) Agar orqasidan ot kelmasa o’zi ot bo’lib ko’plik shaklini olishi mumkin.
Pack the books in dozens.
Scores of people were waiting for the concert to begin.
Ready in dozens.
A dozen of people - A dozen people
Dozens of people
Rule: «ics» bilan tugagan barcha fanlar ham birlik kesim talab qiladi chunki ular
sanalmaydigan otlardir.
Politics is very interesting
They need much mathematics. They studied less physics.
Eslatma: scenery – sanalmaydi view – sanaladi

Travel –sanalmaydi journey- sanaladi
ADJECTIVE.
Narsa yoki predmetning bildiruvchi so`z turkumi sifat deyiladi. Sifatlarda 3 ta daraja
mavjud.
Sifat darajalari:
1. Oddiy daraja
2. Qiyosiy daraja
3. Orttirma daraja.
Sifatlarda darajaga oshirish ularning bir yoki ikki bo`gìnli ekanligigga bog`liq.
Bir bo`gìnli sifatlarni qiyosiy darajaga orttirishda ularga –er qo`shimchasi qo`shiladi.
Orttirma darajada esa ularga the … est qo`shimchasi qo`shiladi.
a) Bir bo`gìnli sifatlarni darajalanishi:
Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja ( .. roq) Orttirma daraja (eng …)
big Bigger the biggest
tall Taller the tallest
deep Deeper the deepest
nice Nicer the nicest
dry Drier the driest
simple Simpler the simplest
narrow Narrower the narrowest
funny Funnier the funniest
sunny Sunnier the sunniest
lucky Luckier the luckiest
happy Happier the happiest
Polite/ sincere/ severe/ common – bular ham bir bo`gìnli kabi o`zgaradi.
b) 2 va undan ortiq bo`gìnli sifatlarning daraja jadvali.
2 va undan ortiq bo`gìnli sifatlarga qiyosiy darajada more/less so`zi qo`shiladi. Orttirma
darajada esa ular the … most so`zi qo`shiladi.
Comparative degree (qiyosiy daraja) – more/ less + adj.

famous – more famous – the most famous
Superlative degree (orttirma daraja) – the most/ least + adj.

famous – less famous – the least famous.
Eslatma: Ba’zi bir sifatlar 2 bo`gìnli bo`lsa ham er qo`shimchasi bilan kelishi mumkin.
Oxiri –y bilan tugagan sifatlar ham qiyosiy darajada ier ga o`zgaradi.
Funny -> funnier.
Qiyosiy daraja hech o`zi bilan the artiklini olmaydi.
c) Sifatlarning ba’zilari qiyosiy va orttirma darajada shaklan o`zgaradi:
Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja ( .. roq) Orttirma daraja (eng …)

Much/many More the most
Little Less the least
Far Farther/ Further the farthest/ furthest
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Farther -> uzoqroq degan ma’noni bildiradi.

I can’t walk further.
Further -> a) uzoqroq degan ma’noni bildiradi.
b) qo`shimcha
I need further information. Menga qo`shimcha ma’lumotlar kerak.
He brought further explanation. U bir qancha izohlarni keltirib o`tdi.
I can’t run further. Men boshqa yugura olmayman.
More -> ko`proq degan ma’noda otlar bilan birga keladi. (more sugar)
Sifatlarga qiyosiy darajada qo`shiluvchi so`z vazifasida keladi.
Less -> kamroq degan ma’noda otlar bilan birga keladi. (less sugar)
Sifatlarga qiyosiy darajada qo`shiluvchi so`z vazifasida keladi.
Most -> a) most +Noun ko`pchilik degan ma’noda keladi.
Most students failed at the exam. -> Ko`pchilik talabalar imtihonda yiqildi.
b) sifatlarga orttirma darajada qo`shiluvchi so`z vazifasida keladi.
c) most + adjective juda degan ma’noda. Most near- juda yaqin.
Than that of – biror narsani takrorlamaslik uchun ishlatiladi.

Than those of –
Company A has more workers interested in hobbies than those of Company B.
Oddiy daraja
Izoh: Hech qanday qo`shimchasiz kelgan sifat oddiy darajadagi sifat deyiladi.
It was a difficult task.
Tom is tall.
Quyidagi so`zlardan keyin har doim oddiy darajadagi sifat ishlatiladi.
Very
Too + oddiy daraja. The room is too dark to work.
Extremely It was a very long story.
So
Comparative degree (qiyosiy daraja)
Izoh: 2 ta narsa yoki predmet solishtirilganida sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi ishlatiladi.
Qiyosiy daraja ko`pincha than so`zi bilan keladi, ba’zi hollarda esa qiyosiy daraja
ekanligidan tarjimasidan bilinadi.
Tom is smarter than Bob.

This book is very expensive. Do you have a cheaper one?
Jane’s room is cleaner than Jack.
Between two groups 7A is better.
Izoh: Kuchaytirma va ozaytirma ma’noda biz quyidagi so`zlarni ishlatamiz:
Much A few/ A little birozgina Any

A lot ancha … roq (kuchaytirma) A bit No biroz,
Far Even sal-pal
Slightly
Tom is much taller.
He is a little talkative.
Any/ No bazan qiyosiyda bazan oddiy darajada keladi. Biror narsaga nisbat qilib
berilsa oddiy darajada keladi.
By far - orttirma daraja signali
Kuchaytirma ma’noda sifatlarda quyidagi strukturalar ishlatiladi:
a) better and better longer and longer
-er and -er bigger and bigger shorter and shorter
Days are getting longer and longer.
b) More and more

Bu struktura +adj.
o`zbek tiliga ko`pdan-ko`p deb tarjima qilinadi.
Les less
Beautiful -> more and more beautiful Difficult -> more and more difficult
Talkative -> more and more talkative
QOIDA: vaziyatning o’zgarayatganligini ko’rsatish uchun quyidagilardan foydalanamiz.

More and more = ko’pdan ko’p (ko’payib)
Less and less = kamdan kam (kamayib)
Fewer and fewer = kamdan kam (kamayib)
Harder and harder = qiyindan qiyin (qiyinlashib)
Easier and easier = osondan oson (osonlashib)
More and more beautiful = chiroylidan chiroyli (chiroylilashib)
More and more important = muhimdan muhim (muhimlashib)
Less and less difficult = qiyindan qiyin (qiyinlashib)
More and more comfortable = qulaydan qulay (qulaylashib)
It's becoming harder and harder to find a job.
It's becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
Your English is improving. It's getting better and better.
These days more and more people are learning English.
Life is becoming more and more difficult.
Economic situation is getting better and better.
The weather is getting colder and colder.
c) Faqatgina shu strukturada qiyosiy daraja oldidan the artiklini ishlatish mumkin.
Bu struktura o`zbek tiliga qancha… shuncha …
The +qiyosiy, the qilinadi.
deb tarjima + qiyosiy
Aniqroq struktura: The qiyosiy + S+V/ the qiyosiy + S+V

The more you study, the you learn.
The more the fire, the better the water boils.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will be there.
d) Elder/ Older
Elder -> oila a’zolariga nisbatan “katta” degan ma’noda ishlatiladi.
Elder qiyosiy darajadagi sifat emas. than
My elder sister studies at the university.
The eldest -> to`ngìch degan ma’noni bildiradi. 90% gaplarda orttirma daraja keladi.
My eldest sister married to an American man 5 years ago.
(Mening to`ngìch opam amerikalikka 5 yil burun turmushga chiqdi.)
Older-> eskiroq, kattaroq, qariroq.

Older qiyosiy darajadagi sifat hisoblanadi.
I’m older than Mike. (Men Maykdan kattaroqman)
Izoh: Bazan …. ga qaraganda degan ma’noda than ishlatilmaydi. Bu holatda boshqa

strukturadan foydalaniladi.
Superoir to -> sifatli narsaga nisbatan ishlatiladi (yaxshiroq).
Inferior to -> Sifat jihatdan yomonroq.
F.ex. My T-shirt is superior to yours.

This coat is inferior to that one.
Quyidagi so`zlar ham than bilan birgalikda kelmaydi (than olmaydi).
Different from -> …. dan farqli

Your pronunciation is different from mine.
Prefer … to -> … ga qaraganda afzal ko`rmoq.

I prefer tea to cold water. ( Men sovuq suvga qaraganda choyni afzal ko`raman)
I prefer real stories to fiction stories.
(Men fantastik hikoyalarga nisbatan real hikoyalarni afzal ko`raman)
Tom prefers speaking to writing.
Ingliz tilida birinchisi, ikkinchisi (keyingisi) degan ma'noda quyidagi so`zlardan
foydalaniladi:
The former -> birinchisi
The latter -> ikkinchisi, keyingisi.
Tom and Bob are good at writing essays. But the former writes better.
(Tom va Bob insho yaxshi yozishadi. Lekin birinchisi yaxshiroq yozadi.)
Alice and Jack have written some books together. But the latter can’t write alone.
(Alisa va Jek birgalikda bir qancha kitoblarni yozishgan. Lekin ikkinchisi ( ya’ni Jek)
yolgìz o`zi yoza olmaydi.)
Latest or the latest -> so`nggi. Hozirgacha olingan yoki berilgan so`nggi xabar, so`nggi
moda, so`nggi yangiliklarning barchasiga latest ishlatiladi. Lekin latest oxirgi degan
ma’noda ishlatilmaydi.
Last -> oxirgi, o`tgan.
Last week (day/ month/ year/ season) Latest news ( information / fashion)
Superlative degree (orttirma daraja)

Bir qancha narsalar orasida eng yaxshi, eng zo`r degan ma’noda biz orttirma darajani
ishlatamiz.
Agar ikkita narsa bir-biriga nisbatan solishtirilsa, bu holatda biz qiyosiy darajani
ishlatamiz.
Agar 3 va undan ortiq narsa bir- biriga nisbatan solishtirilsa biz orttirma darajani
ishlatamiz.
Quyidagi signallar va holatlarda orttirma darajani ishlatamiz.

a) gapda in predlogi kelsa:
in the world in our Republic
in my group in the USA
The Nile is the longest river in the world.

Tom is the cleverest boy in my group.
b) gapda of predlogi kelsa:

Nick is the tallest of his brothers.
c) one of iborasi gapda kelsa:

One of the most important subjects is Math.
d) Pr. Perfect zamonidagi gap bo`lsa hamda ever signali kelsa.

This is the most delicious meal I have ever eaten. (Bu men yegan eng mazali taom)
This is the most difficult situation I have ever seen. (Bu men ko`rgan eng qiyin vaziyat)
Eslatma: Agar gapda between so`zi kelsa qiyosiy daraja ishlatamiz, among so`zi kelsa
orttirma daraja ishlatamiz.
Between-> 2 kishi, narsa o`rtasida. Among -> 3ta va undan ortiq kishi/narsa
o`rtasida
Between 2 houses mine is bigger. Among these houses mine is the biggest.
The eldest – eng kattasi. (qarindoshlar orasida)

Tom is the eldest boy in his family.
Orttirma daraja 90% gapda the artikli bilan keladi. 10% holatda the artikli bilan
kelmaydi. Quyidagi holatlarda orttirma darajada the ishlatilmaydi.
a) Sanoq son va undan keyin orttirma daraja kelsa:
3 the best films -> 3 best films 10 the cleverest students -> 10 cleverest students
b) Kishilik olmoshi va undan keyin orttirma daraja kelsa:
my/ his/ her/ Tom’s + the + orttirma daraja.
My best friend/ his latest movie.
c) Orttirma darajada –est orqasidan noun kelmasa the ham kelmaydi.
She is best. He knows best.
Teng va teng bo`lmagan daraja.
Bo`lishli gaplarda: { as + oddiy darajadagi sifat (ravish) + as} -> xuddi … dek
I am as tall as my father. Men xuddi otamdek uzunlikdaman.
Bo`lishsiz gaplarda: {not + as oddiy daraja+as}, {not + so + oddiy daraja + as}

xuddi … dek emas
Tom can’t swim as well as I can. Tom xuddi mendek suza olmaydi.
I don’t like it so much as you do. Men uni xuddi sizdek yoqtirmayman.
Lekin: {so … as} hamma vaqt inkor gapda ishlatiladi. U darak gaplarda ishlatilmaydi.
{as … as} ham inkor gap uchun, ham darak gap uchun ishlatiladi.
The same + as+noun + as -> (xuddu o`shandek, bir xil)

I earn the same salary as I did last year.
School №10 has the same number of students as school № 9.
Tom has the same amount of money as Jim.
I earned the same / as much money as you did. (chunki much bu sifat)
Eslatma: The same … as o`rtasida keladigan ot gap boshida kelishi mumkin, lekin bunday
paytda the same as qo`shilib keladi.
Your age is the same as Mike’s. Tom’s results are the same as mine.
I’m the same age as you. My age is the same as yours.
The number of students at school 10 is the same as school 9.
The colour of these roses isn’t the same as tulips.
b) twice 2 marta ko`p

half
three times as + oddiy daraja + as … 3 marta ko`p
four times 4 marta ko`p
several times bir necha marta ko`p
I have twice as much time today as I did yesterday.

Mary is twice as tall as Jane.
Jane gets up twice as early as Jack does.
c) enough + noun Enough (yetarli) dan keyin ot keladi.
I have enough time to drink coffee. I have enough money to buy this house.
adjective+ enough Enough dan oldin sifat keladi.
He is clever enough. Tom is rich enough. She is pretty enough.
So/ such -> shunday/juda

a) So + adj +noun So dan keyin sifat keladi va undan keyin ot kelmaydi.
Tom is so clever. We are so happy. Mike was so glad.
b) Such + a/an + adj + noun (birlik) Such dan keyin sifat va ot keladi.
I drank such a good swimmer. We saw such an interesting film.
c) Such + adj + noun -> plural
uncountable
I drank such cold water.
d) Ba’zan bazi so`zlardan keyin ot kelsa so ishlatiladi.

many
So + much + noun (ot) I heard so many words.
Few I have so much money.
little She has little time.
So + adjective + a/an + noun. So good a time/ so great a success

Too
e) So / such + that
Mike has so many friends that he can rely on them.
Alex is such a good swimmer that he came first.
You were so pretty that I fell in love with you at first sight.
Ko’pchilik sifatlar boshqa so’z turkumlariga suffiks va prefikslarning qo’shilish orqali
yasaladi.
1. Suffixes
Ful Careful, beautiful, useful, powerful
Ant Distant, important, resistant
Ous Famous, dangerous, various
Ed Talented, developed, interested, surprised, worried
Ing Interesting, boring
Al Natural, cultural, territorial
Ent Dependent, transparent, different
Ish Spanish, British, boyish, Irish
Ible Possible, terrible, visible
Ic Atomic, historic, poetic, heroic
Y Rainy, busy, sunny, windy
Less Hopeless, lifeless, useless
Ary Ordinary, revolutionary
Ive Inventive, effective, impressive
Ian Russian, Canadian, Romanian
2. Prefixes
Un Unhappy, unable
In Independent, indirect
Dis Disappointing, discouraging
Im impossible, imperfect, immoral
Non Non-governmental
Ir Irregular, irresponsible
Post Post-war, post-operational
Inter Interdependent, interchangeable
il Illegal, illiberal, illimitable
ADVERB.
Ravish so`z turkumi harakatning belgisini ifodalab keladi. Sifat so`z turkumi ot bilan
bog`liq bilan bo`lsa, ravish so`z turkumi fe’l bilan bog`liq.
Ravish so`z turkumi harakat nomi, belgisini bildiradi.
a) harakatning qay tarzda bajarilganligini ko`rsatadi.
Cleverly/ accurately/ carefully/ deeply/ narrowly
b) harakatning qilingan vaqtini bildiradi:

yesterday/ tomorrow/ now/ always/ after
с) harakatning qilingan joyini bildiradi:

here/ there/ outside/ inside
d) harakatning qay darajada bajarilganligini bildiruvchi ravishlar:

very/ too/ so/ much/ little/ extremely
e) sabab – maqsad ravishlari:

so/ that’s why/ therefore/…
1. Ko`pchilik ravishlar {sifat+ly} qo`shimchasi orqali bilan yasaladi. Ular barcha

fe’llardan keyin ishlatiladi.
Real+ly He runs quickly.

Clever+ly He looked through the documents carefully.
Wise+ly He shouted at me angrily.
Deep+ly
Quyidagi 15 ta fe’ldan keyin ravish ishlatilmaydi.

Be (am/is/are/was/were) Taste* Get Chance
Become Look* Seem Happen
Smell* Appear* Grow* Turn out
Sound* Remain Feel
Izoh: * belgisi qo`yilgan fe’llardan keyin ba’zi hollarda ravish, ba’zi hollarda sifat keladi.
Look – 1) ko`rinmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin sifat oladi.

2) look dan keyin predlog kelsa ravish oladi.
What is the matter with you? You look sad. (Sizga nima bo`ldi? Tushkin ko`rinasiz.)
He looked at me nervously. ( U menga jahl bilan qaradi.)
Appear – paydo bo`lmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin ravish oladi.

ko`rinmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin sifat oladi.
He appeared suddenly. (U to`satdan paydo bo`ldi)
She appeared calm. (U sokin ko`rindi.)
Grow – o`stirmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin ravish oladi.

Ko`rinish ma’nosida o`zidan keyin sifat oladi.
Get - bo`lmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin sifat oladi.

Olmoq ma’nosida o`zidan keyin ravish oladi.
Turn- bo’lmoq-sifat
Qaytmoq/burilmoq/aylantirmoq-ravish
It turned dark. She turned pale.
He turned slowly
He turned angrily to the man behind him
Keep- saqlash ma’nosida ravish Make – tayyorlash ma’nosida adv
He keeps busy. Lekin: These words made me angry.
sound
Smb + smell + adverb
taste
He tasted a special meal carefully.
Sound The meal tasted good.
Smth + smell + adjective
taste
Somebody + smell + sifat (hid taratmoq.)
You smell bad.
She smells good.
Good ravishga aylanganda well ga o`zgaradi.

!!! Faqatgina hol-ahvol so`raganda to be dan keyin good o`rniga well ishlatiladi.
How are you? I’m good well.

But: How do you feel? – I’m good.
2) Quyidagilar tarkibida –ly qo`shimchasi bo`lsa mavjud bo`lsa ham, bunday so`zlar ham
sifat,
ham ravish ma’nosida keladi.
Friendly Likely He is a friendly boy. (sifat)

Lovely Ugly He is a lovely boy. (sifat)
Lively Elderly He spoke with me friendly. (ravish)
Early Lonely
Silly
But not all adverbs end in –ly:
Again Maybe Very Eastwards Now
Ago More Well Westwards Last year
All Most What Homeward All day
Almost Much Whatever s Not long
Also Never When Onwards For a while
Always Next Whence About Since last
Any Now Whenever Across year
Anyhow Often Where Along Sometimes
Anymore Once Whereby Around Frequently
Anyplace Outside Wherein Behind Never
Anytime Quite Wherever By Often
Anyway Rather Yet Down Yearly
Anywhere So Backwards In Ahead
Better Some Forwards Off Abroad
Best Somehow Downward On Overseas
Enough Sometime s Over Uphill
Far Sometimes Upwards Round Downhill
Fast Somewhat Inwards Through Sideways
Here Still Outwards Under Indoors
How Straight Northward Up Outdoors
Inside There s Today
Just Therefore Southward Yesterday
Later Too s Later
3) Quyidagilar tarkibida -ly qo`shimchasi kelmaydi. Garchi bular –ly kelmasa ham ham
sifat,
ham ravish vazifasida keladi.
Soon Late Fast food/ He runs fast.
Fast Wrong a hard working person/ He worked hard.
Hard Far A long way/ we walked vary long.
Near Straight
High Long
Low Flat –tekis ma’nosida
Deep Flatly – zerikarli ma’nosida
Eslatma: Agar bularning ba’zilariga –ly qo`shilsa, ma’nolari butunlay o`zgaradi
Hardly-> zo`rgà Lately-> so`nggi paytlarda

Nearly-> qariyb highly -> yuqori
Near to – ga yaqin. Nearly to
Come near me / next to + Noun
A lively story – qiziqarli hikoya
A live news – jonli premyera
4) Quyidagilar gapdagi fe’lga bog`liq bo`lmaydi va gapda kirish so`z vazifasida keladi:
Honesty(rostini aytganda) Surprisingly(ajablanarli) Geographically
Confidentially(maxfiy Theoretically(nazariy Economically
ravishda, yashirin) jihatdan)
Personally(shaxsan) Officially(rasmiy ravishda) Undoubtedly
Ideally (nihoyatda) Finally(nihoyatda) frankly
Economically, the results of crisis can be seen all over the world.
Finally, we have finished our new project.
5) good va well
Good + noun – sifat A good boy
Good + Ving good looking/speaking
Adverb + V3
Well + V3 -> yaxshi …. gan.
Well dressed-> yaxshi kiyingan well built -> yaxshi qurilgan

Well known -> mashhur well done -> yaxshi bajarilgan
Badly + V3 -> well ning antonimi bo`lib, yomon … gan
Badly injured -> yomon jarohatlangan

Badly damaged -> yomon zararlangan
Wrongly believed/ deeply disappointed …
A well buit man – qaddi-qomatli odam
6) Agar fe’ldan keyin 2 ta ravish ko`rinishidagi so`z so`ralsa, quyidagi strukturaga amal
qilamiz:
Adverb + adverb yoki
Adverb + adjective
The boy spoke absolutely cleverly. ( ravish+ravish)
Nick answered extremely badly. ( ravish+ravish)
He feels terribly bad. (ravish+sifat)

The soup tastes absolutely sweet. (ravish+sifat)
Izoh: Sifat + sifat/ravish strukturasi qo`llanilmaydi.
14. Quyidagi so’zlar o’rin, payt, maqsad, sabab va daraja miqdor ravishlari bo’lib,
ularning ishlatilishi fe’l bilan aloqasi yo’q.
Again Also Often Rarely
Ago Always Sometimes Seldom
Almost Usually Frequently Today
Tomorrow Next year Outdoors So
Yesterday Next week Towards Too
Now Next month Upwards Very
Last year Next night Backwards Quite
Last week Inside Forwards Rather
Last month Outside Much
Last night Indoors Little
Cats don't usually walk backwards.
The ship sailed westwards.
He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.
The child went indoors.
He lived and worked abroad.
The child ran towards his mother.
He came to me last night. He is playing now.
Nick is waiting outdoors.
RAVISHLAR DARAJALANISHDA SIFATLARGA O’XSHAYDI FAQAT FARQI
FE’LDADIR.
Agar fe’l 15 talik bo’lsa Sifat darajalanishi bo’ladi.
Agar fe’l barcha bo’lsa ravish darajalanishi bo’ladi.
Degrees of comparison in adverbs
Adverb Comparative Superlative
hard harder the hardest
late later the latest
fast faster the fastest
much
high
straight
long
early
low
badly worse worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
little less least
well better best
Равишларнинг орттирма даражасида The артикли ишлатилади агарда OF булса,

булмаса артиклсиз ишлатилади.
My friend works the most of all the pupils.
My friend works most among my friends.
Хамма ly кушимчали равишлар даражаланишда куйидагича булади

Оддий Киёсий Ортирма
quietly more quietly most quietly
slowly more slowly most slowly
seriously more seriously most seriously
Easily More easily (the)Most easily
Beautifully More beautifully Most beautifully
Calmly More calmly Most calmly
Seriously More seriously Most seriously
Widely More widely Most widely
Равишларнинг ортирма даражасида The артикли ишлатилади агарда OF булса,

булмаса артиклсиз ишлатилади.
The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
Could you sing more quietly please?
He works more industriously than Akmal.
Feruza spoke more quickly than Risolat
The sun shone more brightly than yesterday
ISTISNO! : wide open – keng ochiq well known – widely known
Set free – ozod qilmoq wide spread - keng tarqalgan
The bravest of the brave – kuchlidan kuchli
Sifatlarning ketma-ketligi.
Agar sifatlar birdan ortiq bo`lsa, ya’ni 2 va undan ortiq sifatlar o`zining ketma-ketligiga
ko`ra joylashtiriladi. Bunda ular ma’lum qoidaga bo`ysunadi.
Sifatlar 2 xil bo`ladi. Ularning birinchisi fikr sifatlari (opinion adjectives), ikkinchisi es
fakt sifatlari (fact adjectives).
Opinion adjectives -> bu turdagi sifatlar shunchaki fikr yuritishda ishlatiladi. Ular bilan
boshqa bir kishi fikr yuritishda boshqasini tanlashi yoki rozi bo`lmasligi mumkin.
nice Good bad beautiful interesting boring hardworking
dull Clever important wonderful Easy difficult famous
light Brave wise stupid Ugly handsome impolite
foolish Silly safe polite Cheap lazy delicious
Dirty Clean Horribly
Fact adjectives -> bu turdagi sifatlar konkret tushunchaga ega bo`lib, ularning belgilari
ma’lumdir. Bu belgilar otlarning hajmini, uzunligini, yoshini, temperaturasini, shaklini,
millatini … nima maqsadda ekanligini bildiradi.
Big Black Expensive High Broad Huge Fat
Large Red Cold Short Old Enormous Thin
Tall Deep Small Shallow Hot Wast ….
Low Young Little Narrow Round Wide
Izoh: Agar bir otdan oldin uning bir necha xususiyatini tasvirlash uchun bir nechta
sifatdan foydalanmoqchi bo`lsak, ushbu jadvaldan foydalanamiz. Ketma – ket kelgan
sifatlar hech qanday tinish belgilarisiz hamda bog`lovchilarsiz bog`lanadi.
1. opinion
2. hajm
3. shakl
4. yosh, temperature
5. rang
6. millat
7. din
8. material
9. –ing maqsad + ot.
a) Barcha uzunlikni bildiruvchi quyidagi sifatlar hajm guruhiga kiradi:
Long/ short/ high/ tall/ low
b) Barcha kenglikni bildiruvchi quyidagi sifatlar shakl guruhiga kiradi:
wide/ narrow/ broad/ thin/ fat/ stou
c) Barcha chuqurlikni bildiruvchi quyidagi so`zlar shakl guruhiga mansub:

deep/ shallow
 Agar ketma-ketlik rang bilan berilgan bo`lsa, yoki bir guruhga kiruvchi sifatlar bilan
berilgan bo`lsa, bu tinish belgisi yoki bog`lovchi (and) qo`yiladi.
F.ex. She wore a white and green dress.

I saw red and green flag.
 Agar ketma ketlik fe’ldan keyin otsiz kelsa, tinish belgilari yoki bog`lovchi qo`yiladi:
F.ex. The horse was beautiful and big.
Quite/ rather (juda).
Quite -> o`zbek tiliga juda deb tarjima qilinadi. Quite dan keyin ijobiy sifatlar
qo`llaniladi.
Quite + ijobiy sifat -> quite beautiful/ interesting
Quite + a/an + sifat + birlikdagi + ot This is quite a beautiful flower.

sanaladigan Tom is quite an amusing boy.
Agar sifatdan keyin ot kelmasa a/an qo`yilmaydi. -> Tom is quite amusing.
Quite+ wrong/right/true/safe/extraordinary/impossible/sure/certain/amusing –
mutlaqo …
Rather ->o`zbek tiliga juda deb tarjima qilinadi. Lekin rather salbiy sifatlar bilan birga
keladi.
Rather + salbiy sifat -> rather ugly/ bad/ cold/ hot/ boring
a/an + rather + sifat + birlikdagi + ot Rather + a/an + sifat + birlikdagi + ot
sanaladigan sanaladigan
F.ex. a rather hot day = rather a hot day
Sanalmaydigan yoki ko`plik otlar qatnashgan gapda hamda otsiz gaplarda a/an
ishlatilmaydi.
These are rather strange. They are rather difficult tasks. It is rather cold water.
+ing/ +ed adjectives.

Juft sifatlar 2 xil bo`ladi. Ulardan biri –ing qo`shimchasi bilan tugasa, ikkinchisi –ed
qo`shimchasi bilan tugaydi.
Interesting Shocking Frightening Fascinating Pleasing

Boring Disgusting Horrifying Amusing Delighting
Tiring Embarrassing Exciting Astonishing Satisfying
Amazing Confusing Annoying Terrifying Alarming
Agar gapning egasi predmet bo`lsa, biz predmetga

Smth + V + adjective+-ing
nisbatan uning qandayliginiko`rsatish uchun –ing bilan tugagan sifat ishlatamiz.
Agar gapning egasi shaxs bo`lsa, biz shaxsga nisbatan uning qay
holatda ekanligini ko`rsatish uchun –ed bilan tugagan sifat
Smb + V + adjective+-ed ishlatamiz.
Math is interesting. I am interested in Math.
I find politics boring. Mike is shocked by the news.
The news was shocking.
Istisno: Ba’zan Smb + V + ing Why are you boring?

Why are you bored?
Jane is bored, because her job is boring.
*Is the man speaking attentive/attentively? Chunki bu yerda to be bor.

*He speaks fluent English. He speaks English fluently.
Pronouns (Olmoshlar)
Olmoshlar quyidagi turlarga bo`linadi:
1. Personal pronouns (kishilik olmoshlari)

2. Possessive pronouns (egalik olmoshlari)
3. Reflexive pronouns (o`zlik olmoshlari)
4. Demonstrative pronouns (ko`rsatish olmoshlari)
5. Interrogative pronouns (so`roq olmoshlari)
6. Indefinite pronouns (gumon olmoshlari)
7. Negative pronouns (bo`lishsizlik olmoshlari)
8. Reciprocal pronouns (nisbiy olmoshlar)
Personal pronouns.
a) Personal pronouns – gapda ega vazifasida keladi hamda o`zidan keyin fe’l talab qiladi.
Bu olmoshlar kim?, nima? So`rogìga javob beradi.
I – men We - biz
He – u (o`gìl bola) You - siz
She – u (qiz bola) They - ular
It – u (predmet)
Tom asked me several questions -> He asked me several questions.
It – predmet va hayvonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

Lekin: Ba’zi adabiyotlarda ba’zi hayvon va jisnlarga nisbatan ularning nozikligi,
go`zalligi sababli it o`rniga she ishlatiladi. Bu holat TEST da qo`llanilmaydi.
The Titanic was huge. She sailed slowly.
Eslatma: Telefonda javob berganda shaxsga nisbatan it ishlatiladi:

- Who is speaking?
- It’s me, John.
They olmoshi ham predmetga, ham kishilarga, ham hayvonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
Where are your books? They are under the bed.
b) To`ldiruvchi vazifasidagi olmoshlar ham Personal pronouns tarkibiga kiradi.

Kimni? Kimga? Nimani?/ga/dan
Me – meni/ga/dan us – bizni/ga/dan
Him – uni/unga/undan (o`gìl) you – sizni/dan/ga
Her – uni/unga/undan (qiz) them – ularni/ga/dan
It – uni/unga/undan
Bu olmoshlar o`zidan keyin emas, balki o`zidan oldin predlog yoki fe’l bilan birga
keladi.
This story is about Mike and Tim -> This story is about them.
Look at Jane -> Look at her.
She is like my father -> She is like him.
Possessive pronouns.
Possessive pronouns – gapdagi vazifasi aniqlovchi bo`lib, otdan oldin keladi. Bu
olmoshlar tarkibida –ning qo`shimchasi bo`ladi. Bu olmoshlardan keyin doim ot keladi:
My – mening our - bizning
His – uning (o`gìl) your - sizning its -uning
Her – uning (qiz) their - ularning
F.ex. My friend came to see me. Mening do`stim meni ko`rishga keldi.
`s – ning degan ma’noni bildiradi.

Tom’s father was a doctor 5 years ago. -> Tomning otasi 5 yil oldin doktor edi
The man’s uniform surprised me. -> U kishining formasi meni hayratlantirdi.
s’ – larning degan ma’noda keladi.

The students’ exam papers have already been checked. ->Talabalarning test qogòzlari
allaqachon tekshirildi.
b) egalik olmoshlari –niki degan ma’noda keladi va quyidagi ko`rinishda bo`ladi:

mine – meniki theirs - ularniki
yours – sizniki his – uniki (o`gìl) its – uniki (predmet)
ours - bizniki hers – uniki (qiz)
Bu olmoshlar o`zidan keyin ot olmaydi. Agar gapda ще kelsa, shu otni qaytib
takrorlamaslik uchun bu olmoshlardan foydalaniladi.
This book is yours, but where is mine?

This is Tom’s pen and that one is hers.
My town is old and what can you say about yours?
Can I use your pen? I have left mine at home.
Xatlarda: Sincerely yours, Tom.
A house of hers/ A castle Dracula’s/ A dog of my sister’s friend’s son’s
Reflexive pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns -> birlikda –self, ko`plikda –selves qo`shimchasi bilan birga keladi.
Myself – mening o`zim yourself – sen o`zing (birlik)

Himself – uning o`zi (o`gìl) yourselves – siz o`zingiz (ko`plik)
Herself – uning o`zi (qiz) themselves – ularning o`zi
Itself – uning o`zi (predmet) ourselves – bizning o`zimiz
O`zlik olmoshi - gap boshida kelgan ega bilan moslashishi kerak, ya’ni gapdagi ega
o`sha ish-harakatni o`zi bajarganligini bildirishi kerak.
Tom carried the bag himself.
I found this place myself.
O`zlik olmoshi birdan egadan keyin kelishi ham mumkin. Bunda egaga nisbatan kuchliroq
ma’no beriladi.
I myself did the task. -> men o`zim vazifani bajardim.

He himself studied first -> Uning o`zi birinchi o`rgandi.
The dog buried the hole itself -> Itning o`zi chuqurni qazidi.
Ba`zan gapda 2 ta ot bo`ladi va ma`nosiga qarab, boshidagi olmoshga emas, ikkinchi
otga nisbatan o`zlik olmoshi ishlatiladi.
I liked the actors in this movie but I didn`t like the movie itself.
I like meals and drinks in paties but I don`t like paties themselves.
I liked the colour but I didn`t like the shoes themselves.
Istisno holat: This man is goodness itself. This woman is richness itself.
Quyidagi fe`llardan keyin o`zlik olmoshi olinmaydi:

wash concentrate shave Lekin: I washed my face.
dress bring relax I washed the car myself.
change remember meet I am enjoying myself.
complain rest stand up
decide sit down wake up
hide bring settle take feel
He shaves in the morning.
I met Tom`s family.
Tom should concentrate on subjects.
Reciprocal pronouns.
Reciprocal pronouns -> each other/one another (bir-birini/bir-biriga).

Each other -> 2 kishi yoki predmet orasida.
One another-> 2 va undan ortiq (hamma holatlarda ishlatiladi).
F:e: The staff in our office respect one another.
The 2 boys greeted each other (one another).
3 girls wanted to see one another (each other).
The 2 boys are looking at each other/themselves in the mirror. (mirror borligi uchun)
Indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns -> some.

Ma`nolari: 1) gap boshida kelsa ba`zi deb tarjima qilinadi.
2) gap o`rtasida kelsa biroz, bir qancha, bir necha deb tarjima qilinadi.
Sanaladigan ko`plik ot bilan keladi, yoki sanalmaydigan otlarga ishlatiladi.
F:e: Some people believe that it is true to do it.
Some students have been awarded.
I need some water. We discussed some issues.
Bo`lishli gaplarda asosan some keladi. Aslida so`roq gaplarda some o`rniga any
ishlatiladi, lekin 3 o`rinda gap so`roq bo`lsa ham some keladi.
a) iltimos qilib so`ralganda: (1)
F:e: Will you lend me some money?
Can you do some thing for me?
Will you stay here some time?
Can you go some where with me? (bir joyga)
Lekin: some day/some time (biror vaqt….)
I`ll visit you some day.
I`ll visit you some time in the future.
We will meet some day in June. -> Biz iyunning biror kunida uchrashamiz.
Bu so`roq gaplarda any ishlatib bilmaymiz. Chunki any biror bir ya`ni noaniq
ma`noga ega.
b) taklif ma`nosida kelishi: (2)
F:e: Would you like some coffee?
Do you want to eat some fruit?
Would you like some tea/cake…..?
c) shunday savol berilsinki, “ha” javobi aniq bo`lsa, “ha” javobni kutgan holda…..
(3)
F:e: What are you doing under the table? Are you looking for something?
Why is your eye red? Is there something in it?
! 3-qoida bo`yicha testda some va any kelsa, any kuchliroq.
! Ba`zan testda 3 holatdan tashqari boshqa savollar keladi, any bilan bo`lgan javob
variantda bo`lmasa, some olinishi kerak.
Someone/somebody/something/somewhere/somehow=>birlik kesim ishlatiladi.
Something has happened. I`ll find it somewhere.
I`ll find it somehow. Something is wrong with her.
Someone is waiting for you.
them
us
the films
Some of their friends => ko`plik kesim ishlatiladi.
my classmates
…………..
Some of them have arrived.
Some people are already ready for the party.
Some- olmosh bilan o`zgartirilsa, they, them, their olmoshlariga almashadi.
Any => biror bir, inkor gapda birorta ham degan ma`noni beradi.
Some => darak gapda keladigan bo`lsa, shu ma`nodagi gaplar so`roq va inkor gapga
aylantirilganda any ishlatiladi. (asosan)
F:e: I have some books to read and do you have any?
- Yes, I have some
- No, I haven`t any.
Did you go anywhere yesterday? You didn`t help him anyhow.
Any- darak gapda ham keladi, bunda xohlagan bir (любой) ma`nosida ishlatiladi.
Tom said he could answer any my questions. (Tom xohlagan savolimga javob berishini
aytdi)
I`ll go anywhere with you any time you want.
Anyone can do it. You can ask anybody about it.
Anyone/anybody/anything/anywhere/anyhow=> birlik kesim ishlatiladi.
Does anybody know the answer? Any person knows about it.
Any girl is sure about it.
Any dan keyin ko`plik va brlik ot kelishi mumkin.
I haven`t seen any person. I haven`t seen any people.
! Shart ergash gaplarda ya`ni if dan keyin any olmoshi ishlatiladi. Testda ba`zan any
javob bo`lmasa, some bilan bo`ladigan javob to`g`ri keladi.
F:e: If you see any of my friends, tell them I am here.
If you have any(biron bir) time…………..
If you know any information about Jack, tell us.
agar ma’nosida o`zidan keyin (shall, will, some)= any
If mi? ma’nosida o`zidan keyin (shall, will, some) oladi. Lekin so`roq gap bo`lsa
yana any ishlatiladi.
I wonder if he will come.
I don`t know if something is wrong with Jack.
He didn`t go anywhere.
Did you know if he had gone anywhere? (so`roq gapda)
I wonder if somebody will come here – darak gapda kelishi.
Any- olmosh bilan o`zgartirilsa, they, them, their olmoshlariga almashadi.
If you see any of my relatives, inform them about my party.
F:e: Anyone can do it, can`t they?
Anybody should know their language very well.
If anyone asks me, tell them I am out.
! Ba`zi so`zlarning tarkibida ,,not” bo`lmasa ham, baribir bo`lishsiz so`z sanaladi. Shu
so`zlar uchragan darak gaplarda any qo`llaniladi.
reject never hardly scarcely seldom neither
refuse without barely rarely no sooner nothing
no one (none)
F:e: I refused to say anything.
Tom has never been to any foreign country.
Tom left the room without say anything.
Any bilan kesimning kelishi: Any dan keyin ot ko`plik bo`lsa kesim ham ko`plik bo`ladi,
lekin ko`pincha birlik oladi.
Any boy was to do that. Any children were able to do it.
Any student is able to do it. Any child is to be taken there.
Any time was convenient for us.
No/none- hech bir, biror bir deb tarjima qilinadi.
No+noun None+noun
No men can work here. I have no friend to talk with.

I have no money left. No student has failed. I have no time.
No one/nobody/nothing=> birlik kesim.
No+birlik ot +birlik kesim
No student has taken 5. Nobody is here yet.
He went nowhere.
No they
Nobody olmoshga o`zgarganda them o`zgaradi
No one their
No+noun=none
Do you have any friend? I have none =(no friend)
- Did you learn any word today? Have you got any brothers?
- I`ve learnt none =(no word). I have none= (no brother).
Yakka kelishi:
How much time do you have? None=(no time).
Which of these students can type? None=(no student).
бирлик от a +бирлик от
No + куплики от not + any + kуплик от
Саналмайдиган от any + саналмайдиган от
I have no pen I have not a pen
No cars are allowed in the city centre. I have not a friend
We had to walk home because there was no There wasn't a bus.
bus. I have not any friends
Nadir has no dogs Anora has not any milk
Anora has no milk There weren't any shops open
There were no shops open. I haven't got any time
I can't talk to you now. I've got no time.
None/neither – hech biri deb tarjima qilinadi.
Neither – ikkalasi ham emas(hech biri) deb tarjima qilinadi (2 kishi/predmetga)
Which of these 2 boys can speak Italian well? Neither of them.
Do you know English or French? I know neither of them.
Are you Russian or Tadjick? Neither, I am uzbek.
None – uch va undan ortiq kishi/shaxs/hayvon bo`lsa ishlatiladi.
Which of these 3 languages do you know? None of them
Neither of them
None=> olmosh bilan o`zgarganda they/them/their ga almashadi.
None of these boys brought their copy books.
None of dan keyin yoki the yoki olmosh kelishi kerak.
None of dan keyin doim ko`plik ot kelishi kerak.
Some of my
Any of his friends
None of Tom`s students
Each of + Pronoun them/ their + noun (plural) rooms + ko`plik kesim
Both of they /these books (ba’zilari birlik kesim)
Neither of the… dogs
All of them /their
Several of us
Of bilan kelishi:
Some of boys -> some of the boys
None of / neither + noun+ birlik kesim

Bazan kesim ko`plikda kelsa ham xato
emas
- Do we have any bread?
- None is left.
None of my friends has come.
Every of + noun+ birlik kesim. Everyone of them – everybody of them
Of ning tushib qolishi:
Some of the boys = some boys.
None of the students = none student = no student.
Several of my films = several films.
Both of my girls = both girls.
Both- ikkalasi deb tarjima qilinadi.
Do you have a pen or a pencil?
I have both (of them)
I have 2 brothers. Both of them are students.
There are 2 big cities in this country. I visited both of them.
Both……and……. Both Bob and his friend are here.
Ham……ham…… Both my father and my mother like watermelon.
Both my relatives and my friends were invaded.
Both
Both of + ko`plik kesim
Both…and…
Both…..and……as well as. F:e: I prefer both tennis and football as well as golf.
Ham…..ham…..shuningdek.
As well (as) -> yakka holda ham keladi. (shuningdek)
As well as dagi as gap oxirida kelsa as tushib qoladi.
Tom is clever as well as kind. (and o`rniga ishlatilgan)
Either- ikkalasidan biri, xohlaganidan biri. Either girl=either of the girls

F:e: There are two good restaurant in Bukhara. We can go to either of them.
You can take either of these pens, both (of them) write well.
Any/either- xohlagan ma`nosida.
We can go to any restaurant. => 2 va undan ortiq.
We can go to either restaurant. => 2 tadan birtasiga.
Either…..or + birlik ot+birlik kesim
(Yoki….yoki..) Either Tom or Jack is right.
Either….or…+ plural noun + ko`plik kesim.
Either Tom or his parents are against.
F:e: You can travel either on foot or by car.
- I visited either New York or Washington.
- Aren`t.
Neither…..nor+birlik ot+ birlik kesim
( Na……na…)
Neither grammar nor listening is difficult for me.
Neither….nor…+ plural noun +ko`plik kesim
Neither Bob nor his friends have been invited.
F:e: You can read neither this book nor that one.
Both us/they/you
Eithe + of + the boys
Neither my students
Every/each => har, har bir deb tarjima qilinadi va bulardan keyin birlik kesim
ishlatiladi. Every chegaralanmagan, each esa chegaralangan ma’noga nisbatan
ishlatiladi.
F:e: Every country has its goverment. Every student wants to succed.
Each/Every students has their paper bags. Each body
Everybody/everything/everytime/everyone/everywhere + birlik kesim.
Is everybody here? Everything was Ok.
Everyone of + ko`plik ot + birlik kesim.
Every one of them knows the answer. Every one of my friends has arrived.
Each of + ko`plik ot + birlik kesim.
Each of the books was written. Each of them is to know about it.
Everyone/everybody kishiga nisbatan every one narsa (predmet) ga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
What / that
Noun +that (oldingi otni ifodalasa).
Noun + what oldin ot kelmaydi chunki what tarkibida noun+that bo`ladi.
Everything that was said.
Do you remember what I said (the words that I said)
Did you bring me what you promised?
Why did you forget to bring me the chocolate that you promised.
Nothing that was sold was originated.
All => hamma deb tarjima qilinadi va ko`plik kesim oladi.
All of us know the language. All the students have passed.
Istisno holat: all is not gold that glitters.(??????)
all about => .........haqida hamma narsa.
He told me all about his journey.
All – yagona narsa degan ma`noda birlik kesim.
All I have eaten is a piece of bread. All I have drunk was 3 bottle of juice.
All I have got is 50 dollars. All I like about these flats is that they are
comfortable and cheap.
All => birlik yoki sanalmaydigan ot bilan kelib butun degan ma’noni beradi va birlik
kesim oladi.
All the book was interesting (the whole) –> Butun kitob qiziqarli.
All the books were interesting –> kitoblar.
I worked all day –> butun kun.
I worked all those days. All my life depends on. All the money was stolen.
The whole = All.
1. Whole –>ko`pincha birlik sanaladigan ot bilan keladi. Sanalmaydigan ot
qo`yilmaydi.
Have you read all the book? = Have you read the whole book?
The whole day bo`ladi, bu esa all day bo`ladi.
2. Whole –> bir o`zi kelmaydi. Quyidagilar bilan keladi.
The a whole story

A the whole day
My + whole + noun she has spent all day time in spain.
Tom’s
......
3. Whole –> odatda sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatilmaydi.
The whole money = all the money
The whole time = all the time= all time.
“S” ni ma’nosi: 1) otni takrorlamaslik

2) ko`plik
F.e. : I asked one student then the other student/one.
Every, all, the, whole + vaqt

Every + vaqt => har..... all + vaqt => butun.....
Every 2 days/3weeks.... all day/week/month/all year round
Every week/month...... all day long = all day
The whole + vaqt => butun.......
The whole morning / the whole day / the whole year.........
Izoh: all dan keyin day/time/......payt ravishlari kelganda, aslida the artikli olmaydi.
Lekin zamondagi aniq vaqt bo`lib kelsa the oladi.
He asked me difficult questions all the time when he was.
We have been learning the language all year round.
All the year seemed boring to me.
All books – barcha umumiy kitoblar Whole subjects- All ma’nosida
All the books – aniq bir jodagi kitoblar
another = an + other – boshqa birtasi (birlikda, sanaladigan ot ishlatiladi).
the other = the rest – qolgan bittasi.
Other => other = other + noun – 2 va undan ortiq (ko`plik yoki sanalmaydigan).
Other bir o`zi kelmaydi.
others – boshqalari (ko`plikda, o`zidan keyin ot olmaydi).
the others – qolganlari (ko`plikda va o`zidan keyin ot olmaydi).
Some people believe that it should be.
Others believe that it should be.(other people)
Some students ........ others.......(other students)
The other teachers.
Another – ko`p narsa ichidan boshqa bir/ bitta boshqasi deb tarjima qilinadi.
a) I examined the group. Nasiba couldn`t answer. I asked another student.
b) At the shop: This pen doesn`t write, please, give me another one.
c) An + other
d) Birik sanaladigan ot.
e) Another + noun/one. Another one is yours / another is yours.
Another dan keyin son va few keladi yoki a few other bo`ladi.
The other + one/ones
Lekin: son dan keyin “other” keladi.
Every no other
No + other + even other
Even another (bo`lishi ham mumkin)
Every other day/week/month – через день….

Other = another+ko`plik, other + ko`plik ot yoki sanalmydigan ot.
Another – bittani ko`plik ichidan,
Other – shuning ko`pligi, lekin qolgani emas.
Others –noun olmaydi.
Other + noun/ones.
Some people say it is right. Others say it`s wrong.
There are full group of students. The 1 st one is 7A, other 2 groups 7B and 7C, the other
on is 7D.
The other – qolgani oxirgisi. (masalan: 2 taning 2chisi, 4taning 4chisi)
The other – ham sanaladigan, ham sanalmaydigan.
The other + noun/ones
The other + S, noun olmaydi.
There are 2 girls: one is Dilnoza the other is Aziza.
I divided the group into 4 teams: the 1 st 2 teams were for, the others were againts.
A friend of mine = my friend by myself all by myself
A friend of Tom`s = Tom`s friend on my own by my own
A book of yours = your book. by me alone
(niki qo`shimchalari)
friend mine my friend
a + book + of + hers = her book
house Tom`s Tom`s house
dog my friend`s
my own / his own / their own + noun – harakatni o`zi qilganligini ko`rsatadi.
She cuts her own hair = o`zi kesadi sochini.
Do you grow your own vegetables = siz o`zingiz o`stirasizmi?
Did you cut your hair? — sochingizni o`zingiz kestingizmi?
On my own => men o`zim = alone=> yolgìz o`zim.
On her/his/Tom’s/your own = by herself/himself/yourself/ourselves = by me/her/him
alone
Jack was sitting on his own. Tom did the project by him alone.
Did you go there on your own = by yourself(by yourselves)
,, ‘ “ bilan of ning farqi :

a) Odatda ,, ‘ ” kishilar, hayvonlardan keyin qo`yiladi.
Odatda of predmetlar bilan keladi.
The door of the room = the room`s door / the button of my coat.
b) Ba`zi gaplarda biz birinchi otda ham ,, ‘ “ ko`rishimiz mumkin, lekin asosan
predmetlar of bilan keladi.
The book`s Title = The Title of the book.
c) ,, ‘ “ qo`yiladi, qachonki birinchi ot biron bir organization bo`lsa, a group of
people, jamlanma.
The goverment`s desition = The desition of the goverment.
Bunday holatda ,, ‘ “ ham of ham qo`ysak bo`ladi.
d) Joylardan keyin ,, ‘ “ oladi (place + ‘s)
The city`s new theatre. ....s`/....s`s.
Britain`s system of goverment.
The world`s population. James`= James`s.
Italy`s the largest city.
e) Birdan ortiq ot kelganda, ,, ‘ “ oxirgi otga tushadi.
F:e: Jack with Jame`s wedding.
Mr and Mrs Camter`s house.
f) Payt ravishlarining ,,`s” ishlatiladi.
Tomorow`s -> newspaper. Today`s news.
Meeting was cancelled. This evening’s epontments. Next week`s issues.
Place/time/city/country/ship/world + `s bilan keladi.
The “Neva”`s captain
One – otni o`rniga keladigan, uni qaytib ishlatilmaslik uchun qo`llaniladi.

This one is yours.
Another one is yours.
Other ones are old.
These ones are yours.
Older ones were left at home = older books.
Do you know anything about this tribe?
The one (thing) I know that they were…..
Which one / of them do you like best? Your mother or your father.
Which one — hayvon, predmetlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

Who, which, that – ikkinchi ma`nosi qaysiki, o`zidan oldingi otni izohlab keladi.
Who- shaxsni tariflash uchun ishlatiladi,shaxsga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

The man who is smoking is Mark.
Mark who got a sscholarship, went abroat yesterday.
The Browns who were our neighbors.
Predloglik fe’llar kelsa, quyidagicha bo`ladi.

The man on whom we depend = The man who we depend on.
Tom is the man for whom I’m looking = Tom is the man who I’m looking for.
Which-predmet va hayvonlardan keyin keladi. Ko`pincha izohlab kelinsa (verguldan

keyin) ishlatiladi.
The dog which is barking is Tom`s.
The table which you bought, has just been broken.
That- ham kishilarga/ hampredmet/ham hayvonga ishlatiladi.

That – qo`shimcha ma’lumotdan keyin ishlatiladi.
The man that you have just seen is the president of the company.
The cat that yo have found is Mrs Brown`s.
The tree that grows in my garden gives a lot of =lots of fruit.
All that you know / Everything that you know
Agar aniqlovchiga izoh berilsa: whose dan foydalanamiz.

Whose – his, their, her, our,.......+ noun.
Whose – qaysiki deb tarjima qilinadi, kishiga ham narsaga ham ishlatiladi.(izohlovchi
aniqlovchi)
This is John, his parents live in Parij.= John whose parents live in Parij.
Savolda: qaysining, kimning deb tarjima qilinadi.
Mr. Brown whose money was stolen is our neighboor.
Mr. Brown whose students are clever is getting party.
Who + V
Whose + noun
Predlog gap oxirida kelsa, that keladi.

The town that I like to travel on.
Where – joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Place + where

The hotel wasn`t tidy. I stayed there. The hotel where I stayed wasn`t tidy.
The park where children go. The school where I study.
The town where I live is beautiful.
Lekin where qo`yiladi qachonki joyga nisbatan qayerga/qayerda deb savol berilsa.
Agar joy ega vazifasida kelsa, unda that yoki which ishlatiladi.
Where do you live?
Where did you stay?
The table broken is ancient. (which was/that was)
The reason I am learning English is simple. (which)
The man I saw was quite intelligent. (whom)
The school that /which I wanted to study is school 9.
The placethat/ which I like most is Labi Hovuz.
Agar gap oxirida predlog kelsain/at bazan on where o`rniga that ishlatiladi.
The country that I was born in
The school that I study at
Why – sababga nisbatan, nima uchun deb tarjima qlinadi.

The reason why I`m here is that I want to talk with you.
Sababga nisbatan ba`zan that ham ishlatiladi.
The reason why I`m phoning you, that the reason I want to see you.
That/Why – tushub qolish sabablari:

The town I live is Bukhara. = where tushub qoladi.
The school I studied at is very famous.
When – vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, qachon deb tarjima qilinadi.

July is the time when people go swimming more and more.
Monday is the day when student start their studies at univesity.
September is the period when you can start your study.
Quyidagi izohlovchilar ko`pincha tushirib qoldirilsa, ham ma’nosi saqlanadi, faqatgina

whose tushib qolmaydi. Chunki unga ot bog`lanib keladi.
The boy who I met yesterday = The boy I met yesterday.
The town where I was born = The town I was born.
All
Both
None
Much
Most
(a) Few whom(shaxsga nisbatan).
(a) Little + of +
Half which (predmet,hayvonga nisbatan).
Each
Neither
Either
One
Two
3/4
1. I have 2 friends. Neither of them married yet.

I have 2 friends neither of whom are married yet.
! 2 ta sodda gapni, 1 ta qo`shma gapga aylanadi.
2. Tom bought a lot of discs all of which were original. (sodda gap bo`lsa all of them).
3. I have 3 hens, none of them lay eggs.(sodda gap)
I have 3 hens one of which lays big eggs.(qo`shma gap)
4. I met several people all of whom I had seen before.
5. Tom has 2 brother both of whom went to study abroad.
Another + time – yana biroz vaqt
Another 10 minutes of thought got me no closer to an answer .
Which – va bu deb tarjima qilinadi.
Jim passed the exam which surprised me.
He visited me with a bunch of flower which made me happy.
I kept silence which made him angry.
To`ldiruvchiga izoh berganda whom – kimni, kimga deb tarjima qilinadi.
The man whom I decided to visit lekin whom o`rniga who ham kelishi mumkin.
The man who I decided to visit.
The woman whom i lent money. = Who I lent money. = I lent money.
1. Who / that + preposition. (who – ham ega, ham to`ldiruvchi)
The professor I am going to talk about is Mr. Brown. = The professor who I am going to
talk about.
Do you know the girl who Tom is looking for.
The bus that I wanted to get on was full.
2.Preposition + whom / which.
2) This is a knife with which I want to cut bread. = ( s kotorom).
1) This is the knife that I want to cut bread with.
2) The man about whom I am talking is Tom. = (o kotorom).
1) The man who I am talking about is Tom.
2) The bus by which I arrived was full.
1) The bus, that I arrived by (by ning o`rniga on,in,for olinmaydi), was full.(na kotorom).
Noy only ...... but also / Na faqat ... va yana qolaversa.
F:e: Not only Tom could lift it but also Jack.
Grammar is not only difficult but it is also time cosurming.
One – hamma, inkorda hech kim deb tarjima qilinadi.
One can never cheat during the exam.
One can not be confident about the future.
One should study hard to reach the goal.
There is / there are Vs it
Ob havoga nisbatan it ishlatiladi. It is going to rain.
Agar gapda of kelsa ham it ishlatiladi.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is of no use crying over spilt milk.
There is/are + noun + place(ko`pincha).
Ma`nosi bor, mavjud deb tarjima qilinadi. O`rin-joy tushib qolsa ham ma’no saqlanadi.
There are some mistakes in your notebook.
Ba`zan tushib qolsa ham, ma`nosi saqlanadi.(place)
I checked your notebook, there is a mistake in it.
In Bukhara there are many animals = Bukhara has many animals.
On the Farm there are many hens = Farm has many hens.
Bor degan ma’noda there is/are ishlatiladi.

There are some mistakes in your dictation.
Bu degan ma’noda it is bo`ladi.

It is mistake/wrong.
There is/are + adj + Noun It is/was + adj
Has/ have & there is/are

Demak, o`rin joyni bildiruvchi predlog kelsa, there is/are olinadi.
In Bukhara there are many monuments.
There is/are da ega va kesimning moslashuvi:
There is a pen, 2 pencils in the bag.
There are 2 pencils, a pen on the table.
Demotrative prnouns. (This/that/those/these)

This – ma`nosi: bu (birlikda). These – ma`nosi: ana bular (ko`plikda).
That – ma`nosi: o`sha, ana u (birlikda). Those – ana ular, o`sha....lar(ko`plikda).
This + time = this week/this year(Present Perfect, Present Cont)
That + time = that week/that year(Past Simple)
These + time = these days/these years(Past Simple, Past Cont)
Those + time = those days(Past Simple)
Those who know French are popular.
Those who don`t work hard are under control.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS.
1. General questions (Yes/ No questions)

Bu turdagi so`roq gaplar yordamchi yoki modal fe’llar bilan boshlanadi. “mi” –
so`rogìga javob beriladi va javob berish “Yes”, “No” ni talab qiladi.
F.ex. Have you been there? – Yes, I have.

Shall I begin? – do, please.
Would you please open the door? Yes, sure./ Certainly/ Why not?
Would you like a cup of tea? No, thanks
Can you please pass it? Yes, please
Yuqoridagicha savol berilganda ko`pchilik hollarda shall/could/would/can bilan javob
berilmaydi.
2. Special questions (Wh. questions/ Information questions)
What, Where, When, How often, who, which kabi so`zlar bilan boshlanadigan so`roq
gaplar maxsus so`roq gaplar deyiladi. Bunday so`roq gaplarga to`liq javob beriladi.
F.ex: What shall I have to do? I have to move ahead.
Who is waiting for you? Tom is.
Who? bilan savol berganda agar biz egaga savol bersak qisqa javob berishimiz mumkin.
Boshqa paytda to`liq javob talab qilinadi.
F.ex. -Who came to see you? -Tom did.

Who can swim? -I can.
Who is Mr. Brown? -I am.
Who? bilan biz to`ldiruvchiga savol bersak, to`liq javob beramiz. (kimni degan ma’noda)
-Who are you waiting for? ( Siz kimni kutayapsiz?)

-I’ m waiting for you. (Men sizni kutayapman)
 Savol qaysi zamonda va qanday yordamchi fe’l (modal fe’l) bilan berilayotgan
bo`lsa, o`sha zamon va o`sha yordamchi fe’l (modal fe’l) bilan javob beriladi.
Tom went to the shop to buy a cassette.
- Why did Tom go to the shop?
- Who went to the shop?
- Where did Tom go?
- What did Tom buy?
3. Alternative questions.
Or bilan yasalgan savollar, 2 kishi yoki narsadan birini tanlash uchun beriladi. Bu
savollar ham garchi yordamchi fe’l bilan boshlansa ham, to`liq javob talab qiladi.
Do you live in Tashkent or in Samarkand? -> I live in Samarkand.

Where do you study at college or at lyceum? -> I study at lyceum.
Does she like jogging or swimming? -> She likes jogging.
4. Tag questions (Disjunctive questions)
a) Tasdiq so`roq gaplar deb bir kishining o`zi aytgan gapiga o`zi tasdiq talab qilib
savol berishiga aytiladi. Ya’ni har bir aytgan oxirida shundaymi?, shunday
emasmi? deb tasdiq so`raydi.
b) Tasdiq so`roq gaplar ikki qismdan iborat bo`lib, 2 – qismdagi gapning egasi ya’ni
olmoshi 1-qismdagi gap boshidagi olmoshga bog`liq.
2 – qism birinchi qismdagi zamon va yordamchi fe’lga qarab o`zgaradi.
a)Agar tasdiq gapda 1-qism bo`lishli bo`lsa, 2-qism bo`lishsiz bo`ladi.
b)Agar tasdiq gapda 1-qism bo`lishsiz bo`lsa, 2-qism bo`lishli bo`ladi.
F. ex. a) Tom can swim, can’t he?

Mike and Tom speak Italian, don’t they?
Me and my friends used to speak Irish, didn’t they?
Tom must finish his work, mustn’t he?
Istisno holat: I am a pilot, aren’t I?

F.ex. b) Tom can’t walk, can he?
We mustn’t say so, must we?
Tom and his friends didn’t go swimming, did they?
Ba’zi fe’llarning qaysi ko`makchi fe’llar bilan ishlatilishi
Have (bor ma’nosida) do I have a car, don’t I?

Has does I don’t have a TV set, do I?
have breakfast/lunch; have a wash; have child; have a shower – do/does/did
Had -> (bor ma’nosida) did I had a DVD player, didn’t I?
Need/need to – do/does
I have got a car, haven’t I?
Have got - have He has got 2 children, hasn’t he?
Has got - has
Have to - (to`gri kelmoq) do She has to do it, doesn’t she
Has to - does I don’t have to check the documents, do I?
Had to - (to`g`ri keldi) did I had to go home, didn’t I?
Have got to - have He has got to drive home, hasn’t he?

Has got to - has I have got to solve the problem mayself, haven’t I?
Present perfect – have/has I haven’t seen her yet, have I?

Past perfect - had Tom had been in London by 1998, hadn’t he?
Tag questionga javob berish birinchi qismdagi gapga qarab bo`ladi. Agar biz tasdiq talab
qilayotgan kishiga ha gaping “to`g`ri” desak birinchi qism bo`lishli bo`lsa javob “Yes”
bilan bo`lishli gap yoziladi yoki “no” bilan bo`lishsiz bo`ladi.
Izoh: Ba’zi so`zlar tarkibida not bo`lmasa ham bo`lishsiz hisoblanadi. Bu gaplarning
ikkinchi qismi bo`lishli bo`ladi.
Never Neither Hardly No sooner Reject
Rarely Nothing Barely Refuse Without
Seldom No one (none) Scarcely Deny
I have never asked him about it, have I? – Neither have I.
Tom rarely visits supermarket, does he?
He works nowhere, does he?
Lekin: He went out without saying goodbye, didn`t he?
Izoh: Agar gap Let’s bilan boshlansa, bu gap bo`lishli bo`lsa ham, bo`lishsiz bo`lsa ham
uning 2-qismida shall we keladi.
Let’s ask it from the professor, shall we? Bunda ma’no so`raymizmi?, yaxshimi?,
Let’s not to do it, shall we? ma’qulmi? kabi bo`ladi
Izoh: Buyruq gaplar bo`lishlimi, bo`lishsizmi bo`lishidan qat’iy nazar quyidagi 3

holatdagi so`zlardan xohlaganini tanlash mumkin
Encourage your students to read more stories, will you?

Won’t you
Can you
Please paint the door more accurately, can you?
Istisno holat: Let us xuddi buyruq gapga o`xshab o`zgaradi.

Let us be alone for a moment, will you? Let us take it home, will you?
won’t you?
Can you?
“Let`s” apostrif bilan kelsa shall ishlatiladi. Lekin agar tasdiq talab qilayotgan kishining
gapiga qarshi chiqsak birinchi qismda bo`lishli gap bo`lsa javob qismi “No” bilan bo`lish-
siz bo`ladi yoki aksincha birinchi qism bo`lishsiz bo`lsa javob “Yes” bilan bo`lishli
bo`ladi.
The answers to Tag questions.
(Tag questions ga javoblar)
- Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, isn’t it?
- Yes, it is.
- Moscow is the capital of Uzbekistan, isn’t it?

- No, it is not.
- Tashkent is not the capital Of Uzbekistan, is it? (3)

- Yes, it is. ( yo`q, bunday emas)
(3) gapda berilgan savol faktga mos emas. Garchi javobda yes qatnashsa ham, bu 2-
kishining 1- kishining fikriga qo`shilmaganini bildiradi.
- Moscow isn’t the capital of Uzbekistan, is it?

- No, it isn’t.
Eslatma: Agar berilgan savolga (ya’ni fikrga) qo`shilsa, 1-qismdagi gap bo`lishli
bo`lsa, javob ham bo`lishli bo`ladi.
Agar qo`shilmasa, 1- qism bo`lishli bo`lsa javob bo`lishsiz bo`ladi.
- You are my best friend, aren’t you?

- Yes, I am. (ha)
- You are my friend, aren’t you?

- No, I’m not.
Agar 1 –qism bo`lishsiz bo`lsa, yuqoridagi holatning teskarisi bo`ladi.
- You are not my besfriend, are you?

- Yes, I am ( qo`shilmadi, men sening do`sting)
- Lola, you didn’t understand, did you?

- Yes, I did (qo`shilmadi) – No, I didn’t (qo`shildi)
- Bread is not taken with fork, is it?

- Yes, it is (qo`shilmaydi) - No, it isn’t (qo`shildi)
Short questions.
Izoh: Tag questions da bir kishi gapiradi va o`zi aytgan gapiga tasdiq talab qiladi. (2-
odamdan)
Short questions da bir kishi aytgan gapga 2-odam “rostdan shundaymi”,
“rostdanmi” deb tasdiq talab qiladi.
Izoh: Short questions ning Tag questions dan 2 farqi bunda 1-gap darak bo`lsa, 2-qism
ham
darak bo`ladi va aksincha.
Izoh: Zamon, yordamchi fe’l va modal fe’lga qarab savol beriladi. Olmosh esa aytilgan
gapga qarab o`zgaradi.
- I won a gold medal. - Tom can never be my friend.

- Did you? - Can’t he?
- You can lift it easily. - I seldom visit the Browns.

- Can I? - Don’t you?
- Students, you can all go home. - We have hardly heard your cry.
- Can we? - Have not you ?
- We shall miss you, if you go long.

- Will you?
Agreement.
Bu turdagi gaplar 2 xil bo`ladi.

a) Bo`lishli. b) bo`lishsiz
Tasdiq berishda so`zlovchining gapiga qarab tinglovchi yordamch yoki modal fe’l bilan
tasdiq qiladi.
yordamchi fe’l
Darak gap: So + Noun
modal fe’l
yordamchi fe’l
Inkor gap: Neither + Noun
modal fe’l (bo`lishli shaklda)
1) Darak gap: Noun + yordamchi fe’l + too/alsa

modal fe’l
2) Inkor gap: Subject + negative + either Inkor gaplarda (bo`lishisz tasdiq)

men yordamchi fe’l
ham emas, u ham emas degan ma’noda
keladi.
-Ken must be here by 7. - Mark is my best friend.

- So must you, Kate. - So is my friend.
- I tried on that jacket, but it didn’t fit me.

- Neither did it.
- We understood that’s why we didn’t want the teacher to explain again.

- So did we
- I need time to think. -We ought to remember
- So do you. - So ought we
Affirmative agreement Negative agreement

Булишли тасдик булишсиз тасдик
So+ёрдамчи ф. + S Neither + ёрд.ф.+ S
S+ ёрдамчи ф. + too S + ёрдам. Ф. + not + either
1.гапда ёрдамчи феъл булса ёрдамчи 1.гапда ёрдамчи феъл булса ёрдамчи
феъл узи ишлатилади феъл узи ишлатилади
Nodir will fly to New York tomorrow Nodir will not fly to New York tomorrow
So will Anora Neither will Anora
Anora will too Anora will not either
Nodira has done her homework Nodira has not done her homework
So have I Neither have I
I have too I have not either
2. агар гапда ёрдамчи феъл булмаса 2. агар гапда ёрдамчи феъл булмаса
биз гап замон ёрдамчи феълидан биз гап замон ёрдамчи феълидан
фойдаланамиз фойдаланамиз
Anvar went to the party yesterday Anvar did not go to the party yesterday
So did Anora Neither did Anora
Anora did too Anora did not either
I had a meal at 5 I didn’t have a meal at 5
So did Anvar Neither did I
Anvar did too I did not either
Akmal had done his work by 5 Akmal had not done his work by 5
So had Nodira Neither had Nodira
Nodira had too Nodira had not either
I play football very well I don’t play football very well
So does Anora Neither does Anora
Anora does too Anora doesn’t either
3. модал феъл булса узи колади
Nodir can do it Nodir can’t do it
So can I Neither can I
I can too I can’t either
Nodir must do it at once Nodir mustn’t do it at once
So must Anora Neither must Anora
Anora must too Anora mustn’t either
Изох have (has) to + V1 ------- Have (has) got to + V1 ----have/has
Do/does
I have to go home I have got to go home
So does Anora Neither has Anora
Anora does too Anora hasn’t either
Seldom, rarely, hardly, never сузлари I seldom smoke a cigarette
Билан булишсиз тасдик ишлатилади Neither does Anvar
Anvar doesn’t either
Anvar hardly sees anything
Neither do I
I don’t either
2. - Tom didn’t want us to invite to the party.

- Neither did Zarina. -> Zarina didn’t either.
- The window can’t be repaired.

- Neither the door be. -> The door can’t be either.
- Marry can’t sew anything.

- Neither can I -> I can’t either
Make up dialogue (dialog tuzish).

Ba’zan bir kishi aytgan gapga ikkinchi kishi short question da emas, berilgan so`zga
sinonim ishlatib ritorik savol beradi. Yoki darak gapda aytsa ham bo`ladi. Lekin testda
so`roq inkor shakli ishlatiladi.
A: Tom is a hard-working boy.
B: Yes, isn’t he workaholic? -> Yes, he is workaholic.
A: It was a marvelous journey.
B: Wasn’t it breathtaking (excellent)? -> Yes it was breathtaking.
A: This building is big.
B: Yes isn`t it enormous.
Inkor: Tom won`t be drunk again (ko`pincha testda shu ishlatiladi)
a) Neither will Mike. b)Mike won`t either.
Present Indefinite Tense. (Present Simple)
Hozirgi oddiy zamon hozirgi zamonda takrorlanib turadigan barcha ish harakat
uchun ishlatiladi. Ingliz tilida gap tartibi o`zgarmas bo`lib, avval ega keyin kesim undan
so`ng esa ikkinchi darajali bo`laklar ishlatiladi. Ingliz tilida umumiy gap quyidagi
formula asosida tuziladi:
S + V + 2dp
Present Simple da gap tuzganda biz fe’lning birinchi shaklidan foydalanamiz:
S + V1/s,es + 2dp
Tom knows English well.
Agar gapning egasi uchinchi shaxs birlikda bo`lsa (he, she, it), fe’lga s yoki es qo`shiladi.
Gap inkor shaklda bo`lsa quyidagi formula bo`ladi:
S + do + not+V1 + 2dp
does
Tom doesn`t know English well.
Gap so`roq shaklda bo`lganida quyidagi formula bo`ladi:
do + S + V1 + 2dp
does
Does Tom know English well?
Har bir zamon o`zining signallariga ega bo`lib, Pr. Simple da quyidagi payt ravishlari
mavjud:
Always regularly
Usually once a week (day, month,year)
Often frequently each day (week, month, year)
Sometimes, occasionally, at times every (day, week, month, year)
Rarely, seldom On Mondays, On Sundays
Never In summer
From time to time twice a week
As a rule three times a week (day, month, year)
How often In the morning
In general, generally
Normally
F:ex:
Do you ever get up early.
Signallar to be dan keyin fe`ldan oldin keladi.
Mike dies in this film as a hero.
I never see him. – hozirgacha va bundan keyin ham ko`rmayman.
I have never seen him. – hozirgacha ko`rmagan, bundan keyin ko`rishi mumkin.
Ishlatilish holatlari
1. Odatiy, takroriy bo`ladigan (har kuni, bazan, hatto kamdan kam) ish harakatlar
Pr. Simple da ishlatiladi.
F. ex. We go to the beach every summer. I never speak Italian.
We rarely see each other. How often does Tom visit there?
2. Doimiy faktlarga nisbatan:

The Sun rises in the East. Water boils at 100 C. The Earth goes around the Sun.
3. Afisha, calendar, jadval bo`yicha bo`ladigan rejalashtirilgan kelasi zamon harakatlari
kelasi zamonni ifodalasa ham quyidagi fe’llar bilan Pr.Simple da keladi:
Begin Leave Return
Start Close End
Arrive Sail
Finish Open
F. ex: 1) The train leaves at 7 p.m.

The ship leaves at 4 on Monday.
The concert begins at 8 tomorrow.
The bank opens at 9 a.m. and closes 4 p.m.
Agar ish-harakat qisqa vaqt oraligìda bo`lsa Present Cont.da ishlatiladi.
The concert is beginning at 7 this evening.
The plane is taking off after 10 minutes.(after a while)
Work/ live/ study -> agar vaqtinchalik ma’noda kelsa Pres. Cont ishlatiladi.
I live in Bukhara. But I am living in Tashkent now.
4. Kino va undagi hikoyalar ketma-ketligini aytib berishda Present Simple dan

foydalanamiz.
I saw a film. It was about 2 young men. They move to a large city and try to open their
own business.
5. Kalendardagi aniq kun kelasi zamonda kelsa ham, bu vaqtga nisbatan Pr.Simple da
ishlatiladi.
-When is your birthday? – Tomorrow is my birthday What is day? – Tomorrow is
Friday.
Past Indefinite Tense

O`tgan oddiy zamon – o`tgan zamonda bajarilgan hamda tugallangan ish harakatni
bildirib qildim, bajardim deb tarjima qilinadi. Ertaklar ham Past Simple da bo`ladi.
The car came out of a side road. I had breakfast at six.

Vicky rang earlier. The train left on time.
I won the game. We took some photos.
Past Simple da fe’lning ikkinchi shaklidan foydalaniladi hamda gap tuzish quyidagicha
amalga oshiriladi:
They arrived yesterday.
S + V2 + 2dp
Fe’lning ikkinchi shakli uning to`g`ri yoki noto`g`ri fe’l ekanligiga bog`liq bo`lib, u 2 xil
yo`l bilan yasaladi:
a) Agar fe’l to`g`ri fe’l (regular verb) bo`lsa uning asosiga ed qo`shimchasi qo`shiladi:
worked invented lived
watered landed joined
b) Agar fe’l noto`g`ri fe’l (irregular verb) bo`lsa uning asosi o`zgaradi yoki bazi fe’llarda
o`zgarishsiz qoladi:
take – took do - did cut - cut

get - got drink- drank read - read
So`roq shakli:
Did+S +V1 + 2dp
Did they arrive yesterday?
Inkor shakli:
S + did + not+V1 + 2dp
They didn’t arrive yesterday.
1. Bu zamon ham o`zining signallariga ega :
Yesterday During the lesson In 1993
Ago S +hardly In the past
Just now S + recently Once upon a time
The day before When I was out One day
yesterday In my childhood Soon (tez orada
The other day In + time ma`nosida)
Once – bir vaqtlar In + place Once (gap boshida)
Suddenly – asosan bundan keyin ega kelsa Past Simple ishlatiladi. Ba`zida egadan
keyin kelishi mumkin.
At 4 o`clock yesterday yoki at + payt o`tgan zamon bo`lsa, past simple da ishlatiladi,
qachonki harakat davomiylikka ega bo`lmasa:
At 5 o`clock yesterday it started to rain.
2. Agar o`rin joy ko`rsatilib u yerda biror ish bajarilgan bo`lsa va qachon degan savolga
javob bo`lsa yashirin signal ishlatiladi. Biror bir davr ichida, masalan, yoshligida,
talabaligida … ya’ni shu davrda qilingan barcha ish- harakat Past Simple da
ishlatiladi:
When I was a child, I used to play football.

While a student we lived in a dormitory.
When he was 4, he could read and write.
3. Tarixda bo`lgan barcha ish-harakatlar Past. Simple da ishlatiladi.
The Chinese in vented paper. Popov invented the radio. Navoi died in 1501.
4. O`tgan zamonda ketma-ket bajarilgan ish-harakatlar Past Simplda ishlatiladi.
The plane landed at 4 and it took us an hour to get to the town.

The doorbell rang. I stood up and opened the door.
5. When / what time + Past Ind. – da savol tuziladi.
When did you see Mr. Brown?
What time did you start it?
6. Used to / would + V1 Past Simple da bo`ladi, inkor shakli esa:
Didn`t + use + to / would + not
Future Indefinite Tense
Future Simple kelajakda rejalashtirilgan barcha ish-harakat uchun ishlatiladi. Bu zamonda

fe’lning birinchi shakli shall, will ko`makchi fe’li bilan birga keladi.
Darak gap shakli: S + shall +V1 + 2dp

will
So`roq shakli:
shall + S +V1 + 2dp
will
Inkor shakli: S + shall +not+V1 + 2dp
will
Bu zamon signallari:
Tomorrow in 2 days tonight
Next day (week, month, year) in 2013 the day after tomorrow
After 2 days soon (tez orada) before long
Then another day from now on
2 – tip signallar:
I think/ Do you think/ I I guess/ I suppose/ I hope I am afraid / In my opinion
don’t think /I’m not sure I promise/ I believe/ I
Probably/ perhaps/ maybe expect
F:ex: I am afraid he will fail his exams.
I hope they will come back at 6 oclock.
I expect Tom will arrive tonight.
Usage:
1.To`satdan rejalashtirilgan ish-harakat:
What would you like to drink?
- I shall drink a cup of tea.
2.Bashorat qilish ma`nosida:
I think it will rain tomorrow.
3. Taklif ma’nosida Fut. Simplda I, we olmoshi ishlatiladi: Shall I open this window?
You olmoshi iltimos ma’nosida ishlatiladi: Will you lend me some money?
4. Once + you = ma’no jihatidan If ga teng bo`ladi.

Once you have promised, you must do it.
!!! a speech – nutq ma’nosini bildirsa, … speech – qobiliyat ma’nosini bildiradi.

Ushbu bog`lovchilar gap hatto kelasi zamonda bo`lsa ham o`zidan keyin shall va will
olmaydi.
When
If
After
Before
Provided (that)
Providing
Until 1) Future Ind. (agar ma’no kelasi zamon)
Till
As long as + S+V1, S + 2) Present Ind. (agar doimiy faoliyat yoki
fakt
While bo`lsa)
As soon as
Unless (If … not)
On condition (that)
In case
The next time
I'm starting a job in sales after I finish college.

As soon as you hear any news, will you let me know?
I must get to the bank before it closes.
They'll have stopped serving meals by the time we get to the restaurant.
When – “qachonki” degan ma`nosida bog`lovchi bo`lib kelsa, shall / will olmaydi. When
– “qachon” degan ma`nosida bog`lovchi bo`lib kelsa, shall / will oladi.
If – “agar” ma`nosida shall / will olmaydi, “mi” ma`nosida shall / will oladi.
Bu bog`lovchilarning ko`pchiligidan keyin Present Perfect Tense ham kelishi mumkin.
If Tom has done his homework, give him another task.
By the time + S + V1 + Future Perfect.
If I finish my task, I’ll let you know.
If I finish my task in time, I watch my favorite program.
As soon as I get my visa, I’ll go abroad.
I always give you money, when I have it.
I’ll give you my bike, providing you return it in time.
The Present Continuous Tense
Hozirgi davomiy zamon davomiy, uzluksiz ish-harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi. Bu zamonda

fe’lning to`rtinchi shaklidan ya’ni V4 dan foydalaniladi.
I'm waiting for the train. (I'm at the station now.)
I'm getting the lunch ready. (I'm in the kitchen now.)
Darak gap shakli quyidagicha:
S +am, is, are +Ving + 2dp
So`roq gap shakli quyidagicha: Am, is,are + S + +Ving + 2dp
Inkor shakli: S +am, is,are +not+Ving + 2dp

1. Ayni damda bo`layotgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. O`zbek tilidagi qo`shimchasi –yapti, -
yapman.
Zamonni yaxshi tushunish uchun 3 narsani bilishimiz kerak.
I. Ma’nosi II. Shakli III. Signal so`zlari
Signal so`zlari: now currently at present time

At the moment right now in the mean time
At the time right away nowadays
At present still
F. ex. Now we are working on a new project.
Currently the prices are going up.
At present time we are living in Bukhara.
Days are becoming longer because of the spring that has come.
Agar “of” kelmasa that ham kelmaydi yoki aksincha, of bo`lsa, that kelishi shart.
2. 2-tip signal so`zlar alohida so`zdan iborat bo`lib, ulardan keyin keladigan gap Pr. Cont
da bo`ladi.
Look Stop Look! It’s snowing again.

Listen Hurry up Listen! Someone is shouting.
Be careful Be quick Hurry up! The train is leaving.
Be quite Keep silence
Don’t talk
3. Uchinchi turdagi signallar:

Butun bir gap yoki 2 ta gap undan oldin yoki keyin keladigan zamonni hal qilib beradi.
My father is busy. He is fixing his car.

Tom, where is your brother? He is in his bedroom. He is sleeping.
Where is Tom? He is talking on the phone with his friend.
4. Tonight kabi vaqtlar oraligìdagi vaqtincha doimiy ish-harakat Pr. Cont.

Today da ishlatiladi.
This week
This month Tonight I’m staying late.
This year This week I’m working hard.
This season These days
5. Bu zamon hozirgi davr mobaynida sodir bo`layotgan harakatni ham ko`rsatadi. O`sha
damda o`sha ish harakat bo`lmayotgan bo`lsa ham.
F.ex. I’m writing a novel these days. He is building a big house.
We are studying at University at the moment. He is learning English in England.
Eslatma: Quyidagi payt ravishlari norozilik, shikoyat, jahl, tanbeh ma’nolarida kelsa va
kechikkani-kechikkan, qilgani-qilgan, yig`lagani-yig`lagan deb tarjima qilinsa, garchi bu
payt ravishlari Pr. Simplga tegishli bo`lsa ham Pr. Cont. da ishlatiladi.
Always He is always shouting at me.
Constantly doim U menga baqirgani- baqirgan. (doim)
Forever Continually She is coming late forever.
U har doim kech qoladi.
6. Vaziyatning o`zgarayotganligini ko`rsatish uchun Pr. Cont. zamoni ishlatiladi.
The prices are going up.

The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.
The economy of our Republic is growing rapidly.
The population of the world is rising.
7. Pr. Cont. ning kelasi zamonda ishlatilishi: Yaqin kelajakda rejalashtirilgan ish-
harakatga Pr. Cont. ishlatiladi. Bu holda shakl davom zamonda bo`lsa ham, ma’no kelasi
zamonda bo`ladi.
Nick is moving to Tashkent next week.
Tom is coming from New York on Sunday morning.
Are you going there the following week?
Eslatma
Quyidagi fe’llar ing qo`shimchasini olmaydigan fe’llar hisoblanadi va hatto davom
zamonda kelsa ham Pr. Simplda ishlatiladi.
Find Mind Assume
Fit Consider Believe
Forget Consist Belong
Exist Contain Measure
Cost Deny Need
Inform Depend Understand
Include Detest Want
Imagine Dislike Prefer
Hope Doubt Like
Hold Envy Hate
Know Equal See
Lack Fear Hear
Look Feel Realize
Look like Acknowledge Suppose
Love Advice Remember
Matter Apologize Seem
Mean Appear Miss
Istisno holat: -ing olmaydigan fe`llarning quyidagilari ma`nosiga ko`ra ikkiga bo`linadi:
1. –ing qo`shimchasini oladi. 2. –ing qo`shimchasini olmaydi.
Think – fikrimcha ma`nosida –ing olmaydi. I am considering about travelling to

I think you are right. Europe.
Do you think it`s true? See – ko`rmoq – ing
Think – o`ylab, xayolda biror fikr kechirish I see seven people at the bus stop.
ma`nosida –ing oladi. See – uchrashish, shifokorga ko`rinish -ing
I am thinking about going abroad. The doctor is seeing Mr Black.
Smell – hid taratish - ing We are seeing near the big café.
Soup smells good. Feel – tuyulmoq - ing
Flower smells wonderful. It feels dangerous to swim here.
Smell – hidlash ma`nosida –ing oladi. Feel – his qilish –ing
I am smelling Tom`s kabob. He is feeling strange now.
Taste – tam berish – ing Have - ….bor - ing
Chicken tastes delicious. I have a car.
Taste – tatib ko`rmoq –ing. Have – breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper, a
Tom is greedily tasting chicken. rest, a chat, a shower fe`lni o`rniga kelsa –
Look – ko`rish – ing ing
Your dress looks pretty. I am having breakfast now.
It looks bad. Appear – ko`rinish – ing
Look – qaramoq –ing. He appears frightened.
I am looking at my car now. Appear – paydo bo`lish –ing.
Take – vaqt olish - ing He is appearing late.
It takes me 50 minutes to go to school. Weigh – ogìrlikka ega – ing
Take – olmoq –ing. This box weighs 50 kilos.
We are taking our warm clothes to the Weigh – ogìrligini o`lchash –ing.
mountains. I am weighing this box.
Sound – jaranglayapti – ing Hold – ichiga olish – ing = include
Let`s have dinner out. It sounds The magazine holds many interesting
perfect. articles.
Sound – tovush chiqarish -ing. Hold – ushlamoq (qo`liga ushlab olib
The tiger is sounding angrily. yurish) –ing
Consider - hisoblashimcha - ing Tom is holding his guitar.
I consider he is a lier. Measure – o`lchovga ega - ing
Consider – xayol kechirish –ing. The building measures 30 acres.
Measure – razmerini o`lchash (kimdir Miss – sogìnish – ing
o`lchasa) –ing Miss – bo`lmaslik –ing
We are measuring the room. Who is missing?
Smells Smells
Tastes Tastes
Sound Sound
Look Look
Somebody +Take + -ing Something +Take + -ing
animal Fell Fell
Weight Weight
Hold Hold
Measure Measure
8. Aniq vaqtda is ishlatiladi.

Tomorrow is Friday.
When is your birthday? Tomorrow is his birthday.
9. Uzoq muddatli ish harakat Present Simpleda olinsa, qisqa muddatli ish-harakat
Pres.Cont.da olinadi.
This washing machine is not working . Please, call the master.
Tom is living in Japan. She studies at university.
Lekin: Tom is learning English now. - > Chunki vaqtinchalik.
** wear - kiyim kishining egnidaligini bildiradi va Cont. da keladi. = be dress in +ing

He is wearing his favourite clothes – Uning sevimli kiyimlari uning egnida.
**Put on – kiyinish jarayoni: He is putting on his clothes – u kiyimlarini kiyayapti.
Sleep(uxlamoq) fe’li ing oladi, biroq to be asleep va fall asleep (uxlab qolmoq) hamda go
to bed fe’llari ing olmaydi.
Rise – ko`tarilish The sun rises in the East. Raise – ko`tarish They raised their hands.
Just –shunchaki ma’nosida istalgan zamonda ishlatilishi mumkin.
Past Continuous Tense. (past progressive)
O`tgan zamonda davomiy ish-harakatga Past Continuousda ishlatiladi, ya`ni

tarjimasi qilayotgan, bajarayotgan edim.

S + was +Ving + 2dp
were
So`roq gap shakli quyidagicha: was + S + +Ving + 2dp
were
Inkor shakli: S + was +not+Ving + 2dp
were
F:ex: I was working hard.
Were you translating it then. I wasn`t learning a poem.
Signallari:
at + payt o`tgan zamon this time yesterday
at 4 o`clock yesterday yesterday at this time
at noon yesterday still
all the morning (all……) from….till…(from morning till night)
the whole…..(the whole evening) between 5 and 6 then
when/ while = as
F:ex: At four o`clock I feel asleep. Someone knocked at the door at 6 pm
yesterday.
It started raining at10 am.
Ishlatilishi:
1-ko`rinishi: Sodda gaplarda kelishi.
F:ex: I saw Jane near her office she was talking on the phone.
There were 6 people around the table. They were eating smth.
We were cleaning some places at 5 yesterday.
2-ko`rinishi: Qo`shma gaplarda kelishi Ergash gap when Bosh gap

yoki teskari. Past Ind (while) Past Cont
F:ex: Tom was having supper when Nick opened the door.
Nick cut his finger while he was peeling the potato.
Mike understood that they were speaking about him.
Bob fell down from the ladder while he was painting the wall.
I was washing dishes, when suddenly smb called me.
3-ko`rinishi: Ergash gap (when) Bosh gap

Past Cont (while) Past Cont
F:ex: Tom was having a bath while Timmy was listening tonews.
While I was doing homework, Bob was crying.
The Present Perfect Tense
Hozirgi tugallangan zamon shakllari:

The aircraft has landed means that the aircraft is on the ground now.
Darak gap shakli quyidagicha: S + has +V3(d/ed) + 2dp

have
So`roq gap shakli quyidagicha: has + S +V3(d/ed) + 2dp
have
Inkor shakli: S + has +not+V3(d/ed) +2dp
have
F:ex: I have just done my assignment.
Have you ever been to Tokyo? – No,I haven`t.
I have never eaten pamella.
1-ma`nosi: Hozirga qadar tugallangan ish-harakatga Pr.Perfect ishlatiladi.

Past.S. dan asosiy farqi bu zamon o`z signallariga ega. Qolaversa, signal-
siz gap kelganida Pr. Perfect ishlatiladi
Sodda gap kelganda payt ravishi kelmagan bo`lsa Pr.Perfect ishlatiladi.

Past.S. da esa odatda signallari beriladi.
F:ex: “Oh, I have cut my finger”.
Have you done your homework.
Signallari: just ( darak va
already so`roq gaplarda).
yet (so`roq va inkor gaplarda).-> Gap boshida biroq ma’nosida
recently
lately
today ( gap boshi va oxirida )
this week/ month……
at last (gap boshida)
F:ex: I have just read this article.
Today I have seen my friend.
This week we have studied a lot.
2-ma`nosi: Hayoti davomida qilgan ishlari necha marta bu ish-harakat bajarilgan

bo`lsa ham, ya’ni hozirga qadar qilgan ishlari bo`lsa Pr. Perfect ishlatiladi.
Signallari: ever, never, once (gap oxirida), twice, several times, 3-4 times, so far, before
(gap oxirida), before now,until now, till now, by now, up to now, How many times, How
long, for, since.
Never – qilmayman (o`ziga ishonch bilan aytilsa) Pr.Simple da keladi.
Never – qilmagan (shu vaqtgacha) Pr.Perfect da keladi.
F. ex. Have you ever traveled alone?

I have never been to Moscow. We haven’t published any books so far.
He has been to Japan once. Have you ever written an essay before?
I have cooked many kinds of meals. Have you ever fried it?
I have seen the President many times. This is the best movie, I have ever watched.
1)Has gone to biror bir kishining biror joyga

Has gone to/ Has been to ketganligini bildiradi ya`ni hali ham o`sha yerda.
Tom has gone to Paris. (Tom Parijga ketgan)
2) Has been to biror bir kishining biror bir joyda bo`lib qaytganini bildiradi.
(o`sha yerda bir vaqtlar bo`lgan).
I have been to America before. (Men Amerikada oldin bo`lganman)
3-ma’nosi. Ikkita sodda gap kelsa, biri natijani ko`rsatsa, ikkinchi gap shu natijani keltirib
chiqargan bo`lsa, ikkinchi gap Pr.Perfectda bo`ladi hamda birinchi gap Pr. Simplda
bo`ladi.
The window is broken. Someone has broken it.

Where is my bike? Tom has taken it.
The cup is empty. Someone has drunk it.
My finger is bleeding, as I have cut it.
The boys are having dinner because they have done their job.
Pr. Perfect da qo`shimcha ma’no beruvchi signallar: This is the first year
This is the second year
F.ex. This is the first year I have known Tom. It is the 7th year
This is the second time, I have been here. It is the 8th anniversary
Since signali bilan keladigan holat:

Since + S + V2 , S + has/have V3
S + has/have V3, since + S + V2

I haven’t met may first teacher since I left school.
I haven’t seen him since he left school.
Biroq bir holatda bu formula o`zgaradi: (mustasno holat) It is a long time, since I have
seen Jack.
Sodda gap bo`ldimi bu har doim Present Perfect bo`ladi. Qo`shma gap har doim
Past Perfectda bo`ladi.
I haven’t heard from him lately/recently. Inkorda lately o`rinli.
The Past Perfect Tense
O`tgan tugallangan zamon shakllari:

S + had +V3(d/ed) + 2dp
So`roq gap shakli quyidagicha:
Had + S +V3(d/ed) + 2dp
Inkor gap shakli quyidagicha: S + had +not+V3(d/ed) +2dp
O`tgan tugallangan zamon ( Past. Perfect) 80% qo`shma gaplarda keladi.
Ba’zan bu zamon soda gaplarda ham ishlatiladi. Ba’zan esa bu zamon ikkita
sodda gapning birida keladi. Umumiy holda bu zamon 3 xil ko`rinishda bo`ladi.
1.Sodda gaplarda ishlatilishi.

P. Perfect sodda gaplarda faqatgina by signali kelgan bo`lsa ishlatiladi.
Signallari: by 7 oclock yesterday by 1998

by then by July
by Monday by the end of the film
by that time until then until (till) +
time(yesterday/last)
F. ex. Tom had watched all the programs by 11p.m.
By 1998 he had failed his exams 3 times.
2. 2ta sodda gapda kelishi: (Pr. Perf dagi qoidaga o`xshash)

Agar natija hozirgi zamonda bo`lsa ( 1gap), natijani keltirib chiqargan harakat (2gap)
Pr.perfect da bo`ladi.
Agar natija o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa ( 1gap), natijani keltirib chiqargan harakat (2gap)
Past.Perfect da bo`ladi.
F. ex. The window is broken. Someone has broken it.

The window was broken. Someone had broken it.
3. Qo`shma gaplarda ishlatilishi.

Bu zamon Past Simpldan oldin bajarilgan ish-harakatni bildiradi. Shuning uchun qo`shma
gapda bu zamonni joylashtirish uchun biz berilgan gapni tarjima qilishimiz kerak.
Mike was upset as he had failed his exams. ( Mike imtihondan yiqilgani sababli u xafa. Bu
gapda imtihonda yiqilgani birinchi ish-harakat shu sababli bu yerda Past Perfect
ishlatiladi. Uning xafaligi esa ikkinchi harakat bo`lib, bu yerda Past Simpl bo`ladi.)
On my way home I suddenly remembered that I had left my key in my office.

By the time Tom came, I had washed all the dishes.
After I had done my tasks, I went to bed.
Tom forgot that he had invited his neighbors to his home.
After, as soon as signallarining Past Perfect da ishlatilishi:

After +S + had + V3, S + V2
F.ex. As soon as Tom had arrived, we decided to have lunch. As soon as
Before, by the time, until signallarining bu zamonda ishlatilishi:
By the time/ before/ Untill +S+ V2, S + had + V3

We had packed all the things before we called a taxi.
(Biz taksi chaqirishdan avval barcha narsalarni joylashtirdik)
4.Eslatma: Just – endigina deb tarjima qilinadi, already, yet, never va shu kabi signallr
Pr. Perfect signali hisoblansada, agar bu signallar o`tgan zamondagi qo`shma gaplarda
ishlatilsa, bu signallar bilan biz Past Perfect ishlatamiz.
F:ex: Tom knew that Jack had just arrived.
I understood that he hadn`t done it yet.
Agarda qo`shma gapning birinchi qismi Past Simple da yoki Past Cont.da bo`lsa, qo`shma
gapning ikkinchi qismi hech qachon hozirgi zamonda kelmaydi. Bu holda Past Perfect
ishlatiladi. Ya`ni agar 1-qismi o`tgan zamon bo`lsa, 2-qismi ham o`tgan zamon bo`ladi.
F.ex. I said that he has come. (had ni ishlatish kerak)
I was sure he is in hospital. ( was ni ishlatish kerak)
Past Cont + Past Perfect

F. ex. Everybody was singing a song which they had learnt at school.
The Browns were sitting at the front which they had occupied 2 days before.
5. Hardly/ scarcely / barely – zo`rgà.

Bu signallar sodda gaplarda kelganda Pr. Perfect ishlatamiz, qo`shma gapda kelgan
paytda, agar ma’nosi o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa, Past Perfectni ishlatamiz.
No sooner + had + S + V3 + than + S + V2
Hardly + had +S+V3 + When + S + V2

No sooner had he signed than Mr. Brown arrived.
I had hardly managed to hand him this photo as he was going without any good bye.
The Future Continuous Tense.
We can use will be + an ing-form (the future continuous) to talk about future actions.
There are two different uses.

S + shall/will +be +Ving
Shall/will + S +be + Ving
Inkor gap shakli quyidagicha: S + shall/will +not+be+ Ving
Signallari: afternoon tomorrow
at + kelasi zamon payt ravishi all the afternoon tomorrow
at 5 tomorrow all day tomorrow
at noon tomorrow Still -› Pr/Past/ Fut. Cont
this time tomorrow from 5 till 6 tomorrow
the whole morning between 5 and 7 tomorrow
F:e: From 5 till 6 tomorrow I shall be listening to news reports.

He`ll be cleaning his garage the whole evening tomorrow.
Signallari xuddi Past Cont.dagidek chunki bunda ham davomiylik bor, faqatgina o`tgan
zamonda emas kelasi zamonda ham bo`ladi.
What will you be doing when I ring up you tomorrow?
From this time on – ibora hisoblanadi, bu kelganda Future Simple olinadi:
From this time on I shall never say it.
Agarda From that time on kelsa bu holatda Present perfect olinadi:
From that time on I have never said about this secret to anybody.
! While/When/If + Pr.Cont.-›1) Fut. Cont.

2) Pres. Cont.
F:e: Don`t wake me up when I am sleeping.
The police are planning to catch him while he is crossing that road.
The police will catch him when/ while he is crossing….
Ma`nosiga ko`ra:
I. Sodda gaplarda keladi (asosan signal bilan)
This time tomorrow Tom will be having a chat with Karla.
II. 2 ta sodda gap bo`lsa:
Don`t bother me at 7 tomorrow, I`ll be working.
I`ll be busy this time tomorrow,I`ll be faxing my car.
III. Qo`shma gaplarda kelishi:
What will you be doing, when I visit you tomorrow?
I`ll be cooking palov, when you call for me.
IV. Bir paytda 2 ta holat kelsa:
Tom will be cooking palov, while his brother is doing his tasks.
Gap oxirida before kelsa, Pr.Perfect da ishlatiladi.

Qo`shma gaplarda kelsa, Past Perfect da ishlatiladi.
This morning: 1) 12.00 gacha Pr. Perfect

2) 12.00 dan keyin Past. Indefinite
Before: 1) oldin degan ma`noda gap oxirida keladi. (Present Perfect)
2) ga qadar ma`nosida gap boshida bog`lovchi bo`lib keladi.( Past / Present Simple)
Pres. Cont. da While kelsa, ma`no Future Cont. bo’ladi.

Since last time + Pres. Perfect – o`shandan beri.
Until last time + Past Perfect – o`shanga qadar.
To be going to
To be going to ning birinchi ma’nosi –moqchi.

Am/is/are + going to + V1
1-Izoh. Rejalashtirilgan ish-harakatga to be going to ishlatiladi. Lekin agar ish-harakat
rejalashtirilmay o`sha zahoti kelasi zamon ma’nosida kelsa, bu holatda Future Simple
ishlatiladi.
Future Simple
1. A: Tom is ill.
B: OK. Shall we visit him tomorrow?
2. A: I feel sick.
B: Wait here. I shall bring you a drug.
3. We don’t have any bread left. Will he bring one?
Present Continuous ehtimoli ko`proq bo`lgan vaziyatlarda ishlatiladi:

Tom is arriving next week.
But: Present Cont. sanoqli fe`llar bilan ishlatiladi. Lekin to be going to hamma
fe`llar bilan keladi.
Meet / fly / go / come / get / arrive / leave – qaysi holatda bo`lmasin Present Cont. da
keladi.
To be going to + V1
1. A: Why are you filling bucket with water?
B: I’m going to wash my car.
2. I have bought some flowers, I’m going to see my first teacher.
Pr. Cont in future meaning is synonym “to be going to” -> Pr.Cont kelasi zamon
ma’nosida to be going to ga sinonim.
I’m flying to Moscow = I’m going to fly to Moscow.
Tom is meeting the delegates tonight = Tom is going to meet the delegates tonight.
2-Izoh. Vaziyatga asosan bashorat qilish ma’nosida kelganda “shekilli” deb
tarjima qilinadi va bashoratlarga – going to keladi.
F.ex. It is cloudly outside. It is going to rain.

Tom is going to fall down as he is reading a newspaper without looking at his way.
He always goes out with his friends. He is going to fall his exams if he
doesn’t prepare his exams.
Go / Come / Meet -> asosan rejalashtirlgan ish-harakatda Pr.Cont da keladi.

F. ex. I am meeting Tom tomorrow.
Was/were + going to + V1 Was/ Were going to ning ma’nosi –moqchi edim,

(lekin qilinmagan).
F.ex. I was going to ring him up, but I changed my mind.
Tom was going to learn how to play the piano, however he was too young.
3-Izoh. Future Cont. so`roq holatlarda yana bir qo`shimcha ma`noga ega: Mabodo….
biron ish qilmaysizmi deb o`zini manfaatini ko`zlab so`rash faqat so`roq formada keladi.
Will you be + Ving.
F:ex: Will you be going to the shop? No, why? -> yo`q, nima edi?
Will you be using your bike? Yes, why? -> ha, nima edi?
Will be doing ya`ni Future Cont. ba`zan to be going to ga syn. bo`ladi lekin undan ko`ra
kuchliroq ma`no beradi.
F:ex: I will be meeting Tom tomorrow. = I am meeting Tom tomorrow.
I shall be flying to New York tonight.
The Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect -> o`zbek tiliga qilib bo`lgan bo`laman, qaysidir paytga qadar
bajarib bo`lgan bo`laman deb tarjima qilinadi.

S + shall/will +have +V3
Shall/will + S +have + V3
Inkor gap shakli quyidagicha:
S + shall/will +not+ have+ V3
F. ex. Tom will have checked all the essay by 5 tomorrow.
Will you have done them all?
I shan’t have done them by then.
Future Simple: I shall play football tomorrow.

Future Cont: I shall be playing football at 5 tomorrow
Future Perfect: I shall have played football by 5 tomorrow.
When you visit me at noon, I shall be having lunch. But if you come by 1.30, I shall have
had lunch.
Signallari: by + kelasi zamon payt ravishi

by 5 tomorrow by next week/month/year
by then by midday
by noon by Monday
just already
F.ex. By midday I shall have completed the project.
By Monday I shall have asked three of my friends about it.
I shall have just written my essay by 12.
While – o`zidan keyin will / shall be olmaydi. O`rniga am/is/are + Ving
By the time + S+V1, + S+ Fut. Perf.

By the time Tom arrives, will you have prepared his meal?
By the time Tom gets up, his mother will have baked some bread.
By the time Tom gets up, Jane will have done her homework.
I shall have seen three films before you come.

By the time + S+V1, + S+ Fut. Perf. He will have checked their homework until
Before/Until you return home.
After/ when + S+V1, + S+ Fut. Ind.
As soon as (Fut. Ind ma’nosida)
After/ when/ As soon as + S+Pr.Perfect, + S+ Fut. Ind.
(Fut. Perfect ma’nosida)
When I have done my homework, I shall call you.

After he has fried an egg, he will serve the guest.
As soon as Mike has cleaned the blackboard, we shall continue writing.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

S +have/has+been +Ving
So`roq gap shakli quyidagicha: Have/Has + S +been + Ving
Inkor gap shakli quyidagicha:
S + have/has +not+ been+ Ving
Izoh(1): Pr. Perf. Cont. ikki xil ma’no beradigan zamon bo`lib, birinchi ma’nosi davom
zamonni bildiradi. Ikkinchisi esa tugallangan ish-harakat ma’nosini beradi.Pr.Cont dan
farqi bu zamonda ish-harakatning qachondan beri bo`layotganligi yoki boshlangan nuqtasi
eslatiladi.
F.ex. Tom is studying English.

Tom has been studying English for 2 months.
(Tom 2 oydan beri Ingliz tilini o`rganayapti)
Mark is learning the poem at the moment.
Mark has been learning the poem since 2 oclock.
(Mark soat 2 dan beri she’r yodlayapti)
I have been waiting for 20 minutes when you finally appeared.
Signallari: all day long for 2 days

all the morning (afternoon, evening) for the last 10 days
the whole day / morning for ages
during the past 3 months since the last century
for the past 10 minutes during the last 4 weeks
since wedding over the past 3 years
in the past 50 days for long/ a long time
Eslatma:Pr. Perf. Cont. ning Pr. Perfectdan asosiy farqi shundaki, bu zamondagi
fe’l davomiy ma’noda bo`ladi.
Masalan break, lose, understand kabi fe’llar davom zamonlarda ishlatilmaydi,
shuning uchun bu zamonda ham bu fe’llar ishlatilmaydi.
Iboralar: This is the first year It is the 8th anniversary

This is the second time (Cont. da kelmaydigan fe’llar Pr.Perfect da keladi)
It is the seventh year
This is the second time I have come here. (u kelib bo`lgan)
This is the second time I have been travelling here (hali ham sayohat qilayapti)
Agar berilgan fe’l Cont. zamonlarda kelsa biz u bilan Pr. Perf.Cont zamonini ishlatimiz.
Agar berilgan fe’l Cont. zamonlarda kelmasa biz u bilan Pr. Perfect zamonini ishlatimiz.
Since + S + V2, S + 1) Pr. Perf. Cont.

2) Pr. Perfect
Jane has been studying French, since she moved to Belgium.

Tom has been living here for the last 20 years.
Ish-harakat haliyam bo`layotgan bo`lsa since dan keyin Present Perfect (cont) keldi.
Since I have been living here many changes have taken.
Izoh(2): Present perfectga sinonim bo`lib, (natija ma`nosi hozirgi zamonda) farqi
shundaki, bunda ham natija aniq bo`ladi, ungacha bo`lgan, uni keltirib chiqargan
ish-harakat davomiylikka ega bo`ladi.
F:ex: Present Perfect – bit, break, drop, cut, take.
Present Perfect Continuous – work, rain, sleep, sunbathe, and fight.
- You look different today.
- Have you been quarrelling with anybody?
- Tom is breathless, as he has been running a long way.
- I am tired, because I have been working hard.
- The ground is wet, as it has been raining all day.
Qoida: Gapda birovning qayerda bo`lganligini aytsak Past simple qo`yiladi. Agar Pr.erfect
siganli kelsa Pr.Perfect ustunroq bo`ladi.
I have seen this singer in Tashknt recently (recently uchun Pr.Perfect oldik)
The Past Perfect Continuous.
Izoh(1): O`tgan tugallangan davom zamonda Past Simple dan oldin boshlangan harakatni
davom etib kelib, Past Perfect Continuous Tense ga qadar tugaganligini ko`rsatadi.
Bu jihatdan Present Perfect Continuous II-ma`nosiga o`xshaydi, faqatgina natijasi o`tgan
zamonda bo`ladi, ma`nosi jihatdan esa Past Perfect bilan sinonim, farqi davomiy fe`llar
bilan keladi.
Darak shakli.
S + had been +Ving
So`roq shakli.
Had + S + been + Ving?
Inkor shakli.
S + had + not + been + Ving

F:ex: Past Perfect – bit, break, drop, cut, take.
Past Perfect Continuous – work, rain, sleep,
sunbathe, fight.
F:ex: You were all red. Had you been sunbathing?

Tom looked aggressive. He had been quarrelling.
The bike wasn`t there. Someone had taken it.
The ground was wet. It had been raining all night yesterday.
Everywhere was white it had been snowing.
Izoh(2):P.P.C ga bu ma`nosi ham juda o`xshaydi. Qachondan beri? degan savolga
javob berib xuddi o`sha for yoki how long bilan keladi, qo`shma gapda keladi va
2-qismi when yoki boshqa struktura bilan Past Simple keladi.
Past Perfect cont. for …… when

(since/all morning) + S + V2(ed/d).
Past Perfect cont. how long …… when
F:ex: I had been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes when he finally came.
How long had you been studying English before you took IELTS.
I had been waiting for you since 12 o`clock when you at last came.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

Future Perfect Continuous – Future Continuous ga o`xshaydi(sinonim). Bu ham
boshqa Perfect Cont. lardek for, how long yoki since signallari bilan qachondan
beri? degan savolga javob beradi. Ma`nosi: …….. dan beri qilayotgan bo`laman.
S +shall/will + have + been + Ving

Future Perfect cont. for …… when
(since/all morning) + S + V1.
Future Perfect cont. how long …… when
F:ex: I shall have been working in my garden, for 2 hours, when you return.
Ba`zan for bizni adashtirish uchun tushib qoladi. Gapda for bilan by signali kelsa future
perfect ishlatamiz.
F:ex: I have been reading about an hour when he comes.
What have you been doing these three months?
Tom will have been studied here for 3 years by 2010.
Gapda for bilan by (ustun) kelsa Future Perfect. da bo`ladi.

F:ex: I shall have studied for 3 years by 2014.
Agarda gapda already bilan by kelsa, already ustunroq bo`ladi.
Future in the Past.
Future in the Past – gapning shakli o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa ham ma`no kelasi zamonda
bo`ladi, gap qo`shma gaplarda keladi. Zamonlar moslashuviga ko`ra
1-yoki 2-fe`l o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa, garchi ma`nosi kelasi zamonda
bo`lsa ham, shall va will o`zgaradi  should/would. Agar aksincha
1-qism Present Simple yoki Present Perfect larda bo`lsa, 2-qismda 
shall/will o`zgarmaydi.
Sodda gaplarda: Future tenses shall/will

Qo`shma gaplarda:
S + Past Tenses(to be in the Past) / S + should/would +V

ma`no kelasi zamonda bo`lsa ham should / would keladi.
We knew Tom thought He hoped (that) He announced

He understood We were sure She believed
I realized He wondered Tom proposed
F:ex: He is sure she will pass./ He says it will be easy.

He wondered whether I should assist him.
She believed that they would have asked for permission.
Passive Voice.
Passive Voice -> o`zbek tiliga majhul nisbat deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu nisbatda kelgan
gaplarda gapning egasi mavjud bo`lmaydi. Gapda eganing o`rnida to`ldiruvchi gap
boshida keladi.
Aniq nisbatda kelgan gapni majhul nisbatga o`tkazish uchun avval gapdagi to`ldiruvchini
aniqlaymiz hamda uni eganing o`rniga qo`yamiz.
S + Verb + Object Aniq nisbatdagi gap strukturasi.
Majhul nisbatdagi gap strukturasi

Object + be + V3 + by + smb/smth Passive Voice
F. ex: Our company sent Tom to Moscow. -> Tom was sent to Moscow.
I gave him some money -> He was given some money.
During the lecture teacher asked me some questions -> During the lecture I was asked
some questions.
Zamonlarning Passive Voice da kelishi
Present simple Passive Pr. Perfect Passive
Object + am/is/are + V3 Object + have/has + been +V3
Past Simple Passive Past Perfect Passive
Object + was/ were + V3 Object + had been + V3
Future Simple Passive Future Perfect Passive
Object + will be be V3 Object + shall have + been + V3
shall be will have
Present Cont. Passive Fut. Ind. In the Past Passive
Object + am/ is/ are +being +V3 Object + should be V3
would
Past Cont Passive Fut. Perf. in the Past Passive
Object + was/were + being +V3 Object + should/ would have been +V3
Quyidagi zamonlar Passive Voice da ishlatilmaydi hamda ular shaklan boshqa

zamonlarga almashadi.
Future Cont. -> Fututre Simple Pr. Perf. Cont -> Pr. Perfect Tense
Future Perf. Cont. -> Fut. Perfect Future Cont. in the Past -> Fut. Ind. In the
Past
Past Perf. Cont. -> Past Perf. Fut. Perf. Cont in the Past-> Fut. Perf. in
the past
Qoidalari:
1. Passive Voice da ko`pchilik hollarda ish-harakatni kim bajarganini ko`rsatish uchun by
signalidan foydalaniladi.
The book was written by Navoi. -> Bu kitob Navoiy tomonidan yozilgan.
2. Savol to`ldiruvchiga beriladi. To`ldiruvchi kimni?/kimga? Nimani?/nimaga?

Kimdan/nimadan kabi savollarga javob beradi.
No one was invited from Browns.
3. Ko`pincha jonsiz predmetlar Passive da bo`ladi, lekin bu har doim ham emas.
Water was taken from this river.
The rocket fly high.
The rocket was launch.
Shalola asked difficult questions from her mother. (Shalola onasidan qiyin savollarni
so`radi)
Difficult questions were asked from her mother. (Qiyin savollar uning onasidan so`raldi)
4. To`ldiruvchisiz gaplar ya’ni to`ldiruvchi qatnashmagan gaplar Passive Voice da
kelmaydi hamda Active Voice da qoladi.
F.ex. I went to school. (Maktabga so`zi to`ldiruvchi emas, balki o`rin holi. Chunki
so`rogìqayerga?)
Let’s do this work at first. The door opened. The rocket flew high.
Lekin: the rocket was launched. (launch fe’liga e’tibor bering)
5. Passive Voice dagi gapni Active Voice ga o`tkazishda har doim ham ega berilgan
bo`lmasligi mumkin. Bunda biz egani o`zimizdan tanlaymiz.
The child is taken care of. -> She takes care of child.
6. to be confused – chalkashish/chalkashtirish to be convinced – ishontirish/ishonchi
komil bo`lish
7. Passive Voice da predlog gap oxirida keladi:
they sent for the doctor – the doctor was sent for.
They didn’t live in that house – the house wasn’t lived in.
Modal fe’llarning Passive da kelishi
a) Active Voice: Passive Voice

can can
can’t can’t
S + should + V1. object + should + be + V3
could could
may may
might might
b) Active Voice: Passive Voice

have to have to
ought to ought to
S + need to + V1 Object + need to + be + V3
to be to to be to
to be able to to be able to
c) Active Voice: Passive Voice

must have must have
S + could have + V3 Object + could have + been + V3
should have should have
needn’t have needn’t have
F.ex. (a) Tom could translate articles very easily.

Articles could be translated easily by Tom.
F .ex. (b) I need to water the flowers.

The flowers need to be watered.
The papers ought to be verified.
F. ex. (c) You needn’t have bought meat-> Meat needn’t have been bought.
She shouldn’t have told a lie -> A lie shouldn’t have been told.
Eslatma: Ba’zi gaplarda 2 ta to`ldiruvchi keladi. Bu gaplardan 2 xil Passive yasash
mumkin.(lend,ask, send, give,pay,teach, offer, show)
I offered her 50 dollars. -> Men unga 50 $ ni taklif qildim.
a) She was offered 50 dollars. -> Unga 50$ taklif qilindi.
b) 50 $ was offered to her -> 50$ unga taklif qilindi.
I showed her some pictures: a) She was shown some pictures.

b) She was shown some pictures.
So`roq gaplarni Passive ga o`zgartirish
Questions: Did she eat all the meal? -> Was all the meal eaten by her?
Must the doctor send her to hospital? -> Must she be sent to hospital?
Should you have thrown the letter away? -> Should the letter have been thrown away?
Special questions: What was given you yesterday?
Who was interviewed yes-day?
What kind of films are produced nowadays?
Agar gapda to`ldiruvchi bo`lmasa Passive da

kelmaydi
He flew to Moscow. Who returned so early?
We will return soon. Tom arrived here yesterday.
Quyidagi fe`llar doim active voiced bo`ladi:
Decrease Arrive Go Come Run Fall Increase
Return – qaytmoq ma’nosida A.V. da qaytarmoq ma’nosida P.V. da keladi
Happen Live Disappear Fly Enter Cost
Quyidagi fe’llar bilan doim Be fe’li kelib shakli passive da bo`lsa ham ma’no Passive
bo’lmaydi.
be interested Be bored Be amused
Be surprised Be accustomed Be bothered
Be amazed Be disappointed Be annoyed
Be shocked Be astonished Be satisfied
Be selighted Be dead
He was interested in physics. Everybody was amazed at his progress.
John isn’t satisfied with the answer.
CONDITIONALS (IF SENTENCES).
Type -1. Real ish-harakat bo`ladi.

will
shall
If + S + V1 ( to be ->am/is/are), S +can + V1
can= qila olmoq ma’nosida must, may
buyruq gap
F.ex: If Tom comes, we shall watch TV.
We can have a chat if we are free.
Don’t go out if I am at work.
Please, come in, if you are cold.
Mary may stay at home if she is tired.
What will you do if you are invited tonight?
Nothing will disturb me if I want to study hard.
Can I go home if I finish my work in time?
Buyruq gapda doim type I bo`ladi. Chunki buyruq gap hozirgi zamonda bo`ladi.
 If dan keyin ba’zi hollarda Pr.Cont ham kelishi mumkin: If + S + Pr.Cont/ ….
F.ex. Don’t disturb me if I am working.

Tom can’t speak on the phone, if she is driving.
 Ba’zi hollarda esa if dan keyingi qism Fut. Cont ham kelishi mumkin.
F.ex: If you come late, I shall be sleeping.
 If qatnashgan qism ham, If dan keyingi qism ham Passive Voice da kelishi mumkin:
F.ex: Don’t tell him I am in if I am asked.

Tom can be sent to Moscow if he works hard.
 Unless = If … not -> Unless dan keyin inkor shakldagi fe’l kelmaydi.
Unless you promise, I shall not give you money
Don’t go out, unless I let you.
Type I da ikki tomonlama ham Present Simple da kelishi mumkin, agar har doimga
harakat ma`nosida kelsa.
If I finish my work I go home.
Bunda ham inversiya qoidasi mavjud ya`ni:

If I were you ≠ were I you
If I traveling = were I traveling
 Agar mabodo ma’nosida If dan keyin should modal fe’li kelishi mumkin
shall
will If I should see Tom, I shall tell kim about it.
If + S + should V1 / S + can + V1 Can you give it to Jack if you should see him?
may
must
buyruq gap
 Faqatgina agar mabodo ma’nosida If ni tushirib qo`yish mumkin.

shall
will Should you see Tom, can you inform him about it?
Should + S + V1 + S + can Should I come across with her, I shall be glad to
may say this.
must
buyruq gap
will
shall
If + S + Present Perfect, + S +can + V1 Bu struktura ba’zi hollarda keladi.
may
must
buyruq gap
Type-2.
Type-1 da real ish-harakat tushunilsa, Type-2 – hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi noreal

harakat tushuniladi. Aslida ma’no hozirgi va kelasi zamonda bo`lsa ham, shakl o`tgan
zamonda bo`ladi.
would If I were rich, I could buy a car.
If + S + V2 + S + should + V1 If I lived in Tashkent, I would be lucky.
was were could If he didn’t live with you, he wouldn’t
might be so happy
 Type 2 da ham If qatnashgan qismda va ketingi qismda Cont zamonlarni ishlatish

mumkin:
If I were living in Moscow I would be living with you.
 Type 2 hozirgi zamondagi noreal ish-harakatni izohlaydi:

He is very poor. If he weren’t poor, he would buy a new car.
She is a very selfish girl. If she weren’t very selfish, she would help poor people.
 Faqatgina if dan keyin were kelsa Type 2 da ham if ni tushirish mumkin.
If + S + were + …. Were + S + … darak gap

If you were in his place, would you do that? -> Were you in his place, would you that?
If you were invited there, would you go? -> Were you invited there, would you go?
If they were clever, they would pass all exams-> were they clever, they would pass all
exams.
Bunda ham faqat bir holatda if tushib qolishi mumkin, faqat were qism bilan:
F:ex: If + S + were o`zgaradi were + S +……ga.
Type-3.
Izoh: Type-3 o`tgan zamondagi noreal ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Ko`pincha afsus, koshki
edi ma’nolarida keladi. Bund ma’no ham, zamon ham o`tgan zamonda bo`ladi.
should
If + S + had V3 + S + would + have V3
had been could
might
F.ex: He broke his leg, so he didn’t go there yesterday.
If he hadn’t broken his leg, he would have gone there yesterday.
It rained hard and we couldn’t go for a walk.

If it hadn’t rained hard, we could have gone for a walk.
It is raining. -> If I had taken my umbrella ….

If I had my umbrella ….
Bu gaplarga e’tibor bering!!!
Tom is angry. -> If he hadn’t quarreled with Jack ..

If he weren’t angry …
Continuous meaning: should
If + S + Past. Perf. Cont + S + would + have V3
could
might
Shakl: Past Perf Cont Ma’no: Past Cont
If I had been living in Tashkent that time, I would have been living with you.
 But for If lik qismga teng: But for you, I would have failed.
 Type -3 da barcha holatlarda If ni tushirib qoldirish mumkin. Buning uchun Had
oldinga chiqadi.
If + S + had V3 … -> Had + S + V3 (been) darak gap.
If I had started my work in time, I would have already finished it.

Had I started my work in time, I would have already finished it.
If you had been young, would you have married her?

Had you been young, would you have married her?
Mixed type -> for unreal actions.

Mixed type da inson harakteri har doim type II da bo`ladi.
a)
Ergash gap. Bosh gap.
If + S +V2(ed/d)/were (Type II), S + should/would +have +V3(TypeIII)
(present, future) (past meaning)
F:ex:
If he were intelligent, he would have passed his exam (last week).
If Tom knew English well, he wouldn`t have hesitated about the answer yesterday.
If he were rich, he would have bought that house.
Wouldn`t he attended the class,(yesterday) if he weren`t lazy.
b)
Ergash gap. Bosh gap.
If S + had +V3(TypeIII), S +should/would +V1 (Type II)
(past meaning) (present, future)
F:ex:
If Tom hadn`t broken his leg, he would play with us yesterday.
If Tom hadn`t left his dictionary at school, he would do it himself now.
Tom would be happy if he had been able to enter the University.
Tom would be a second year student now, if he had entered the University.
Static words: asosan TypeII da keladi, chuki doimiy yoki uzoq muddatli sifatlar
hisoblanadi.
If he were generous If I were rich
If he weren`t kind If he knew English
If he were intelligent If he weren`t stupid
If he were the biggest If it were the best
OMITTING IF. (If ning tushib qolishi)
Were, had, could, should, might булса IF кисмда bo’lsa if тушиб улар унинг урнига
утиши мумкин.
Should – I tip
Were – II tip
Could – II tip
Might – II tip
Had – III tip
If you should see Tom tomorrow, tell him about the meeting --- Should you see Tom
tomorrow, tell him about the meeting.
If I were you, I would ho there ----- Were I you I would go there

If I had known about it earlier I would have told you --- Had I known about it earlier I
would have told you.
If I could see him tomorrow I should tell him about it --- Could I see him tomorrow I
should tell him about it
If I might speak English, I would do it. --- Might I speak English, I would do it.
Izoh: If I had car, I would drive it to school. (o’zgartirib bo’lmaydi chunki bu II tip)
WISH.
Present shakli – S+ wish + S + V2/were.

Past shakli – S + wish + S + had + V3 / could have V3
Future shakli – S + wish + S + could/would + V1 (Mabodo testda could/would kelmasa V2
ishlatsa ham xato emas)
Wish – unreal actions if qismiga teng.
Wish ma`nosi: qani edi, koshki edi, xohlardimki.
F:ex: He failed to do some work on his work.

I wish he could have done.
Tom wants to enter the University. – I wish he would/could enter.
I wish it would stop raining.
I didn`t take my umbrella. I am wet through.
I wish I had taken it.
I weren`t wet through.
Tom doesn`t know English, otherwise he would have answered my question.
I wish He knew English.
He could have answered/ had answered.
If only = wish.
If sentences – qo`shma gap bo`ladi.

If only – ham qo`shma, ham sodda gap.
Wish – sodda gap (ba`zan qo`shma gap).
F:ex:
If only I knew the answer. = I wish I knew the answer.
If only I had seen her. = I wish I had seen her.
Wish in questions:
Do you wish you were in general records?
He wished he had been there before.
He wished he were rich.
Implied conditionals: If qism tushub qoladi, ko`pincha ma`nosi saqlanadi.
Why didn`t you phone me. I could have helped you on the phone. = If you had phoned me,
…..
It was your fault. You might have got a good mark. = If you had prepared, ……
Xullas: Should V3 (have) / would (have) V3 qilardim.

Could (have) V3  qila olardim. Unreal actions.
Might (have) V3  qilish mumkin edi.
Why don`t you live with your aunt in Tashkent.

She might support you ( u yordam bersa bo`lar edi, hozirgi va kelasi z).
Tom doesn`t know English, otherwise he could have passed his exam.
As if / as though – noreal harakatni bildiradi, ma`nosi: xuddiki.

Present shakli – as if / as though ya`ni formulasi xuddi if / wish qismdek.
S + V1 + As if / As though + S + V2(were).
F:ex:
He speaks English so fluently, as if he were an Englishman.
He walks such arrogantly, as if he were a son of the King.
He is trying to answer as though he knew everything.
All the trees were white as if they were covered with so.
Tom is wearing so elegantly as if he lived in a rich family.
He pretends as though he were sleeping.
He pretends as though he didn`t know anything.
Past shakli – As if / as though + S + had + V3 .

F:ex:
You look as if had seen a ghost.
You seem as though you had seen a dead man.
He is speaking so fluently as though he had been born in England.
Tom is speaking so fast as if he had studied in America.
Real actions with As if / As though zamonga qarab yordamchi fe`l oladi.
Tom is preparing all his luggage, as if he is flying tomorrow.
Tom is so tired as though he has worked a lot.
Future shakli – unreal.
As if / as though + S + could/would + V1
F:ex:
She seems as if she would come tomorrow.
Tom pretends as if he would fly to London next week.
Could – qila olmoq ma`nosida present va future da keladi.
He seems as if he could sing well.
He looks as though he could speak perfectly.
Direct / Indirect / Reported speech.
Bunda 3 narsa o`zgaradi: 1-qism gap o`tgan bo`lsa,

1. Olmosh:
I found some money. => He said that he had found some money.
2. Zamon:
He can swim. => He said that he could swim.
3. Payt ravishlari:
I am 20 years now. => He said that he was 20 years then.
Izoh: Ko`chirma gapdagi zamon o`zgarishi, payt ravishlari o`zgarishi, olmosh o`zgarishi,
gap boshidagi kesimning o`tgan zamonda (V2/was/were) kelishiga bog`liq, agar
o`zgarmasa, zamon o`zgarmaydi.
F:e: He said,-> He says.
Tom wants to enter that college.-> He said he wanted to enter that college.
Tom was sure -> Tom has wanted to know, Tom was sure.
Jimmy passed his exams. -> Tom has reported that he passed the exams.
Agar gap qo`shma gap bo`lsa, 1-qism Present Perfect da bo`lsa, zamon o`zgarmaydi.
Mark is a clever boy. Tom has told us he is a clever boy.
Izoh: Birovning hech qanday o`zgarishsiz ,, “(qo`shtirnoq) ichidagi gapi ko`chirma gap
bo`ladi.
He says ,,I like horror film.“ Tom said ,, I don`t know.”
Tom replies:,, I don`t know”.
O`zlashtirma gapga aylantirish uchun; biz quyidagi fe`llardan foydalanamiz:
He said They ask(ed)
He reported They tell us
She informed
She wondered
They want to know
That – darak va inkor gapda keladi: They told us (that) they were busy.
Gap o`zlashtirilayotganda olmosh quyidagicha o`zgaradi:
I –> she, he
Me –> him, her It is me –> she said that it was she.
My –> his, her
Agar axborot beruvchi fe`lning egasi: he, she, it, they bo`lsa, o`zlashtirma va ko`chirma
gapda we bo`lsa, they bo`ladi.
Us – them
Our – their We did it ourselves-> They said they had done it themselves.
Ourselves – themselves.
Agar ko`chirma gapda you bo`lsa, o`zgaradi, I, we ga.
F:e: You workhere, don`t you.
He said that I worked.
Lekin. Olmosh o`zgarishi boshqacha bo`ladi. Faqatgina ma`noga qarab o`zgaradi.
He says to him ,, you study well”. We say to them ,,you work hard”.
He says to him he studies well. We say to them, they work hard.
Buyruq gap asosan he, she, you ga nisbatan bo`ladi, bunday paytda must o`zgarmaydi.
Payt ravishlarining o`zgarishi:
Now –> then Here –> there This –> that These –> those
Tomorrow –> the following day/the next day Yesterday –> the day before
Ago –> before 2 days ago – 2 days before
The day after tomorrow –> 2 days after
Today –> that day
Tonight –> that night
Last..... –> ........before last night – a night before
Next..... –> the following/the next ......
Now – hozirgi zamon ma`nosida then ga o`zgaradi.
I am waiting now. He said he was waiting then.
Izoh: Agar axborot beruvchi fe`l o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa, ko`chirma gaplardagi zamonlar
o`zgarishi quyidagicha: (zamonlar moslashuviniga binoan).
Ko`chirma gap O`zlashtirma gap
Am, is, are Was, were
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Cont. Past Cont.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Cont.
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Cont. Past Perfect Cont.
Future Simple shall/will + V1 Should/would + V1
Future Cont. Should/would be +Ving
Future Perfect Cont. Should/would + have + Ving
Can Could
May Might
Am, is, are able to Was/were able to
Was, were able to Had been able to
Could a)Qobilyat ma`nosida kelsa could ishlatiladi.
b) taklif ma`nosida kelsa: could have V3 ishlatiladi.
Had
Have a) Had V3(Perfect)
a) Have V3 b) I had a car
b) I have a car c) Had had
c) Had (bor edi ma`nosida kelsa) 1. Taklif ma`nosida kelsa o`zi ishlatiladi.
Might 2. Taxmin ma`nosida kelsa: might have V3
Had to
Have to/has to Had had to
Had to a) buyruq ohangida bo`lsa: must ishlatiladi.
Must b) Ehtiyoj jihatda bo`lsa: had to bo`ladi.
1. Qila olardim ma`nosida bo`lsa could bo`ladi.
Could 2. Qiishingiz mumkin edi ma`nosida could have V3
Examples: He may be ill – They informed he might be ill.

We might visit – he said they might have visited.
We could go there – He said that he could have gone there
Agar must fe’li “” ichida I olmoshi bilan kelganida va ko`chirma gapga o`zgartirilganda
must had to ga o`zgaradi. Biroq boshqa olmoshlar ko`pchilik hollarda you olmoshi bilan
kelganida o`zgarmasdan qoladi:
“I must take a taxi” – he said he had to take a taxi.
“You must work even harder” – He said that I must work hard.
Tom must stay at home – She said that he must stay at home.
Now – hoziroq, darhol ma`nolarida, ko`proq buyruq gaplarda now/immediately ga
o`zgaradi.
Send a letter now.-> He wanted me to send a letter immediately/now.
Today is april, 29.-> He informed us that day was april, 29.
Say – o`zidan keyin to`ldiruvchi olmaydi, to orqali oladi.
He said me –> He said to me
Tom said us –> Tom said to us
S + say + me/you/him/her/them ishlatilmaydi.
Tell – o`zidan keyin to`ldiruvchi oladi to orqali bo`lmaydi.
Tell that - tell to him – tell him that
Told that to – he told me that -> bo`ladi.
Speak/ talk – o`zidan keyin to`ldiruvchi olmaydi.
Speak / talk + him/her + to`ldiruvchi
Speak to / about + him/her
Talk about / to / with + him/her
I talked about her
I talked to her
I spoke to him / I spoke about his.
Agar 1-qism gap present simple/perfect/cont. da bo`lsa, 2-qismda past perfect kelmaydi.
BUYRUQ GAPLARDA KELISHI:
Send it to my brother either now or.
Darak gaplarda:
1. Please, gap boshida yoki oxirida, V1 bilan.
2. Verb bilan boshlanadi. Masalan: Come here / Go there
3. Ism bilan boshlansa.
4. Can you (please)
Could you ..... please. Will you ...... please. Would you ...... please.
Darak va buyruq gaplar ......... to V1 bilan o`zgartiriladi.
Rustam, please open the door. => He asked Rustam to open the door.
Go home! => He wanted he to go home. Come home! => He asked me to go home.
Bring it us! => .......to bring it us.
4-izohdagi birikmalar testda 2 xil shaklda keladi.
1) Buyruq shaklda. 2) so`roq shaklda.
Testda so`roq varianti to`g`riroq.
Could you please answer this question?
He wanted me to answer that question. -> bu so`roq bo`lmaydi.
Can you have a minute and talk withe him
a) He asked me if I could find a minute to talk with him.
b) He asked me to find a minute and talk........
Inkor gaplarda:
Ko`chirma gap. O`zlashtirma gap.
Don`t V1 --------------> ...... not to V1
Please don`t smoke here----He has asked me not to smoke there.
Don`t cry for over spilt milk everything. --He said to Tom not to cryover spilt milk
everything.
INDIRECT SPEECH ning so`roq gapda kelishi.
General questions da kelishi:
Aux.V + S + Verb => mi? ma`nosini beradi.
He asked me
He wants to know
She wondered + If / whether + S + Verb.
Do you know
Who knows
Did you know
Do you remember Jane?
He asked me If I remember Jane.
Did you want do it?
He has wandered if I wanted to do it.
That – faqat darak va inkor gapda keladi, buyruq va so`roqda kelmaydi.

Who knows whether he will come or not? - Will he come?
Did you know if he was there? -Is he here?
Are you married? -It has always been intereting to know if he is married.
Is it all right. - He asked me if it was all right.
Was she absent? - He wants to know whether he was absent.
Did Tom recall her? - I wondered if Tom had recalled her.
Have you ever been abroad. - Did you know if he had ever been abroad.
Will she arrive soon? - I am not sure if she will arrive soon.
Can youlift it? - He wonders if I can lift it.
Could you right and write at 8. - He asked me if I could read and write at 8.
Special questions da kelishi:
Ko`chirma gap. O`zlashtirma gap.
What He asked me what
Why Tom wants to know why
When + aux.V + S + Verb. He has wandered + when + S +Verb.
Who Did you know who
......... I am not sure ......
Ko`chirma gapdan O`zlashtirma gapning farqi 2 ta.

a) Ko`chirma gapda wh/h boshida keladi, o`zidan keyin aux.verb oladi.
b) Wh/h o`zlashjtirma gapda gap o`rtasida keladi, o`zidan keyin Subject oladi.
How are you? - I wondered how she was.
Where are you from? - Do you know where he is from.
What will you suggest? - I am not sure what he will suggest.
How can I get there? - You know hjow I could get there.
What should I call you? - Who knew what I should call her.
What can be done? - I wondered what could be done.
Fakt, haqiqatlarda zamon o`zgarmasligi ham mumkin.
The Earth is round.- He said the Earth is round.
New York is a big city. - He said New York is a big city.
Lekin testda: He said New York was a big city kelsa, o`shani olamiz.
MODAL VERBS.
Can – qila olmoq deb o`zbek tiliga tarjima qilinadi. Uning sinonimi am/is/are able to.
Modal verbs asosan o`zidan keyin V1 talab qiladi. Can va be able to teng sinonim bo`lib,
farqi shundaki, can ko`p ma’noga ega. Faqatgina qila olmoq ma’nosida to be able to
bilan sinonim bo`la oladi.
2-farqi: Can hozirgi va kelasi zamonda, could esa o`tgan zamonda ishlatiladi. Qolgan
zamonlar uchun to be able to ni zamonga moslashtiramiz.
Present
Can Could -> Past.
Future
F.ex. I can swim. You can lift it with one hand.
Can V1 = am/is/are able to V1 I can swim through this river = I am able to swim
Could V1 = was/were able to V1 I could speak English when I was 5 = I was able to
speak …
Qolgan zamonlarda to be able to shakli:

Fut. Simple – will/ shall be able to V1
Pr. Perfect – have/ has been able to V1
should
With modal verbs -> must be able to V1
have to
Izoh: Agar gapda easily/ hardly so`zlari kelsa ko`pchilik holatlarda can va couldni
ishlatamiz.
F:ex: I can easily translate it.
He could hardly remember his granny.
Could -> o`tgan zamondagi qobiliyatni bildiradi. ( qila olardim )

Was/ were able to -> 1) qila olardim
2) qila oldim, uddaladim, epladim.
Navoi could read and write at 5.

There was fire in the flat but the fire brigade were able to help the Browns.
When I was a young boy, I could swim though this Ocean.
Once I was able to save a small boy who was drowning.
It was a difficult problem but I was able to solve it easily.
I was able to win the game yesterday.
Tom could remember 50 words a day in his childhood.
Izoh: Agar gapda quyidagi fe`llar kelsa can va could ishlatamiz, be able to ni ishlatish
shart emas. hear smell
see understand feel Bu fe’llar epladim/ qila oldim ma’nosida
kelsa ham
remember taste can/could modal fe’llarini olaveradi
It was dark but I could see some starts.
I could hear someone shouting at Martha.
I can/could easily remember his name.
Did they manage to buy the car yesterday?
Was/were able to V1 = managed to VWere
1 they able to buy the car yesterday?
 Inkor gaplarda har qanday holda ham couldn’t ishlatiladi.

I couldn’t win the game. (eplash)
He couldn’t translate even easier passages. (qobiliyat)
Could (2) -> Can ning o`tgan zamoni bo`lishi bilan birga, taklif ma’nosida Pr. va Fut.da
keladi. Bunday paytda uning sinonimi would be able to V1 bo`ladi.
Would be able to = could -> taklif ma’nosida.
I am free tomorrow, we could go somewhere tomorrow. (Biz biror joyga borishimiz

mumkin)
Yuqoridagi gapda Can modal fe’lini ishlatsak bo`ladi. Lekin bunda ma’no ishonchliroq
chiqadi.
I’m free tomorrow, we can go somewhere tomorrow.
We could live together in Tashkent . (Biz birga Toshkentda yashashimiz mumkin)
Tom needs some help. You could lend him a hand.
Why do you live in the dorm? You could live with your uncle.
Could have V3 -> Noreal ma’noda o`tgan zamonda keladi .“Qilsak bo`lardi “ deb tarjima
qilinadi lekin qilinmagan ish-harakat nazarda tutiladi.
Tom could have lent her some money, but he didn’t want.
You could have phoned and asked me about it, why didn’t you?
We were free yesterday, we could have gone somewhere.
Couldn’t have V3 -> “nima bo`lganda ham baribir qila olmas edim” deb tarjima
qilinadi.
You couldn’t have passed the exam anyway as it was very difficult.
Tom couldn’t have played football anywhere as the weather was awful.
You couldn’t have won him as he was very strong and tactful.
Shall I answer? Bunday gaplar maylimi deb emas, qilaylikmi/

Shall we go out? chiqaylikmi deb tarjima qilinadi.
Meanings
Can
1. Qila olmoq.
2. ruxsat so`ragan yoki berganda (mumkin =may)
Can I go? Yes, you can.
3. iltimos, iltifot bilan so`rash:

Can you please hand it to my secretary?
4. nahotki ( Can have V3) (Can V1) -> so`roq gaplarda
Can you have said that?
Can he be sleeping?
Can’t -> Can+not
1. qila olmaslik
2. ommaviy ravishda ta’qiqlash. (Har bir joyning qonun-qoidasiga ko`ra)
One can’t cheat during the exam. You can’t smoke in public transport.
*shaxsan bir kishiga ta’qiqlash bu – mustn’t
3. can’t be -> bo`lishi mumkin emas
You have just had dinner. You can’t be hungry.
4. Nahotki (so`roq va inkor gapda) {Can’t + S+ Pr. Perfect}, {Can’t +V1}
Can’t you have seen her then?
5. Can’t have V3 -> qilgan bo`lishi mumkin emas.
Tom can’t have killed her.
He can’t have been in prison.
Could
1. Qila olardim
I could write well.
2. Hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi taklif
You coul do it for her if you love her.
3. Couldn’t -> qila olmadim/ qila olmasdim.
I couldn’t ask her. (so`ray olmasdim)
I couldn’t win the game. (yutolmadim)
4. Could have V3 -> qilsak bo`lardi, lekin qilinmagan ish-harakat.
You could have asked her, why didn’t you do that?
5. Iltifot, iltimos (so`raganda could ishlatsa bo`ladi, lekin javob berganda emas)
Could you close the door?
Yes, you can (could)
May (may you; I may)
1. ruxsat so`raganda / berganda ( Can va could dan 1- o`rinda may turadi)
You may go if you have done it.
May I come in? May I stay and watch it too?
2. Balki, (mumkin) taxmin ma’nosida
I see some clouds. It may rain.
Where is Tom? He may be sleeping.
Taxminlar:
1. To be – bunda taxmin yo`q (100%) Tom is sleeping.
2. must/ can’t – bo`lsa kerak/ bo`lishi mumkin emas Tom can’t be at home
Can be maydan ham ustun. I can be John.
3. may – balkim (may bilan berilgan taxminga ishonch 50% atrofida)
Tom may go if he feels good. It may be expensive there, let’s not buy it.
4. might – balkim
Where is John? I don’t know, he might be at school.
5. Could – balkim.
May have V3 -> balkim qilgandir
I couldn’t find Mary. She may have left the country.
May as well/ Might as well - bajonidil
Might
1. May ning o`tgan zamoni sifatida Direct/Indirect Speech da va o`tgan zamonda keladi.
“He may stay with us”. He said that he might stay with us.
2.May ga sinonim bo`lib, hozirgi zamonda ham keladi va balkim degan ma’noda
ishlatiladi.
Where is Jack? He might be sleeping. What does he do? He might be a policeman.
3. Might have V3 -> balkim bo`lgandir
Tom couldn’t find his keys. He might have left them at home.
4. Might have V3 -> qilish mumkin edi, lekin qilinmadi (tanbeh ma’nosida)
Must
1. shart, lozim, kerak deb tarjima qilinadi.
You must work hard, if you want to pass exams.
2. bo`lsa kerak (kuchli taxmin bo`lib ehtimolligi yuqori)

Who can it be? It must be Jack.
What is Mary doing in her room? She must be studying, because she has 2 exams.
Mustn’t
1. mumkin emas. …. Qilish ta’qiqlanadi
She mustn’t speak in a loud voice at public places.
2. Mustn’t ning taxmin ma’nosi yo`q.
3. Must have V3 – qilgan bo`lsa kerak

Tom must have learnt German in Denmark.
Who killed Marry? I saw Jack yesterday. He was very shocked. He must have killed her.
3. Mustn’t have V3 -> taxmin ma’nosida bu strukrura ham mavjud emas.

*Must taxmin ma’noda faqat bo`lishli holatda keladi va so`roq formasi ham yo`q.
*Shart/lozim ma’nosida o`tgan zamonga o`zgarmaydi. O`tgan zamon so`roq formasida
ham kelmaydi va uning o`rniga have to ishlatiladi.
Hojati yo`q, shart emas ma’nolarida quyidagilarni ishlatsa bo`ladi:
a) needn’t V1 You needn’t hurry because we have enough time.

b) don’t need to V1
c) don’t have to V1 hojati yo`q, shart emas
d) haven’t got V1
e) hasn’t got to V1
Eslatma: Agar must bilan savol berilsa va biz unga inkor javob (yani yo`q desak) bersak
mustn’t emas needn’t ni ishlatamiz.
-Must we go there today?

- No, you needn’t.
Have to/ Has to/ Had to/ Have got to/ has got to
1. Have to mustga sinonim bo`lib, kerak, lozim deb tarjima qilinadi. Lekin must dan asosiy
farqi shundaki, bu yerda biror ishni qilish vaziyat jihatidan yuzaga keladi hamda o`zbek
tiliga qilishga tog`ri keladi deb tarjima qilinadi.
I’ m late. I have to take a taxi. (Men kech qolayapman. Taksi tutishimga to`g`ri keladi)
My son is ill. I have to stay at home. (Mening o`g`lim kasal, uyda qolishimga to`g`ri
keladi)
2. Must hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ishlatilsa, have to barcha zamonlarda kelishi
mumkin.
Present Tense
You mustn’t be there Future Tense
I have had to get up earlier as I have important exams. ( Present Perfect Tense)
Tom had had to stay here by Monday. (Past Perfect Tense)
3. Had to – have to ning o`tgan zamoni bo`lib, qilishga to`g`ri keldi deb tarjima qilinadi.
We had to spend all night at the hotel, as it was raining heavily.
(Qattiq yomgìr yogàyotganligi sababli, butun tunni mehmonxonada o`tkazishimizga
to`gri keldi)
So`roq gaplarda have to/ has to
Do/ Does + S + have to V1 -> Present simple da savol. (shartmi)

Have/has +S+ got to V1
Did + S + have to V1 -> Past Simple da savol. (shart edimi)
Will/ shall + S + V1 -> Future Simple da savol.
Have/ has + S + had to V1 -> Pr. Perfect da savol tuzish.
Had + S + had to V1 -> Past Perfect da savol tuzish.
Do you have to get up early? Have you had to do it lately?

Did you have to ask about it?
Didn’t have to V1/ Didn’t need to V1
Didn’t have to/ didn’t need to V1 -> qilishga to`g`ri kelmadi, shuning uchun qilmadik.
I didn’t have to cook anything as we had some meal in the fridge.

Tom didn’t have to go to the movie, as he had already watched that movie twice.
Needn’t have to V3 -> qilish shart emas edi , lekin qilingan ish-harakat.
(afsus ma’nosida)
Tom’s father bought 3 kilos of meat, he bought 2 kilos as well. His father said that he
needn’t have bought meat.
Need – kerak (muhtoj) need + noun/pronoun kelsa, need asosiy fe’l bo`ladi.
I need free time.
Need to V1 -> kerak (qilishga muhtoj) kelsa, modal fe’l.
I need to ask about it.
So`roq shakli: Do/ does + S + need to V1
need to V1 don’t need to V1 need +noun
don’t need+noun needn’t V1
* Postpone – uzoq muddatga kechiktirish
delay – qisqa muddatga kechiktirish(uzogì bilan 1 kunga)
Used to V1 / Would V1
Used to V1 – o`tgan zamondagi fe’l bo`lib, o`tgan zamondagi takroriy ish-harakatni
bildiradi. O`zbek tiliga bajarardim, qilardim, o`qirdim, o`ynardim deb tarjima qilinadi.
I played football when I was a child = I used to play football while a child.
Tom used to listen to rock music.
So`roq shakli: Did + S + use to V1 (used bo`lishi mumkin)

Inkor shaklda: S + didn’t use to V1
Would V1 -> bu ham o`tgan zamondagi takroriy ish-harakatga nisbatan ishlatiladi, lekin
his-tuygùli fe’llar va Static words bilan birga kelmaydi.
Used to V1 -> barcha holatlarda ishlatilishi mumkin.

Tom used to play chess Tom would play chess
go there go there
understand better understand better
be clever be clever
be rich be rich
be poor be poor
Izoh: His-tuygùli fe’llar takroriy ravishda kelolmaydi, faqat uzoq vaqt davom etadi. Bu
holatda would mumkin emas.
Dream: Tush ko`rish – would V1/ used to V1 /Past simple
Orzu qilish, sevish - used to V1 /Past simple
To be allowed to V1 = may ga sinonim bo`lib, ruxsat berganda ishlatiladi.
We are allowed to stay at home
Tom was allowed to smoke. To be allowed to zamonlard o`zgaradi, may esa
We shall be allowed to go there faqat hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun.
Should
a) Should o`zbek tiliga lozim, shart debtarjima qilinadi, lekin must ga nisbatan kuchsiz
ma’no beradi.
 Maslahat berganda ishlatiladi
 Qilsang yaxshi bo`lardi, qilmasang yaxshi bo`lardi, … to`gri bo`lardi, …noto`g`rib
bo`lardi kabi ma’nolarda keladi.
You are sneezing. You should consult your doctor.

The government should think more about unemployed.
O`zini fikrini aytib, bu ishing yaxshi yoki notog`ri deyish, ko`proq should ga to`g`ri keladi.
I think Do you think we should do everything he orders?
I don’t think + should V1 (U buyurgan barcha narsani qilishimiz kerak deb
Do you think o`ylaysizmi)
Shouldn’t V1 -> qilish yaxshi emas, to`g`ri emas

qilmasang yaxshi bo`lardi.
Tom shouldn’t drive very fast. – Tom tez haydashi yaxshi emas.
Should V1 = Ought to V1 Bu ikki modal fe’l o`zaro teng sinonim.

We should obey our parents -> We ought to obey our parents.
Ought not to V1 -> Shouldn’t V1 bilan teng sinonim.
Should have V3 / Ought to have V3 -> qilish kerak edi, lekin qilinmagan ish-harakat.
Shouldn’t have V3 / Ought not to have V3 -> qilish kerak emas edi, lekin qilingan ish-
harakat
The paper ought not to have been thrown away. -> O`sha hujjat tashlab yuborilmasligi
kerak edi.
Tom shouldn’t have been sent instead of Mike -> Tom Mayk ning o`rniga jo`natilmasligi
kerak edi.
You shouldn’t have let him in. -> Siz unga kirishiga ruxsat bermasligingiz kerak edi.
You should have stayed with her. -> Siz u bilan qolishingiz kerak edi.
To be to V1
To be to V1 -> o`zbek tiliga kerak, shart, lozim deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu modal fe’lning
have to/ mustdan farqi shundaki, bunda ehtiyoj jihatdan olinmaydi.
To be to V1 – kelishilgan ish-harakat uchun ishlatiladi hamda zamonlarda o`zgaradi.
S + am/ is/ are to + V1 Bu struktura Present va Future uchun.
S + was/ were + V1 Bu struktura Past uchun:
I am to be at the station at 5.
Tom was to sign the documents last week.
b) Buyruq asosida qilish kerak, (edi)
F.ex: My boss told me I was to meet the delegates the following day.
I have said to my secretary that she is to type 3 letters.
I was to air the room, but I forgot.
You are to work until 7.
c) jadval asosida qilinishi kerak (edi)

F.ex: The train was to leave at 5p.m. but it was an hour late.
You are to start the first lesson on Monday.
The concert is to begin at 6.
Should have V3 -> qilinishi kerak edi, lekin qilinmagan ish-harakat

Was/ were to V1 -> qilish kerak edi, lekin qilingan-qilinmagani noma’lum bo`lgan ish-
harakat.
Tom should have phoned Mr.Black at 5. -> Tom Mr. Black gas oat 5 da telefon qilishi
kerak edi, lekin qilmadi.
Tom was to have phone Mr. Black at 5.-> Tom Mr.Black ga soat 5 da telefon qilishi kerak
edi, lekin qilgan-qilmagani noma’lum.
To be supposed to V1 = To be to V1
( kutilishicha, rejaga asosan qilinishi kerak (edi)).
F.ex. You were suppsed to open the door and air the room.
Are we supposed to be here on time?
All the boys are supposed to review before they start a new course.
Was/ were to have V3 -> o`tgan zamonda reja, kelishuv, buyruqqa asosan qilish kerak edi,
lekin qilinmagan ish-harakatni bildiradi hamda qilinmaganligi ko`pincha ko`rsatilmaydi.
Eslatma: Was/were supposed o`tgan zamonda qilinishi kerak bo`lgan lekin qilinmagan
ish-harakatni bildiradi hamda qilinmaganligi ko`pincha ko`rsatiladi.
F.ex. The concert was supposed to begin at night, but it was an hour late.
Nick was to have sent a letter.
They were to have met us at the station.
To be to/ to be supposed to – tabiat hodisalaridagi kuzatiladigan ofatlarga yoki
o`zgarishlarga nisbatan ham ishlatiladi.
Had better -> hozirgi va kelasi zamonda ishlatiladigan
S + had
modal fe’l better + V1 bo`lib, yaxshisi qilish kerak deb tarjima qilinadi hamda
should ga nisbatan kuchliroq ma’no beradi.
S + had better not + V1 Had better modal fe’lining inkor shakli.

You had better join us. -> Yaxshisi bizga qo`shil.
You had better not go out now, you may get a lose now.-> Siz yaxshisi hozir ko`chaga
chiqmang, yo`qolib qolishingiz mumkin.
Would you mind … -> qarshi emasmisiz deb tarjima qilinadi.
a)
Would you mind Ving Biror ish qilishga qarshi emasmisiz
F.ex. Would you mind closing the door? Would you mind going there with me?
Would you mind asking a question? Would you mind smoking here?
shakl: o`tgan
b) Would you mind if + S + V2 ma’no: hozirgi/ kelasi
Would you mind if I left you alone for an hour?

Would you mind if he came a bit later today?
Would you mind if we smoked here?
Iboralar: Qisqartmalar
May God be with you. I had better = I’d better
May God bless you. I would like = I’d like.
What/ how + can May I … / Can I … / Could … ( Iltimos ma’nosida)
How can I help you? May I have this book, please?
How can I ask about it? Can I use this camera?
How can I go to the park? Could we take it for a moment?
What can I do for you? Can/ Could/ May bilan savolga javob berganda Could
What can I say?
Do you like …? Modals + be

Would you like …?
Must Noun
Do you like coffee? Can’t
Adjective
Would you like coffee? Should be Time
Might Ving
May place
Must Noun V3
Could Adjective
Should have been Time He may be a student.
May Ving Tom can’t be lazy.
Can’t Place Tom must be running fast.
Might V3 (passive voice) Tom could be there.
Tom should be sent there.
Tom must have been tired.
The letter shouldn’t have been thrown away.
Probabilities:
Modal Present Present Past Past
continuou continuou
s s
May 5 May be Ali May be Ali May Ali may May have Ali may
0 may doing may be have have been have
% be in playing done been in doing been
the tennis the playing
garden garden tennis
. yesterda yesterday
y
Might 5 Might Ali Might be Ali Might Ali Might Ali might
0 be might doing might have might have been have
% be at be done have doing been
home swimmi been at swimmin
ng in home g in the
the yesterda river
river y yesterday
Could - Could Ali Could be Ali Could Ali Could Ali could
5 be could doing could have could have been have
0 be at be done have doing been
% home writing been at writing a
a letter home letter
yesterda yesterday
y
Must 9 Must Ali Must be Ali Must Ali must Must have Ali must
5 be must doing must be have have been have
% be at sleepin done been at doing been
the g the sleeping
office office yesterday
yesterda
y
Can’t 9 Can’t Ali Can’t be Ali Can’t Ali can’t Can’t Ali can’t
9 be can’t doing can’t be have have have been have
% be at sleepin done been at doing been
home g home sleeping
yesterda yesterday
y
Couldn’ 9 Could Ali Couldn’t Ali
t 9 n’t couldn’t have been couldn’t
% have have doing have
done been at been
home sleeping
yesterda yesterday
y
Auxilary Uses Present/future Past
1) Polite request (only with I May I borrow your pen?

and we) (илтимос сурашда
факат I ва WE билан)
2) Formal permission You may leave the room
рухсат беришда
3) Less than 50 % certainty, Булиши мумкин Where Ган булиши
MAY is John? мумкин Why
хакикатга якин (тахмин) He may be in the garden. didn’t you answer
the doorbell?
I may have been
asleep.
1) Less than 50 % certainty Булиши мумкин Ган булиши
хакикатга якин тахмин Where is John? мумкин
He might be in the Why didn’t you
garden. answer the
doorbell?
I might have been
MIGHT asleep.
1) polite request (rare) Might I borrow your
(илтимос сурашда факат I pen?
ва WE билан лекин кам
холларда)
SHOULD and 1) Advisability Килиш керак Килиш керак эди
OUGHT TO маслахат беришда I should study tonight лекин килинмади
I ough
t to study tonight I should have
You shouldn’t wake the studied last night
children they are but I didn’t.
sleeping I ought to have
studied last night
but I didn’t
You shouldn’t
have eaten an ice-
cream as you are ill
2) 90% certainty She should do well on She should have
(expectation) the test. done well on the
90% хакикат (натижа She ought to do well on test.
кутишда) the test (only future She ought to have
meaning) done well on the
test (only past
meaning)
HAD BETTER 1) Advisability with threat You had better come on
or bad result time or you will be
маслахат беришда punished
(яхшиси килинг
килмасангиз ёмон булиши
мумкин)
BE 1) Expectation Class is supposed to
SUPPOSED кутилишича begin at 10:00
TO
2) Unfulfilled expectation Class was
кутилишича (утган supposed to begin
замонда лекин содир at 10:00 but it
булмаган харакат) didn’t.
1) strong necessity I must go to class (килишга тугри
кучли эхтиёж (керак) келди)
I had to go to class
yesterday.
2) prohibition (мумкин You must not open the
MUST эмас) door
3) 95% certainty Булса керак Ган булса керак
95% хакикатга якин Mary isn’t in class. She Mary wasn’t in
must be sick class. She must
have been sick
1) necessity Килиш Керак Килишга тугри
эхтиёж I have to go to class келди
HAVE TO today I had to go to class
yesterday
2) lack of necessity Шарт эмас Шарт эмас эди
(negative) (шарт эмас) You don’t have to go to You didn’t have to
class go to class
1) necessity эхтиёж Килиш Керак Килишга тугри
HAVE GOT I have got to go to class келди
TO today I had to go to class
yesterday
1) 100% certainty (хакикат) I will be here at 6:00
WILL
2) willingness (хохиш The phone is ringing
курсатиш) I’ll get it.
3) polite request (илтимос Will you please help
рукнида сураш) me?
Will you please pass me
the salt?
1) ability/possibility I can run fast I could run fast
CAN кобилият/ мумкинлик when I was a child
but now I can’t
2)informal polite request Can I help you?
(сурашда)
3) Impossibility (ман That can’t be true He can’t have said
килинган, мумкин эмас) You can’t drive on the it.
right in England? He can’t have
stolen your car.
1) Past ability I could run fast
COULD
when I was a child.
2) polite request Could you help me?
Could you tell me?
3) Suggestion (фикр По чему бы и не What
таклиф килиш (келасига are your plans for
нисбатан)) tonight?
We could go to the
cinema.
4) Past suggestion Килиш мумкин
эди лекин
килинмади
You could have
finished your work
why were you late?
5) Утган замонда хохласа Tom’s team lost
хохламаса кила олмасди the match. He
couldn’t have
played as he was ill
1) ability I am able to translate this I was able to
BE ABLE TO book translate this book
yesterday
Difference between COULD Кила олардим (could) Кила олдим (was
and WAS ABLE TO able to)
When I was a child I The workers were
could run fast able to unload the
steamer in a day.
1) Unnecessary I needn’t go to school
NEEDN’T DO
today as it is Sunday
1) unnecessary I went to the shop
and bought some
bread and sugar.
When I came home
NEEDN’T
I saw that my
HAVE DONE
mother also bought
the same things. I
feel sorry I needn’t
have bought them.
There is no Difference I don’t have to go to I needn’t go to
between DON”T HAVE TO school today as it is school today as it
and NEEDN’T DO Sunday is Sunday
Difference between DIDN’T I did’nt do smth because I did smth but it
HAVE TO and NEEDN’T it was not necessary. was not necessary
HAVE DONE (DIDN’T HAVE TO) NEEDN’T HAVE
I had a nice trip to DONE
Samarkand. I didn’t have -Why were yo
to change anywhere. u late?
-I took 3 buses to
the city.
- Why did you?
There was a bus
that would take
you to the city in
10 minutes.
- Oh yes I needn’t
have taken three
buses.
GERUND and INFINITIVE.
Ingliz tilida fe’lning 4 ta shartsiz shakllaridan foydalaniladi.

1) Gerund — Ving
2) Infinitive — to V1
3) Participle I — Ving
4) Participle II — V3
Yuqoridagi 4 ta formaning gapda hech qanday kesimlik vazifasi yo`q. Ular fe’ldan
yasalgan bo`lsa ham, aslida fe’l emas.
Ular gapda quyidagi vazifalarda kelishi mumkin:
1) Ega — gerund, infinitive
2) Aniqlovchi — gerund, participle I, participle II
3) To`ldiruvchi — gerund, infinitive
4) Izohlovchi — participle I, participle II
5) Ravishdosh — participle I, participle II
GERUND.
Ega vazifasida kelgan paytida harakat nomi bo`lib keladi, gap boshida keladi.
O`zbekchada –sh, -ish qo`shimchalarini oladi.
Running is helpful for your health.
Seeing is believing. Eating much food is not always good.
To be dan keyin gerund to`ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi.

My hobby is sleeping. The hardest part of English is reading.
One of the best things is having coffee in the morning.
Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin yana bir fe’l so`ralsa, 2-fe’l uchun biz to`ldiruvchi
vazifasida keluvchi gerund ishlatamiz.
Acknowledge – tan olish Enjoy – rohatlanish
Admit – chaqirmoq Entail – jalb qilmoq
Anticipate – oldindan his qilmoq Escape – qochmoq
Appreciate – baholash qadrlash Discuss – muhokama qilmoq
Avoid – yiroqlashish Excuse – kechirmoq
Celebrate – nishonlamoq Finish – tugatmoq
Consider – o`ylamoq/tasavvur qilmoq Feel like – o`xshamoq
Catch – ushlamoq Fancy – yoqmoq
Can’t beer – chidolmaslik Forgive – kechirmoq
Can’t resist – qarshilik qilolmaslik Ignore – e’tiborsiz qoldirmoq
Complete – tugatmoq Imagine – tasavvur qilish
Contemplate – tahlil qilmoq Involve – jalb etmoq
Can’t help – o`zini tuta olmaslik Hate – yoqtirmaslik
Defer – orqaga surmoq Keep – saqlamoq
Delay – to`xtatmoq Keep on – davom ettirmoq
Deny – rad etmoq Loathe – nafratlanmoq
Detest – yomon ko`rmoq Miss – sogìnmoq
Dislike – yoqtirmaslik Mind – e’tibor qaratmoq
Dread – qo`rqmoq Pardon – kechirim so`rash
Find – topmoq Prevent – yuzaga keltirmoq
Prohibit – Risk – tavakkal qilmoq
Postpone – orqaga surmoq Suggest – taklif qilmoq
Practice – Smell –
Quit – tark etmoq Tolerate – baho bermoq
Recollect – Understand – tushunmoq
Report – xabar qilmoq Would mind – qarshilik
Resist – qarshilik qilmoq Stop –
Resent – gàzablanmoq Mention – eslatib o`tmoq
Recall – eslamoq
Feel Noun/pronoun + Ving
I detested getting up late. Stop talking!
I considered taking my notebook. I quitted working hard.
Predlog va bog`lovchilardan keyin gerund ishlatiladi.

In Before Down Behind
At After Through While
On Without Between When
Over Into Under About
Up For Among By
To 2 ta ma’noda keladi:
1) Predlog ma’nosida Ving I prefer reading to listening.
2) ga qaraganda to V1
When qachonki ma’nosida o`zidan keyin Ving oladi.

When qachon ma’nosida to V1 oladi.
When I was trvelling, I met my friend. ↔ When travelling I met my friend.
I don’t know when to call him.
Like predlog bo`lib, kelsa, o`zidan keyin gerund oladi.Tarjimasi – … ga o`xshab.

I’m fond of training with sport like playing chess.
To bu ham ba’zan predlog ma’nosida keladi.

To → look forward to — intiq bo`lib kutish
I looked forward to seeing you again.
Quyidagi fe’llar quyidagicha predlog oladi va o`zidan keyin gerund talab qiladi.
Capable of Look forward to Speak/Talk to
Complain about Object to Tired of/from
Congratulate on Participate in Be for
Decide against Prevent from To be good at
Dream of/about Responsible for To be expect in
Excite about Succeed in To be interested in
Fed up Suspect of Warn against
Forgive for To be care of Give up
Insist on Thank for Stop from
Instead of Inspire of
Keep on/from Think about
Quyidagi iboralardan keyin gerund ishlatiladi.
A waste of time It is of no use Spend money

A waste of money There is no use Catch + object
Have a difficult time It is no good Find + object
Have a good time There is no point in Lie + place
Have fun Can’t avoid Sit + place
Have difficulty Can’t imagine Stand + place
Have trouble Can’t stop Go + faoliyat
It is worth Spend time Come + faoliyat
I caught him stealing money.

I found her looking for his glass.
Jack was lying on the sofa reading a magazine.
He was standing at the corner of the street talking with his neighbor.
Go swimming Will you go … with me?
Go camping a) swim b) to swim c) swimming
Go shopping
Qo`shma ot tarkibida gerund aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi.

A swimming boy A dining room
A driving license A skating rink
A smoking room A dancing hall
Aniqlovchi vazifasida keluvchi olmoshlardan keyin ham (`)dan keyin ham gerund
kelishi mumkin.
My Your Its
His Their A pupil’s
Her Our Pupils’
I like his speaking.

His moving is beautiful.
Ing oladigan fe’llar bilan NING qaratqich kelishigidagi olmoshlar yoki otlar kelishi
mumkin va ulardan keyin ING ishlatiladi.
My, your, his, her, its, our, their
Tom’s, Nick’s, My mother’s, his sister’s
Jack’s father’s, Nick’s sister’s,
The manager’s, the worker’s
I appreciate your speaking English.
He denied his father’s commiting the crime.
I dream of my son’s becoming a pilot.
Gerund ning Passive Voice da ishlatilishi.
Gerund Passive Voice ga continuous zamonlar qanday o`tkazilsa xuddi o`shanday

o`tkaziladi.
I like teaching grammar
Active: Ving I am afraid of being excused guilty.
I don’t like interrupting others’ talk.
Passive: being V3 He was concratulated on being chosen
number one.
I don’t like being interrupted by others.
I’m afraid of being excuse guilty.
Istisno holat!
Ba’zi fe’llar passive almashmaydi.
I can’t help smoking. Imagine working here.
I can’t resist asking questions. I can’t resist being asked questions.
Active Gerund Passive Gerund

A) present = doing (килиш) A) being done (килиниш)
I enjoy walking in the street. The children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
I insist(ed) on seeing the director. I insist on being seen by the director.
I avoided hurting people. I avoid being hurt by the people
I admit stealing the money. I admit being told about the accident.
I can’t stand studying hard. I can’t stand being asked many questions
by the teacher.
B) past = having done B) past = having been done
I denied having stolen the money He denied having been invited to the party
yesterday. yesterday.
I wouldn’t mind having eaten much The coat showed the signs of having been
chocolate yesterday worn before
Active Infinitive Passive infinitive
A) present = to do A) to be done
I would like to know about it. I would like to be invited to the cinema.
I want him to buy some vegetables. I want the vegetables to be bought by him.
I expect him to come tomorrow. I expect the contract to be signed tomorrow
I would rather go home. I would rather be told about it soon.
B) past = to have done B) past = to have been done
She would like to have stayed at home I would like to have been told about it
yesterday. yesterday.
She seems to have been ill yesterday. The letter seems to have been received
She would rather have stayed at home yesterday.
yesterday. I would rather the letter have been sent
yesterday
Gerund ning Inkor gaplarda da kelishi.
Gerund in negative (Active voice): Not + Ving

I dislike not telling the truth.
Gerund in negative (Passive voice):

I dislike not being told the truth.
Not being + V3
INFINITIVE.
Infinite fe’lning shaxssiz shakli bo`lib, to V1 ko`rinishida keladi.
Active voice: Verb + to V1

Passive voice: Verb + to be V3
Infinite ham ega vazifasida keladi.
To write a good essay is very important for IELTS exams.
Gap boshida infinitive o`rniga gerund ham kelishi mumkin.
Agar ikkalasi ham gap boshida kelsa birinchi o`rinda gerund olinadi.
Maqollarda ega vazifasida kelsa ham infinitive ishlatilishi mumkin.
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. (kuchliroq)
To be or not to be.
Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin yana bir fe’l so`ralsa, biz infinitive ni ishlatamiz.
Aid Appear Challenge Mean

Appoint Arrange Choose Offer
Assist Ask Claim Order
Afford Attempt Cause Oblige
Agree Beg Consent Prepare
Aim Care Can’t afford Pretend
Persuade Encourage Dare Reject
Press Entice Demand Undertake
Promise Entreat Leave Teach
Prove Endeavor Long Tell
Incite Entitle Seek Tempt
Provoke Defy Seem Vow
Plan Expect Instruct Volunteer
Proceed Decide Struggle Wait
Remain Explain Strike Want
Refuse Force Swear Wish
Stimulate Forbid Invite Would like
Resolve Fail Inspire Would love
Convince Get Know Would hate
Command Guarantee Lad Would prefer
Determine Hesitate Learn Likely
Direct Hire Prompt Unlikely
Drive Hope Tend urge
Empower Happen Trust
Enable Implore Threaten
I hope to meet you sometime in June.

Tom agreed to persuade his mother.
I hope this matter to be solved.
I want to be choosen my work.
I want to be offered this chance.
He seems to be sleeping but he isn`t.
Tom always pretends to be doing the right work.
He always pretends to be punished.
Barcha turdagi sifatlar o`zidan keyin infinitive oladi. Faqat 2 xil sifatdan keyin
gerund ishlatamiz.
Interesting
Young
ISTISNO HOLAT!
Anxious Be busy + Ving
Desirable + to V1 Be late + Ving
Important Be bored + Ving
Necessary
… matter is difficult to be solved.
This
He is busy doing his research work.
He is bored working the same place.
Mike is bored enough to tall with her.
I am too busy to go with you.
It is/It was + adj. + of + smb + to V1 + smth

Tarjimasi — siz tomondan
It is generous of you to help the poor.
It is kind of you to support Mike in bad position.
It is/It was + adj. + for + smb + to V1 + smth

It is good for you to join us.
It was unfair judge to convict him of murder.
To be dan keyin keladigan iboralar o`zidan keyin infinitive oladi.
sorry
glad
happy
angry
To be + surprised .
to V1 I am pleased to see you.
pleased
relieved
amazed
astonished
He was surprised to see her
following
next Jack was the only boy to come early.
last My plane was the following to fly.
The + only to V1
first
second
third
…sure I am sure to win.
found He is unlikely to come home.
To be + certain to V1
likely
unlikely
Too + adjective + to V1
Tom is too young to marry.
Too much/many noun + adj. + to V1

I have too much time to spend with you.
There are too many books to read.
enough + noun + to V1 adjective + enough + to V1

I have enough time to spend with you.
Tom is old enough to marry.
Enough va too bilan be busy va be bored/late kelsa ham baribir to V1 ishlatiladi.

Mike is bored enough to work the same 15 years.
Jack is too bored to talk her again and again.
Infinitive dan oldin to`ldiruvchi ko`rinishidagi olmoshlar ishlatilishi mumkin.

Gerund dan oldin aniqlovchi ko`rinishidagi olmoshlar ishlatiladi.
Want Teach Offer Assure To`ldiruvchi
Expect Tell Provoke Demand olmoshlari (object + to V1
Ask Force Claim Threaten pronouns)
Invite Trust Promise Urge
Wish Order Assist Would like Me/them/him
I wanted him to tell the truth. her/you/us/it
She promised me to return my money on time but she didn’t.
Barcha so`roq olmoshlaridan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi.

I don’t know how to solve that problem.
When I don’t know whether to go there.
Whom
Why If to bilan kelmaydi. If V3 bilan ishlatiladi.
How + to V1 If mistaken – passive ma’nosida
Where
What
Whether
When qachonki ma’nosida o`zidan keyin gerund oladi.
When qachon ma’nosida o`zidan keyin infinitive oladi.
When travelling I met my old friend.
I don’t know when to say truth.
I am not sure when to return.
While bilan har doim gerund keladi.

I took many photos while visiting New York.
Why not join the army.
Why not + V1
Let + V1 Active voice da, o`zidan keyin to`ldiruvchi olmosh oladi.
Make + V1
Let him go out. Mike made him clean his room.
Make – active voice da o`zidan keyin V1 oladi.

Let passive voice da sinonimlari orqali ishlatiladi.
To be allowed I was allowed to go there
+ to V1 She was permitted to take a risk.
To be permitted
Make passive voice da kelsa o`zidan keyin infinitive oladi.

No one should be made to choose a profession.
To be made + to V1 He was made to clean his room.
had better + V1 I had better leave you done.

Inkor shakli:
You had better not join this issue.
had better not + V1
WOULD RATHER.
Would rather prefer bilan sinonim. Lekin o`zidan keyin keladigan struktura bilan
farq qiladi.
Bu hozirgi va kelasi zamonda ishlatiladi.
would rather + V1
Inkor shakli to ishlatish mumkin emas.
Would ratherI would
+ not Vstay
rather 1 at home.
I would rather not go out.
O`tgan zamon uchun
would rather + have V3
would rather + not have V3
I would rather have gone these yesterday.
Would rather dan keyin ba’zan that bog`lovchisi kelishi mumkin.
1) Future meaning
would rather (that) + S + (not) V1
2) Present meaning
would rather (that) + S + V2 / didn’t V1
3)
would rather (that) + S + had (not) V3
Past meaning
I would rather you finish building your home by next year.
I would rather the work be finished soon.
I would rather I knew English well.
I would rather we hadn’t gone there yesterday.
So`roq shaklda would egadan oldinga chiqadi.

Would you rather be here tomorrow?
S + would rather + (not) have + been + Ving (Past Cont. ma`nosida)

I would rather not have been spending my 2 years.
S + would rather + be + Ving (Present Cont. ma`nosida)

I would rather be watching the match on TV.
Quyidagi strukturada ham to ishlatiladi.

It is impossible for you work here.
a good idea It is a good idea to have year of.
a good think
It is + a mistake for smb + to V1
easy
(im)possible
Would dan keyin keladigan barcha fe’llar infinitive da keladi.
Ba’zida fe’llar yakka tartibda gerund olsa, would bilan kelganda to qo`shiladi.
Faqat would mind/let/make/rather bundan mustasno.
Quyida berilgan 4 ta fe’l bu qoidaga bo`ysunadi. Qolganlar bundan mustasno.
like Wish bilan sinonim bo`ladi.

Would + love + to V1 I would let him go there.
Hate to have V3 I would like to drink coffee.
prefer
O`tgan zamondagi gapga nisbatan shu fe’llardan keyin to have V3 ishlatiladi.
The party was perfect I would like to have been there. = Wish type III
Would sooner
→ would rather (I)
Would sooner + Ø + V1
To be worth + Ving Har doim Ving ishlatiladi. Ma’no passive da bo`lsa ham,
active da bo`lsa ham.
This book is worth reading.
That car is very old and it isn’t worth repairing.
Help + to V1 Lekin can’t help kelsa, biz gerund ishatamiz.
Help + V1
I helped my mother to do housework.
Help to me + to V1 Help me to carry it, please.
Help to me + V1
Dare + to V1 Ma’nosi — jur’at etmoq
Lekin daren’t bo`lsa, V1 keladi.
Dare + V1
How dare you ask this question?

Daren’t + V1 He couldn’t dare to ask about it.
III shaxs birlikda he, she bilan dare keladigan bo`lsa
ham –s/-es qo`shimchasi qo`shilmaydi.
It is time dan keyin to V1 keladi.

It is time + to V1 It is time for smb + to V1
It is time (that) + S + V2
It is time to be at home. It is time for you to practice your pronunciation.
It is time (that) you practiced every day.
Ba’zida it is high/(already,about) time bo`lib keladi. Struktura o`zgarmaydi.

Inkor shakli:
It is time + not to V1 It is time for smb + not to V1
It is time (that) + S + didn’t V1

Quyidagi so`zlardan
keyin ba’zi holatda gerund ishlatiladi, ba’zida infinitive ishlatiladi.
I Propose advised staying at home.
I Suggest advised them to stay at home.
I Advise recommended him not to go there.
+ Ving Lekin: I encourage to do this work to
Allow
my + smb + to V1 friend.
Permit
Recommend Lekin bu berilgan so`zlar passive da
Encourage kelsa, infinitive ishlatamiz. Chunki
passive gaplarda to`ldiruvchi gap
boshiga chiqadi.
I was advised to enter that university.
The students were encouraged to get high scores.
No one is allowed to smoke here.
A number of students were permitted to pass their exams again.
I used to recommend learning French.
smb Need + to V1
Need
Require Require + to be V3
smth
Deserve Deserve + Ving
Want Want
The flowers want watering / to be watered.

These batteries need charging / to be charged.
Tom’s father wanted him to do his tasks on time.
You need to wait a little
The university required the student to bring his documents. (A.V.)
GOLDEN RULE.
Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin

Watch Feel To`ldiruvchi to`ldiruvchi kelsa ham
See Listen to (me/him/her/ Ving yoki Ving yoki V1
Hear Catch them/us/you/ V1 ishlatiladi.
Notice Observe Tom)
I have never seen Jane dancing. He noticed him stealing money.

Agar bir faoliyatni boshdan oyoq ko`rgan eshitgan bo`lsa bu holatda shu fe’llar-dan
keyin V1 ishlatiladi.
Agar davom etayotgan ish-harakatning bir qismini ko`rsak Ving ishlatamiz.
They were seen to play game.
She was seen to leave the room.
The robber was noticed to steal money.
Golden rule da kelgan fe’llar passive voice da ishlatilsa, o`zidan keyin to V1 oladi.
Agar to V1 bo`lmasa, Ving olsa bo`ladi.
We were watched to play tennis. Lekin: How does it feel to go there alone.
She was seen to leave the room.
The robber wasn’t noticed to cross the road.
*How does it feel to go there alone?
* Listen to me advise – Verb maslahat bermoq
*Listen to my advice – Noun maslahat
Opportunity Opportunity
+ to V1 + of + Ving
Chance Chance
Tom has opportunity to go abroad.
Tom has a good chance of going abroad.
Smell
Shu fe’llardan keyin to`ldiruvchi kelsa
Taste
+ object + Ving gerund ishlatiladi.
Find Catch passive da keladimi active da
Catch keladimi, undan keyin Ving keladi, chunki
bir ish
qilayotgan paytda tutiladi. (golden rule)
I can smell smth burning. I caught him pick pocketing.
Nimagadir nisbatan ikkinchi bir narsani afzal ko`rish ma’nosida:

I to V1 prefer to listen to classical music.
I Prefer + prefer listening to classical music.
Ving
I Prefer Ving to Ving prefer drinking black tea to drinking coffee.

Prefer to V1 + rather than V1 Tom prefers to go to cinema rather than go
to disco.
Love
Bu fe’llerdan keyin ham infinitive ham gerund
Begin
ishlatish mumkin.
Start Agar bu fe’llar continuous zamonida kelsa, shu
Continue fe’llardan keyin infinitive olinadi.
to V1
Finish Ving
I started to work ↔ I started working.
Prefer (farqi yo`q)
Tom intended to go ↔ tom intended going.
Intend Continue to read ↔ continue reading.
Bother It is starting to rain. I am intending to ask.
Bir ishni birovga qildirish bir necha xil
Can’t bear strukturada beriladi. Bunda faqat have va get
fe’llaridan foydalanamiz.
I have my car repaired → birovga qildirish
Have / get + smth + V3
I have repaired my car → o`zi qiladi.
I want to know how much does it cost to have
a tooth filled.
I have to have my bike fixed.
I Have + smb + V1 had Tom repaire my roof of my house.
get + smb + to V1 Tom will get Mike to fix his car.
S → it/he/she/they/ the day …

S + being
Ma’nosi — bo`lganligi sababli, bo`lganligi uchun
It being Sunday I didn’t go to school. He being rude no one wants to
talk with him
The day being hot I decided to wear light clothes.
Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin ma’nosiga ko`ra ba’zan to V1 ba’zan esa Ving olinadi.
Remember Stop Forget
Like Be afraid Be sorry
Try Regret Be interested
REMEMBER
O`tgan zamonda bir vaqtlar qilgan ishini eslasa gerund ishlatamiz.
I remember meeting him at first time in the street.
Endi bo`ladigan narsani eslab qol ma’nosida gap berilsa, infinitive ishlatiladi.
Please, remember to post the letter. It is very urgent.
Father, don’t worry, I remember to lock the door.
FORGET
Agar o`tgan zamonda bir ishni qilishni unutgan bo`lsa, gerund ishlatamiz.
Oh, I forget posting the letter.
Kelasi zamonda biror-bir ishni qilishni unutish yoki unutmaslik infinitive bilan keladi.
Sometimes I forget to take my pills. Don’t forget, to lock the door.
LIKE
Biror-bir ishdan umumiy ma’noda rohatlanish gerund bilan ishlatiladi.
I like reading. Tom likes watching TV.
Vaziyat jihotidan bir ishga qaraganda ikkinchi bir ishni ma’qullash, yoqtirish ma’nosida
kelsa, infinitive keladi.
I like to read books in the evening.
I like to wash the dishes rather than do exercises.
So`roq gaplarda kelsa “to” oladi:
What do you like to do this evening? Do you like to swim?
TRY
Qilib ko`rmoq, sinab ko`rmoq ma’nosida kelsa, o`zidan keyin gerund oladi. Ko`pchilik
holatlarda kiyim kiyishga nisbatan, ovqatni tatib ko`rishga nisbatan, sog`lik uchun ma’lum
bir ish qilganda, dori ichganda try bilan Ving ishlatiladi.
My grandfather has tried taking long walks for his heart problem.
Harakat qilmoq ma’nosida kelsa, to V1 ishlatamiz

Tom tries hard to enter the university.
Tom tried hard to earn money while a child.
I try drinking that kind of coffee.
Try putting on this jacket, please.
If you can’t find a great job, try doing it by internet.
STOP
Bajarilayotgan harakat butunlay to`xtasa stop dan keyin gerund ishlatamiz.
Stop talking.
When I came into the room, they stopped talking.
If there is no oxygen, fire stops burning.
Ma’lum bir maqsad uchun biz harakatdan to`xtasak va biroz muddatdan davom ettirsak,
stop dan keyin to V1 keladi.
Tom stopped his car to have a rest to have a dinner.
We stopped near the river to take its photos.
TO BE AFRAID
Biror-bir ish natijasidan qo`rqish ya’ni oqibatidan qo`rqish gerund bilan keladi. Salbiy
fe’llar kelganda bu natija hisoblanadi va Ving oladi. (die/hurt/be poisoned/ be punished/
fail/ be robbed)
I am afraid of being robbed.
Biror-bir ish-harakatni qilishdan qo`rqish ma’nosida kelsa, to V1 ishlatamiz.

I am afraid to take a lot of money with me.
I am afraid to do such a great risk.
I am afraid to go there alone with such a lot of jewelries.
Tom is afraid to jump from this building.
REGRET
O`tgan zamonda biror-bir qilgan ishiga achinsa Ving ishlatiladi.
I always regret not taking part in the competition.
Tom regrets marrying in such a young age.
I regret not having told a truth. I regret not telling a truth.
Biror-bir kishiga yomon xabar berishga achinish, afsuslanish ma’nosida kelsa, to V1

ishlatiladi.
I regret to tell you that you have failed your exams.
I regret to inform you that you have lost all your property.
BE SORRY
Avval qilingan ishga achinish yoki afsuslanish gerund bilan keladi.
sorry for Ving/Noun - I ’m sorry for late arrivalbeceuse of traffic jam
I am sorry for being rude to you.
I am sorry for breaking your valuable vase.
Bir narsa qilishga achinish xuddi shu ishni qilishdan xijolat tortgandek bo`lish ma’no-sida
kelsa toV1 ishlatiladi.
Professor, I’m sorry to bother you but somebody is waiting for you.
I’m sorry to inform you that you have been fired.
TO BE INTERESTED
Qachonki biror-bir faoliyatga qiziqish ma’nosida kelsa, to be interested in + Ving holati
ishlatiladi.
Tom is interested in listening to rock.
Tom is interested in translating difficult texts.
Tom is interested in reading difficult pages.
Qiziquvchanlik bilan biror narsani, xabarni o`qish, eshitish, ko`rish ma’nolarida kelsa to
V1 ishlatamiz.
Agar bu fe’l see / know / hear fe’llari bilan kelganida hamma vaqt to V1 ishlatamiz.
I’m interested to hear about her.
I am interested to see the accident near my house.
Read fe’li kitob, hikoya, asar, detektiv kabilarni o`qishga qiziqish ma’nosida kelsa in
reading shaklida keladi.
Qandaydir bir yangilik, ma’lumotni o`qishga intilish to read shaklida keladi.
GO ON.
Go on doing something = continue doing the same thing (davom ettirish)
The minister went on talking for two hours.
We must change our ways. We can't go on living like this.
Go on to do something = do or say something new (yangi biror narsani aytish)

After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy.
After introducing her proposal, she went on to explain the benefits for the company.
something … qilishga/…qilish uchun
have /has got Nothing Tom has nothing to wear to
S have / has Nobody + to V1
4 books the wedding party. (Tomning
had to`yga kiyishga hech narsasi yo`q)
3 children Jane has got 3 children to
look after.
I have nothing to read at home so I often have to go to the library.
Mike has many friend to rely on.
Yuqoridagi holat quyidagi strukturaga ham to`g`ri keladi.

There is / are
There was / were …….. to V1 qilishga /qilish uchun
There are three boys to help me today.
There is nobody to clean my room this week.
There were many books to read.
Lekin: there is/are Ving bilan ham kelishi mumkin. Agar maqsad ma’nosi bo`lmasa
davomiy zamon kelishi mumkin:
There is a man sitting beside me.
There is a woman waiting for you.
O`tgan zamondagi odatiy-takroriy ish-harakat.
S + used to V1
I used to eat a lot while a child.
O`tgan zamondagi odatiy ish-harakat

S + was/were + used to Ving
lekin bu odat hozir yo`q.
Ma’nosi – odatlangan edim.
I was used to staying up late then Tom was used to sleeping until lunch time.
Hozirgi zamondagi odatlanish.

S + am/is/are + used to Ving
Tom is used to sleeping until lunch time.
I am used to getting up earlier.
Tom isn’t used to running much.
Bir odatdan ikkinchi odatga o`tishda

S + get + used to Ving
ishlatiladi. Get zamonlarda tuslanadi.
Tom finds it difficult to get used to giving up smoking.
You must really get used to getting up earlier. Lekin: get accustomed to Ving
How did you get used to writing with your left hand.
Biror-bir maqsadni o`ylab gap tuzilganida quyidagi strukturalardan foydalaniladi.
→ _____ uchun
______ to V1 I am here to talk with you.
→ _____maslik uchun
____ not to V1 Tom is working hard not to lose his job.
→ _____ uchun
In order to V1 I am here in order to talk with you.
→ _____maslik uchun
In order not to V1
Tom is working hard in order not to lose his job.
In order for + Ving
In order dan keyin that kelsa, ega va kesim
In order + that + S + V zamon bo`yicha moslashadi.
Tom is working hard in order that he keeps his
job.
to V1 →maqsadida (sinonimi — in order to)
So as + He is preparing a meal so as to treat his guests well.
not to V1
He is working so as not to be bored.
So that + S + V Ega va kesim zamonga qarab moslashadi.
Tom is learning 50 words a day so that he can translate texts.
PARTICIPLE I
Participle I – sifatdosh otni izohlab keladi hamda o`zining ma’lum bir

xususiyatlariga ega:
1) Har doim active voice da keladi;
2) Ving ko`rinishida bo`lib, otni izohlaydi;
3) U ikki xil ko`rinishda bo`lishi mumkin:
Ving + noun noun + Ving
4) Gapda asosiy kesim emas.
The woman cooking meal is my mother.

The three men cutting trees are working hard.
I saw a swimming boy.
The water flowing comes from the Amudarya.
Agar bizga berilgan gapda who, which, that dan keyin fe’lni qo`yish so`ralsa, unda
zamonga qarab fe’l yoki ko`makchi fe’l tanlaymiz.
I see a man who is working very hard. ↔ I see a hardworking man.
The boy that is smiling studies in the UK ↔ The smiling boy studies in the UK.
The bird which is chirping is swallow ↔ the chirping bird is swallow.
PARTICIPLE II.
Participle II – bunda ham biz otni izohlashga harakat qilamiz va fe’lning uchinchi
shakli ya’ni V3 dan foydalanamiz. Participle II ning ham o`ziga xos jihatlari bor:
1) Har doim passive voice da keladi;
2) Bu ham otni izohlaydi;
3) Bu ham ikki xil ko`rinishda bo`ladi:
V3 + noun noun + V3
4) Gapda asosiy fe’l emas.
Broken window written letter trained deer prepared project
Tom brought some vegetables grown in the garden.

The bridge constructed in 1835 attracts many tourists.
Many people killed during the war are remembered every year on May 9.
Ba’zan participle I ravishdosh vazifasida gap boshida keladi. Bunda gapda

bo`layotgan voqeaga qo`shimcha ma’no beradi. (qilayotib, borayotib)
Knowing English well, he can translate difficult texts.
Coming home I met my friend.
Working in the garden I found a $50 banknote.
Looking through the newspaper, I came across something interesting.
Agar bizga berilgan gapda who, which, that dan keyin fe’lni qo`yish so`ralsa, unda
passive voice dagi fe’l tanlaymiz.
The table that was sold was in Italian design ↔ the table sold was in Italian design.
Tom gathered the crops which were grown in his field.
PARTICIPLE II in past form

Having + V3
Asosan qo`shma gaplarda kelad. Xuddi past perfect ga o`xshaydi lekin bu shakl
hozirgi zamonda ham kelasi zamonda ham kela oladi. Bir ish-harakatdan keyin ikkinchi
bir ish-harakatning bo`lishini bildiradi. Ma’nosi – qilib bo`lgach, o`qib bo`lgach …
Gap boshida ham, 2-qismda ham kelishi mumkin:
S + V + Having V3
Having done all my exercises I decided to go for a walk.
Having eaten my meal I always wash the dishes.
Having packed all our things, we called a taxi.
Having finished my English course, I shall go abroad.
Tom left the room having eaten his meal.
Having V3 → birinchi ish-harakat S + V → ikkinchi harakat.

After dan keyin having V3 kelmaydi.
PARTICIPLE I in negative: Not + Ving
Not knowing hard, you won’t earn much money.

Not knowing English well, he failed his exams.
It is impossible to enter the University not studying main subjects.
PARTICIPLE II in negative: Not + having V3

How can you go home not having finished your task.
Not having learnt English well, he couldn’t pass his exams.
Not knowing English well, he couldn’t pass his exams.
** Having V3 =Ving bu holat agar ikki ish o`rtasida juda kam sekundlik vaqt bo`lsa:
Getting the key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
PARTICIPLE in PASSIVE VOICE
1) Participle I : being + V3
Being questioned by the police he understood that he would be arrested.
Being interviewed by the journalist he answered calmly.
Asking a question – savol berayotib being asked a question – savol so`ralayotib
He cried loudly being punished by his father.
2) Having V3 past form : having been V3 – qilinib, jazolanib bo`lgan (kishiga

nisbatan ishlatiladi.
Having been questioned – so`roq qilingach
Having been afford such a money for his house, he agreed at once.
Jane waited for 3 days, having been proposed to get married to Jack.
Having been informed about her arrival he decided to meet her himself.
He couldn’t do anything having been attacked by robbers.
To be accustomed To + Ving
Get accustomed (predlog ma’nosida)
Active voice da hamma fe’llarni ishlatish mumkin lekin, passive voice da hamma
fe’llarni ishlata olmaymiz:
eaten
died
Having been being
bought
collapse
INFINITIVE in PASSIVE VOICE
Active voice Passive voice

I want to invite him to the party.
I want to be invited to the party.
V + to V1 V + to be V1
to have V3 to have been V3

He seemed to have heard about it.
He seemed to have been informed about
it.
Infinitive in Cont. Form: to be Ving - Tom pretends to be sleeping, but in fact not.
John seems to be suffering from this pain.
COMPLEX SUBJECT.
Ikki xil ko`rinishda kelishi mumkin:

Said
believed V
S
It is/was reported that (zamonga
(smb / smth)
expected moslab)
thought
It is said that Tom will come soon.

It was said that Tom would come soon.
It is believed that the prices will go down.
It is reported the main road mustn’t be used for some time.
It is thought entrance exams will be held on August 2.
to be said to V1
to be believed to be Ving
Subject to be reported to be V3 (p. v.)
Noun to be expected to have V3
to have been V3 (p. v.)
to be thought to have been Ving (pr.per.cont.)
to be seen
to be heard
to be supposed
to be considered
to be found
to be announced
to be known
Tom is said to be the richest man in the world.

Tom is said to have been the richest man in the world in 1980s.
Tom is reported to have escaped.
Mike is believed to be promoted in a few days.
He is reported to be living abroad.
That book is considered to have attracted many readers.
Ba’zi holatlarda birinchi strukturada it ning o`rnida they kelishi mumkin.

Ma’nosi – odamlar aytishicha.
They say – oodamlar aytishicha. They say the president will come soon.
It says – gazetada aytilishicha. It says in the newspapers that it is going to
be cold.
ARTICLE.
Article asosan ikki guruhda beriladi:

1) Definite — aniq ( the )
2) Indefinite — noaniq ( a/an )
Noaniq artikl a/an shaklida bo`lib, 1 (bir) degan ma’noni bildiradi va one so`zi
bilan sinonim bo`ladi. Ingliz tilida bir kishi, bir narsa deb gapirganda one man, one thing
deb ishlatilmaydi. Uning o`rniga a man, a thing ishlatiladi.
I have a dog. A man came into the room.
A artikli undosh bilan boshlangan so`zlar oldidan ishlatiladi.

A man, a dog, a snake.
Lekin ba’zi holatlarda h harfi bilan boshlangan so`zlar an bilan keladi.

An hour
An unli bilan boshlangan so`zlar oldidan ishlatildi.

An umbrella, an apple
Ba’zan u harfi yu tovushini bersa, a ishlatiladi.

A union
One of/ one of the ma’nolarida keladi. Ma’nosi — … lardan biri.

Uzbekistan is a country. “Hide and seek” is a game.
Bukhara is a city in Uzbekistan.
a/an so`roq gapda any ga sinonim bo`ladi va ma’nosi — biror-bir

Have you got a pen? I haven’t got a dog. Any boy (a boy) can do it.
Biz bir kishi yoki biror narsa bo`lsayu u narsa yoki kishi aniq ko`z oldimizga
kelmasa, tarjima qilganda biz qandaydir, qaysidir ma’nolarida kelsa, a/an artiklini
ishlatamiz. Agarda aniqlab berilsa the qo`yiladi.
Tom sat on a chair. He saw a man in the street.
Ann is looking for a job. Ann is looking for the teacher job.
Sanaladigan birlik ot hech qachon yakka, ya’ni artiklsiz yoki olmoshsiz kelmaydi.
He asked __ question from the teacher. A) any B) a C) the
Tom is a student. I have got a family.
This is a photo. Tom is a clever boy.
This is chair. → This is a chair.
Kasblar oldidan birlikda kelsa,yokitanishtirilganda va birovning kasbini aytilganda

a/an artikli ishlatiladi.
I am a pilot. My brother is a teather. They are workers.

a/an noaniq artikli sanaladigan birlik ot oldidan ishlatilishi mumkin.
Go to bed
Go to sea faqatgina shu holatda article olmaydi,boshqa
Be at sea holatlarda the bilan keldi.
Be at bed
The sea is his favorite place to go.
Birlikda kelgan ot oldidan sifat kelsa, undan oldin a/an artikli ishlatiladi.
Noun — countable in singular
a/an + adjective + noun
A kind woman → kind women A clever student → clever students
A generous man → generous men
Sifatning oddiy va qiyosiy darajasi ot bilan birga kelsa a/an bilan keladi.
Agar sifatning yolgìz o`zi keladigan bo`lsa artikl ishlatilmaydi.
He is a clever boy → He is clever. Tom is kind man → Tom is kind.
Narsaning nimaligini, biror kishining kimligini aytsak, tanishtirsak bunday paytda

a/an ishlatiladi.
This is a pen. This is a house. A dog is an animal. A parrot is a bird.
Bor degan ma’noda ham a/an artikli ishlatiladi.

Tom has a dog.
Have She has a son.
Has + a/an + noun (singular)
There is
There are
There is a car outside.
Was there a dog at their house?
Biror bir narsa, predmet to`g`risida 1-marta gapirganimizda a/an artiklidan

foydalanamiz. O`sha predmet yoki shaxs to`g`risida ikkinchi, uchinchi marta
gapirganimizda the artikli ishlatiladi.
Agar o`sha predmetni ikkinchi marta sifatlar bilan ishlatsak ham a/an, uchinchi
marta the qo`yiladi.
This is a house. It is a modern house. The house has 6 rooms.
I ate a sandwich and apple. The sandwich was tasty and the apple was sour.
Umuman olganda noaniq artikl sanaladigan birlik otga tegishli bo`lganligi uchun
yuqoridagi qoidalarda yoki strukturalarda sanalmaydigan yoki ko`plikdagi ot kelsa a/an
artikli ishlatilmaydi.
I have two cars. Tigers are animals. They are good neighbors.
These are pencils.
ARTIKL ISHLATILMAYDIGAN HOLATLAR.
Umumiy ma’noda ko`proq narsa haqida gapirilganda hamma, barcha degan

ma’noda artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Coffee come from Brazil. Who likes grapes?
Bananas grow in Africa. I like people who always smile.
Mavhum otlar artiklsiz ishlatiladi. (umumiy ma’noda)

Hospitality is common of Uzbek people.
Confidence is important. Life is difficult.
Biz the artiklini participle I va participle II da ishlatamiz. Chunki bunda biz

participle I va participle II orqali aniq bir otni ko`rsatayotgan bo`lamiz.
The + noun + Ving The + noun + V3

The girl writing is Dilnoza. The meal cooked by my mother is very tasty.
Otni izohlagan paytimizda who, which va that so`zlaridan foydalangan paytda ham
ot oldidan the artikli keladi.
The + noun + relative clauses

The boy whose dog bit Jack was fined.
The baby who is crying has just been born.
The town where I was born is called Bukhara.
The time when I passed exams I felt very enjoyed.
Lekin: I like people who always smile.
Lekin agar sifatdosh bilan otning o`rni almashsa va otga qo`shimcha izoh berilmasa,
bunda biz a/an artiklidan foydalanamiz.
a/an + Ving + noun a/an + V3 + noun

A sleeping boy. A broken window.
A swimming girl. A written letter.
ISTISNO holat: Soqol o`stirish — to grow a beard
Sifat bilan kelsa ᴓ — I have red beard.
good
wonderful
nice
a/an + hard + time
lovely
difficult
bad
He had a hard time in Japan. They spent a wonderful time togather.
What + undov
gap What + ᴓ + ko`plik ot
What + a/an +birlik ot Sanalmaydigan
What a nice day! otweather!
What hot
What a beautiful girl! What nice people!
So`roq gapda gu holat o`rinli emas: What colour; what time
Lekin: What is the matter
Iboralar: What a pity!
That’s a pity!
What a shame!
Such Such
Quite + a/an + adj. + noun Quite + ᴓ+ adj. + noun
Rather
Rather
She is such a clever girl. Such good work.
A rather boring boy → rather a boring boy
It is quite an interesting story. Quite hot tea.
Kasb tanishtirilsa yoki tushuntirilsa, a/an artikli bilan keladi. Agar ko`plikda bo`lsa,
artikl kerak emas.
Agar lavozim bilan keladigan so`z biror-bir harakatni bajarsa, bu holatda doimo the
ishlatiladi.
I am a lawyer. We are lawyers.
The lawyer signed all the documents.
The teacher entered the room.
The postman said that he had good news for us.
The editor looked through a translated article.
Lekin: Agar lavozim bilan ism kelsa, the qo`yilmaydi.
Teacher Shukurov entered the room.
When the director was talking, a teacher rose hand to ask smth. (bir o`qituvchi)
Once day airport
Twice + a/an + month Go to bank
3 times year Be at + the + post office
4 times week cinema
Once a week I visit our Thomson. theatre
I attend extra courses 3 times a week.
We were at the station. Tom went to the post office.
School university Bu joy nomlari o`ziga tegishli shaxslarga nisbatan

Hospital college ishlatilsa, bemorga, o`quvchiga, maxbus, ibodat
qiluvchi, … bunday holatda artikl ishlatilmaydi. Bunday
Prison church
joylarga tashrif buyurilsa, bino sifatida qaralsa, the
olamiz.
Tom has broken his leg. Now he is in __ hospital.

The hospital is being reconstructed.
I study at __ school. My mother visits to the school twice a month to talk with my
teachers.
Tom robbed the bank that’s why he was sent to ᴓ prison.
Tom’s mother goes to __ church on Sundays.
There are several tourists who are taking photos of the church.
Bed/work/home bu so`zlar ko`pchilik holatlarda hech qanday artiklsiz keladi, lekin

bed so`zi yotoq ma’nosida keladigan bo`lsa, artiklsiz keladi. Kravat ma’nosida kelsa, the
artikli bilan keladi.
Go to bed → borib yotish

To be in bed → uyquda bo`lish
Tom is in bed → Tom uxlayapti. yoki Tom uyquda.
Tom is having breakfast on the bed.
Tom’s clothes are on the bed.
Go to work Tom goes to __ work very early.
ᴓ He spends ten hours at __ work.
Be at work
Lekin work so`zi izohlansa, bunday holatda the artikli qo`yiladi.

The work Tom wanted was much worse than he expected.
The work which company offered me was better than I thought.
Come
Go ᴓ article
home
Arrive ᴓ preposition
return
Tom arrived __ home very early in the morning. (come to my home)!
tegishli bo`lgan Tell me the way to the post

joylar (shaharga office.
(xonaga)
the tegishli bo`lgan joy
(shaharga)
1ta lekin 2 va 3ta
bo`lsa ham)
I want to go to the station.
Turn on/off the light, please.
Sorry, where is the kitchen, the lift…
Turn on/off mobile phone Is there + a/an +nounsingular

Switch on/off + the + TV set
Turn down light / stereo. Is there a car?
There is + a/an +nounsingular Are there + Ø

There is a car.
Where is the manager? Lekin where is _Tashkent
Where is the + … Where is the bar?
Where is the secretary / lawyer?
Police Are
Fire brigade Are The police have caught him.
Army Are The fire brigade haven’t arrived yet.
the
Bank Is
Post office Is Atoqli otlarga the ishlatilmaydi.
Navy Are Where is Tashkent?
The + superlatives (sifatning orttirma darajasi)

The best film. The most expensive bar. The farthest way.
One of the + noun(plural) + birlik kesim
One of the robbers. One of the documents. One of the works.
Next
ᴓ time __ next month __ next day
Last __ last year __ next year __ last week
Agar gap o`tgan zamonda, ya’ni future in the past da bo`lsa, next so`zi oldidan the
ishlatiladi.
Last so`zidan keyin time so`zi kelsa ham the last time deb ishlatiladi.
I shall go there next week.
I would go there the next week.
I went there last year.
The last time I saw her she was depressed.
Next
the noun The next train arrived at 9.
Last The last lesson will be held in hall 2.
The capital of Russia is Moscow.

The capital of ______ London is the capital of Great Britain.
At the end of smth → biror narsa oxiri At the beginning of smth

In the end → va nihoyat In the beginning
Put an end → oxiriga yetkazish
Last At least Bu so`zlar kirish so`z vazifasida kelganida
Lastly Last but not har doim gap boshida keladi va undan keyin
least vergul qo`yiladi hamda eng asosiysi hech qanday
At last Next artikl kelmaydi va bular kirish so`z hisoblanadi
hech qachon noun kelmaydi.
The noun of _______

The university of London → London university.
The deputes of Oliy Majlis
The members of Parliament.
ᴓ parliament The British parliament

Lekin of dan oldin bir degan ma’noda kelsa a/an ishlatiladi.
We had a lesson of Geography. A friend of mine came to see me.
A game of chess – 1partiya shaxmat
Lekin of kelsa ham quyidagi iboralar a artikli bilan keladi. A good deal of
A lot of
At ᴓ first time A great number of
Birinchi marta
For the first time A good number of
A plantbaliq
Sea — dengiz tushunilsa, of
tutishthe bilan keladi.
The sea is very deep. I live near the sea.
We have caught a lot of fish from the sea.
Sea — dengizga vaqt o`tkazish uchun sayohat qilish uchun borilsa artikl kelmaydi.
Go to ᴓ sea / Be at ᴓ sea
We went to sea
Tom goes to sea on holiday.
Jan is at sea with her family now.
Cinema Agar television so`zi kelganida biz texnikani

nazarda tutsak the ishlatamiz.
Theatre
The
Turn on/off Radio TV They are at the cinema now.
Ø++the + TelevisionThe cinema is coming next week.
Television
Switch on/off TV set The theatre we saw him.
Let`s listen to the radio.
Television so`zi teleko`rsatuv, programma ma’nosida kelsa artikl kelmaydi.
ᴓ TV — ko`rsatuv I like watching TV. I saw a film on TV.

What is on TV?
Breakfast
Lunch Bu so`zlar bilan umumiy ma’noda gapirganimizda artiklsiz
ishlatiladi.
Dinner
Breakfast
Supper
Lunch
Dessert Have + ᴓ
Supper
Snack
Dinner
Agar bu so`zlar sifat bilan kelsa, a artiklini ishlatamiz.
Agar izohlansa, the artikli bilan keladi.
A delicious lunch. A tasty dinner.

The supper we had in the restaurant was good. Thanks for the dinner.
Meal so`zi har doim a bilan keladi. Agar izohlansa, the bilan keladi.
I had a meal with my friend.
The meal he had brought was sour.
He is a Jo`rayev. – Jo`rayevlar oilasidan biri.
The + adjectives + ko`plik kesim
The rich Boylar Lekin:

The poor Bechoralar An injured man.
The disabled Yaradorlar A deaf man.
The unemployed Ishsizlar sifat bo`lgani uchun a / an qo`yildi.
The injured Yaradorlar
The wound Yaradorlar
The young Yoshlar
The old Qarilar Galstuk kiyishi uchun – a
ishlatiladi. Wear – a
Kiyimlar yechishi uchun – the ishlatiladi. Put on/off – the
Millatlar oldidan ham the ishlatiladi.

The French The Uzbek The Russian
The English The Spanish The Swedish
The Chines The Turkish The Dutch …
Ixtirolar oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi. The + invention

The bike. The television.
The radio. The bike is a good means of transport.
The internet has changed our life style.
Smbv + have + a/an +invention There is + a/an + invention
musiqa asbobi musiqa asbobi
Barcha musiqa asboblari oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi.
The violin the piano the guitar the drum the doira
O`simlik turlari umumiy ma’noda ishlatganimizda ikki xil bo`ladi.
plant plant
The + flower (in singular) ᴓ+ flower (in plural)
animal animal
The rose is my favorite flower. Roses grow in garden.
The garlic smells bad.
The rose ↔ roses the tiger ↔ tigers
The tulip ↔ tulips the dog ↔ dogs …
Kimyoviy moddalar va yer osti qazilma boyliklari hech qanday artikl bilan
ishlatilmaydi.
Protein Calcium Oxygun Hydrogen CO2 H2O
Coal Silver Iron oil gold
Kema nomlari the artikli bilan keladi.

The Titanic The Mary Jean The Queen Elizabeth
… “Titanic” “the Titanic”

Tarixiy voqealar oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi.
The French revolution The Roman invasion
Tarixiy hujjatlar oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi.

The Constitution The Declaration The Convention
Urushlar oldidan the ishlatiladi.

The Civil War/ The Korean War /The Crimean War
ᴓ + World War I/II The First World War/ The Second World War
Quyidagi so`zlardan oldin ham the ishlatiladi.
The following Whole

The same Right He is the only boy
The rest (qolganlari) + noun The + left + noun in his family.
The only (yagona) Wrong
The opposite Main
Til nomlari oldidan the ishlatiladi qachonki til nomi language so`zi bilan kelsa.
The English language. The French language.
The Japanese language. The Poland language.
I speak Uzbek well.
I like foreign languages.
Although he has been working in England for five years he doesn’t know English.
Lekin biror-bir til izohlansa, the oladi.
The French, speaks in Quebec is different from the spoken Paris.
The Latin that many ancient scientists used in their works isn’t used today.
Pul birliklari the artikli oladi: the dollar; the soum; the euro;
Mamlakatdagi yoki shahardagi aholi nazarda tutilsa artikl ishlatilmaydi:
Londoners; Americans
… Noun + number – son arab/ rim yoki harf bilan yozilishidan qat’iy nazar:
Volume 4 – 4-jild world war II – 2-jahon urushi
Quyidagi so`zlardan keyin the keladi:

Mainland, public, continent.
Ø + Medieval / Europe
The + Arctic Ø + Antarctic
Barcha sport turlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Billiards Diving
Golf Cricket…
My son plays football every day.
Bayramlar oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Navruz Easter Christmas Thanksgiving
Istisno holat: The New Year. The 4th of July.
Independence Day A New Year party
Ko`prik nomlari oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi qachonki ular
gap boshida kelsa yoki hech qanday predlog bilan kelmasa.
The Brooklyn on __ Brooklyn
The golden Gate on __ Golden Gate
The Waterlog Bridge
O`zbek va Rus gazeta nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi. Ingliz gazeta nomlari oldidan
the ishlatiladi. (chet el gazetasi)
The Times ᴓ Khalk suzi
The Washington Post ᴓ Ma’rifat
The New York Times ᴓ Darakchi
The Wall street Journal
Jurnal nomlari oldidan the artikli ishlatilmaydi.
Bella-Terra
The + Life
Time
Saodat
News’s West
Fan nomlari oldidan artikl kelmaydi.
History Astrology
Biology Math
Physics
He teaches history at school.
Lekin izohlansa (va fan tushunilmasa) umumiy va aniq qoida bo`lib, the artikli ishlatiladi.
The USA has a violent history. The history of the USA is violent.
The history of Great Britain. The history of Russian.
Ism-familiya oldidan yakka shaxs uchun artikl ishlatilmaydi. Nick

ᴓ + Hasanov
Agar familiya orqali butun bir oila nazarda tutilsa, the artikli keladi. Mr. Brown
The Brown The Smiths
Agar gapda ikkita ism yoki familiya adash bo`lib kelsa, har doim the ishlatiladi.
The Georg Brown, who teaches Math here isn’t the Georg Brown you know.
Page 17 platform 13
ᴓ + noun + number room 5 size 40
ᴓ + sanoq son + ot 2 people 10 children 20 buses
Agar oldin izohlangan bo`lsa, ikkinchi, uchinchi marta gapirganimizda the ishlatamiz.
Agar number so`zi yoki tartib son bilan kelsa the bo`ladi.
The bus number 10. The first book – the 1st book
Vodiylar oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Hudson Valley The Fergana Valley
Sanoq sonlar oldida odatda artikl ishlatilmaydi. Lekin ular haqida oldin gapirilgan bo`lsa
yoki vaziyat jihatidan ma’lum bo`lsa bunda sanoq sonlar oldidan the artikli keladi.
Lola, Bob and Tom are friends. These 3 friends had lunch at Tom`s room.
The 2 missing explores have finally arrived. (o`sha)
Mike and Jane study at the same college, so the two people go to college togather
Tartib sonlar oldidan the artikli keladi.

The + tartib sonlar
The second the third year
The first class the 10th student
The 2nd bo`lishi uchun o`zidan keyin ot bo`lishi kerak. Lekin ot yashirin kelishi mumkin.
F:ex: The 2nd is mine.
Lekin first so`zi avvalo ma’nosida kirish so`z bo`lib, gap boshida kelsa, artiklsiz keladi.
First, we must eat something then go on our journey
Solve the problem first.
Do this experiment first. The experiment is on page 45
Tana a’zolari oldidan the artikli keladi.

The body the brain the heart the mind the lungs
The stomach the vein
ᴓ + unvon + ism-familiya
President Bush Doctor Brown
Queen Elizabeth King Edward
General Sobirov Mr. ______ Mrs. ________
Second/secondly Bu so`zlar kirish so`z vazifasida kelganida ikkinchidan,

Third/thirdly uchinchidan degan ma’noda keladi va artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Second, you must pay your debts.

Third, you must return your prosperity to the state.
Tartib sonlar yana bir, yana birta ma’nosida kelganida a artikli bilan keladi.
They heard a shot, then a second, a third.
A third man entered the room. (the third ham xato emas)
Lavozimdagi odamga murojaat qilib gapirganda artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Professor, may I ask a question?
Dr. Brown I’m sorry but you must listen to me.
Teacher, I have to answer the phone, can I?
Lavozimdagi odam, ma’lum bir ish harakatni bajarsa, the artikli ishlatiladi.
The teacher entered the room so suddenly that nobody could notice.
The director spoke his employees angrily.
→ har doim o`rinli
The Monarch
Agar yillar (–s) qo`shimchasi bilan kelmasa, ular oldidan
artikl kelmaydi.
__ in 1992 → aniq bir yilni ko`rsatadi.
In the 1980s → o`ziga bir necha yillarni qamrab oladi.
In the early 1960s – oltmishinchi yillarning boshida.

In the late 1930s – o`ttizinchi yillarning oxirida.
Geografik nomlar
Qit’alar va kontinentlar oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Asia Australia Africa
Europa America Central Asia
lekin: The European Continent
Mamlakatlar oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Uzbekistan Great Britain Russian
Lekin ba’zi davlatlar doimo the bilan ishlatiladi.
Argentine ᴓ + Argentina
Congo, Kreme
Transvaal
Ukraine
Caucasus
Philippines
Sudan
The Cameroon
Netherlands
Lebanon
Riviera
Yemen
Gambia
Ruhr
Crimea
Ko`plikda kelgan davlat nomlari the oladi.
City Shahar va qishloq nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.

ᴓ Faqat uchta shahar:
village The Hague, The Bronx, The City (in London)
Tarkibida united, states, kingdom, republic, federation so`zlari bo`lgan joy nomlari oldidan
the artikli keladi.
The United States of America The Russian federation
The republic of Uzbekistan The United Kingdom
The United Arab Emirates
NASA FIFA IELTS
Qisqartmalar oldidan artikl ishlatiladi. UFO
ᴓ NATO TOEFL
istisno
UNICEF UEFA UNESKO
The USA
The UK (United Kingdom) Bular qo`shib o`qilgani uchun – bilan keladi
The UN (United Nations) Pacific Ocean
The USSR The + Atlantic Ocean
The VIP The MP
Bu qisqartmalar harflab aytilgani uchun
Indian Ocean
Okeanthenomlari
oladi oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi. Arctic Ocean
Dengiz nomlari the artikli bilan keladi.
Black Sea
Aral Sea
The Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Caribbean Sea
Tog` nomlari ko`plik shaklida kelgan paytida va -s harfi bilan tugasa, the artiklini oladi.
The Alps The Ands The Urals The Pamirs The Rockils
Tog` cho`qqilari birlikda kelgan holatda artiklsiz ishlatiladi.

Everest Ben-Nevis Mount Rushmore
Daryo nomlari oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi. Ba’zi bir daryo nomlari shahar nomlariga
mos qo`yilgan. Bunday holatda biz ma’noga qarab artikl olamiz yoki yo`q.
The Amudarya The Severe The Siena
The Syrdarya * The Zarafshon * The Lena
The Thames The Mississippi * The Volga
The Nill The Amazon
My uncle lives in – Mississippi.
We met him near the Syrdarya when we went swimming.
Kanal nomlari har doim the artikli bilan keladi.

The Panama The English The Suez The British channel
Ko`l nomlari oldidan lake so`zi kelgan bo`lsa artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Lake Baikal Lake Issyk-Kul Lake Ontario
Agar lake so`zi kelmasa, the artikli bilan keladi.

The Baikal The Issyk-Kul
Quyidagilar lake so`zi bilan kelsa ham the oladi.
The Lake Windermere The Lake District
The Swan Lake The Great Lakes
The Antario Lake / the Antario / Lake Antario
Orol nomlari ko`plikda kelganda, ya’ni –s bilan tugaganda the artikli bilan keladi.
The British Islands The Bahamas The Isle of man
The Aleutians The Hawaii islands The West Indies
The Canary Islands The Indonesia Island
Bitta orol tushunilsa, artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Bermuda Sicily Fiji
Key West Eastern Carty Mavil Madagascar
Qoya nomlari oldidan va cho`qqi nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Peak — cho`qqi
Mt – mountain
It was grammatically correct
In luxury
It was first made (said, dressed) birinchi yaratilgan, aytilgan.
Yarim orollar nomi oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Iberian Peninsula → yarim orol
O`rmon nomlari oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Black forest The Amazon forest
Qutb nomlari oldidan the artikli keladi.

The North Pole The West Pole The Equator
The South Pole The East Pole
Etnik guruhlar, qabilalar, sulolalar bularning hammasi the bilan keladi.

The Mayas The Temurids
The Inks The Somonids
The Athters The Ashtarnids
Pablo Indians The ______ tribe
Tarixiy davrlar oldidan the keladi.
The Middle Ages The Bronze Age
The Stone Ages The Renaissance
The Ice Ages
Cho`l nomlari oldidan the artikli keladi.
The Sahara The Gobi The Kizilkum
Geografik tomonlar the artikli bilan keladi.

The south of America the Arabian / Iranian the southern sky
The southern USA the East End the south sea.
The north part of Africa the middle East the Far East
Lekin geografik tomonlar bilan davlat nomlari kelganda artikl ishlatilmaydi.

South America North Korea Northern Ireland
South-East Africa East-west America
Agar geografik tomonlar va davlat nomi o`rtasida of predlogi kelsa, the artikli keladi.
South (ern)
America
North (ern)
The Of England
West (ern) …
East (ern)
Aeroport kollej saroy Bu joy nomlari kishi

Stansiya universitet qasr nomiga atab qo`yilgan
maktab hayvonot bogì park bo`lsa, artiklsiz keladi.
metro
Edinburg Castle Bukhara station
Navoi school Uzbekistan airways Cambridge university
Hyde Park London Zoo Harvard university
Canada airport Oxford university Buckingham Palace
- Islam institute lekin The Islam university
Lekin bu joy nomlari o`rnida boshqa narsa kelsa yoki ismsiz kelsa, the aartikli ishlatiladi.
Let’s go to the airport. He went to the park.
The Royal Palace The White House
A guest came to the school.
Yuqoridagi so`zlar garchi ism yoki joy nomlari bilan kelsa yoki of strukturasi bilan kelsa,
the ishlatiladi.
London University ↔ The University of London
Hamza school ↔ The school of Hamza
Victoria station ↔ The station of Victoria
The airport of Tashkent
Istisno: the botanical garden.
The Gorkiy Park
The tier garden
The Snoundonia national park
Park yoki zoo park kishi nomiga va joy nomiga qo`yilgan bo`lsa Ø bo`ladi.
Central zoo.
Lekin: qolgan paytlarda the keladi.
Let`s go to the park.
We went to the zoo.
Joy nomlari oldidan quyidagi kishi yoki shahar, mamlakat nomi bilan boshlanmasligi
sababli har doim the artiklini oladi. Biroq uchta kishi nomiga qo`yilgan maktab va institute
the artikli bilan keladi.
The Smith Sonian Institute
The Maryland school for the deaf
The Horal Secondary school for the blind
The Kremlin The Senate Office Building
The Pentagon The Empire State Building
The White House The National Archives
The Festival Hall The Capital
The House of Lords The Palata
The Goverment The house of commons
ᴓ + peoples → xalqlar, millatlar (umumiy
Britishma’noda)
people – Ø British – the British. The Iraqi
Japanese people Japanese – the Japanese
The Japanese are polite people.
Japanese people are polite.
There are many people in our country.
O`zbeklar, tojiklar – the oladi.
London lik, Toshkent lik, Buxoroliklar bo`lsa - Londoners, BukhariansØ
He is a british – u britaniyaliklardan biri. (ot)
He is british – u britaniyalik. (sifat)
He is a Muslim – u musulmonlardan biri
He is Muslim – u musulmon
Teatr Kinoteatr Bu joy nomlari oldidan garchi

mavzoley bank ular shaxs yoki kishi nomiga
Muzey mehmonxona restoran qo`yilgan bo`lsa ham the artikli
bilan keladi.
Galereya pivo barlar (pub)
The Navoi theatre The Sheraton Hotel

The British Museum The Bukhara Palace
The National Gallery The Bombey Restaurant
The Red Lion Pub The MBC Cinema
Lekin ba’zi joy nomlari asos solgan kishiga atab qo`yilgan bo`lsa:
a) Bu holatda ko`proq restoran, mehmonxona, magazin, supermarket, qovoqxona, bank,
sirk nomlari keladi;
b) Bu joy nomlari –s yoki (’) appostrof bilan tugagan bo`lsa.
M.C. Donalds Barclune’s Bank Levis/Levi’s jeans
M.C. Donald’s Cloyde’s Bank Niculin’s circus
Cherkov nomlari artiklsiz keladi. ᴓ + saint → The Saints

Street ↔ st. Saint Paul’s church
Saint ↔ st. St. John’s Cathedral ᴓ + God → The Gods
In the early Greek’s wrong belief, they titled the Gods to many different things.
Lekin: He was in the cathedral
Ko`cha, shohko`cha, yo`l, bulvar, maydon nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Navoi street Florida Avenue
Lincoln boulevard Fifth Avenue
Lenin Square Pically Circus = the Centre of London
Silk Road
Lekin ba’zi bir yo`l va ko`chalar oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Mail Road Street The Haig Street
The Strand Road The Rueda Ravioli street
The Bristol Road The Marche street
The Oxford Rod The Rue De
The Ravioli Street The Maroni road
The high street
Kompaniya nomi oldidan va havo yo`llari nomi oldidan artikl kelmaydi.

Sony Samsung LG (Life’s Good) Nokia IBM
Ford Microsoft British Airways Swish Airways
Partiyalar nomi oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Adolat The National Rebirth The Fidokorlar The Labour Party
Tashkilot nomlari oldidan the keladi.

The BBC The CNM The UN The Kamolot The European Union
Birovnikida bo`lish artiklsiz ishlatiladi.

At __ Tom’s house at __ Tom’s at __ Martha’s
Lekin oila nomi kelganda the ishlatiladi.

At the Browns’ at the Sobirovs’
Urush to`g`risida umumiy ma’noda

ᴓ + War The War gapirsak, artiklsiz ishlatiladi.
War is terrible
Bo`lib o`tgan urush to`g`risida gapirsak (gapimiz o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa) yoki urushni
izohlasak the artikli bilan keladi.
The war was terrible.
The war between England and Japan was memorable.
Man / a man / the man

Man umumiy ma’noda odamzot ma’nosida kelsa, artiklsiz ishlatiladi.
Mankind.
Man has destroyed the balance of nature.
Only man is responsible for the destruction of nature.
A man — bir odam, bir kishi.
A man entered the room.
Man so`zi izohlansa, the artikli bilan keladi.

The man we met yesterday was a robber.
Musiqiy guruhlar nomi oldidan the ishlatiladi.

The Beatles The Radius - 21
The Nana The Marka
The Rolling Stone The Yalla
Oliy Majlis The goverment

ᴓ + Congress
Parliament
Shu so`zlar of bilan kelsa the keladi.
The Parliament of England. The Congress of the USA
The Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan
House of commans
The + House of Lord
Government (the English Govement)
Artikl umuman kelmaydigan holatlar.
Har qanday olmoshdan oldin va

Many my no keyin artikl kelmaydi.
ᴓ much your some ᴓ
this me any
Agar (’) appostrof turdosh ot bilan
kelsa, undan the artiklini qo`ysa bo`ladi. Lekin atoqli ot bilan kelsa artikl qo`yish mumkin
emas.
__ Tom’s responsibility
We have a two floor house. The house’s first floor was decorated
I was at Tom’s house yesterday. Tom’s house is situated in the center of the city.
Yengil sanalgan quyidagi kasalliklar oldidan a artikli ishlatiladi.

A throat ache have a allergy (kasallik emas)
A headache have a fever
A toothache a sore throat
A stomach catch a cold Lekin gripp — the flu
A fever have cold
Qolgan kasalliklar artiklsiz ishlatiladi.
Cancer Diabets
Cholera Polio
Mumps (the mumps) Measles (bazan the)
Fasllar sifat bilan kelsa, a/an artikli bilan keladi.
A hot summer a rainy spring
a/an + season + adj.
A warm autumn a cold winter
Early
Lekin quyidagi sifatlar kelsa artikl ishlatiladi. Late
ᴓ Broad season
High
Real
Kun qismlari oldidan ham sifat kelsa, a/an artikli qo`yiladi. Lekin yuqoridagi 5 sifat
keladigan bo`lsa, artikl qo`yilmaydi.
It is a lovely morning. It was a warm night.
It was ᴓ high moon. It was early morning when he got up.
Aniq bir kun qismlari to`g`risida gapirilganda the artikli keladi.

The day was cold. The evening is frosty.
Oila a’zolari uchun o`zaro bir-biri bilan otam, onam, akam, deb gapirishda artikl
ishlatilmaydi.
Father is in the garden. Mother is cooking a meal.
Agarda boshqalar so`rasa:
Where is the father? The father is a garden.
The solution to the problem Who knows the answer?
The answer of the question the solution?
The reason of the delay The reason?
The reason of the fight
Tabiat hodisalari oldidan, tabiiy ofatlar hammasi the artikli keladi.
The rain the storm the fog the cold
The snow the wind the avalanche the earthquake
The lightening
Lekin: There is going to be foggy.
Agar izohlovchi mashhur kishilardan biri bo`lsa ham ot the artikli bilan keladi.
Pushkin, the Great Russian poet, was born in Russia.
Eslatma! Agar izohlanayotgan shaxs oddiy odam bo`lsa, a artikli ishlatiladi.

Mr. Sobirov a student of our institute spoke at the meeting.
Popov, the inventor of radio, ended his life in Russia.
Mr. Brown the oldest theater of that school, is my friend.
Bir narsani ta’kidlab, mana bu narsa emas, unisi deb ko`rsatilsa, birinchi ot oldiga the
qo`yiladi.
This isn’t the car market; this is the bridge of the Imperial State Destroyer.
Noaniq artikl mavhum otlar oldida ba’zi bir holatlarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Bunda
mavhum ot sifat yoki tuygùning biror turini ko`rsatib keladi va a kind of, such
shunday ma’nolarida kelishi kerak.
He showed a patience that I had never expected him.
He opened the letter an excitement that he couldn’t conceal.
He spoke an enthusiasm that people couldn’t say a word.
You must learn patience.
He opened the letter with excitement.
Quyidagi so`zlardan oldin a artikl ishlatiladi.
Hundred He got a score and won the game.
Thousand The bag costs a hundred pounds.
Million
a hundreds/thousands of people – yuzlab/minglab odamlar
Billion
Score
Dozen It is not so simple a question. It is too urgent
matter.
so/too + adj. + a/an + noun such + a/an + adj. + noun
Donalab sanaladigan birlikdagi otning oldidan so, such, too, kelsa, noaniq artikl ishlatiladi.
Dunyodagi yoki biror vaziyatdagi barcha shaxs, buyumlarni ifodalagan ko`plikdagi ot
oldidan the ishlatiladi.
Give me a list of the students.
Donalab sanaladigan birlikdagi ot biror holatda yagona bo`lgan mansab yoki unvonni
ifodalab kelsa va to elect, to appoint, to make fe’llaridan keyin kelsa, o`sha mansab yoki
unvon oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.
He has been appointed captain of the Minsk.
Lekin yuqoridagi gaplarda of lik struktura bilan kelsa va ega yoki to`ldiruvchi vazifasida
kelsa the artikli bilan keladi.
The captain of the Minsk decided to begin loading at 9.
The dean of our faculty criticized our conduct.
The letter was signed by the director of our school.
Class mashgùlot va dars ma’nosida kelsa, hech qanday artikl ishlatilmaydi. Agarda sinf
tushunilsa the bo`ladi.
I’m going to class now. I’m having an English class now.
To have trouble — to take the trouble
Sharshara va dovon nomlari oldidan the artikli keladi.

The Niagara Falls The Swallow Falls The Saint
Qo`ltiq nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi.

Hudson Bay California Bay Baffin Bay
Ko`rfaz nomlari oldidan artikl ishlatiladi.
The Gulf Stream The Arabian-Iranian basin
Geografik nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi. Lekin quyidagi holatlarda biz artikl ishlatamiz:
a) Agar geografik nom ajratuvchi aniqlovchi bilan kelsa;
In “Ivanhoe” Walter Scott dascribed the England of the Middle Ages
b) Tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi bilan kelsa bunday holatda geografik nom oldidan
sifat kelishi keral (a/an ishlatiladi);
The flier went on saying: “There will be a difficult Germany”
It was a new Russia, that he found on his return.
Shaxs ismlari oila vakillari sifatida ishlatilsa, bu ismlar oldidan a/an keladi.
“Florence(ism) will never, never be a Dombey(bu yerda familiya nomi)” said Mrs. Chick.
Certain so`zi aniqlovchi bo`lib kelganda shaxs nomlari oldidan a/an artikli ishlatiladi.
Lekin ikkita ism bir vaqtda kelsa, ikkala ism oldidan the keladi. (bir xil ism)
I heard it from a certain Brown.
Alohida binolarning ba’zilari aniq artikl bilan, ba’zilari artiklsiz ishlatiladi.

1) Scotland Yard
2) Westminster Abbey
3) Buckingham Palace
The Old Baily The Tower Bridge The Royal Exchange
The Mansion Abuse The Stock Exchange
Quyidagi so`zlar artiklsiz keladi.

French Poetry Lekin agar bu so`zlar ajratuvchi aniqlovchi bilan
Modern Art kelsa the artikli keladi.
American Literature American Literature of that period (of the
19th e
century)
The German Philosophy French Poetry of World II period.
Iboralar:
A first night — premyera to sing a song
A first prize — birinchi mukofot
Quyidagi so`zlar har doim the bilan keladi.

The proper The rest
The alleged The previous In the dark
The opposite The only -- yagona In the rain
The following The adjacent In the cold
The necessary the very – aynan o`zi from ᴓ East to ᴓ West
The same The Middle East from ᴓ South to ᴓ
The so-called The Far East North
Bu ikki so`z gap o`rtasida yoki oxirida kelganda a/an bilan

an area of ishlatiladi.
a population of Lekin ma’lum bir davlatning hududi, aholisi ma’nosida
kelsa, the ishlatiladi.
Monaco covers an area of 370 acres.
Uzbekistan has a population of 30 mln.
The population of Uzbekistan is raising rapidly.
The area of Uzbekistan is 448,4 thousand km square.
Biror-bir so`zni inglizchada, ruschada qanday bo`ladi deb savol bersak:

French
What is the Russian For “book”
Uzbek
Biror tildan tarjima qilingan kitobni, asarni aytganimizda ham tillar oldidan the artikli
qo`yiladi.
French
Translated from the Russian This book was translated from the Uzbek.
Uzbek
Biz ko`pincha doctor, dentist so`zi oldidan the qo`yamiz

John isn’t very well, He has gone to the doctor.
morning day In ᴓ fact
It is + ᴓ + afternoon In a + week
evening month To set ᴓ sail
From ᴓ place to ᴓ place year
After a while
Sunset
an day To take ᴓ aim
Sunrise
ᴓ week
the month It is ᴓ high time
To go on ᴓ strike
year
To be on The entrance exams
In / to + the country
There is no + ᴓ + use
The rest of the … — qolgan qismi
It is of no
The fact is/was that … To go for a walk Go on an expedition

To be ᴓ first class To be the first course All the change
There is no ᴓ place like home

Have
a 2 day’s holiday
Has The slums — xarobalar
Tomonlar the artikli bilan keladi.
Back Susan works in the center of the city.

Middle There is a table in the middle of the bottom.
Top He turned to the right
The beginning
Front
past
Center Vaqtlar bilan the ishlatiladi.
Go ᴓ leftmiddle
Go to the left
Bottom
The
Go ᴓ+rightendGo to the right
Dunyodagi yagona narsalar the bilan keladi. future
Planets ko`plikda kelsa ham the oladi.
morning
evening
earth Ba’zi holatlarda otning tushib qolishi sodir bo`ladi. Masalan:afternoon
Did she marry to an American or a Portuguese?
moon
the + sun
world
universe
planets
The very + noun — aynan o`sha/aynan o`zi
She is the very girl when we are looking for.
Fuqarolik va Dinga mansublik
A) fuqarolik/Dinga mansublik tanishtirilsa
He is an American. They are Americans.
He is a Christian. They are Christians
He is a Buddhist and his wife is an atheist.
B) fuqarolik va dinga mansublik + OT (birlik bo’lsa A/AN, ko’pplik bo’lsa Ø)
Brian is an Irishman. Jack and Bob are American citizens
Seiko is a practicing Buddhist.
The keladi qachonki ism gap boshida kelsayu great so`zi ismdan keyin kelsa.
Catherine the Great  Great Catherine
Alexander the Great  Great Alexander
Iboralar.
A/an At a loss An area

To put an end For a long time In a whisper
All of a sudden For a walk Half a kilo
As a matter of fact A lot of A first night
At a speed of A good deal of A good number of
At a time A great many A big amount of
In a hurry To call a spade a spade A long amount of
In a position To open an account Have a good time
Have a bad time Go to the From morning till night
Have a nice time theatre/cinema From head to foot
Have a wonderful time In the country From head to toe
Have a mind In the evening From beginning to end
Have a look On the left/right Day and night
In a loud voice On the whole From shop to shop
In a low voice The other day Go shopping
It's a pity To pass the time Go swimming
What a pity To take the floor To lose weight
On a large set Go left=go to the left In conclusion
On a large(small) scale Go right=go to the right In fact
A population (the In the distance Take care of
population) Play the piano/guitar Take place
Half a dozen To run the risk Take part in
Half an hour To tell the time By train/car
To make an attempt To tell the truth (a lie) By mistake
A first price To take the trouble By chance/choice
On the one (other) hand By heart
To have a swim
The Middle East By accident
To have a smoke The Far East By name/By order of
To have a talk On the (my, your …) way By means of
A few By the way To be in bed
On a cliff On board (a/the ship) To be in time/on time
In queue/row Before the end of the week To be in town
In a letter On the invitation of In debt
In a line On an (the) average At down
A little On the part of On deck
What a shame On the contrary On credit
To be at lost On the invitation On sale
To have a look On the ground that Plenty of time/water
To have a break On the whole Pass judgment
To take a seat Out of the question In demand
To be in a position Round the corner In pen/pencil/ink
On a large scale All the year round On demand
At a time In the past/future From East to West
On a cliff In the beginning/end Out of pity
In a letter In the corner Out of doors
In a line At weekends- at the Out of date
At a distance weekend Out of work/use/pity (envy)
THE ARTIKLSIZ HOLATLAR Out of order
The daylight At dinner/supper/lunch All around
The moonlight At table In vain
The day At midnight/night In excitement
after/before At school In front of
At peace/at war
Give a ride In town in good condition

Have an eye on smb on Earth to set sail … gravity
To go/be on strike out of the question to take aim
At sunset/sunrise to pass the time take a seat
Go wrong to give a lift the galaxy
In winter/summer – in the winter/summer the internet
By fire – yongìn By the fire – pech,kamin olovi
Gapda qo`shtirnoqdagi so`z kelsa qo`shtirnoq ichiga the qo`yilsa ham qo`shtirnoq oldiga
the qo`yilmaydi. He worked for the organization called ….“Kamolot”.
Qo`shimchalar.
Lola, Jon and Tom are good friend.
The 3 friends had lunch at Tom`s house.
Tog` nomlari ko`plikda va –s bilan tugagan bo`lsa the oladi. Lekin Ø+ Everest bo`ladi,
chunki bu cho`qqi.
Daryo nomlari ba`zi shahar va daryo nomlari bir xil ma`nosiga qaraladi.
Ilivein, Zarafshon – shahar.
Do you live in Mississippi – shahar.
Orol – Island
Yarim orol – peninsula the bilan keladi.
Aliaska / Nederlandiya – yarim orollar bo`lsa ham Ø bo`ladi, chunki davlat nomi.
What Ø book / what Ø colour
Translated from + the + French, Uzbek, English,…….
The letter are taken from the Uzbek.
What is + the + French, Uzbek,…….
What is the French for book.
By fire – yongìn
By the fire – pech, kamen olovi.
The slums – xarobalar.
Grade
Ø + Avenue garchi tartib son bilan kelsa ham article olmaydi.
Street
He is in sixth grade.
He lives in 5th avenue.
My little brother studied on 6th grade.
Ø + first class – daraja ma`nosida.
The + noun+ `s + noun.
F:ex:
The doctor`s name.
The teacher`s manual.
Ø + ism + `s + noun.
F:ex:
Tom`s father. Bolt man’s factor.
Method
Theory
Effect
Field
Drive shulardan keyin atoqli ot kelsa the keladi.
Model
Hypothesis
Equation
Relation
The Holl effect / the Colum field
Kemalar, samalyot, poyezd, kosmik kema nomlari – the oladi.
Agar Boing756 samalyoti bo`lsa Ø oladi. Sonlarni hammasi article olmaydi.
Planetalarni hammasiga Ø ishlatiladi. Lekin planeta so`zining o`zi the bilan keladi.
The planets are good to study.
On earth – ibora.
The + very + noun -> aynan o`sha F:ex: the very man I need is Jack.
A + very + adj + noun – a very good man.
Tomonlar:
At the back / front The middle The center The bottom
Space (1) – the oladi bo`sh joy ma`nosida. Space (2) – Ø oladi fazo ma`nosida kelsa.
Go, see, visit – to the doctor / chemist / hairdresser / tailor.
Fuqarolik va dinga mansubligi aytils a/an oladi.
F:ex: He is an English.
She is a Christian.
She is a Moslem.
Ø + tabbiy qazilmalar.
Muqaddas kitoblar the oladi.
F:ex:
The Koran. The Bible.
Valyutalar the oladi.
The sum coupon
The dollar is the US currency.
The Great wall of China; the Eiffel Tower; the Sunday papers; the Tower Bridge; ...Big
Ben
The International Airway; The hemisphere; in – length; the middle countries; long –
sunshine
To enter the university; to graduate from the university
Have a word- qisqa muddatli have a conversation - uzoq muddatli
Prepositions.
At / on / in (time) – da qo`shimchasi.
F:ex: at 7 o`clock
in 1995
At – biz soat paytlari oldidan v aba`zi bir kun qismlari oldidan ishlatamiz.
At 5 o`clock At dusk
At midnight At lunch time
At night At down
Asosan: “What time?” keladi: “at What time” o`rniga.
What time did they meet?
Quyidagi birikmalar at predlogi bilan keladi:
At night At the age of 50 or at 50
At the weekend lekin at weekends At the moment
At the moment At the same time
At present
Jamoat bayramlari oldidan at predlogi keladi, lekin “day” bilan kelsa, on keladi.
F:ex: at Christmas, on Christmas day
In the beginning  oldin. (kirish so`z)

Familiar to (smb) – familiar to me  menga tanish.
Familiar with (smth)  …..ga o`xshash.
On + dates / days
F:ex: on 12 May, on Friday, on Sunday, on the 3rd of November, on Sunday morning.
Aslida: morning
afternoon in bilan keladi, lekin hafta kunlari bilan on keladi.
evening
F:ex: on Friday morning / on Sunday afternoon.
But: in the morning / in the evening / in the afternoon.
Agar fasl, oy, hafta kunlari sifat bilan kelsa a va on predlogi qo`yiladi.
On a cold night on a frosty winter lekin: in the late evening
In + uzun davr / asr / 10 yillik / yil / fasl / oy lar kelsa ular oldidan ishlatiladi.
F:ex: In the middle ages
In the 21th century
In May / in August
In summer = (in the summer)
In 1968 / in the 1930s.
Ø + last /next + time.
He will return the book next week. Lekin He come the next week.
Last year we enjoyed ……
In + kelasi zamon payti.
In 20 minutes. Yoki: in a week`s time = in a week
Tom will marry in two weeks. in 3 weeks` time = in 3 weeks.
Ø + time  agar -da qo`shimchasi ma`nosi kelmasa.
F:ex: The year 1995 was hardly to him. Spring is the first season of the year.
Monday is starting working day. Summer is my favorite season.
In ->joylashuv.
On + position. In the room……
At in + position  ichida. Suv ichida yoki yuzasida  in
In the water. Qatorda, navbatda  in
In a raw
In a line
In a queue
What is there in the newspaper?
On the sofa On the chair -- but -- in the armchair.
Expressions. At … da, …yonida, …..oldida.
In + a photo / photograph / picture the bus-stop
a mirror at + the window yonida.
the street the door
the sky/the screen/the sunshine
Qogòz / betning tepasi / pasti:
at the top.
F:ex: Put down your name at the top and sing at the bottom (of the
page).
at the bottom.
Lekin: biror narsaning tepasida bo`lsa, on ishlatiladi.

From + the top / the bottom  tepadan. F:ex: on the top of shelf.
F:ex: There is a big tree on the top of the hill.
The tourists could see many cars from the top.
Get married + to
Married + Ø
Can you see my keys on the drawn.
Fasl, oy, hafta kunlari sifat bilan kelsa a article va on predlogi qo`yiladi.
On a cold night.
On a forsty winter.
In the late evening
Ko`chaning oxiri: at the end of the hill.

Ko`chaning boshi: at the beginning.
Eslatma: Turn left at the traffic lights.
Doimo: On the blackboard -doskada/Come to the blackboard – doskaga chiq!
On the wall On the floor

On the ceiling On the page 60
On the ground On the notice – board
On the grass
F:ex: There is a picture on the wall.
O`ngda, chapda: on the right / on the left.
F:ex: There is a shop on the right.
In Britain we drive on the left.
Lekin: o`nga / chapga: to the right / to the left
Turn to the left / right.
Qavatlar  on the … floor
I live on the second floor.
On + small + island
On the river
On the way ….. lar ustida joylashgan.
On the Road
On the Coast
London is situated on the River Thames.
Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.
I saw 2 people on my way to school.
There is a big tree on the Road.
Live on – nimadir hisobiga yashash.
Live in/at - …joyda yashash.
Live at bo`ladi qachon address to`liq berilgan bo`lsa.
Gruppaga, binolarga – nisbatan at ishlatiladi.

He stands at front
In the front – mashinaning oldi.
In the back – mashinaning orqasi.
On the front – qogòzning, listning old (yuz) tomoni.

On the back – qogòzning, listning orqa tomoni.
We wrote on the front page and the teacher marked on the back.
In the corner – xonaning burchagi.(yopiq joy u-n)

On the corner / at the corner – ko`chaning burchagi. (ochiq joy u-n)
F:ex: There is a man waiting on the corner.
I saw a TV set in the corner.
In the front mashina old, orqa tomoni.
In the back
On the front qogòz, listning old (yuz), orqa tomoni.

On the back
We wrote on the front page and the teacher marked on the back.
At the front bino (house, factory, school, cinema) va odamlar

At the back to`dasi (a group of people) old, orqa tomonidan.
We have a garden at the front of the garden.
Nigora is sitting at the front, Surayyo is sitting at the back.
There is a small canteen at the back of our university.
There is a label on the bottle (shishada etiketka bor).
At + voqea hodisalar bo`ladigan jamoat joylari:

At the party At the theatre At a football match
At the concert At a conference At the meeting
Lekin: The windows in the theatre were big enough to. (ichkarisi tushunilsa, in ishlatiladi)
We enjoy the movie, but it was cold in the cinema.
To - ga borish
At the cinema - o`sha yerda
In - zalni ichida
Quyidagilar doim at oladi:

School University The see (sayohat ma`nosida)
Home Work The seashore
College The station
Lyceum The airport
Stop at -> biror-bir maqsadda to`xtash.
In va on oladigan joylar:
In bed /in hospital / in prison / on a farm
Lekin: Tom`s mother is at the hospital to see him.
Work – at bilan keladi, asosan, lekin: work on a farm.
Tom works at the airport.
Tom worked on a farm.
In the hotel = at the hotel

In the restaurant = at the restaurant.
F:ex: We had dinner in the restaurant = at the restaurant.
Majlislar, uchrashuvlar bo`ladigan, sport o`yinlari o`tkaziladigan, kino, konsertlar
bo`ladigan joylar o`zidan oldin at predlogini oladi.
F:ex: We went to a concert at the Royal Festival Hall.
The meeting took place at the company`s Headquarters.
Birovnikida bo`lish:
At Tom`s = at Tom`s house
I was at the Browns yesterday.
In + shahar, qishloqlar, mamlakat, qità, …..
I live in Kogon.
Tom is in Bukhara now.
Lekin: biror joyga borayotib, biror shaharcha yoki qishloqchaga to`xtasak, (rasm olish
uchun, ovqaatlanish, yuk olish uchun ya`ni yarim yo`lda) u holda shahar va qishloqlar
oldidan at ishlatiladi.
F:ex: Do you know if the train stops at Nottingham.
We stopped at Kogon to take some photos.
Arrive
a) arrive in + shaxar / davlat/ qishloq
When did they arrive in Britain/arrive in London?
b) arrive at + joy(bino)
What time did they arrive at the hotel/arrive at the party/arrive at work?
c)arrive --- home/here/there
I arrived there at 5 o’clock
Home- ga
go home/come home/get home/arrive home/on the way home etc. (no preposition):
I'm tired. Let's go home. (not 'go to home')
I met Caroline on my way home.
Izoh: at home – da stay at home

be at home do something at home
He stayed at home enter a building
enter a room
Enter + O joy He entered the room quietly
Reach + O joy – yetib kelmoq

We reached the station at night.
Get – yetib olmoq
get to London Izoh:
get to work Get home
get to the party Get here
What time did they get to London/get to Get there
work/get to the party? I got home at 5.
How did you get here?
On time or in time
On time- belgilangan vaqtda
Trains always leave on time.
He is always on time to work.
In time- belgilangan vaqtdan biroz oldinroq biror bir maqsadda.
I got to the station in time.
I got up in time to have my breakfast.
He came home in time to watch the football match.
Will you be home in time for dinner?
I've sent Jill her birthday present. I hope it arrives in time
Izoh: just in time – deyarli o’z vaqtida/ayni vaqti.

He came home just in time to watch the football match.
End + in
Approach + Ø
Approach + to – yondashish.
At the end or in the end

At the end –( …ning oxirida) har doim of predlogi bilan birga keladi
At the end of the week (month,year, day)
At the end of the film (concert, perfomance)
at the end of January
at the end of the match
at the end of the course
At the end of the street
There is a shop at the end of the street.
We have our exams at the end of the school year.
I'm going away at the end of January/at the end of the month.
All the players shook hands at the end of the match.
ANT: at the beginning - boshida
At the beginning of January
At the beginning of the concert
In the end – oxir oqibat, nihoyat (kirish so`z)

We had some problems with our car and in the nd we sold it and bought another one.
He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room.
Jim couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn't go anywhere in the end.
At first we didn't like each other very much, but in the end we became good friends.
ANT: at first
We didn’t want to go the at first but we decided to go.
For, during and while We watched television for two hours last
For + dan beri (davomyligini night.
ko’rsatadi) Victoria is going away for a week in
for two hours September.
for twenty minutes Where have you been? I've been waiting
for a week (month/year) for ages.
for centuries Are you going away for the weekend?
for ages I was asleep for half an hour.
for a log time
During + davomida during the week during+ you/we

During + noun during the year
during the film during the month
during our holiday during my childhood
during the night
I fell asleep during the film.
We met a lot of people during our holiday.
The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
Izoh
During + the morning/the afternoon/the summer
It must have rained during the night.
I'll phone you sometime during the afternoon.
You cannot use during to say how long something goes on:
While + qachonki
While + subject + verb: while in my childhood
Robert suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.
I fell asleep while I was watching television.
We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.
Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.
We saw Amanda while we were waiting for the bus.
While you were out, there was a phone call for you.
Christopher read a book while I watched television.
Izoh: While dan keyin kelajak uchun Present Simple

I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there. (not 'while I will be there')
What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not 'while you will be waiting')
While my stayed.
During my study.
While in my childhood = during my childhood
By / until/till / By the time...

By + vaqt = gacha tugash
I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday.
We'd better hurry. We have to be at home by 5 o'clock.
Where's Sue? She should be here by now.
Fred will be back by Monday.
I'll have finished my work by 11. 30.
Until (or till) = gacha davom etish

Shall we go now?' 'No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining.'
I couldn't get up this morning. I stayed in bed until half past ten.
I couldn't get up this morning. I didn't get up until half past ten.
Fred will be away until Monday. (so he'll be back on Monday)
I'll be working until 11. 30. (so I'll stop working at 11.30)
By the time
By the time + Present Simple / Future Perfect
By the time + Past Simple / Past Perfect
It's not worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the shops, they will be closed.
I'm flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I'll be in
New York.
Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
Jane's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of
the other guests had gone.
I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car.
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Syn:
By then
By that time
Jane finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the
guests had gone.
I am free until 5 o`clock lets go somewhere.

Birinchi sentabrgacha hammaga ta`til.
I do my best – qo`limdan kelgancha qildim.
Transport vositalari bilan predlog ishlatilishi. Ma`nosi: orqali
By car, by bus, by tram, by motorbike, be sea, by taxi, by car, by plane, by bike, by
air, by underground, by ship, by train, by land
I got to London by car.
We went to Tashkent by train.
In + a/an/the/my/this + car, taxi Zinapoyalik transportlar
a/an bus
the plane
On + my train
This tram
Bike
Bicycle
Motorcycle
horse
Get in to the car/taxi bus
Get out of the car/taxi Get on + plane
Get off + train
tram
Bike
Bicycle
Motorcycle
horse
By the way – ibora
I went home on foot.
Mayda mashinada, avtobusda in oladi. Hayvonlarga emas in . (chiqadigan trasportlarga on
qo`yiladi).
By horse, on a horse
Get out of -> donkey – bo`lmaydi.
Izoh: agar faqatgina bino ma’nosi tutilsa IN ishlatiladi.

I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema.
I lost my bag in the station.
At somebody's house/ at somebody’s – marosim va voqeada
I was at Judy's house last night.
I was at Judy's last night.
Izoh: bino tushunilsa In ishlatiladi.
The rooms in Judy's house are very small.
At the doctor's, at the hairdresser's, at the chemist’s, at the barber’s, at the dentist’s
korxonasida.
I was at the chemist’s yesterday.
In town/ city/ village or At town/ city/ village

In town/ city/ village - da
Tom's parents live in Nottingham.
The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris.
At town/ city/ village (sayohatdagi mo’ljal yoki bekat)

Do you know if this train stops at Nottingham?
We stopped at a small village on the way to London.
To
TO = go/come/travel (etc.) to a place or event.
go to America return to Italy go to a concert
go to bed go to the bank be sent to prison
take (somebody) to come to my house
hospital drive to the airport
When are your friends returning to Italy? (not 'returning in Italy')
After the accident three people were taken to hospital.
Izoh: home, here, there dan oldin TO ishlatilmaydi
I went home late.
We got there at midnight.
in and into
IN – joylashuvni ko’rsatadi – ichida
INTO – yo’nalishni ko’rsatadi - ichiga
They climbed into the lorry.
I poured the beer into a tankard.
Thieves broke into my house
My house was broken into.
Come in = Enter. on my way to

Get in (into the car). on a journey to.
The children are in the house On a trip to
welcome to.
I met Tom on my way to school. Welcome to our country!
Been to – da bo’lib qaytgan

Have you ever been to Italy?
I've been to Italy four times but I've never been to Rome.
Ann has never been to a football match in her life.
Jack has got some money. He has just been to the bank.
Izoh: gone to – ga ketgan hali qaytmabti.
She has gone to Paris
Put alongside – to`g`ri qo`ymoq.
In terms of – haqida
Across = beyond -> narigi tomonida across kuchliroq.
Phone O smby – ga telefon qilmoq
Telephone to smby - ga telefon qilmoq
He phoned me at night
He telephoned to me at night
On Tv
On television
On the phone
On the telephone
On the radio
I heard it on the radio.
He was speaking on the telephone
There is a good film on TV tonight.
I didn't watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio. on the phone/telephone:
You can't phone me. I'm not on the phone. (= I haven't got a phone.)
I've never met her but I've spoken to her on the phone.
(be/go) on strike/on a diet:

There are no trains today. The railway workers are on strike.
I've put on a lot of weight. I'll have to go on a diet.
On holiday
(be/go) on holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on a cruise etc.:
Tom's away at the moment. He's on holiday in France.
Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday?
One day I'd like to go on a world tour.
Izoh: go to a place for a(the/my) holiday/for a(the/my) holiday(s)':

Tom has gone to France for a holiday. (not 'for holiday')
Where are you going for your holidays next summer?
(be) on fire:
Look! That car is on fire!
on the whole (= in general):
Sometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job.
on purpose (= intentionally):
I'm sorry. I didn't mean to annoy you. I didn't do it on purpose.
Izoh: by mistake/by chance/by accident
in the rain/in the sun / in the sunshine/in the shade/in the dark / in bad weather
We sat in the shade. It was too hot to sit in the sun.
Don't go out in the rain. Wait until it stops.
(write) in ink/in biro/in pencil, in words, in figures, in BLOCK LETTERS etc.:

When you do the exam, you're not allowed to write in pencil.
Please fill in the form in block letters.
pay – to’lamoq pay in cash

pay by cheque (credit card) I paid the bill in cash
pay smby I paid by cheque
by cheque He paid the bills by credit card.
by credit card I gave him a cheque for 1000 dollars.
a cheque for
At meeting – qilindi.
For meeting – endi qilinadi.
(be/fall) in love (with somebody):
Have you ever been in love with anybody?
in (my) opinion
To my mind / on my mind
In my opinion, the film wasn't very good.
To my mind the film wasn't very good.
at a temperature of
at the rate
At the age of at the degree
at a speed of
Jill left school at the age of 16 (at 16).
The train was travelling at a speed of 120 miles an hour (at 120 miles).
Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.
for and since

For + seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, ages, centuries, a long
time).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
Since + konkret vaqt
Since 5 o’clock since yesterday since morning since this morning
since last week since last Monday since 1990 since Christmas since that time
since then, since Wednesday since March since breakfast since Christmas
Present Perfect (Continuous) since + Past Simple (V2)
since I was a child since they left since he arrived Since you came
since he phoned since she arrived since they finished their work. since we moved
He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.
Shout to – eshitsin deb baqirish shout at – jahl bilan baqirish

Jump for – xursandchilikdan sakrash in confidence – ishonch bilan
By the way - aytgancha to be on – namoyish etilish
To be blind to one’s faults – xatosiga ko`zini yumish
Live at – address to`liq berilsa border on – chegaradosh bo`lish
Cure for – ot bo`lsa cure of – fe’l bo`lsa
He is in hospital – kasalga nisbatan
Tom is at the hospital to see her – tashrif buyuruvchiga nisbatan
Reach/enjoy/join/enter/graduate/visit/phone – bulardan so`ng predlog ishlatilmaydi.
Bir narsani ber deb so`rash “ask for” F:ex: Ask for another question.
“Ask” ni o`zi shunchaki so`rash Answer my question.
He asked a question. Answer (N) bo`lib kelsa to oladi.
The answer to my question is clear.
Answer (V) bo`lib kelsa to olmaydi.

To wonder at - dan At a speed of –
hayratlanmoq, ajablanmoq. tezlikda.
To be surprised at -dan At a time --- bir
Iboralar. hayratlanmoq. martada, bir
After. To be shocked(amazed, vaqtda.
Take after-birovga o`xshash astonished) at(by)- dan At this ( that, at
After all -- nihoyat larzaga kelmoq(ajablanmoq, the same ) time –
Long after -- ancha vaqt hayratlanmoq). shu ( o`sha, bir )
o`tgandan keyin. At the age of --- yoshida. vaqtda.
To name after somebody -- At the beginning----ning At the top of
….ning nomi bilan atamoq. boshida. one`s voice –
Week after week -- haftadan At all costs --- nima qilib tovushining
haftaga. bo`lsa ham. boricha.
The day after tomorrow --- At dinner(supper, tea) --- To be at war –
ertadan keyin, indin. tushlikda. urish holatida
Not long after -- ozroq At somebody`s disposal – bo`lmoq.
o`tgandan keyin. ning ixtiyorida. At night – tunda.
Day after day --- kundan At the end --- oxirida. At (the) most –
kunga. At the expence of --- ning eng ko`pi bilan.
Look after = take care -- hisobida. At the traffic
qaramoq, parvarishlamoq, At first --- avvalo. lights –
gàmxo`rlik qilmoq. At the head of ---- ning svetaforda.
Along. boshida. At the church –
To go along with somebody / At home --- uyda. cherkovda.
something At least --- hech At the round
---kelishmoq. bo`lmaganda. about --
At. At last ---- nihoyat. aylanmoq.
To aim at -- ni nishonga At (the) latest ----- eng kechi At the
olmoq. bilan. temperature –
To arrive at ga yetib At a low (high) price --- past haroratda.
kelmoq(kichkina shaharga). (baland) narxda. Against.
To call at - ga kirib chiqmoq. At times ---- ba`zan. To learn against
To hint at - ga sha`ma qilmoq. At corner --- muyilishda. something(the
To knock at- ni taqqilatmoq, At the front(back) – oldinda, wall, the tree) –
qoqmoq. (orqada). biror narsaga
To laugh at - (usti)dan kulmoq. At sea – suyanmoq.
To look(glance, stare) at - ga dengizda(sayohatda). To strike one`s
qaramoq. At one`s option – birovning foot(head) against
To shout at - ga baqirmoq. ixtiyori bilan. something--- ga
To throw at - ga otmoq, At once --- birdan. to`qnashmoq(bos
irgìtmoq. At the rate of --- hajmda. hini urib olmoq).
To throw something into(the At any rate --- har holda. To proceed(to
river, the water=daryoga, suvga)- At the request of – ning takeproceedings,
biror narsa otarmoq. iltimosiga ko`ra. to take an action)
To value (estimate) at -ga At a salary of --- maoshda. against somebody
baholamoq. At somebody`s service --- – biror kishini
To work at - ustida ishlamoq. ning xizmatida. sudga bermoq.
To rejoice at - dan xursand At first sight --- bir
bo`lmoq. ko`rishda.
Against documents – hujjatlarga To get by – kun o`tkazmoq, At the age of-
ko`ra. tirikchilik qilishga muvafaq yoshida
Before. bo`lmoq. At the bottom of
The day before yesterday – By accident – to`satdan, air-osmon ostida
o`tgan kun. tasodifan. At the corner of
The day before – oldingi kun. By chance – tasodifan. the street-ko’cha
Before long – tezda. By day(night) – burchagida
Long before – bundan ancha oldi. kunduzi(tunda). At the same-bir
Behind. By the day(the week) – xil
To be behind time – kunlik(haftalik). At the end of-
kechiktirmoq. By heart – yoddan. oxirida
To be behind the times – By land(sea, air) – Along the road-
hayotdan orqada qolgan. quruqlikda(dengizda, yo’l bo’ylab
Behind one`s back – orqasidan. havoda). Across the lobby
To be behind somebody – dan By (electric) light – (elektr) At the desk-
orqada qolmoq. yorugìda. partada
Beside. By all means – nima qilib At sunrise-quyosh
Beside the purpose – maqsadsiz. bo`lsa ham. chiqishida
Beside the nature – gàyritabiiy. By cheque – chek bilan. At the post office-
Beyond. By credit cards – kredit pochtada
Beyond belief – aqlga to`g`ri kartochkasi bilan. At once-birdaniga
kelmaydigan. By rail – temir yo`l orqali. At first-
Beyond doubt – shubhasiz. By road – yo`l orqali. birinchidan
Beyond hope – umid qilib By then – o`shanda, At birthday –
bo`lmaydigan. o`shangacha. tug’ilgan kunda
Beyond one`s expectations – By way of (via) – orqali. At the beginning-
kutgandan ham ziyoda. By underground – metro boshidan
Beyond one`s strenghth(power) – orqali. At lesson-darsda
kuchi yetmaydigan darajada. By no means – aslo, hech, At latest-eng
Beyond one`s understanding – zinhor. oxirida
aqlga sig`maydigan. 6 metres by 8 metres – At a low voice –
It is beyond me – bunga aqlim oltiga sakkiz metr. past ovozda
yetmaydi. By mistake – bilmasdan, Above the head-
Down. yanglishib. bosh ustida
Up and down – By retail(wholesale) – At the expence-
To bring down the price – chakana(ko`tara, optom). (at) the head of-
Upside down – Step by step – qadam ba boshida
Down to – qadam. (at)high-
By. By train(tram, bus, ship) – balandda(at)least-
To devide by – ga bo`lmoq. darvoqe, aytmoqchi, nihoyat
To multiply by -- ga aytganday. At last-oxirida
ko`paytirmoq. By means of – vositasida, At the station -
To increase(decrease, rise, yordamida. stadionda
exceed) by – ga By the weight(the litre, the At latest-eng
ko`tarmoq(pasaytirmoq, kilogram) – taroziga tortib. oxirida
oshirmoq). At a low voice –
To judge by – ga qarab hukm past ovozda
qilmoq, xulosa chiqarmoq). Above the head-
To mean by – bilan….demoqchi Prepositon+ bosh ustida
bo`lmoq. noun Against war-
To take(seize, hold, pull) by – urushga qarshi
dan ushlamoq(tutmoq, tortmoq, After looking through-ko’rib
changallamoq. chiqqandan so’ng
After classes-darsdan so’ng
Against loss from fire-olovdan Beyond the bridge –ko’prik Except smb.-dan
yo’qotishga qarshi bo’ylab tashqari
At night -kechqurun Beyond doubt-shubhasiz
At the request(of) By day and night F
at(the) latest By the day(week)-kungacha Far from-uzoqdan
at smb's service Beyond belief-ishonchsiz For a long time-
at(the)most Before my eyes-ko’z uzoq vaqt
at a distance oldimda davomida
at a high price By land (sea, For a time
at a low price air,train,tram….) for a drink
at a salary (of) By means of for a swim
at a time By mistake FOR a walk
at a costs By no means for breakfast
at an early age By retail (wholesale) for dinner
at any rate By ship For ever
at dinner By the by For example
at first sighht By the day (the week) For instance
athome By the kilogram For the first time
at last By the litre For the last time
at latest By the way For the time being
-at least By the weight For this purpose
at the top of one's voice By heart For years
at lunch time By chance From (the)
at most By accident beginning to (the)
at this time By cheque end
at university By mistake From day to day
at night beyond one's strength From my (his)
at war beyond one's power point of view
at once beyond one's expectations From side to side
at work beyond hope From time to time
at one's option beyopd'doubt' For the first time-
atone's disposal beyond belief bir martada
at the rate (of) before now For money-pul
at peace before long uchun
at the next shop befor value From smwhere-
at school By the age of-yoshigacha biror joydan
at the expense** By pounds(kilograms)-funt, Fight for;against-
at sea kilogrammda harakat qilmoq
at the end By the tail-dumidan From the top of
at somebody's place By profession-kasbi the hill-tog’
at the beginning bo’yicha cho’qqisidan
at supper D From..till-dan
at the age (of) During the day(war)-kun gacha
at tea (urush)davomida From morning till
at that time During the stay in night-ertalabdan
After all Samarkand-S.da bo’lish kechgacha
davomida For the aged-o’rta
B During season-fasl yoshli uchun
by accident davomida For pleasure-rohat
by all means Day after day (week after uchun
By artist-artist tomonidan week…) For a variety of
By smb.-birov tomonidan Down to reasons-ko’p
By 5 p.m. –soat 5 gacha sabablar uchun
E Far behind-orqada
For curiosity-qiziquvchan In order In the
For the benefit of-foydasi uchun In order to sea=dengizda
For a few days-1 necha kun In part In England-
davomida In pen angliyada
For years -yillab In pencil In the corridor-
For a time In prison colidorda
For ever In private Insist on-qat’iy
For example In question turmoq
For instance In reply to Inferior to
For the first time In return Insure smb.with-
For the last time In return for ishontirmoq
For the time being In Russian (English, French) Instead of-o’rnida
For this purpose In sight Interrupt
For years In smby’s interest(s) with(protest)-
From (the) beginning to (the) end In so far as qarshilik
From day to day In spite of ko’rsatmoq
From my (his) point of view In stock In year-yilda
From side to side In store In time -vaqtida
From time to time in the affirmative Immigrate to-ga
In the afternoon ko’chirmoq
I In the autumn In learning-
In (at) one’s opinion In the box o’rganishda
In a calm voice In the centre of In my opinion-
In a hotel In the cinema mening fikrimcha
In a loud voice In the circumstances In morning-
In a low voice In the corner tongda
In accordance with In the country In the corner of
In addition to In the direction room-xonaning
answer to In the distance burchagida
In any case In the east In front of-
In bulk In the evening qarshisida
In case In the long run In support-
In class In the manner himoyasida
In coat In the market
In comparison with In the meantime
In conclusion In the middle of In silence-
In consequence of In the morning jimlikda
In demand In the negative Into the garden-
In disorder In the north bog’ ichiga
In dozens In the open air In the absence-
In dress In the opposite direction yo’qlikda
In due course In the rain In painting-
In exchange for In the south chizishda
In fact In the spring In the kitchen-
In favour of In the street oshxonada
In front of In the suburbs Image of-
In full In the summer ko’rinishi
In full swing In the sun In light-
In general In the theatre yorug’likda
In good taste In the west
In hospital In the winter general=umuman
In ink In this way (in) case-holatda
In no time In time
In one’s opinion Include in-ichiga olmoq
(In) the circumstances-ahvolida on an (the) average Under the
(in)conclusion-xulosa on bebalf of influence
(in)the country-qishloqda on board a (the) ship Under the
In direction-yo’nalishda on business management
In time-vaqtida on condition that Under the name
In the sky-osmonda on credit Under the title
In spite of-dan tashqari on demand Unheard of
In restaurant(café)-restoranda on foot Up and down
on purpose Up to
O on sale Up to here
On the left-chapda on sea Up to now, up to
On the blackboard-doskada on the advice of present time
On foot-piyoda on the country Up-to-date
One of …-ning biri on the ground that W
On the top-cho’qqida on the left hand side Without doubt
On the … (5)th of ..(march)- on the one (OTHER) hand Without fail
(5)chi (mart)sanasida on thePart of Without notice
Out of-dan tashqari оп the suggestlon of Without the
On duty-navbatchi on the way knowledge (of)
Of logs- on the whole With the quarrel-
On weekdays(Monday)-hafta once/ twice a year janjal bilan
kunlari out of danger With the
(dushanbada) Ou tof date exception of- …
Over the head boshi ustida out of doors dan tashqari
On the pool of the water-ariq out of envy
suviga out of necessity NOUN
On purpose out of order +PREPOSITIO
On sale out of pity N
On sea
On the advice of T A
On the country To do without smb Advantage of
On the ground that To my (his) disappointment Advantage over
On the initiative of To my (his) joy (ustunlik)
On the left hand side To my (his) sorrow Answer to (a
On the one (other) hand To the amount question)
On the part of To the east of At one’s disposal
On the right hand side To the north of Attitude
n the suggestion of To the north, south, west, to/towards
On the way east (of) someone/somethi
On the whole To the right ng
Once/twice a year To the south of Agreement on-
Out of danger To the west of rozilik
Out of date U Award with-bilan
(on)strike-namoyishda Under the impression- mukofotlamoq
Out of doors taassurot ostida According to-…
Out of envy Under the title-mavzu ostida ga ko’ra
Out of necessity Under fire Assistance of-
Out of order Under the agreement yordam
Out of pity Under the circumstances Approve of-isbot
Out of use Under the command Approach with
Out of work Under the contract Advantage
Over and over Under the control of,over-ustunlik
of cours Under the guidance Armchair in-
on a larga scale Under the heading kresloda
Attitude to,towards-ga Find in-topmoq President of
munosabat Flush in-qizarmoq Uzbekistan
Attention to-ga e’tibor Fall in Patient with,point
Account with-schet ochmoq Fiber of at
Apart from-dan ajralmoq Pair of-juft
a cheque for G Pollution with-
acontractfor Games of ifloslanish
a great (good) deal of ' glass up Pay for-uchun
a lot of to’lov
a numberof H Planets through-
according to Head on-boshida planetalar bo’ylab
after all Hand by hand-qo’lma qo’l painting BY
all over country Rembrant
all over the town photograph OF
all over the world I someone
amount to Invitation to-taklif (something)
an invoice for Importance for-muhimlik picture OF
an order for Influence of-ta’sir someone
Instead of-o’rnida (something)
B Increase in-o’sish play BY
Behaviour of-ning hulqi Image of-ko’rinishi Sheakspeare
Busride through-bo’ylab sayr
Beginning of the film-film J Q
boshlanishi Jump on (for)-dan sakramoq Quite of-ning bari
Judge from-sud qilmoq
C R
Cause of K Result in-natija
Cheque for smth Knock at-taqillatmoq Respect for-
Connection between 2 things Kind of-ning mehribonligi hurmat
Connection with smby/smth Known of-tanish reactlon TO
Contact between 2 things something..
Contact with smth L reason FOR smth
Choice of= tanlamoq Liable to-loyiq relationship
Cable to Landscape on-landshaft BETWEEN 2
Change of-ning o’zgarishi Located in-joylashgan things
D relationship
Damage to something M WITH smby
Decrease in Most(much,many)of-ko’pi reply TO (a letter)
Demand for smth Member of-ning a’zosi rise IN
Difference between 2 things Mean of,with,to-ma’no S
Disadvantage of solution TO (a
Dream of (about)- orzu (tush) N problem)
Demand for-talab Name after smb.-nomiga Sure of-ishonch
Delegation of, in-da delegatsiya atamoq Seriousness of-
Day after day (week after Negotiations for-muloqot ning jiddiyligi
week…) (in)need for, of-muhto
Difficulty in= Necessary to,for-ga zarur T
Time for-uchun
F O vaqt
Full of-to’la Occasion for-sabab Telegraph to-ga
Familiar to-tanish telegraf
(under)fear-qo’rquvsiz P Thanks to-ga
(in)favour of- Present for smb.-uchun ko’ra
Fear of-qo’rqinch sovg’a Ticket to-ga billet
Verb +Prepositions Acceptable to-qabul
B
A Base on-The company bases salary on
Account for-He accounted for such experience
problems Be about to
Accuse Smby Of doing smth Be absent From (a place)-He was absent
Accuse Smby Of smth-He accused herof from class
stealing the money Be accustomed To -I am not accustomed
Adapt to-They adapted to the new culture to such behaviour
Add Smby|smth to Smby|smth-She added Be acquainted with-He is acquainted with
milk to grocery list many celebrities
Adjust to-They adjusted to their new Be addicted To smth- He is addicted to
environment heroin
Admire= Be afraid Of smb|smth-I`m afraid of
Admit smth to smb- She admitted her real spiders
age to everybody Be amazed At|By smth
Admit to-She admitted to cheating on the Be angry About smth
test Be angry At smb For smth-I`m angry at
Agree on-We agreed on the price him for what he said
Agree to-He agreed to the new condition Be angry With smb For smth-I`m angry
Agree with-I agree with you with him for what he said
Aim smth At smb Be annoyed At smb For smth-He is
Apologize For smth annoyed at her for spending so much
Apologize To smb money
Apologize To smb For smth-I Be annoyed With smb For smth-He is
annoyed with her for spending so much
money
Be anxious About smth-I`m anxious
apologized to her for being rude about the presentation
Appeal To smb For smth-The nation Be ashamed Of
appealed to the UN for assistance Be associated With-He is associated
Appear to withthe company
Apply For a job place at a university Be astonished At|By smth
Approve of-The parents approved of the Be aware Of-You`re not aware of all the
marriage problems
Argue with Smb about Smb|Smth-Tim Be bad At doing smth
argued with his father about his curfew Be behind one`s back
Argue with Smb over Smth-The customer Be behind smb
argued with the salesman Be behind the times
Be behind time
over the store`s return policy Be beyond for
Arrange for Smb (to do smth)-They Be blessed With-He is blessed with great
arranged for an interpreter to be present musical talent
Arrest Smb for Smth-The police arrested Be bored By-They were bored to death
the man for stealing the car by his long speech
Arrive At somewhere(work, station, Be bored With-The interviewers were
theatre, office) bored with the repetitive comments
Arrive home Be brilliant At doing smth
Arrive In somewhere(country, city, town, Be capable|incapable Of smth-He is
village) capable of much more
Ask(someone)For smth-She asked for Be careful at the crossing-kesib o’tishda
help ehtiyot bo’ling
Attach to Be cluttered With smth-The room is
Attack on cluttered with boxes
Be commited To-I`m commited to Be exited About smth
improving my language skills Be exited About- I`m exited about the
Be composed Of - The meteorite is opportunities
composed mostly of iron Be expert At doing smth
Be concerned About-I`m concerned about Be expert In smth
his smoking Be exposed To -The workers were
Be connected To-The DVD player is exposed to dangerous chemicals
connected to TV Be faced With-He was faced with many
Be connected With-They are connected difficult decisions
with the project Be faithful To-They are faithful to their
Be content With-He is content whith the company
results Be familiar With-I`m familiar with that
Be convinced Of smth-We rae convinced program
of her innocence Be famous For- He is famous for
Be coordinated With smth-Testing climbing Mt. Everest
centers coordinated withthe schools set Be Fed up With smth
testing dates Be filled With-The boxes are filled with
Be crowded In somewhere(a building or cloths and books
room)-It is crowded in the auditorium Be finished With-I`m finished with my
Be crowded With smb |smth(people)-The studies
auditorium crowde with people Be fond of-She is fond of her nieces and
Be cruel To smb nephews
Be dedicated To- She is dedicated to Be friendly To smb-He is friendly to new
improving her grammar skills cowokers
Be delighted With smth Be frightened by – She is frightened by
Be devoted To - He is devoted to his wife the coyotes calling at night.
Be different From smb|smth Be frightened of = The kids are
Be dissapointed In -She is dissapointed in frightened of ghosts.
her son`s improvement Be full of smth =
Be dissapointed With-she is dissapointed Be furious about smth
with her son for not improving Be furious with smby
Be discouraged By-He was discouraged Be furnished with smth = The house is
by high cost furnished with designer furniture.
Be discouraged From (doing smth)-They Be good at doing smth
were discouraged from participating Be grateful to smby for smth = I am
Be discriminated Against-He grateful to you for your assistance.
discriminates against people who are Be guilty of smth = He is guilty of the
different crime.
Be divorced From smb-Mary is divorced Be happy about smth = I am not happy
from John about the results.
Be done With smth-He is done with the Be hopeless at doing smth =
work Be impressed with something
Be dressed In -She was dressed in red Be in love (with)
Be encouraged With-The staff was Be in need of
encouraged with a profit-sharing program Be in the habit of
Be engaged In smth-He was engaged in Be independent of
that research for more than ten years Be innocent of smth = He is innocent of
Be engaged To smb-John was engaged to the crimes.
Mary for six monthes Be interested in = I am interested in
Be envious Of-I`m envious of you for astronomy.
havingthe opportunity to travel Be involved in smth = He is involved in
Be equipped With smth-The expedition is the program.
equipped with the latest gear Be involved with = He is involved with
Be exellant At doing smth many charities.
Be jealous of = John is jealous of Mary’s Be sorry for someone
close friendship with Tom. Be sure (certain) of
Be keen on smth Be surprised at/by smth
Be known for smth = He is known for his Be suspicious of someone/smth
humor. Be terrified of someone/smth = She is
Be known to smby terrified of roaches.
Be late for Be thankful for = We are thankful for
Be limited to = The speeches are limited their help.
to fifteen minutes each. Be tired from (doing something) = He is
Be made from smth = The statue is made so tired from jogging.
from old car parts. Be tired of (doing something) = He is
Be made of (material) = The statue is tired of answering the same questions
made of metal. over and over.
Be married to = She is married to a Be under construction
famous politician. Be under discussion
Be married to someone Be under repair
Be off Be up = I was up at six o’clock.
Be on = “King Lear” is on tonight. Be up = It is up to you (him, her) to
Be opposed to = I am opposed to decide.
increasing tuition prices. Be up = The time is up.
Be out Be up = The time’s up.
Be pale (red, tired) with Be up = What’s up?
Be patient with smby = He is patient with Be upset about smth
his students. Be worried about = I am worried about
Be pleased with smth her.
Be pleased with = I am pleased the Be worried about smth
results. Beg for = They begged for the answer to
Be polite to smby = She is polite to the the riddle.
visitors. Begin with = Every sentence begins with
Be popular with a capital letter.
Be prepared for = He is prepared for such Believe in smth = He believes in ghosts.
questions at the conference. Believe smby
B protected from = The cave paintings Belong to = I don’t belong to that
are protected from vandalism. organization.
Be proud of = He is proud of his son. Benefit from = He benefits from the
Be related to = She is related to the government assistance programs.
famous artist. Blame smby for smth = he blamed his
Be relevant to = That is not relevant to employees for his mistakes.
this conversation. Blame smth on smby = He blame the
Be remembered for smth = He is company’s failure on his employees.
remembered for his bravery. Boast about = She boasted about her
Be responsible for = She is responsible new Mercedes.
for the new policies. Border on
Be rich in / poor in Borrow smth from smby – He borrowed
Be satisfied with = The teacher is money from me.
satisfied with the test results. Break down
Be scared of someone/smth = She is Bring into
scared of the snakes. Bring about
Be shocked at/by smth Bring an action against smth
Be short for Bump into smby/smth
Be short of smth Buy from
Be similar to Buy up
Be sorry about smth Bring into smth
Be sorry for doing smth C
Cable to Compete with= He loves to compete with
Call at somewhere others- to’ldirmoq
Call for Complain about SMBY/ SMTH= They
Call on smby complained about the quality of the
Call smb’s attention to hotel./ He complained about his friend-
Call up norozilik bildirmoq.
Care about smby/smth = He cares about Complain to SMBY on SMTH= He
what his children watch on TV. complimented her on her new dress-
Care for smby/smth = He doesn’t care for maqtov
fish. Concentrate on= He needs to concentrate
Carry on on his work-to’plamoq
Catch up with = He caught up with her Concern SMBY with SMTH= you
before she got into the elevator. shouldn’t concern her with our problems-
Cater to = The hotel doesn’t cater to tour aloqador bo’lmoq
groups. Confess to= He confsssed to the crimes-
Change into tan olmoq
Charge smby for smth = The restaurant Confuse SMBY/ SMTH with SMBY/
didn’t charge me for breaking the glass. SMTH= She confused him with Tom
Charge SMBY with SMTH = The police Cruise – xijolat qilmoq
charged him with drunk driving. Congratulate on- tabriklamoq
Check in= tekshirmoq Congratulate SMBY on SMTH= She
Choice of= tanlamoq congratulated him on his victory
Choose between SMBY/SMTH and Consent to SMTH= The parents
SMBY/SMTH= The winner got to consented to the request- rozi bo’lmoq
choose between a vocation to Tahiti and Consist of- iborat bo’lmoq
a new car. Consist of= The test consist of 100
Choose SMBY from SMTH= The multiple choice questions
magician choose a lady from the audience Contribute to SMTH= I contributed to the
to help him with the trick World Wildlife Fund- xayr qilmoq
Climb over- fikrini o’zgartirmoq Convert into – o’zgarmoq, almashmoq
Collide with= The car collided with a Convict SMBY on SMTH= They
truck- to’qnashmoq convicted him of murder- hukm qilmoq
Come across- tasodifan uchratmoq Cope with=Can he cope with the large
Come across to smth= amount of work- eplamoq
Come across with smby= Correspond with SMBY= I correspond
Come down- zaiflashmoq with them by email- mos bo’lmoq
Come from= He comes from Florida- dan Count on=He counts on their support-
kelmoq sanamoq
Come in sight of- kelish Cover with= She covered her sleeping
Come into (in) force- kirmoq son with the blanket- qoplamoq
Come up to one’s expectations Crash into= He crashed into the tree-
Come up with=invent/discover urilmoq, halokatga uchramoq
Comment on- fikr bildirish Cure SMBY of SMTH= The doctors
Comment on= She wouldn’t comment on cured her of the disease-davolamoq
the accusations- fikr bildirish Cut into(2 parts)- xalaqit bermoq, kesmoq
Complement on D
Communicate with SMBY= Many people Deal in- taqsimlamoq
use email to com-municate with friends Deal with= He has to dael with many
and family abroad- xabar yetkazmoq problems
Comoare SMBY/ SMTH to SMBY/ Decide against=He decided against taking
SMTH= He shouldn’t compare his the job in New York- qaror qilmoq
younger son with his older son Decide between SMBY/ SMTH and
Compare with SMBY/ SMTH= I couldn’t decide
between the chicken dinner and the sushi
Decide on= He decide on taking the job Elaborate on SMTH= He elaborated on
in Los Angeles his earlier comments
Decrease by Emerge from SMTH= The dragon
Dedicate SMBY to SMTH= He dedicated emerged from its lair
the song to his girl friend End in I with
Demand SMBY from SMTH= He Enjoy
demanded help from his coworkers Enter somewhere (the room,the
Depend on=The cost of the carpet University)
depends on the quality of the weaving Escape from(a place)= they escapedfrom
Deprive of jail
Derive SMBY from SMTH=He derives a Estimate at
great deal of pleasure from his work Exceed by
Deter SMBY from SMTH= Nothing Exchange for
could deter her from becoming a Exchange SMBY/ SMTH for SMBY/
policewoman SMTH= They exchanged dollars for yen
Devote SMBY to SMTH= He devoted Exclude SMBY from SMTH=He
the song to his wife excluded them from the meeting
Die of (an illness)= Excuse SMBY for SMTH= She excused
Differ from them for being late
Differ from=Your result differ little from Expel SMBY from (a place)= The leader
mine was expelled from the country
Difficulty in= Experiment on=They experimented on
Disagree with= He disagrees with me various way of preventing the disease
Disapprove of=Her parents disapprove of Explain SMBY to SMTH = The teacher
her job choise explained the project to the students
Discourage SMBY from SMTH= He Extend to
discouraged his son from quitting school Fail in=
Discuss smth= Fall in love with smby=
Discuss SMBY with SMTH= I discussed Feel about= He felt bad about what he
the situation with them said
Distinguish between SMBY/ SMTH and Feel like= I feel like seeing a movie
SMBY/ SMTH= The expert couldn’t Fight about = They fought about who
distinguish the real painting from the had to do the dishes.
forgery Fight against = Martin Luther King
Distract SMBY from SMTH= The loud fought against racism and oppression.
music distracted from her work Fight for = He fought for improved
Divide by working conditions.
Divide into (in) (2 parts) Fight with = He fought with his parents
Draw smb’s attention to throughout his teen years.
Dream about= I dream about traveling Fill up
around the world Fill with
Dream of= I dream of a day when Find out
poverty no longer exists Fly over
Dress SMBY in SMTH= She dresses her Forget about = She forgot about the
twins in the same clothes meeting.
Drink to= They drank to his new job Forgive smby for smth = She forgave
Drink up him for the terrible things he said.
Drive into smby/smth= Gamble on = I wouldn’t gamble on that
Drive in happening.
Drop on-ustiga tushmoq Gawk at = They just gawked at me as
E though they didn’t understand a thing.
Eat up Gaze at = She gazed at the sight in
Effect on/to= wonder.
Get over
Get back from (a place) = He got back Hide smth from smby = He hid his bad
from work at 6 o’clock. report card from his parents.
Get down Hinder smby/smth from smth = Rebels
Get into the habit are hindering aid workers from accesing
Get married to smby = John got married the area.
to Mary. Hinge on = Succes hinges on his
Get off participation in the project.
Get on Hint at
Get ready for Hold by
Get rid of = He got rid of his old clothes. Hope for = The company hopes for
Get through with = I’m never going to better sales in the coming quarter.
get through with this work. I
Get tired of = He got tired of the Include in
complaining. Increase by
Get up Inform of,about
Get used to = He needs to get used to the Inquire into
new working conditions. Insist on = He insists on driving even
Give smth to smby = He gave the book to though he is having vision problems.
me. Insure against = The investment does not
Give up insure against loss of income.
Glance at Insure smth with
Glare at = She glared at him in disbelief. Interfere in smth = The couple’s parents
Gloat at = He gloated at their failure. should not interfere in their relationship.
go away-yo’qolmoq Interfere with smth = Don’t interfere
Go down with the natural balance of nature.
Go in for-shug’ullanmoq Introduce smby/smth to smby/smth = I
Go on introduced him to his girlfriend.
Go to-bormoq Invest in = We invested in that company.
Go on with work-ishni davom ettirmoq Invite smby to = I invited her to the
Go over party.
Go wrong with smth Involve smby/smth in smth = We
Grieve for = The nation is grieving for involved them in the decision making.
those who died in the accident. J
Gripe at smby = She always gripes at her Jabber about = He was jabbering about
husband. problems at work.
Grow up Join
Grumble at smby about smth = The old Joke about = We love to sit around and
man always grumbles at his wife about joke about old times.
their children never visiting. Joke with smby about smby/smth = he
H was joking with me about the mistake I
Happen to smby/smth = What happened made.
to him?happy about smth Jot down smth = She jotted down notes
Happy with smby as he spoke.
Harp on = She is constantly harping on Judge by
her husband’s bad eating habits. Judge from
Hear about = I have never heard about Jump down
that policy before Jump for
Hear from smby = Have you heard from Jump over
your son recently? K
Hear of = Have you ever heard of the Keen on
Anasazi people? Keep on (doing something) = She kept on
Hera on smth talking.
Help smby with smth = He helped me
with my homework.
Keep smby/smth from (doing something) N
= I kept her from making the same name after smb
mistake. nod at = He nodded at the others
Keep smth for smby = He wants to keep nod to = He nodded to them
the toy for his daughter. O
Knock at odject to = Do you object to my smoking?
Know about = He knows a lot about that open an account with
subject. operate on = The surgeon operated on the
L conjoined twins
Laugh about = She laughed about what Obtain from
the children had done. P
Laugh at = We always laugh at his joke. participate in
Laugh at smby/smth participate in smth = We participated in
Lean against smth the survey
Learn about = I need to learn more about pass away – dunyodan o`tish
that topic. pay attention to
Leave at somewhere – biror joyda pay by cheque
qoldirmoq pay for smth = He paid for our meal last
Leave for somewhere – ..ga jo’namoq night
Leave somewhere – ..ni tark etmoq pay in cash
Leave with smby – kishida qoldirmoq persist in = The desease persists in rural
Lend smth to smby = I lent my dictionary farms throughout the region
to her. phone smb
Lie down pick up
Listen to = He loves to listen to his MP3 plan on = We plan on attending the
player on the subway. wedding
Live on (money/)food) Play joke on-hazil qilmoq
Long for = I long for a week on the Play in-o’ynamoq
beach in Hawaii. point at smb
Look after smby/smth point out
Look at smby/smth = Look at this old point smth at smb
picture of my grandmother. point to smth
Look for smby/smth praise smb to smth = He prases his son
Look forward to = I look forward to for his good grades
meeting her parents. pray for = The villagers prayed for rain
Look into prefer smb / smth to smb / smth = We
Look on prefer salmon to other kinds of fish
Look up prefer to
look up in smb (book, dictionary) prepare for = We are preparing for a long
M winter
make from,of present smb with smth = He will present
make out her with the award for best journalist
make up for prevent smb / smth from (doing
make up once mind to do smth something) = The campaign is designed
make use of to prevent young people from drinking
marry smb proceed against smth
mean by prohibit smb from (doing something) =
meet with smb = We will meet with the The school prohibits students from
organizers next week smoking
mistake smb / smth = I mistook him for project smb / smth from smb / smth
his twin brother Protect for, from-dan himoya
move in (flat) protest against
move to (city) provide for = It is difficult for them to
multiply by provide for their families
provide smb with smth = The school respond to = We responded to the request
provides students with textbooks for help
provide smb / smth for smb = The result in
company will provide food and drinks for result in smth = His outburst result in his
all being fired
pull by retire from smth = He retired from the
punish smb for smth = He was punished company after 40 years of faithful service
for his crimes return to somewhere
put off ring up
put on rose by
put up with run across
Q Run after-orqasidan yugurmoq
quarrel with smb about smth = They Run along-bo’ylab yugurmoq
quarreled with the waiter about the run down
mistakes on the bill run into smb /smth
quarrel with smb over smth = He run out of
quarreled with her over her political run over
beliefs S
R sail for
reach somewhere satisfy with
react to = He reacted to the news save from
negatively save smb from smth = They are working
recover from to save mountain gorillas from extinction
recover from smth = He is recovering Say to-ga aytmoq
from his illness search for smb / smth = They searching
refer to for signs of life on Mars
refer to smth = He was referring to the seem to
chart on the page 24 seize by
regard smb / smth as smth sentence smb to (a period of
rejoice at imprisonment)
relate to = She is not related to their separate smb / smth from smb / smth =
family He separated Billy from the others
rely on = We rely on the latest children
information to make such decisions set off
remind smb about smth set out
remind smb of smb / smth = He reminds shake with
me of my grandfather share smth with smb = She shared her
remind of – endi qilinadigan ish secret with the others
remind about – qilingan ish shiver with
reply to = We replied immediately to the shout at smb (when you are angry) = The
letter old man shouted at the kids
Report on-habar shout to smb (so that he could hear you)
resque smb from smb / smth = He = He shouted to his son as he was far
resqued the puppy from the icy lake away
Regard as-dek ulug’lamoq show smth to smb = He showed the
Rare from-dan noyob pictures to his friends
Respect for-hurmat sit down
Receive for-qabul smile at smb = I smilled at the new
Read about-haqida o’qimoq comers
Reproach with speak to
Repair with-bilan tuzatmoq speak to (with) smb
resign from smth = He resigned from the speak to smb about smb / smth = The
company director spoke to the employees about the
respect for changes
Sparkled behind (spectacles)- Stream down-to’lqinlanmoq
Orqasidan charaqlamoq Spread round-tarqalmoq
Sparkled with(excitement)-dan Shame on-uyat
Charaqlamoq Shoot at-ga otmoq
Stay at, for-qolmoq Show to,off-ko’rsatmoq
Seem to,of-ga tuyulmoq Shake with-bilan qimirlatmoq
Speak to-ga gapirmoq Suspect of-shubhalanmoq
Subscribe to-ga tasvir Sponsored by-ta’minlanmoq
Strange to-ga g’alati Solution to-ga yakun
Similar to-ga o’xshash Situated in(joy nomi)-joylashmoq
Superior to- Situated on(daryo nomlarida)-joylashmoq
(to)the south-janubiga T
Stand up-turmoq Turn into-ga aylanmoq
Supply with-ta’minlamoq Tell smb.about-haqida aytmoq
Satisfied with-qoniqmoq Travel by car(taxi,bus)- mashinada
(within)sight-ko’rinishda sayohat
(in)Spite of-dan tashqari Time for-uchun vaqt
Subject to-ga mavzu Think of (about)-haqida o’ylamoq
(at)school-maktabda Terrified of-qo’rqmoq
(at)astation-stansiyada Tired of-charchamoq
(at)seaside-sohilda Take care of-g’amho’rlik
(on)strike-namoyishda Translate from-dan tarjima
Stupid of-aqlsiz Throw at-otmoq(urish uchun)
Silly-of-axmoq Throw to-otmoq(tutish uchun)
Surprised(at ,by)-dan Take off-yechmoq
Ajablanmoq Turn up-paydo bo’lmoq
Sorry about-uzur Turn off-o’chirmoq
So’rash Turn on -yoqmoq
Sorry for-uchun uzur so’rash Take part in-qatnashmoq
Search for-izlamoq Talk over-haqida suhbat
Suffer from-jabr chekmoq Talk to-ga suhbat
Spend on-sarflamoq Telegraph to-ga telegraf
Sentence smb to-ga hukm qilinmoq Tremble with-dan qaltiramoq
(for) a swim-suzmoq Thanks to-ga ko’ra
Shocked at /by-shokka tushmoq (from ) time to time-vaqti vaqti bilan
Suspicious of-ga hasad qilmoq Take for-uchun olmoq
Short of-yetishmaslik U
Shout at-ga baqirmoq Unknown to-noma’lum
Speak about-haqida gapermoq Unpleasant to-ga yoqimsiz
State above-yuqorida ko’rsatilgan Unheard of-eshitilmagan
Sail against-qarshi suzmoq Unreasonable of-besabab
Shout at-baqirmoq Upset about-xafa
Sit beside-ro’parada o’tirmoq Under the control-nazorat ostida
Sail for-uchun suzmoq Usual of-odatiy
Start for-boshlamoq V
Save from-dan asramoq (in)vain
Suffer from-dan jabr (of)value in-qadrli
Succeed in-muvaffaqiyat (in)view of-ko’rinishda
Spend on-sarflamoq Variation in-xilma xillik
Sit in front of tv-tv oldida o’tirmoq In a variety of cases-turli holatlarda
Search for-qidiruv W
Study with,for-bilan o’qimoq Walk about-bo’ylab sayr
Spy on-kuzatuvchi Work at,after-ishlamoq
Send upon,to-jo’natmoq Walk along-sayr
Wonder at-hayratlanmoq Worry about-havotirlanmoq
Write down-yozmoq Warn about-haqida ogohlantirmoq
Wait for-kutmoq Warn against-qarshi ogohlantirmoq
Weight by hiking Watch through –orqali kuzatmoq
Wire to-ga teleraf
Wake up-uygonmoq
Conjunctions.
If – o`zidan keyin shall/will, should/would olmaydi, lekin ’’whether’’ ma`nosida oladi.
F:ex: I don`t know if he will answer.
Unless – toki, agar …. masa = if not
F:ex: You wan`t enter unless you study hard.
In case – (syn: in the event of / in the event that) bo`lgan taqdirda.
If bilan farqi: If qismda ish sodir bo`lsa, natija qism bo`ladi, ish sodir bo`lmasa natija ham
bo`lmaydi.
F:ex: If he comes, we shall prepare a meal.
If he doesn`t come, we shall not prepare a meal.
In case – sodir bo`lsa, bo`lmasa, natija qism baribir bo`ladi. Bunda ,,If ’’dan farqi
shundaki, harakatning bo`lish bo`lmasligiga qarab, natija qismi bo`ladi.
F:ex: I shall cook plov in case Tom comes. = in the event that Tom comes.
(kelsa, kelmasa)
Let`s cook a bit more plov in case some other guests come. = in the event that.
( kelsa, kelmasa)
I shall take my umbrella in the event that it rains. (yog`sa, yog`masa)
I drew the map of my district in case they couldn`t find my house. (topsa, topmasa)
In the event of
In case of + noun = If + S +V
On the event of
Call the fire brigade if there is fire. = in case of fire = in the event of fire.
As if = as though – xuddi.
Tom looks as though he were American.
On condition
Providing (that) – shart bilan.
Provided
As long as
F:ex:
I shall lend some money on condition you return it in time.
Jane will write for you as long as you give me a bar of chocolate.
As long as – asosan inkor gaplarda keladi. Toki deb ham tarjima qilinadi.
F:ex:
We shall not give it to you as long as you don`t ask him about it.
And – va.
Both …. and ….. as well as (ham …. ham …. va yana qolaversa).
As well as oladi, qachonki + noun, pronoun, gerund kelsa, fe`ldan keyin kelsa, as tushib
qoladi.
I can`t do it as well.
As well (as) gapda o`zi kelishi ham mumkin. (both …. and …. siz)
Tom as well as his family arrived late.
Or – yoki.
Izoh: or else, otherwise va ham or – aks holda ma`nosini beradi.
F:ex: You should consult the doctor otherwise you will have a terrible headache.
You should study hard otherwise you will fail.
But(1) – lekin, ammo, biroq. But +S+V/ But + toV1
But(2) – dan tashqari = except
Everybody but for me was ready.
Not only ….but also ….
Either …..or ……
Neither ….. nor ….
When – qachonki (gerund or + S + V).
While (1) – paytida.
While Tom is sleeping go there and find some information.
While (2) – garchi, biroq.
The climate of Bukhara is soft while other reasons of Uzbekistan are much colder.
Company A produced 1000 cars while company B did only a half.
As (1) – ….. paytida ( = when, while)
As I was going there I met a friend of mine.
As (2) – tak kak, sababli, -> because.
The roads were crowded as there were a lot of traffic.
I couldn`t attend the lecture, as I was ill.
After – keyin
Before – oldin
As soon as – … shu bilanoq
Till
Until … gacha. + Present simple / Past simple.
Since
The last – nihoyat
The next time/Every time
Until dan keying qism inkorda kelmaydi.
The last time I saw her she was said.
Every time I see him, I try to say hello first.
Therefore / that`s why – shuning uchun.
Because + S + V.
Because of + noun / pronoun / gerund
I shall go to see him because of illness.
Although (though) + S + V – ga qaramasdan. Eventhough – hatto … ga qaramasdan
Although he doesn`t know English, better than you, he true even harder.
Though – gap oxirida ham kelishi mumkin.
He doesn`t know it though.
Although he has poor knowledge, he passed. = He passed despite poor
knowledge. = In spite of his poor knowledge.
Despite noun / pronoun / gerund
In spite of noun phrases
In spite of / despite + the fact + S + V.
Despite the fact he has poor knowledge, he passed.
As (3) -> … dek, sifatida.
He works as a doctor.
The building was served as a hospital.
Do the task as I ordered.
Tom did all my tasks as we asked.
Do you work at school as a teacher?
Like/ as
Like -> noreal o`xshashlik. As(3) -> real o`xshashlik.
You are shouting like a mad.( aslida jinni emas) The building was used as a library.
You are crying like a baby. Tom did the task as people asked.
As(4) -> masalan (such as) -> misol uchun
Some birds, as swallows arrival show the beginning of spring.
Sports, such as football and basketball are popular in Uzbekistan.
As + noun/pronoun/gerund + S+verb
Such as + noun/ pronoun/gerund + S +verb
For example + S + V/noun/pronoun/gerund

For instance + S + V/noun/pronoun/gerund
For instance, Uzbekistan has recorded several gold medals.
Much as -> qanchalik ham + S + verb
Much as I want to help you, I can`t.
As usual -> odatdagidek
Tom stays up late as usual.
Just as -> zahoti yoq, endigina
Tom came across his father just as he was leaving the house.
Tom arrived just as I was going to bed.
Now that -> sababli + S + verb

Now that you have done, all your assignments, you can have a rest.
Since(1) + Past Ind/Present Perf => dan buyon

Since + S + V2 + S+ Present Perf
Since(2) -> sababli

Since it was high time and we didn`t want to miss the train, we took a taxi.
I decided to ask him for a reason since he often came late.
For(1) + noun For + S + Verb  sababli

Tom couldn`t go out for it was cold outside.
Tom couldn`t go out for the snow.
So + S + Verb  shunday qilib, shuning uchun.
We were hungry, so we decided to go to eat out.
Thus + S + Verb  shu tariqa (takim obrazom)-> thus/thereby+Ving
He wasn`t serious and didn`t study hard enough, thus he forgot even what he knew.
People go abroad to work thus/thereby leaving their home country for a while.
Owing to  (yaxshi narsa va yomon)
Due to  ( yaxshi va yomon) sababli, tufayli, evaziga
Thanks to  ( yaxshi narsa)
Because of  (yaxshi va yomon)
I improved my listening owing to your lectures you have given me.
Tom passed the exam due to the hard, work.
Tom recovered thanks to his mother`s care.
’’Sababli’’ ma`nosida keluvchi bog`lovchilar.
Because (of) Therefore
As That’s why
Since Natijani keltirib Now that Natijadan
For chiqaruvchi So keying holat
Owing to bog`lovchiar Thus
Due to Much as
Thanks to
Conditions
Whether … or not  (qanday bo`lmasin, bo`ladi yoki yo`q)

I’m not sure whether he welcome or not.
He always panics whether the situation is alarming or not.
Even if  (hattoki,hatto agar ) S + V

Even if your father is a boss, it doesn`t mean that he can do anything.
Only if  (bir holatni shart qilib beradi) S + V
You will pass only if you follow all the rules.
’’Maqsad’’ ma`nolarida keluvchi bog`lovchilar
Lest  + not ( bo`lmasligi uchun, qilmasligi uchun)

They wrapped the instruments lest they are damaged by sea water.
In order to
In order that S+V
So as to
So …. That …./ So that ….
Such ….. that ……
Tom went to the lecture early so that he could see the professor before the lecture.
Tom went to the lecture so early that he could see the professor before the lecture.
( Barvaqt bordiki, professorni ko`rish uchun )
The sea was so stormy that the vessel couldn`t leave the port.
I gave him the back so that he might study that at home.
Such ……. That ……

There was such a storm that the ship couldn`t set off.
So that …… dan keyin kelish mumkin.

So that + can / could; may / might; will / would
!!!See off - kuzatish
’’Qo`shimcha keltirish’’ uchun.
In addition, (to)  qo`shimcha qilib aytganda

Long before = before Long before he returns, she will have forgotten everything.
Moreover/ Furthermore  qolaversa.
!!!Not until now – Not until now has it become
Also,  shuningdek
Even so – kirish so`z bo`lib keladi (hatto shunday bo`lsa ham)
The bus was only half full. Even so, a young man asked Nina if the seat next to her was
taken.
Besides,  bundan tashqari
Today, the Internet has developed as never before.
Furthermore, it is convinied and cheap.
…… else  yana
Who else is absent?
What else do you want?
Where else shall we go?
’’Taqqoslash’’lar
While/ Whilst / Whereas – garchi/qaraganda

Uzbekistan produced more than 500 cars, whereas Russia the double (o`sha vaqtda)
However  (biroq, ammo, garchi)

However, the number dropped significantly.
Yet  (1) hali (2) biroq(kirish so`z)
He worked hard, yet he failed the exam.
He didn`t study hard, yet he passed.
Still  (1)haliham (2) biroq (gap boshida, kirish so`z)

He wasted 10000 dollars, still no one scolded him for it.
Nevertheless / Nonetheless  shunga qaramay, ammo.
It was raining. Nevertheless we went to the zoo.
I had a terrible headache. Nonetheless I came to the lesson.
Eventually  natijada In fact/As a matter of fact – faktga ko`ra
As a consequence  oqibatda
He was playing with fire, eventually, he burnt his hand.
He was driving so fastly, as a consequence, he had an accident.
Then (1) keyin.
Let`s have dinner, then continue the task.
Then(2)  o`shanda.
Sometime / someday  biror vaqt (kelasida)
Come to Bukhara someday, I shall ……..
It may happen sometime in the future.
…….. not ……. Any longer = no longer / ……..not …… any more = no more =>
boshqa emas.
Tom is no longer here. He has moved to London.
I am tired and can`t walk any more(longer).
I can`t stay here any longer.
They are no longer friendly.
Even - hatto
Even (if) working in foreign countries is hard enough to earn money.
Wh/h ever ….. bo`lsa ham.
Whatever -- I shall help you whatever happens.
Whoever -- I shal help you whoever asks.
Whichever
Whomever – Hand it in whomever asks.
However – (1) ammo, (2) qanday bo`lmasin, (3) qanchalik ham, xohlagan
usulda.
(1) Try to do it, however you can.
(2) However, I shall try to enter the University.
(3) You can`t dress, however you want. – 3 – ma’nosiga no matter how sinonim va undan
kuchliroq
Seeing (that)  sababli, ko`rib turib.
Seeing (that), he is ill, we have to postpone the meeting.
Supposing (that)  agar, faraz qilaylik, boringki.
Supposing he doesn`t come, who will do the work?
Guruh predloglar:
According to – ga muvofiq, ko`ra, binoan.
Apart from – ni hisobga olmaganda, …… -- dan tashqari = besides.
As to (as for) smb, smth – ga kelsak.
As to (for) the journey, we shall speak about that later.
Because of – tufayli.
She doesn`t go there because of the rain.
But for (smb) – u uchun / sababli, ….. bo`lmaganda.
But for him I should have missed the train. (U bo`lmaganda, men poyezdga kechikkan
bo`lar edim)
By means of – vositasida, yordamida..
In accordance with – ga muvofiq, - ga ko`ra.
In addition to – ga qo`shimcha.
I am sending you this information in addition to my telegram.
In case of – sodir bo`lganda, yuz berganda, bo`lsa, holda.
As compared with ( in comparison, with) – bilan taqqoslaganda.
In consequence of – ning natijasida, oqibatida.
In favour of – …….ning foydasiga, nomiga.
In front of – qarshisida, ro`parasida.
In spite of – ga qaramasdan.
Instead of – ….ning o`rniga.
On the event of – agar, mobodo ….sa.
In view of –sababli, boisdan, sharofati bilan.
On behalf of / in the name of – ……ning nomidan.
S + V + Agreement
Ingliz tilida ham egaga qarab kesim tanlanadi. Birlik egaga birlik kesim, 2 ta
sanalmaydigan yoki ko`plikdagi otlardan so`ng esa ko`plik kesim keladi. Lekin istisno
holatlar ham mavjud.
1) S + noun of (otli birikma) + V -> The number of students is increasing.
Biz oflik ot birikmasiga e’tibor bermasdan 1 – ega ya’ni of dan oldingi egaga qaraymiz. U
ko`plikda kelgan bo`lsa ko`plik kesim, birlikda kelgan bo`lsa birlik kesim olamiz.
The advantage of these instruments is
The negative sights of the internet are
along with
S + Together with + (noun: ko`plik ot bo`lsa ham/ Birlik ot bo`lsa ham) + V ( 1-otga
qarab olinadi)
As well as
Accompanied by
The tourists accompanied by their guide are ready to leave.
The boy accompanied by his classmates is ready to leave.
Mood (mayl).
1. Indicative mood (xabar mayli).

2. Imperative mood (buyruq mayli).
3. Subjunctive mood (shart mayli).
Indicative.
Active va Passive Voice dagi barcha gaplar xabar mayli hisoblanadi:
F:ex:
Tom received an invitations.
The guests were served.
Imperative.
Barcha iltimos yoki buyruq ma`nodagi gaplar buyruq mayli hisoblanadi:
F:ex:
Put down your name.
Don`t speak.
Please, take your coat off.
Subjunctive.
Barcha if, wish, as if, only if mavzulariga kiruvchi gaplar shart mayli hisoblanadi:
F:ex:
If I were you, I couldn`t wear it.
I wish I could do it.
Quyidagi ikki xil struktura ham Subjunctive mood ga tegishli:
1. Sifat orqali yasaladigan struktura:

vital
best
crucial
desirable a) should be V3/ b) (not)be V3 (passive
voice)
It + is/was + important + (that) + S + a) should V1(qo`shimchasiz V1) active da
urgent b) Verb word. Ex : goes
a good idea be is
impossible not go V1
necessary don`t go
essential
obligatory
imperative
a) It was crucial that Mike should be with us at weekends.
b) It was crucial that Mike be with us at weekends.
It is vital that Tom live (should live) without stress.
It was impossible that Mike be in a foreign country.
It is necessary that she not go there.

It was desirable that she shouldn`t be there.
It was a good idea that the guests should come without children.
It is important that she be there just now.
Bu yerda Infinitive dan farqlashning asosiy yo`li shuki bu yerda ega keladi(to`ldiruvchi
emas) va agar Infinitive mavzusiga doir bo`lishi uchun ega kelmasdan to, of yoki for +S
kelishi kerak.
It is vital for Tom to go there.
Agar fe’ldan keyin to`ldiruvchi kelsa Infinitive/Gerund mavzusiga doir bo`ladi.
2. Sifatlardan tashqari bir qator fellardan keyin ham shu strukturadan foydalanamiz:
advise
demand
pray Bunda that kelishi shart.
order
move
insist
determine
S + ask + that + S + a) should V1 / b) verb word. (active voice)
urge
suggest a) should be V3/ b) (not)be V3 (passive
voice)
propose
desire
prefer
recommend
regret
refuse
require
command
bag
be surprised
F:ex:
I recommended that he be more attentive during the lecture.
I insisted that they shouldn’t be take up any hobby during the study period.
I demanded that Mike not be late for the classes.
He suggested that his brother shouldn`t be so strict.
Bu yerda Infinitive dan farqlashning asosiy yo`li shuki bu yerda ega keladi(to`ldiruvchi
emas) va agar Infinitive mavzusiga doir bo`lishi uchun ega kelmasdan to, of yoki for +S
kelishi kerak.
It is vital for Tom to go there.
Agar fe’ldan keyin to`ldiruvchi kelsa Infinitive/Gerund mavzusiga doir bo`ladi.
Inversion.
Bizga ma`lumki not only, never, hardly, scarcely, only, rarely, seldom so`zlari egadan
keyin keladi.
Rasmiy holatlarda esa, gap boshida bo`lib, avval yordamchi fe`l keladi, keyin ega kesim.
Gap lekin so`roq gap bo`lmaydi.
Not only did he fail to report the accident, but also later denied that he had been druring the
car.
Not only
Never + aux. Verb + S + Verb. (kuchliroq ma’no beradi)
Hardly …..
Never have I enjoyed myself more before. = I have never enjoyed myself more before.
Never have I heard a weaker excuse.
Never, Rarely, Seldom o`zidan keyin ko`proq Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Modallardan
can/could ni oladi.
Seldom has the team given a worse performance.
Rarely had I had so much responsibility.
Hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner  bular odatda agar qo`shma gap bo`lsa, Past Perfect
oladi va ikkinchi gap Past Simple da bo`ladi. Ikkita ish-harakat birin-ketin tezda sodir
bo`lsa.
F:ex:
Hardly had the train left the station when there was explosion.
Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang.
No sooner had I reached the door than I realized the door was locked.
Istisno holatlar.
1)Quyidagilar har doim ko`plikda keladi
Particulars Greens Valuables Premises
Earnings Grounds Tropics Contents
Wares Outskirts Damage
2)Bular aniqlovchili bo`lsa ham shakli o`zgarmaydi:

Customs taxes Clothes shops
3)Few ning sinonimlari: hardly/any

4)Like - rohatlanmoq ma’nosida so`roqda kelsa to V1 oladi:
Do you like to watch TV?
5)Come across to smth Come across to smb

6)Hear of – mavjudligi haqida eshitish
Hear on – raiodan eshitish
7)Agar next, last dan oldin the kelsa in, over, during, for ishlatiladi.
8)But, unfortunately so`zlaridan keyin Pr. Simple kelsa, old qismidagi gap Type II da
bo`ladi.
If she knew English, she would speak, but she doesn’t.
9) Ko`chirma gaplarda ago earlierga o`zgaradi.
10) Agar ko`chirma gaplarda in 1990, on Monday, in the 19th century, in june kabilar kelsa
o`tgan zamonda bo`lsa ham o`zgarish bo`lmaydi.
11) Don’t V1 … or V1 → neither to V1 … nor V1

“Don’t make noise or touch my document”, he said.
He said neither to make noise nor touch his documents
12) Mood ga sifatlar: A bad idea/ imperative/ recommended/ surprised
13) In case dan keyin Past Simple ishlatsak harakatni nimaga qilinganligini ko`rsatamiz.
I gave him my address incase he came to my house.
14) the + stars

- ᴓ + umuman fasllar: Time passed amd autumn began to change winter
In + ᴓ/ the + fasllar -> in autumn/ in the autumn
The + fasllar -> aynan

He left in the spring of 1977.
*The Mall Avenue
15) Oila tashqarisidagi kishi gapirsa the olinadi:

The son is as clever as the father. The husband is always kind to the wife.
16) Enter the university -> graduate from the university
17) 2 meters long, 5 kilos weight
18) Smile on -> minnatdorchilik bildirish
19) He was pleased with himself -> u o`zidan mamnun

20) direct -> to`g`ri directly-> ochiqdan-ochiq/ to`g`ridan-to`g`ri
Shortly after – darhol
Cut him short – gapini bo`lish
21) feeling bilan lonely keladi:
22) to be suggested to V1 -> S + suggested + Ving
23) in painting/drawing
24) take back – rad etish take of – do well put away – save
25) for good – for ever
26) on end -> ketma-ket (подряд) for 2 years on end
27) keep silent – keep silence 28) lay egg - tuxum qo`yish
29) Approach yaqinlashish ma’nosida to/ in bilan kelmaydi
30) …. dan qism ma’nosida birinchi – sanoq son keyin tartib son keladi:
One third – a third (uchdan bir)
Two fifteenth - 15 dan 2.
31) Make va do bilan keluvchi iboralar:

Make – an offer/ a suggestion/ a mistake/ arrangement/ a conversation/ a presentation/
a discovery/ a speech
Do – the job/ homework/ well/ business/ ….

Guiness book of records – is Olympic Games – are asleep + ing
Twice in a week make a report
At the side – yo`l cheti
His illness resulted from bad food
Difficulty over doing smth
Difficulty in noun/ doing smth
I got seven out of ten – 10 dan 7 ball oldim
For the sake of children – bolalar uchun
Impatience with smb/ for smth
To call a spade a spade – har bir narsani o`z nomi bilan atash.
Predlog mavzusiga qo`shimchalar
Advantage over others – ustunlik qilish
Above all – hammadan ziyod
Deal with – aloqadabo`lmoq/duch kelmoq
Deal in – savdo qilmoq
To be glad with smb/ to be glad of smth
In demand – talab katta On demand – talab kichik
Go to a place for a holiday Count on
Welcome to
In terms of – haqida
Hazardous to smb’s health/ for smb
Put alongside- bir qatorda (to`g`ri) qo`ymoq
Cautious about
Ignorant of
Anxious for
Occupy with/in – shugùllanish
Wait on – xizmat qilmoq
Beware of / vote against
She was born by/of/from a beautiful mother
Concern of/about/for
To be sorry about smth/ to be sorry for doing smth
Fight/struggle for – yaxshi narsa u-n kurashish
Fight/struggle against – yomon narsa u-n kurashish
Throw at – tegsin deb otish
Throw to – ushlasin deb otish
Throw into the river/water
On and on – yana va yana
Put on a cast/ show/performance – tomosha ko`rsatmoq
Divide into – qismlarga bo`lish
Jump from the window/escape through the window
Deraza, internet, ko`zoynak, teleskop, mikroskop orqali ko`rganda (ko`proq shisha orqali)
through ishlatiladi.
Call at – poyezd va paroxodlar kirib chiqishi
Call on – biror kishiga kirib chiqish
Call for – biror narsa maqsadida kirib chiqish
Call in /drop in – yo`l-yo`lakay kirib o`tish
By credit – kredit orqali to`lash
On credit – kreditga qarzga olish
At – uchrashuv bo`lgan vaqt: We met at 5 oclock
For – uchrashuv vaqti rejalashtirilsa: we planned to meet for 5 oclock
From … to(till)… - lekin till joyga nisbatan ishlatilmaydi.
To be made of – dan qilingan (material o`z holiga qaytsa) The watch was made of gold
To be made from - dan qilingan (material o`z holiga qaytmasa)
Cheese is made from milk.
In pen/pencil lekin olmosh yoki artikl kelsa with bilan keladi: with a pen
Cutt off the branch – shoxni kesish
Stoldan biror narsaning tushishi yoki tomdan suvning oqib tushishi, changning artilishi
yoki biror narsani sudrab olishda off ishlatiladi.
Show off – manmanlik roll off – yumalab ketish
He climbed up the tree – up –(fe’l b-n kelaveradi)
He climbed up to the tree (up to doim joy b-n keladi)
Come up – yoniga kelish
Bir ishni shaxs bajarsa vosita with bilan ko`rsatiladi: He stroke me with stick
Bu ish-harakat predmet tomonidan qilingan bo`lsa by: the wall collapsed by the storm.
My school is 3 minutes within reach.
I can hear you within from 2 km.
To be concious of – tushunish/anglash
Go in for –shugùllanish
Slip up – yarqirab chiqmoq
Let down – ko`ngilni qoldirish
Run out – tugatmoq
Bring on – sabab bo`lmoq
Spread out – cho`zilib yotmoq
Shortly after- darhol
In a cold way – sovuq munosabatda bo`lish
Do out – olmoq
Make off with – o`gìrlab olib qochmoq
Make out – tushunish
Make over – qurbon qilmoq
Settle down (to) = concentrate on
He is well off – he is wealthy
He is a hot-head – he is fierce
He is a man of spirit – He is energetic
Do well – be successful
In the pink – to be healthy
Pull over –mashinani haydamoq
Pull out – mashinani chetga olib qo`ymoq
Extend to smth
Extend for + time
MUHAMMAD GÀPPOROV

Qo`shimchalar uchun.
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NOUN.

Ot so`z turkumi sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlarga bo`linadi. Ya’ni countable and

1. Uncountable (sanalmaydigan) 2. Countable (sanaladigan) nouns

F:ex: a dog, 2 dogs, many flowers, a lot chairs………

F:ex: He has several kitchen cupboards.

Agar qo`shma ot predlogli bo`lsa, ko`plik shakli predlogdan oldin qo`yiladi.

F:ex: These scissors are for cutting the cloth.

F:ex: How much does a pair of shoes cost?

A number of + plural noun (countable) + plural verb

The number of + plural noun + singular verb

RULE: ba’zan uncountable otlarni miqdor ko’rsatkichlarini ko’rsatib ularni countable

2 grains of sand five litres of coffee. some lumps of sugar

Agar yuqoridagi so`zlar birlikda kelsa mutlaqo boshqa ma’noda keladi:

F:e: A bunch of flowers costs 5 dollars.

A caravan of gypsies is traveling in the country.

an album of autographs a compendium of games a pack of lies

an army of ants a herd of swine a skein of wild geese in

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

A / an + number + (time) + noun.(1)

A / an + noun + of + number + noun/time.(2)

Only/ just bilan faqat a few yoki a little keladi.

One third — 1/3 qismi

A seventeenth — 1/17 qismi

I've got a week's holiday starting on Monday.

A) Agar orqasidan otkelsa bular aniqlovchi bo’lib qo’shimcha olmaydi.

Eslatma: scenery – sanalmaydi view – sanaladi

Comparative degree (qiyosiy daraja) – more/ less + adj.

Superlative degree (orttirma daraja) – the most/ least + adj.

Qiyosiy daraja hech o`zi bilan the artiklini olmaydi.

c) Sifatlarning ba’zilari qiyosiy va orttirma darajada shaklan o`zgaradi:

Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja ( .. roq) Orttirma daraja (eng …)

Farther -> uzoqroq degan ma’noni bildiradi.

Than that of – biror narsani takrorlamaslik uchun ishlatiladi.

Quyidagi so`zlardan keyin har doim oddiy darajadagi sifat ishlatiladi.

Tom is smarter than Bob.

Izoh: Kuchaytirma va ozaytirma ma’noda biz quyidagi so`zlarni ishlatamiz:

Much A few/ A little birozgina Any

b) More and more

QOIDA: vaziyatning o’zgarayatganligini ko’rsatish uchun quyidagilardan foydalanamiz.

Aniqroq struktura: The qiyosiy + S+V/ the qiyosiy + S+V

Older-> eskiroq, kattaroq, qariroq.

Izoh: Bazan …. ga qaraganda degan ma’noda than ishlatilmaydi. Bu holatda boshqa

F.ex. My T-shirt is superior to yours.

Quyidagi so`zlar ham than bilan birgalikda kelmaydi (than olmaydi).

Different from -> …. dan farqli

Prefer … to -> … ga qaraganda afzal ko`rmoq.

Superlative degree (orttirma daraja)

Quyidagi signallar va holatlarda orttirma darajani ishlatamiz.

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

b) gapda of predlogi kelsa:

c) one of iborasi gapda kelsa:

d) Pr. Perfect zamonidagi gap bo`lsa hamda ever signali kelsa.

The eldest – eng kattasi. (qarindoshlar orasida)

Bo`lishsiz gaplarda: {not + as oddiy daraja+as}, {not + so + oddiy daraja + as}

The same + as+noun + as -> (xuddu o`shandek, bir xil)

b) twice 2 marta ko`p

I have twice as much time today as I did yesterday.

c) enough + noun Enough (yetarli) dan keyin ot keladi.

adjective+ enough Enough dan oldin sifat keladi.