--Unit III-- 3.

Pastel - This is composed of dry pigment

held together by a gum binder and
THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
compressed into sticks.
 Production is at the heart of making art. Kinds of Pastel: Soft Pastel, Hard Pastel, Oil
 While some contemporary artists foreground Pastel
production as a tool, others use their work to Pastel Technique: Stippling, Feathering,
explore ideas around production we might Scumbling, Impasto, Sgraffito
otherwise overlook. 4. Charcoal - An organic medium that comes
 Production might bring out images of factory from burnt wood.
production lines, or even the theories of Kinds: Compressed, Manufactured
scientists and philosophers after the mind has 5. Paper: The most common surface used in
conceived it through a certain process two-dimensional art
A. MEDIUM Types of Paper: Hot-pressed paper, Cold-
pressed paper, rough paper
When an artist is ready to express himself in art and B. PAINTING
to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be PIGMENT- Part of the paint that gives color
on what medium to use. 1. Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water
B. THE TECHNIQUE and applied to paper.
2. Gouache - The pigment has been mixed
The technique of the artwork shows the level of with water and added with a chalk-like
familiarity with the medium being manipulated material to give it an opaque effect.
3. Oil Paints - Pigments are mixed with oil as
C. CURATION
its binder. It is a dense painting medium and
Derived from the word “curare” which means to gives rich, beautiful colors.
take care. It is a process that involves managing, 4. Tempera - Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
overseeing and assembling or putting together a (sometimes with the white) as binder.
presentation or exhibit for some type of artistic 5. Fresco - Pigment is mixed with water and
collection. applied on a portion of the wall with wet
plaster. It is used for mural paintings.
6. Acrylic - Modern medium with synthetic
paint using acrylic emulsion as binder.
C. MOSAIC - It is a wall or floor decorations made
THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF VISUAL ARTS
of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored
Graphic Or Two-Dimensional Arts stones or glass called tesserae.
D. COLLAGE -This is a technique of making art by
A. DRAWING gluing or pasting on firm support materials or
1. Pencils - Made of graphite which comes in found objects.
different hardness from soft to hard or E. PRINTMAKING
thickness from thick to needle-like. PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES:
1. Relief Painting (Raised) - The oldest method
of printmaking. The technique involves cutting
away certain parts of the surface and leaving
the ‘raised’ part to produce the image.
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed) - Instead of the
surface of the plate for the image, the lines of
2. Ink - It is one of the oldest materials for
the image are cut or incised to a metal plate.
drawing that is still in use. It allows for a
3. Surface Printing (Flat) - Includes all processes
great variety of qualities, depending on the
in which printing is done from a flat surface
tools and technique used in the application.
Plastic Or Three-Dimensional Arts B. Arch - A Roman invention that consists of
separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called
A. SCULPTURE
voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
KINDS OF SCULPTURE:
1. Freestanding - Sculptures which can be STRUCTURES THAT CAN BE BUILT FROM THE
viewed from all sides. PRINCIPLE OF ARCH
2. Relief - Sculptures in which the figures project
Barrel Vault - A succession of arches.
from a background.
Variations: Low Relief (Bas Relief), High Relief Groin Vault - A structure that is formed by
3.Kinetic (Mobile) - A sculpture that is capable intersecting arches resulting in four openings.
of movement by wind, water or other forms of
energy Dome - Structure with the shape of an inverted
PROCESS OF SCULPTING cup
A. Subtractive Process - Involves removing or C. Truss - System of triangular forms assembled
cutting away pieces of the material to form the to form a rigid framework.
figure. D. Cantilever - A structure that makes use of a
B. Additive Process - The process involves the beam or slab that extends horizontally into
construction of a figure by putting together bits space beyond its supporting post.
of the material or by welding together metal
parts to create figures. E. Buttress - A structure that is built as a support
C. Process of Substitution - This process is also for the wall
known as casting. This method involves using a Media of Architecture
mold to produce a 3D figure in another material
A. Compressive Strength - Refers to those
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE materials that can support heavy weights
A. STONE A natural medium. Hard and relatively without crumbling or breaking down.
permanent. B. Materials that are used for Creating Building
and Infrastructures:
B. WOOD Also a natural medium. It varies in Stones and Bricks - Stones are favored over
hardness and durability depending on the kind other materials for its durability,
of tree it came from. adaptability to sculptural treatment and its
C. METAL It has three unique qualities: tensile use for building simple structures in its
strength, ductility and malleability. natural state.
Lumber (Wood) - All parts of a building can
D. PLASTER It is finely ground gypsum mixed be constructed using wood except the
with water and poured into mold. foundations. Iron and Steel - Provide
stronger and taller structures with less use
E. TERRA COTTA (COOKED EARTH) Baked clay or
of material when compared to stone or
clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
wood.
temperature.
Concrete - Mixture of cement and water,
F. GLASS Made by heating and cooling a with aggregates of sand and gravel.
combination of sand and soda lime. G. PLASTIC
Synthetic medium made from organic polymers.

B. ARCHITECTURE

CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES

A. Post and Lintel - Makes use of two vertical

supports (post) and spanned by a horizontal
beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks.
Six Categories ✔String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral
sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed strings that
Literature - Art of combining spoken or written words
produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair
and their meanings into forms which have artistic and
and Plucked strings that produce tones by
emotional appeal.
plucking the strings with a finger or with a
Types of Literature: plectrum held in one’s hand. (guitar, ukulele)
✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by
1. Poetry - It used to follow strict rules s to the
blowing into them. (flute, carinet)
number and length of lines and stanzas but in
✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped
recent years they have become more free-
mouthpieces and expands into a bellshaped
flowing
end. (trumpet, trump bone)
Haiku – Japan, it has 575 lines
Free Verse – free and random ✔ Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by
Sonnet – Italy, little song, Petrarchan hitting them. (xylophone, drums)
and Shakespearean Sonnet ✔ Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by
Acrostic- first letters of each line spell means of a keyboard which consist of a series of
out a word or phrase black and white keys. (keyboard, piano, and
Villanelle – 19 lines, 3 lines stanzas and organ)
4 line stanzas - Keyboard, piano, and organ
Limerick – 1 stanza with 5 lines C. Some Genres of Music
Ode – with musical instrument, praise a. Classical Music- European tradition that covered
of a person, event etc. the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as the
Elegy – death, hopeful ending symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized.
Ballad – dramatic and emotional b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular
2. Fiction - Written work that is not real and which culture or is written in such a style.
uses elaborate figurative language. c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in
3. Non-Fiction - Subject matter comes from real the tradition of rock and roll.
life d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American
4. Drama - Includes all plays or any written works communities in the late 19th and early 20th
that are meant to be performed. centuries.
Music - Defined as the art of combining and regulating e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in
sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that the deep South of the United States in the late 19th
express various ideas and feelings. Century.
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved
A. Vocal Medium - The oldest and most popular from rock and roll and pop music.
medium for music is the human voice. g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that
emerged from the independent music of the 1980s
Classification of human voice: and gained popularity in the 1990s.
1. Soprano - Highest female singing voice.
Dance - Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the
2. Contralto – Female singing voice that is low
man’s gestures that express emotions through rhythmic
and rich in quality.
movements.
3. Tenor - Highest adult male singing voice
4. Bass – Male singing voice that is low and Types of Dances:
rich in quality.
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated
5. Baritone – Male singing voice that is
with national and/or cultural groups.
between tenor and bass.
B. Instrumental Medium b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are generally
Traditional Instruments of Music performed in pairs.
c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the
era. screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work as
motion pictures.
d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called contemporary
or interpretative dances. They represent rebellion d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how
against the classical formalism of ballet. the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and
the production crew as they carry out the project.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances
performed by one dancer or a group of dancers.

Drama - Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-

out or performed on stage in front of an audience

Theatre - Combined art that includes music, dance,

painting, sculpture, and architecture

Genres of Drama:

a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.

b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle

between good and evil wherein good always wins.

c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.

d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized

human behavior to pave the path to some form of
salvation for human actions.

e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is

on the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated
situations and improbable characters.

Cinema – Series of images that are projected onto a

screen to create the illusion of motion.

Genres of Modern Pictures:

a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters.

b. Animated movies- Use images created by artists/

animators.

c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not

fiction.

d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or

abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative.

e. Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate

learning at home or classrooms.

People Behind:

a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters.

b. Producer- handles finances.