Geography Ss1
Geography Ss1
Geography Ss1
Functions:
(i) Industrial
(ii) Commercial
(iii) Socio-Cultural (iv) Mining
(v) Fishing and
(vi) Residential Functions
iii. Local Government Area (LGA): Is formed the combination of several towns and
villages which have similar physical and cultural features.
iv. State: Is the combination of several Local Government Areas. There are thirty six
states in Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja in Nigeria.
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(viii) Neptune
(ix) Pluto
The Sun:The sun is at the centre of the solar system. It has a surface temperature of 6000
Degree Celsius and serves as ultimate source of light and energy to all planets.
The Moon: It is the only satellite of the earth. It is often seen in the night to be the largest and
the brightest object in the sky.
I. MERCURY
• Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system.
• It is the closet planet to the sun (distance of 57,600,00 km) It is the hottest plant
resulting from its closeness to the sun.
• It can not sustain life because of its hotness.
• It has no satellite.
• It takes only eighty-eight (88) days to complete its orbit (move around the sun)
II. VENUS
• Venus is the secod closest plant to the sun i.e distance of 107,200,00 km It is
also very hot and cannot sustain life (no living things).
• Except for the sun and the moon, it is the brightest object in the sky.
• It is often regarded as the EARTH’s TWIN because it is similar to the earth in size,
mass and density.
• It takes Venus 25 days to complete its orbit around the sun (move round the sun).
Like mercury Venus has no satellite.
3. EARTH
• This is the only planet which supports the existence of plants and animals because of
its: relative favourable climate, presence of oxygen and balance gravitational pull.
• It has one satellite (the moon).
• The moon moves round the sun in eastward direction in every twenty seven days, the
distance between the earth and the moon is 384,629 km.
• The distance between the sun and the earth is 148,800,000 km. It takes the earth
3651/4 days (a year) to complete its orbit.
4. MARS
• Mars is believed to have the possibility of supporting some plants’ life like the earth.
It has two satellites.
• Its distance from the sun is 227,200,000 km.
• Mars has many earth – like features such as clouds, mountains, deserts and polar ice
caps.
• Its takes Mars 687 days to complete its orbit.
5. JUPITER
• Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
• It has twelve satelites.
• Jupiter is not solid and rocky like the earth, rather. It is made up of gas, at least in
its outer parts.
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6. SATURN
• Saturn is a very beautiful planet surrounded by a system of rings.
• Being far from the sun, it is a cold planet with an average surface temperature of
about 18c
• It is the second largest planet after Jupiter.
• Its distance from the sun is 1,417,600,000 km. It takes saturn 29.5 years to
complete its orbit.
7. URANUS:
• Uranus is the only planet that moves round the sun in a clockwise direction from east
to west.
• Its distance from the sun is 2,854,400,00 km.
• It takes uranus 84 years to complete its orbit. Uranus has five satellites.
8. NEPTUNE
• Neptune is very cold because of its distance from the sun. Its distance from the sun
is 4,468,800,000 km A takes about 164.8 years to complete its orbit. It has two
satellites.
9. PLUTO
• Pluto is the coldest and the fartherest planet from the sun. It has no satellite.
(a) Rotation of the Earth: is defined as the movement of the earth on its axis. The earth
moves or rotates on its axis from west to east.
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(b) LONGITUDE: Is an imaginary line drawn on the earth running from North to South pole
at right angle to the parallel. It is measured in degrees East and West of the Greenwich
Meridian.
(a) The outer structure of the earth is made up of fours layers, namely:
(i) Lithosphere: It is the outermost and solid layer of the earth surface.
(ii) Hydrosphere: It is the liquid portion of the earth which covers about 70% of the
earth’s crust.
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(iii) Atmosphere: It is the gaseous portion of the earth and comprises layers of gases
surrounding the earth.
(iv) Biosphere: It is the zone of the earth occupied by living organisms.
(b) The Internal Structure of the earth is made up of three concentric layers
(i) Crust (Lithosphere): Is sub-divided into the upper and the lower part. The upper part
of the earth crust consists of granitic rocks and forms the continent while the lower
part of the earth crust consists of basaltic rock and forms the ocean floor.
(ii) Mantle (Mesosphere): The mantle is found just beneath the earth crust and it is about
2897km thick.
(iii) Core (Barysphere): The core is the inner most part of the earth and it contains two
minerals: iron and nickels, collectively referred to as nife.
V. ROCKS
A rock is any mineral material of the earth. It is a combination of different mineral
elements.
TYPES OF ROCKS
(i) Igneous Rocks: are formed through the cooling and the solidification of molten rocks
called magma ejected from beneath the earth’s crust
Types of igneous rocks are: Plutonic (intrusive) and Volcanic (extrusive) Igneous
rock.
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks: are formed by sediments deposited either by water, wind or ice.
The sediments are deposited in layers or strata, and after some time, it becomes
hardened by compression to form sedimentary rocks.
(iii) Metamorphic Rocks: are changed rocks. The rocks are formed from pre-existing igneous
or sedimentary rocks which have been formed as a result of great heat and pressure.
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Fold Mountains are formed from wrinkling or folding of the earth crust. The up folds
of the wrinkles are called anticlines while the downfolds are called syncline. The
wrinkling or folding of the crust is produced by compressional forces.
Volcanic mountains are formed from volcanoes which are built from materials
(molten magma) ejected through fissures or vents in the earth crust.
(ii) Plateau: A plateau is an elevated upland with extensive flat or level surface which
usually descends sharply to the surrounding lowland.
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Types of Plateau:
(a) Tectonic Plateau
(b) Volcanic or Lava Plateau and
(c) Dissected Plateau
(2) Volcanic or lava plateaux This plateanu is formed when molten lava comes out
of the earth’s crust through a vent and spreads out in successive layers.
(3) Dissected plateaux – These plauteaux are formed due to weathering and agents of
denudation.
(iii) Plain: Is an extensive area of level or gentle undulating land, usually a few metres
above the sea-level.
Types of Plain:
(a) Structural Plains
(b) Erosional Plain
(c) Depositional Plains
(a) Structural Plains – These are formed by bedded sedimentary rocks e.g great
plains of U.S.A.
(b) Erosional Plains – These are formed by the agents of denudation such as
rivers, wind, glacier and ocean waves which wear out irregular rock surface
and smoothen them into plains eg. Canadian shield.
(c) Depositional Plains – These are formed by the deposition of materials or
sediments transported there by the various agents of transportation.
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(i) Lithosphere – This the solid portion of the earth. It is made up of rocks and
mineral materials.
(ii) Hydrosphere – This consists of the water bodies in man’s environment e.g ocean,
lake, river etc.
(iii) Atmosphere – This is the layer of gases surrounding the earth.
(iv) Biosphere – This is the zone of the earth occupied by living organisms.
(ii) WEATHER: Is defined as the atmospheric condition of a place over a short period of
time.
CLIMATE: Is defined as the average weather conditions of a place observerd over a
long period of time, usually over 35 years.
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(vii) Sunshine – This is the visible part of the solar energy. It determines how dry the
wind is.
(iii) Environmental Hazards – Environmental Hazards like rain storm are caused by
difference in weather and climate of a place.
(iv) Vegetation – Temperature and rainfall are the major determinants of the type of
vegetation in an area.
(v) Clothing – The types and nature of clothing worn by different people in different
parts of the world are thr results of differences in climate.
(vi) Agriculture – Rainfall and temperature are important elements that determine the
types of crops to be cultivated in an area.
d) MEASUREMENT OF WEATHER
The following instruments are used in measuring elements of weather
I. LOCATION
Nigeria is located between latitudes 4ºN and 14ºN of the equator and between
longtitudes 3ºE and 15ºE of the Greenwich Meridian. Latitudinal extent or stretch of the
country is 10º (14ºN – 4ºN)
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III. SIZE:
Nigeria is the fourth largest country in West Africa in terms of landmass after Niger,
Mali and Mauritania. Nigeria’s total land area is approximately 925,768Sqkm2. (i)
North- South distance is approximately 1100km (ii) East- West distance is 1,300 km.
Nigeria came into existence in 1914 when Northern and Southern protectorates were
amalgamated.
In 1960, the country gained independence with three regions (North, East and West)
In 1976 ,the country was further divided into 19 States.
Presently Nigeria has thirty six states and a federal capital territory (FCT).
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Nigeria is drained by two main rivers:- Rivers Niger and Benue, Other rivers in Nigeria
are grouped below according to the Hydrological Centres from where they took their
sources.
Nigeria has one major natural inland drainage basin i.e. Lake Chad (North-East)
SEASONS IN NIGERIA There are two (2) types of seasons in Nigeria; these are
Dry Season and Rainy Season.
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B. NIGERIA II
I. VEGETATION BELTS IN NIGERIA
s
The vegetation in Nigeria can be grouped into three major zones. These are:
A. FOREST ZONE
1. MANGROVE SWAMP FOREST (Salt and Fresh Water Swamp)
Location: Nigeria Coastal Areas such as: Delta, Port-Harcourt, Warri, Uyo and
Calabar.
Characteristics:
i. Tall, Woody Trees (White and red mangrove).
ii. Aerial Roots (Breathing Root). iii. Evergreen Trees with
broad leaves. iv. Types of trees include, Raffia Palms,
White and Red Mangrove.
2. RAIN FOREST:
Location: It is found in the Southern part of Nigeria such as: Benin, Sapele, Akure,
Ibadan, Abeokuta, Aba etc.
Characteristics:
i. Tall trees with buttress roots ii. Evergreen trees and broad
leaves
iii. Trees exist in different heights/layers (three strata/layers can be identified) iv.
Presence of little undergrowth
v. Presence of climbers, creepers, epiphytes (plants that grow on another plants
with no negative impact on the host) and parasites(plants that grow on another
plants with negative impact on the host).
vi. Presence of heterogenous species of trees like Iroko, Obeche, Mahogany and
African Walnut.
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B. SAVANNAH
There are three types of savannah vegetation in Nigeria. These are:
1. Guinea Savannah: This is found in Enugu, Lokoja, Ilorin, Makurdi etc.
Characteristics
i. Largest vegetation belt in Nigeria ii. Few scattered trees iii.
Tree types are oil palm, date palm, shea butter, isoberlina etc.
iv. Trees are deciduous
v. Grasses are green during raining season and brown during dry season
2. Sudan Savannah: This is found in Sokoto, Katsina, Kaduna, Kano, Dutse, Bauchi
etc.
Characteristics:
i. Short numerous grasses ii. Presences of short scattered
deciduous trees iii. Plant species include acacia, date palm, silk
cotton plants, baobab.
iv. Some trees have thorns while others have thick backs
C. MONTANE VEGETATION
This is a type of vegetation found on mountain tops. E.g Jos and Adamawa area.
Characteristics
i. Associated with highland areas. ii. Presence
of short, scattered and deciduous trees iii. It has
grasses at its leeward side iv. It has varied trees at it
windward side
ii. Under-Population – This is when the size of population is less than the
available resources of a country.
iii. Optimum Population – This is the number of people that can be supported by
the available resources in an area so as to achieve the highest possible standard
of living.
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iv. Population Density- This is defined as the number of persons per square
kilometre of land i.e
Area of High Population Densities Over 250 Persons per SqKm South
West:-Lagos, Ibadan, Akure, Abeokuta.
North Central:- Kano, Kaduna, Jos, Sokoto.
South East:-Enugu, Onitsha, Owerri, Aba and Ebonyi.
Area of Moderate Population Densities Between 60&125 Persons Per SqKm Benin
City, Ilorin, Kaduna, Calabar, Bauchi, Dutse, Uyo and Owerri.
Types of Migration
i. Emigration ii.
Immigration
Forms of Migration
i. Rural – Urban Migration - This is the movement of people from rural to urban area.
ii. Rural – Rural Migration – This is the movement of people from one rural area to
another. iii. Urban – Rural Migration – This is the movement of people from one urban area
to another. iv. Urban – Urban Migration – This is the movement of people from uban area to
rural area.
v. International Migration – This is the movement of people across international
boundary i.e. from one country to another.
vi. Seasonal Migration – This is the movement of people from one geographical area to
another as the season changes.
D. POPULATION DATA
These are data or statistics describing or providing information about a population e.g.
birth, death, migration, marriage, divorce etc.
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Some minerals mined in Nigeria include the following: Tin, Coal, Petroleum,
Bitumen etc. Mineral resources in Nigeria can be grouped into
These resources include: Timber, Roots, Leaves, Barks of Trees, Latex, Fruits, Fibre,
Firewood and Wild Animals.
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Types of Map
a. Topographical Map
b. Cadastral Map
c. Atlas
d. Sketch Map etc.
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Curved distances are found in roads, rail-way lines, rivers or foothpath. They are
measured with the use of a piece of thread, a pair of divider or straight edge of a paper.
a. TRANSPORT BY LAND
I) ROAD TRANSPORT
Merits:
i) Most common means of transportation.
ii) It provides door to door services. iii) It facilitates movement
over short distances. iv) It feeds water, rail and air
transportation.
Demerits:
i) Roads are expensive to construct ii) They are more prone to
accident iii) They volume of goods and passengers carry by roads is
limited.
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Demerits:
i) High Cost of Construction
ii) It is very slow iii) Constant stopping in each station waste a lot of time
iv) It depends on roads to feed it with passenger and goods at different
stations.
b. TRANSPORT BY WATER
Merits:
i) It is the cheapest means of transport between
countries
ii) Cost of construction and maintenance is low and it is
restricted to ship and ports
iii) It is relatively safe iv) It is useful in
transporting goods over long distances v) It is
used to move bulky goods between countries
Demerits:
i) It is the slowest means of transport
ii) Cost of acquiring a ship is high iii)
Cost of port construction is high
c. TRANSPORT BY AIR
Merits:
i) It is the fastest means of transportation ii) It is
very comfortable iii) There are no obstructions on
its way iv) It can carry valuable and perishable
goods urgently.
(v) It requires medicare supplies, machine parts, express mails which are easily
dispatched by cargoes.
Demerits:
i) It is expensive to operate and maintain ii)
It is easily affected by bad weather iii)
It is a very expensive mode of transportation
iv) Aircraft accidents are usually disastrous
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
i) Movement of people goods and services
ii) National Integrations iii) Diffusion
of Ideas and Technology iv) Stimulates
International Trade v) Generation of
Revenue
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Manufacturing Industries are thosethat process raw materials into a new product by
mechanical or chemical processes at home (cottage) or in industry.
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b. Uses
Geographic information system can be used in the following fields of
study/profession.
a) Engineering
b) Urban and Regional Planning
c) Management
d) Transport or Logistics
e) Insurance
f) Telecommunication
g) Business
c(i). Geographic Data
Geographic Data refers to any data which possess locational characteristics
c(ii). Geo-Referencing
Geo-Referencing is the process of scaling, rotating and translating an image to match
a particular size and position.
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