HUMAN ANATOMY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY:
TEXTBOOK AND PRACTICE DIAGRAMS

ALINA MARIA ȘIȘU

LAURA OCTAVIA GRIGORIȚĂ
CODRUȚA ILEANA PETRESCU

Editura „Victor Babeş”

Timişoara, 2022
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 Alina Maria Șișu
Associate Professor, MD, PhD,
Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
English Section
Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara

Laura Octavia Grigoriță

Senior Lecturer, MD, PhD,
Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
English Section
Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara

Codruța Ileana Petrescu

Assistant Professor, MD, PhD,

Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara

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Editura „Victor Babeș”
Piața Eftimie Murgu nr. 2, cam. 316, 300041 Timișoara
Tel./ Fax 0256 495 210
e-mail: [email protected]
www.umft.ro/editura

Director general: Prof. univ. emerit dr. Dan V. Poenaru

Colecția: HIPPOCRATE
Coordonator colecție: Prof. univ. dr. Andrei Motoc

Referent științific: Conf. univ. dr. Liana Dehelean

ISBN 978-606-786-271-3

© 2022 Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediții sunt rezervate.

Reproducerea parțială sau integrală a textului, pe orice suport, fără acordul scris al autorilor
este interzisă și se va sancționa conform legilor în vigoare.

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 Contents
I. The Abdominal cavity- overview (Laura Octavia Grigoriță) .................................................................... 5

The Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)....................................................................................................... 6

II. Abdominal cavity –topography (Alina Maria Șișu) .............................................................................. 11

Bursa omentalis ............................................................................................................................. 12

Peritoneal reflections..................................................................................................................... 16

Coeliac region of Luschka ............................................................................................................... 21

Abdominal aorta (Aorta abdominalis) ............................................................................................ 23

Inferior vena cava (Vena cava inferior) ........................................................................................... 28

Lymphatic of the abdomen ............................................................................................................ 29

Lumbar sympathetic chain ............................................................................................................. 30

Solar plexus (Plexus solaris) ........................................................................................................... 32

III. Abdominal viscera (Alina Maria Șișu) ................................................................................................ 36

The Liver (Hepar) ........................................................................................................................... 36

The Stomach (Gaster) .................................................................................................................... 44

The Pancreas (Pancreas) ................................................................................................................ 49

The Spleen (Lien) ........................................................................................................................... 52

The Small intestine (Intestinum tenue) ........................................................................................... 59

The Large intestine (Intestinum crassum) ....................................................................................... 63

The Urinary organs ........................................................................................................................ 63

The Kidneys (Renes) ....................................................................................................................... 63

The Ureters (Ureter) ...................................................................................................................... 72

IV. The abdominal cavity blood supply (Laura Octavia Grigoriță) ............................................................ 73

V. The abdominal organs projection on to the anterior abdominal wall (Codruța Ileana Petrescu) ......... 79

VI. Nomina Anatomica translated into English (Alina Maria Șișu) ........................................................... 89

VII. References .................................................................................................................................... 104

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I. The Abdominal cavity-
avity- overview (Laura Octavia Grigoriță)
Grigoriță)

Abdominal cavity is part of a greater space, abdomino pelvic cavity, which is the sub
diaphragmatuc part of the trunk.
Limit in between these two cavities is represented by a conventional plane, passing
through promontorium and superior extremity of the pubic symphysis. They
communicate each other.

Figure 1: Abdominal cavity, divisions: 1. Supra peritoneal space; 2. Abdominal wall; 3. Parietal layer of
peritoneum; 4. Visceral layer of peritoneum; 5. Pre peritoneal space; 6. Abdominal cavity; 7. Pelvic cavity;
8. Superior extremity of pubic symphysis; 9. Pelvic sub peritoneal space; 10. Promontorium; 11. Intra
peritoneal organ; 12. Retro peritoneal space; 13. Diaphragm.

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The Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)

Peritoneum is given off by the mesotelial cells of embryonic somatopleura and

splanchnopleura, being separate to the pleura and pericardium during the 6th week of
gestation.
It presents two layers, parietal and visceral peritoneum, continuous to each other.
Visceral peritoneum is thin and adherent. It invests the intra peritoneal organs, anchors
them to the abdominal wall, and links them together.
Parietal peritoneum is thicker and less adherent than the visceral peritoneum. It lines
the abdomino pelvic cavity walls and partially covers the extra peritoneal organs.
In between the parietal peritoneum and the abdomino pelvic cavity walls some spaces
are born. They are as follows;
1. Supra peritoneal space
2. Pre peritoneal space
3. Right lateral peritoneal space
4. Left lateral peritoneal space
5. Retro peritoneal space
6. Sub peritoneal space
In between the visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum there is a potential space, the
peritoneal cavity. It contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid, which allows the sliding
viscera in between.
This cavity becomes real in pathologic cases: ascites, internal hemorrhage, peritonitis,
pus in the cavity due to an infection.
Organs situated in the abdominal cavity, according to their fully or partially peritoneal
investment are considered intra peritoneal or extra peritoneal.
Intra peritoneal organs are fully invested in peritoneum, which through its derivatives
like meso, ligaments, are anchored to the abdominal wall. They have a different
degrees of mobility.
Extra peritoneal organs are partially invested in peritoneum.
They are primary extra peritoneal organs, such as kidneys and adrenal glands, and
secondary extra peritoneal organs, like duodenum, ascending colon, pancreas, and
descending colon. The secondary extra peritoneal organs were initially intra peritoneal,

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but during the ontogenetic development, because of the abdominal viscera torsion and
associated with the coalescence phenomenon, they become extra peritoneal. So, they
are only covered by the peritoneum and fixed to the abdominal wall.

Figure 2: Peritoneum: 1. Parietal layer of peritoneum; 2. Fixed organs; 3. Visceral peritoneum; 4. Mobile
organs; 5. Meso; 6. Coalescence fascia; 7. Posterior abdominal wall.

The coalescence fascia means the welding of the two peritoneal layer, and represents
another anchor of the abdominal viscera.

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This has different names, according its location:
1. Located to the duodenum= fascia of Treitz;
2. Located to the pancreas= retro pancreatic fascia of Treitz and pre pancreatic fascia of
Fredet;
3. Located to the ascending colon and descending colon=fascia of Toldt.
4. Located to the large intestine=meso;
5. Located to the small intestine=mesentery.

According to the complete or incomplete peritoneal investment of soma parts of the

intestine, this could presents fixed and mobile portions.

Peritoneal structures are represented by the:

1. Peritoneal folds, determined by the vessels, ducts, canals, ligaments, which produce
peritoneal elevations;
2. Peritoneal fossae, which represent peritoneal depressions, given by the peritoneal
folds= duodenal fossae, caecal fossae, sigmoid fossae, supra vesical fossae, inguinal
fossae;
3. Peritoneal ligaments link intra-abdominal organs to each other = gastro hepatic,
gastro colic, gastro lienal, pancreatico lienal, phrenico lienal; or anchor the viscera to
the abdominal wall= liver ligaments, gastro phrenic;
4. Meso and mesentery are peritoneal structures which contain vessels and nerves from
their suspended organs in the abdominal cavity.

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Figure 3, Peritoneum: 1. Parietal layer of peritoneum; 2. Intra peritoneal organ; 3. Visceral peritoneum;
4. Coalescence process.

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Intra peritoneal organs:
1. Stomach
2. Appendix
3. Liver
4. Spleen
5. Duodenum- 1st part
6. Small intestine, jejunum and ileum
7. Pancreas- tail
8. Transverse colon
9. Sigmoid colon
10. Rectum- upper 3rd

Retro peritoneal organs:

1. Aorta
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Adrenal glands
4. Kidneys
5. Ureter
6. Ascending colon
7. Descending colon
8. Duodenum -2nd ,3rd ,4th parts
9. Pancreas
10. Rectum
11. Oesophagus

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II. Abdominal cavity –topography (Alina
(Alina Maria
Maria Șișu)

Figure 4: Abdominal cavity, topography: 1. Spleen; 2. Transverse colon; 3. Greater omentum; 4.

Stomach; 5. Liver.

When the abdominal cavity is open, we can see the following arrangement:
- Superior, from right to left: the liver, the stomach, the spleen;
- Inferior, a part of transverse colon, from which descends like an apron the
greater omentum, or greater epiploon.

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In between the posterior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall on one side and liver,
stomach, spleen, transverse colon and greater omentum on the other side there is the
pre visceral cavity. Transverse mesocolon and transverse colon divide the abdominal
cavity into two areas: supra mesocolic level and infra mesocolic level.

Supra mesocolic space

It contains: the liver, the stomach, and the spleen, each located into a fossa. The three
formed fossae: gastric, splenic, hepatic, communicate to each other.
The liver helps in forming some spaces or recesses or peritoneal cul-de-sac:
- Right and left sub phrenic recesses, situated in between the superior surface of
the liver and the inferior surface of the diaphragm, being separated to each other
by the liver falciform ligament;
- Right and left sub hepatic recesses: the right one reaches the right kidney, being
deeper than the left one, hence the name the right hepato renal recess or the
bag of Morison. The left one corresponds to the bursa omentalis, which is a
diverticulum of the abdominal cavity, situated behind the stomach and
communicate with the greater abdominal cavity through the Winslow hiatus.

Infra mesocolic space

It contains the colic frame, formed by the large intestine parts. It surrounds the
jejunum and ileum ansae, being obscured by the greater omentum. At this level
are delimited some spaces, mesenteric colic, right ans left, and right and left para
colic grooves.

Bursa omentalis
It is a diverticulum of the abdominal cavity, whom communicate through Winslow hiatus.
It is situated in the left supra mesocolic space, behind the stomach.
There are described a main part and three prolongations.

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Figure 5: Bursa omentalis, divisions: 1. Superior prolongation= superior recess; 2. Main part; 3. Left
prolongation= lineal (splenic) recess; 4. Inferior prolongation= inferior recess; 5. Right prolongation=
Vestibule of bursa omentalis; 6. Winslow hiatus (foramen epiploicuum).

The main part or bursa omentalis proper presents four walls:

- Anterior wall, formed by the peritoneum which lines the posterior surface of the
stomach and the gastro colic ligament.
- Posterior wall, formed by the peritoneum which lines the anterior aspect of the
posterior abdominal wall, passing over pancreas, left adrenal gland and left
kidney;
- Superior wall, formed by the peritoneal reflection from the posterior abdominal
wall (parietal peritoneum) on the posterior inferior surface of the stomach
(visceral peritoneum), at the level of the gastro phrenic ligament;
- Inferior wall, formed by the transverse mesocolon, transverse colon, and the
coalescence of the greater omentum layers.

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Figure 6: Bursa omentalis, sagittal section: 1. Phreno gastric ligament; 2. Posterior abdominal wall; 3.
Left adrenal gland; 4. Pancreas; 5. Left kidney; 6. Transverse mesocolon; 7. Greater omentum; 8.
Transverse colon; 9. Gastro colic ligament; 10. Stomach; 11. Parietal peritoneum.

Right prolongation or vestibuli bursa omentalis has four walls and two orifices:
1. Posterior wall= parietal peritoneum which lines the anterior wall of the posterior
abdominal wall, in between the inferior vena cava and the gastro pancreatic folds;
2. Inferior wall= lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of duodenum/ bulbus
duodenalis, at its right limit;
3. Superior wall=caudate lobe of the liver;
4. Anterior wall=lesser omentum (gastro hepatic ligament+ duodeno hepatic ligament);

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Right orifice=Winslow hiatus has the following borders:
- Superior=caudate lobe of the liver;
- Anterior=free border of the lesser omentum, which contains the hepatic pedicle;
- Posterior=inferior vena cava;
- Inferior=first part of duodenum;
Left orifice=foramen bursae omentalis realizes communication of vestibulus with the
main part of bursa omentalis. It is bordered as it follows:
- Anterior= lesser curvature of the stomach;
- Postero inferior=inferior gastro pancreatic fold or the arch of hepatic artery;
- Postero superior=superior gastro pancreatic fold or the arch of left gastric artery.
Left prolongation or splenic/lineal recess=extends to the spleen hilum, having as
anterior limit the gastrolienal ligament, and posterior limit the pancreatico lienal or
phrenic lienal ligament.
Superior prolongation or superior recess= ascends in between the inferior vena cava
(right lateral side) and oesophagus (left lateral side), to the coronary ligament of the
liver.
Inferior prolongation or inferior recess= is present in the foetal life, but could persist in
the adult life. When present, stays in between the layers of the greater omentum.

Access pathways in bursa omentalis are:

1. Winslow hiatus, the only natural way;
2. Gastro colic ligament;
3. Transvers mesocolon;
4. Lesser omentum;
5. Gastro lienal ligament;
6. Pancreatico lienal ligament;
7. Greater omentum layers detachment, very rare.

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Peritoneal reflections
reflections

This is followed on three sagittal sections and two transversal sections.

Figure 7: Peritoneal reflection in to the mediosagittal plane

Prevesical recess is real only when the urinary bladder is filled, its emptiness leads to
the contours vanishing.

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Recess of Douglas or cul-de-sac Douglas is named recto vesical recess in male, while
in female is called recto terine recess. It represents the deepest part of the peritoneal
cavity. Here could occur pathologic liquids accumulation that irritate the peritoneum. In
clinics this is known as” the scream of Douglas”. The recto vesical recess
puncture/punction in male is performed via the rectum, while the recto uterine recess
puncture/punction in female is performed via rectum and vagina.

Figure 8: Peritoneal reflection in to the right para sagittal plane

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Figure 9: Peritoneal reflection in to the left para sagittal plane

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Figure 10: Peritoneal reflection in to the supra mesocolic transversal plane

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Figure 11: Peritoneal reflection in to the infra mesocolic transversal plane

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Coeliac region of Luschka
It is a region situated retro peritoneal in the supra mesocolic level of the abdominal
cavity, at the level of bursa omentalis.

Figure 12: Coeliac region of Luschka, superficial limits: 1. Left lateral=vertical part of smaller
curvature of the stomach; 2. Inferior=Horizontal part of smaller curvature of the stomach; 3. Gastro
hepatic ligament; 4. Superior and right lateral=liver.

Figure 13: Coeliac region of Luschka, deep limits

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Coeliac region of Luschka, layers

Figure 14: Coeliac region of Luschka, osteo fibrous muscular layer

Figure 15: Coeliac region of Luschka, vasculo nervous layer: 1. Thoracic duct; 2. Pequet lymphatic
reservoir; 3. Abdominal aorta; 4. Left lumbar sympathetic chain; 5. Coeliac plexus fibers. 6. Lumbar aortic
lymph nodes; 7. Right lumbar sympathetic chain; 8. Inferior vena cava

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Peritoneal plane is represented by the parietal peritoneum which lines the anterior
aspect of the posterior abdominal wall, covering the retroperitoneal organs.

Abdominal aorta
aorta (Aorta abdominalis)
It represents the infra diaphragmatic part of the descending aorta. It starts at the
diaphragmatic hiatus and finishes at the L4 level, where bifurcates into the right and left
common iliac arteries.

Figure 16: Abdominal aorta, relations: 1.Liver; 2.Abdominal aorta; 3. Omental bursa (stomach); 4.
Pancreas, head and body; 5. Left adrenal gland; 6. Left kidney; 7. Left renal vein; 8. Left renal pelvis; 9.
Left ureter; 10. Jejunal-ileal ansae; 11. Mesenteric root; 12. Right ureter; 13. Right gonadal artery; 14.
Right renal pelvis; 15. Right kidney; 16. Right adrenal gland; 17. Third part of duodenum; 18. First part of
duodenum; 19. Winslow hiatus; 20. Inferior vena cava

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Figure 17: Abdominal aorta, parts

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Relations:
1. Anterior, from upward downward:
- Liver,
- Bursa omentalis peritoneum,
- Stomach,
- Pancreatic body,
- 3rd part of duodenum,
- Left renal vein,
- Mesenteric root,
- Jejunalileal loops.

2. Posterior:
- Vertebral column,
- Left lumbar veins,
- Left lumbar sympathetic nervous chain,
- Thoracic duct,
- Main lymphatic collector Pequet.

Right lateral: inferior vena cava

Left lateral:
- Left kidney,
- Left adrenal gland,
- Left renal pelvis,
- Left ureter.
Lumbar aortic lymph nodes have relations with inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta.’

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Branches
Abdominal aorta branches are divided into collateral and terminal.
The terminal branches are the two common iliac arteries, which is added the middle
sacral artery. It descends in the sub aortic angle, at the aortic bifurcation.

The collateral parietal branches are:

1. Inferior diaphragmatic /phrenic arteries,
2. Lumbar arteries, synonymous to the inter costals, are 5 pairs, the last pair has origin
in the middle sacral artery.

The collateral visceral branches are:

1. Coeliac trunk/artery of Haller;
2. Superior mesenteric artery;
3. Renal artery;
4. Gonadal artery;
5. Inferior mesenteric artery;
9. Middle suprarenal artery;

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Figure 18: Abdominal aorta, visceral branches: 1. Left gastric artery; 2. Abdominal aorta; 3. Splenic
artery; 4. Coeliac trunk/artery of Haller; 5. Superior mesenteric artery; 6. Renal artery; 7. Gonadal artery;
8. Inferior mesenteric artery; 9. Middle suprarenal artery; 10. Common hepatic artery.

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Inferior vena cava (Vena cava inferior)

It has origin at the level of the superior part of the L5 vertebral body. Then ascends on
the right side of the vertebral column, reaching the diaphragmatic hiatus. It crosses it
and opens in the inferior wall of the right atrium via an orifice guarded by the Eustachio
valve.
Relations:
Anterior=. From upward downward are:
-Liver,
- Winslow hiatus,
- First part of duodenum,
- Pancreatic head,
- Third part of duodenum,
- Right gonadal artery,
- Mesenteric root,
- Jejunalileal loops.
Posterior:
- Right flank of vertebral column
- Lumbar arteries,
- Right lumbar sympathetic chain.
Right lateral:
- Right adrenal gland,
- Right kidney,
- Right renal pelvis,
- Right ureter,
- Psoas muscle.
Left lateral:
-Abdominal aorta
Both main vessels of the abdomen have relations with the lomboaortic lymph nodes.

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Tributaries:
They are origin tributaries, parietal tributaries and visceral tributaries.
Origin tributaries are represented by the right and left common iliac veins, the left one
receiving the middle sacral vein.
Parietal tributaries are: inferior diaphragmatic veins, lumbar veins, 5 pairs.
Visceral tributaries are:
-Supra hepatic veins, 2 large and 20 small,
- Right and left renal veins,
- Right middle suprarenal vein,
- Right gonadal vein.
Left gonadal vein reaches the inferior vena cava via left renal vein. The suprahepatic
veins collect blood from the liver.
The portal vein is formed by the unit of the splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein and
superior mesenteric vein.

Lymphatic of the abdomen

Lymphatic vessels unit into two lumbar lymph collector tubes. They drain into cisterna
chyli of Pequet, which continues upward with the thoracic duct.
The lymph nodes are grouped into visceral and parietal.
Parietal lymph nodes are also divided into:
- lymph nodes of anterior lateral abdominal wall;
- retro peritoneal parietal lymph nodes/ lombo aortic are disposed into 4 groups:
retro caval, latero caval, pre caval, inter aortico caval.
Visceral lymph nodes are situated close to the abdominal organs, and also alongside
the vessels, like the coeliac trunk and its branches, and the superior and inferior
mesenteric arteries and their branches.

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Lumbar sympathetic chain
It is represented by two sympathetic chain ganglia situated paravertebral, on the left
side behind the aorta, and on the right side posterior to the inferior vena cava.
It presents 5 pairs of sympathetic ganglia, which communicate to one another via
intermediary columns. The lumbar sympathetic chain is continuous upward with the
thoracic sympathetic chain, and downward with the sacral sympathetic chain.
Branches:
1. muscular;
2. vascular;
3. osseous;
4. communicating branches with lumbar spinal nerves;
5. to the periaortic plexus.
6. to the splanchnic nerves.
The lumbar sympathetic chain gives off branches disposed around the aorta, forming a
peri aortic plexus. This could be present only on the anterior surface of the aorta= pre
aortic plexus, or even more restricted, in between the origins of the two mesenteric
arteries= inter mesenteric plexus.

Figure 19: Posterior vagal trunk: 1. Posterior vagal trunk/ vagus abdominiis of Delmas; 2. Left solar
branch; 3. Left semilunar ganglion; 4. Middle solar branch; 5. Right solar branch.

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Figure 20 : Vagal nerves: 1.Oesophagusv; 2. Left vagus nerve; 3. Vagus abdominalis of Delmas; 4.
Stomach; 5. Anterior vagal trunk; 6. Peri oesophageal plexus; 7. Right vagus nerve.

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Solar plexus (Plexus solaris)
The coeliac plexus or solar plexus, also named “the abdominal brain”, consists of
ganglia and vegetative nervous fibres, grouped in afferent and efferent.

The ganglia
They are sympathetic three pairs. Sometimes a fourth pair is present.
1. Semilunar ganglia, right and left, each presents:
- An anterior surface;
- A posterior surface;
- A concave superior border,
- A convex inferior border,
- A lateral horn;
- A medial horn.
They are linked by a double bridge which units the medial horns, passing above and
below the coeliac trunk origin.
2. Aortico mesenteric ganglia, right and left, spherical in shape, are situated para aortic,
being linked via a nervous bar, below the inferior mesenteric artery origin.
3. Aortico renal ganglia, right and left, spherical in shape, are disposed on the side of
the renal arteries emergencies.
4. Retro renal ganglia of Hirschfeld, right and left, are small and inconstant. They are
located posterior to the renal arteries, being linked to the aortico renal ganglia.

The afferent branches

They are vegetative nervous fibres, sympathetic (thoracic sympathetic) and
parasympathetic (vagi nerves), inconstant being attached the right phrenic nerve.

The right splenic nerve reaches the superior border of the right semilunar ganglion,
close to its lateral horn.

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The vagi nerves, right and left, descend initially on the oesophagus sides, make a
torsion, and so the left vagus nerve passes anterior to the oesophagus, and right vagus
nerve passes posterior to it, eventually all fibres forming a peri oesophageal vagal
plexus. From this moment, we discus about two vagal trunks, anterior and posterior, the
last one participate to the constitution of solar plexus.
From the posterior vagal trunk (Delmas) are given off three solar branches:
1. Right, thick, reaches the medial horn of the right semilunar ganglion,
2. Left, thinner, reaches the medial horn of the left semilunar ganglion,
3. Middle, the thinnest, descends on the anterior aspect of aorta.

The splanchnic nerves

There are two, greater and lesser, sometimes contributes also an imus nerve.
They participate in forming the solar plexus as follows:
The greater splanchnic nerve reaches the lateral horn of the semilunar ganglia.
The lesser splanchnic nerve has got three branches, one superior, reaches the inferior
border of the semilunar ganglia, close to its lateral horn, one middle, which finishes at
the level of mesenteric ganglia, and one inferior which ends at the level of the aortico
renal ganglia.
The imus splanchnic nerve, inconstant, it reaches the aortico renal ganglia.
All splanchnic nerves come from thoracic sympathetic.

The efferent branches

They are distributed to the abdominal viscera. These branches travel to organs as
plexuses alongside the abdominal vessels:
- the proper coeliac plexus, that gives off the hepatic plexus, the lineal plexus, the
left gastric plexus,
- the superior mesenteric plexus,
- the suprarenal plexus, paired,
- the renal plexus, paired,
- the gonadal plexus, paired,
- the inferior mesenteric plexus,
- the inferior diaphragmatic (phrenic) plexus, the only parietal plexus.

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Figure 21: Splanchnic nerves: 1. Abdominal aorta; 2. Nervous loop of Laignel- Lavastine; 3. Greater
splanchnic nerve; 4. Lesser splanchnic nerve; 5. Coeliac trunk; 6. Left semilunar ganglion; 7. Inferior
mesenteric artery; 8. Aortico mesenteric ganglia; 9. Nervus splanchnicus minimus. 10. Renal artery; 11.
Aortico renal ganglia; 12. Wrisberg nervous loop; 13. Solar branches of posterior vagal trunk.

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Figure 22: Coeliac/solar plexus, ganglia: 1. Abdominal aorta; 2. Origin of coeliac trunk; 3. Semilunar
ganglia; 4. Inferior mesenteric artery; 5. Aortico mesenteric ganglia; 6. Aortico renal ganglia; 7. Retro
renal ganglia; 8. Renal artery; 9. Right phrenic nerve

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 III. Abdominal viscera (Alina Maria Șișu)

The Liver
Liver (Hepar)
The liver is the largest gland in the body.

Figure 23: Liver, anterior superior (diaphragmatic) surface: 1. Left triangular ligament; 2. Left lobe of
liver; 3. Round ligament; 4. Falciform ligament; 5. Gallbladder. 6. Right lobe of liver; 7. Right triangular
ligament; 8. Coronary ligament.

Ligaments of the liver are:

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Figure 24: Liver, posterior inferior (visceral) surface: 1. Inferior vena cava; 2. Adrenal impression; 3.
Area nuda; 4.Colic surface; 5. Fossa for gallbladder. 6. Ligamentum teres groove; 7. Cystic duct; 8 Portal
vein. ; 9. Gastric impression; 10. Cardiac impression.

Surfaces
The liver has two surfaces; superior (diaphragmatic) and inferior (visceral).
The superior surface is in close contact with the abdominal wall via the falciform
ligament. In its the free border is ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical vein).
The inferior surface is broken down into four lobes , in the form of the letter H.
The left limb of the H = the left sagittal groove/fossa is formed of two parts, the fossa for
the umbilical vein anterior / superior and the fossa for the ductus venosus posterior/
inferior.

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The right limb of the H = the right sagittal groove/fossa, formed anterior by the fossa for
the gall-bladder(fossa vesicæ felleæ, and posterior by the fossa for the inferior vena
cava (fossa venæ cavæ).
These are separated by a belt of liver= the caudate process.
The bar connecting the two limbs of the H is the porta hepatis (transverse fissure).
Anterior of it is the quadrate lobe, posterior the caudate lobe.
The superior surface (facies superior) is situated mostly under the ribs.
The anterior border (margo anterior) is thin and sharp.

Figure 25: Liver, posterior inferior (visceral) surface: 1. Adrenal impression; 2. Bare area; 3. Renal
impression; 4.Colic impression; 5. Gallbladder in the fossa. 6. Quadrate lobe; 7. Ligamentum teres
hepatis; 8. Duodenal impression; 9. Gastric impression; 10. Groove for sulcus venosus; 11.Cuadrate
lobe; 12. Groove for inferior vena cava.

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Lobes
The right lobe (lobus hepatis dexter) is much larger than the left. It is situated in the right
hypochondrium, separated from the left by the falciform ligament.
The quadrate lobe (lobus quadratus) is situated on the inferior surface of the right lobe.
The caudate lobe (lobus caudatus) is situated superior to the posterior surface of the
right lobe.
The left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister) is located in the epigastrium and left
hypochondriac ares.

Figure 26: Liver, dissection picture (taken by student Nikol Magaziner): 1.Left lobe of the liver; 2.
Gastro hepatic ligament (lesser omentum); 3. Stomach; 4. Greater omentum; 5. Gallbladder. 6. Right lobe
of liver; 7. Ligamentum teres hepatis.

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Figure 27: Liver, dissection picture (taken by student Nikol Magaziner): 1. Diaphragm; 2. Falciform
ligament; 3. Ligamentum teres hepatis; 4. Left lobe of the liver; 5. Greater omentum.; 6.Jejunal loops; 7.
Right lobe of liver; Coronary ligament.

40
Figure 28: Lesser omentum, dissection picture (taken by student Nikol Magaziner)

41
Figure 29: Abdominal cavity, dissection picture (taken by student Nikol Magaziner): 1. Left lobe of
the liver; 2. Lesser omentum; 3. Stomach; 4. Greater omentum; 5. Ligamentum teres hepatis;.; 6.
Falciform ligament.

42
The Gallbladder (vesica fellea)
The gall-bladder is a conic musculomembranous sac, situated in a fossa,on the visceral
surface of the right lobe of the liver.
It serves as reservoir, in which the bile produced by the liver accumulates during meals.
It consists of a fundus, body,neck.
The gall-bladder consists of three coats: serous (visceral peritoneum), fibromuscular,
and mucous.
The Cystic duct (ductus cysticus)
The cystic duct continues the gallbladder, and joins the common hepatic duct to form
the common bile duct.
The Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)
The common bile duct is formed by the unit of the cystic and common hepatic ducts.
This union of the two ducts is dilated into an enlarged sac, the ampulla of Vater.

Figure 30: Liver, posterior inferior (visceral) surface: 1. Quadrate lobe of liver; 2. Proper hepatic
artery; 3. Left lobe of liver; 4. Ligamentum venosum; 5. Caudate lobe of liver. 6. Inferior vena cava; 7.
Bare area/ area nuda/ naked area; 8. Coronary ligament; 9. Right lobe of liver; 10. Portal vein; 11. Ductus
choledochus; 12. Gallbladder; 13. Common hepatic duct.

43
The Stomach
Stomach (Gaster)
It is a hollow organ, situated in the supra mesocolic level of the abdominal cavity. It
serves as food reservoir, being the most dilated part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Figure 31: Stomach: 1. Body of stomach; 2. Diaphragm; 3. Pylorus; 4. Right kidney; 5. Transverse
colon; 6. Jejunum; 7. Greater omentum; 8. Spleen; 9. Antrum piloricum; 10. Greater curvature of the
stomach; 11. Fundus of the stomach.

44
Figure 32: Stomach, divisions: 1. Oesophagus; 2. Cardia orifice; 3. Fundus; 4. Greater curvature; 5.
Body; 6. Pyloric antrum; 7. Duodenum; 8. Pyloric sphincter; 9.Lesser curvature; 10. Antrum

45
Figure 33: Supra mesocolic space, dissection : 1. Fundus of the stomach; 2. Greater curvature of
stomach, having attached the greater omentum; 3.Gallbladder; 4. Cystic duct; 5.Proper hepatic artery; 6.
Portal vein; 7. Left lobe of liver.

The stomach presents:

-. Two openings or orifices: cardiac orifice, for the communication with the oesophagus,
and pyloric orifice, for the communication with the duodenum;
- Two borders or curvatures, lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor), and greater
curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
- Two surfaces: antero superior surface and postero inferior surface;
The antero-superior surface
It has relations with the diaphragm, which separates it from the base of the left lung, the
pericardium, and the 7th , 8th, and 9th ribs, and left intercostal spaces. Also comes in
contact with the quadrate lobes of the liver and anterior abdominal wall.
This surface is covered by the peritoneum.

46
The postero-inferior surface is in relation with the:
- diaphragm,
- spleen,
- left adrenall gland,
- superior part of the anterior aspect of the left kidney,
- anterior surface of the pancreas,
- left colic flexure,
- superior layer of the transverse mesocolon.

Figure 34: Stomach, relations (taken by student Ludovica Tesoriere: 1. Anterior surface of stomach;
2.Greater omentum; 3.Ligamentum teres hepatis; 4.Falciform ligament of liver; 5. Left lobe of liver.

Internal structure
The wall of the stomach consists of four layers: serous, muscular, sub mucosa, and
mucosa.
The serous layer (tunica serosa) comes from the peritoneum and covers almost the
entire organ.

47
The muscular coat (tunica muscularis) consists of three types of muscular fibres:
longitudinal, circular and oblique.
The longitudinal fibers (stratum longitudinale) is the most superficial.
The circular fibers (stratum circulare) are the most abundant to the pyloric region.
The oblique fibers (fibræ obliquæ)
The areolar or sub mucous coat (tela submucosa) consists of a loose, areolar
tissue, connecting the mucous and muscular layers.
The mucous layer (tunica mucosa) presents plaits or rugæ, increasing the surface of
absorbtion.

Figure 35: Stomach, muscular layer: 1. Cardia incisure; 2. Fundus; 3. Longitudinal muscular layer; 4.
Circular muscular layer; 5. Oblique muscular layer; 6. Greater curvature; 7. Pyloric antrum; 8. Duodenum;
9. Pyloric sphincter; 10. Lesser curvature; 11. Oesophagus.

48
Figure 36: Stomach, arterial blood supply: 1. Left gastric artery; 2. Short gastric arteries; 3. Splenic
artery; 4. Left gastro epiploic artery; 5. Right gastro epiploic artery; 6. Superior pancreatico duodenal
artery; 7. Gastro duodenal artery; 8. Proper hepatic artery; 9. Cystic artery; 10. Right gastric artery; 11.
Common hepatic artery; 12. Abdominal aorta; 13. Coeliac trunk.

The Pancreas
Pancreas (Pancreas)

It is an accessory gland of gastrointestinal tract that has two functions:

1. Digestive - produces digestive enzymes;
2. Hormonal - islets of Langerhans produce insulin and glucagon in order to control
blood sugar levels

It is located anterior to the posterior abdominal wall, behind the stomach.

49
Parts:
1. Head
2. Uncinate process
3. Neck
4. Body
5. Tail

The arterial blood supply to the pancreas comes from multiple branches from the
coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries.
The common hepatic artery gives rise to the gastro duodenal artery before continuing
as proper hepatic artery.
The gastro duodenal artery becomes the superior pancreatico duodenal artery as it
passes behind the first portion of the duodenum and branches into the anterior and
posterior superior pancreatico duodenal arteries.
As the superior mesenteric artery passes behind the neck of the pancreas, it gives off
the inferior pancreatico duodenal artery.
This divides into the anterior and posterior inferior pancreatico duodenal arteries.
The splenic artery is tortuous, the biggest branch of the coeliac trunk..
The anterior surface of the body of the pancreas is covered by peritoneum.
The anterior inferior pancreatico duodenal vein joins the right gastro epiploic vein and
the middle colic vein to form a common venous trunk, which empties the superior
mesenteric vein. The splenic vein units with the inferior mesenteric vein, and then with
the superior mesenteric vein, finally draining into the portal vein.

The gastric glands are of three kinds:

- pyloric,
- cardiac,
- fundus or oxyntic glands.

50
Vessels and nerves
The arteries supplying the stomach are:
- the left gastric artery,
- the right gastric artery;
- right gastro epiploic branches of the hepatic artery,
- the left gastro epiploic artery,
- short gastric branches of the lienal.artery
The nerves are branches coming from the right and left vagi. Nerve plexuses are
found in the sub mucous layer and in between the layers of the muscular coat.
.

51
The Spleen
Spleen (Lien)
The spleen is located in the left hypochondriac region.
External structure
It presents:
- The diaphragmatic surface (facies diaphragmatica)
- The visceral surface is divided by a ridge into an anterior or gastric and a
posterior or renal part
- The superior extremity (extremitas superior)
- The inferior extremity or colic surface (extremitas inferior)
- The anterior border (margo anterior)
- The posterior border (margo posterior)
- The inferior border (internal border).

Figure 37: Spleen, morphogenesis, early stage.

52
Figure 38: Spleen, morphogenesis, early stage.

Figure 39: Spleen, morphogenesis, early stage: 1. Somato pleura; 2. Anterior mesogastrum; 3.
Posterior mesogastrum; 4. Splanchno pleura; 5. Archenteron.

53
Figure 40: Spleen, morphogenesis: 1. Falciform ligament; 2. Hepatic bud; 3. Gastro hepatic ligament;
4. Gastro lienal ligament; 5. Splenic bud. 6. Pancreatico lienal ligament. 7. Pancreatic bud.

54
Figure 41: Spleen, dissection (taken by student Ludovica Tesoriere)

Internal structure
The spleen is wrapped by two layers: an external serous (tunica serosa) and an internal
fibroelastic (tunica albuginea) layers.
The spleen is formed of a number of small spaces or areolæ, formed by the trabeculæ;
in these areolæ is contained the splenic pulp. The splenic pulp is two types: white and
red.

55
Figure 42 Spleen, external morphology: 1. Apex; 2. Posterior border; 3. Diaphragmatic surface;
4.Base; 5. Anterior (superior) border.

56
Figure 43: Spleen, external morphology: 1. Apex; 2. Anterior (superior) border; 3. Base (colic surface);
4. Renal surface; 5. Gastric surface; 6. Hilum; 7. Medial border.

57
Figure 44: Spleen, external morphology: 1. Anterior border; 2. Gastric surface; 3. Hilum; 4. Renal
surface; 5. Posterior border; 6. Diaphragmatic surface; 7. Medial border

Vascularization and inervation

The lienal artery is coming from the coeliac trunk, being the biggest branch of it.
The splenic vein participates in forming the portal vein, by uniting with the inferior
mesenteric vein, and finaly with the superior mesenteric vein, carrying venous blood
reached in nutrients to the liver.
The splenic nervous plexus, from the coeliac plexus, provides the spleen with nerves.

58
The Small
Small intestine (Intestinum tenue)
The small intestine is a convoluted tube, extending from the pylorus to the colic valve.
The small intestine is broken down into three portions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and
the ileum.

The Duodenum (Duodenum)

It has four parts: superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending.
The arteries supplying the duodenum are:
- The right gastric artery
- The superior pancreatico duodenal artery
Both are branches of the hepatic artery
- The inferior pancreatico duodenal artery, branch of the superior mesenteric
artery.
The veins end in the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein.
The nerves come from the cœliac plexus.

Figure 45: Supra mesocolic organs: 1. Superior part of the duodenum, bulbus duodenalis, 1st part 2.
Descending part of the duodenum, 2nd part; 3 Horizontal part of the duodenum, 3rd part.; 4. Ascending
part of the duodenum, 4th part; 5. Head of the pancreas; 6. Body of the pancreas; 7. Tail of the pancreas;
8. Hilum of spleen.

59
Figure 46: Duodenum: 1. Midline; 2. Ascending part (IV); 3. Horizontal part (III); 4. Inferior angle; 5.
Descending part (II); 6.Superior angle; 7. Superior part (I)

The Jejunum (Intestinum jejunum)

It is a mobile part of the small intestine, the second part of it. It has a larger diameter
than the ileal intestine.
The Ileum (intestinum ileum) is the third, mobile part of the small intestine. Its coils are
disposed more vertical than in the jejunum.
The mesentery is fan-shaped structure, derived from the peritoneum.
It is attached to the posterior abdominal wall from the left side of the body. From the
very begining, it wraps the entire mobile parts of the small intestine. .
Between the two layers of it, there are bloodvessels, nerves, lacteals (lymphatic
capillary of the small intestine), and lymph glands, all embeded in fat.

60
Structure of the intestinal wall
The wall of the small intestine is formed of four layers: serous, muscular, areolar/
submucosal, and mucous.
The serous coat (tunica serosa) is derived from the peritoneum.
The muscular coat (tunica muscularis) consists of two type of fibers: an external,
longitudinal, and an internal, circular layer.
The areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa) contains bloodvessels, lymphatics,
and nerves.
The mucous membrane (tunica mucosa) is the most internal coat, presents the
following structures:
- Circular folds.
- Villi/microvilli.
- Solitary lymphatic nodes.
- Intestinal glands.
- Aggregated lymphatic nodes.
The circular folds (plicæ circulares Kerkring; valvulæ conniventes are folds going down
into the lumen of intestine.
The intestinal villi (villi intestinales) are fingerlike highly vascular processes, projecting
from the mucous membrane of the small intestine.
They are largest and most numerous in the duodenum and jejunum, and fewer and
smaller in the ileum.
The intestinal glands (glandulæ intestinales Lieberkühn) are numerous in every part of
the mucous membrane of the small intestine.
The solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici solitarii);
The aggregated lymphatic nodes (noduli lymphatici aggregati; Peyer’s patches).
Vessels and nerves
The jejunum and ileum are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery branches.

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Figure 47: Stomach, divisions: 1. Greater omentum, reflected; 2. Mesentery; 3. Jejunum, ileum.

62
The Large
Large intestine (Intestinum crassum)
The large intestine extends from the terminal part of the ileum to the anus.
It starts in the right iliac region, in a dilated part, the caecum.
The large intestine is broken down into: caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

The Caecum (intestinum cæcum)

It is the initial part of the large intestine, situated below the colic valve.
It is entirely wrappedinto the peritoneum.

The Colon (colon)

It is divided into four parts:
- The ascending colon (colon ascendens),
- The transverse (colon transversum),
- The descending (colon descendens),
- The sigmoid colon (colon sigmoideum).

The Urinary organs

organs
The urinary organs comprise:
- the kidneys, which secrete the urine,
- the ureters, which convey urine to the urinary bladder,
- The urinary bladder, the reservoir in which accumulates the urine,
- the urethra, through which it is discharged from the body.

The Kidneys
Kidneys (Renes)
(Renes)
The kidneys are situated in front of the posterior abdominal wall, one on either side of
the vertebral column, posterior to the peritoneum.
The kidney has a characteristic form (bean), and presents: two surfaces, two borders,
and an superior and inferior poles.

63
Figure 48: Right kidney in situ

64
Figure 49: Right kidney: 1. Right renal artery; 2. Right renal vein; 3. Right ureter; 4. Anterior surface of
right kidney.

65
Figure 50: Left kidney, dissection picture: 1.Pancreas; 2. Spleen; 3. Left kidney; 4. Double renal vein;
5.Left ureter; 6.Superior mesenteric artery; 7. Inferior mesenteric artery; 8. Left gonadal vein; 9. Left
psoas muscle.

66
External morphology
The kidney presents:
- the anterior surface (facies anterior)
- the posterior surface (facies posterior)
- The lateral border (margo lateralis)
- The medial border (margo medialis)
- The superior extremity (extremitas superior)
- The inferior extremity (extremitas inferior)
The relative position of the main structures in the hilum is as follows: the renal vein is
situated anteriorly, the renal artery in the middle, and the ureter is situated posterior and
inferior to these.

Coverings of the kidney

The adipose capsule, wrapped in a layer of fibrous tissue continuous with the
subperitoneal fascia, named the renal fascia;

Internal structure of the kidney:

- The renal sinus;
- The renal calyces;
- The medullary substance (substantia medullaris) consists of conical masses, the
renal pyramids,
- The cortical substance (substantia corticalis),
- The structures in between the pyramids = the renal columns (Bertin)

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Figure 51: Right kidney, internal morphology: 1. Renal pyramid; 2.Major calyx; 3.Renal pelvis; 4.
Ureter; 5. Minor calyx; 6. Renal cortex; 7. Renal capsule.

Microscopic anatomy
It consists of the following structures:
- The renal tubules, start in the convoluted part and renal columns as the renal
corpuscles.
- The renal corpuscle has a central glomerulus of vessels, and a membrane, the
glomerular capsule (capsule of Bowman),
- The glomerulus is a lobulated network of convoluted capillaries. This capillary
network is derived from a small arterial vessel, the afferent artery, which enters
the capsule;
- The vein, the efferent artery, emerges from the capsule.
- The proximal convoluted tube.
- The Henle’s loop.
- The distal convoluted tubule.
- The straight or collecting tube.
- The central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of one of the
papillæ;

68
The renal vessels and nerves
- The renal artery, branch of the abdominal aorta;
Before it enters the kidney, each artery divides into four or five branches.
- The interlobular arteries;
- The arteriæ rectæ;
- The renal veins
- The venæ stellatæ are derived from the capillary network,
- The interlobular veins,
- The venæ rectæ.
- The interlobular veins
- The venæ propriæ renales,
- The renal vein,
- The inferior vena cava

Nerves of the kidney

- The renal plexus, which is formed by branches from the coeliac plexus,
- The lesser and imus splanchnic nerves.

69
Figure 52: Kidney, divisions: 1. Renal column; 2. Renal pyramid; 3. Renal capsule; 4. Renal papilla; 5.
Renal pelvis; 6. Ureter; 7. Major renal calyx; 8. Renal cortex; 9. Minor renal calyx; 10. Renal medulla

70
Figure 53: Kidney, arterial blood supply: 1. Inferior suprarenal artery; 2. Renal artery; 3. Ureteric
branch of the renal artery; 4. Inferior segmental artery; 5. Ureter; 6. Inter lobar arteries; 7. Arcuate
arteries; 8. Anterior inferior segmental artery; 9. Anterior superior segmental artery; 10. Superior
segmental artery.

71
The Ureters (Ureter)
The ureters are the two tubes which convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder.
Each begins in the renal sinus by short cup-shaped tubes, termed calyces, which
encircle the renal papilla.
The minor calyces join to form major calicyx. These unite to form a funnel-shaped
dilatation, the renal pelvis, which is situated inside and outside the renal sinus.

The Ureter proper has:

- an abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
- a pelvic part (pars pelvina)

Structure
The ureter is composed of:
- The fibrous coat (tunica adventitia);
- The muscular coat (tunica muscularis) consists of two layers, longitudinal and
circular;
- The mucous coat (tunica mucosa) .

Vessels and nerves

The arteries supplying the ureter are branches from:
- The renal artery,
- The internal spermatic artery,
- The hypogastric artery,
- The inferior vesical artery.
The nerves are derived from:
- The inferior mesenteric plexus,
- The spermatic plexus,
- The pelvic plexus.

72
IV. The abdominal cavity blood supply (Laura Octavia Grigoriță)
Grigoriță)

Figure 54: Coeliac trunk, branches

73
Figure 55: Arterial circle of the greater curvature of the stomach.

74
Figure 56: Arterial circle of the lesser curvature of the stomach.

75
Figure 57: Superior mesenteric artery, branches.

76
Branches of the superior mesenteric artery
1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2. Jejunal arteries
3. Ileal arteries
4. Middle colic artery
5. Right colic artery
6. Ileocolic artery

Figure 58: Inferior mesenteric artery, branches

77
Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
1. Left colic artery
2. Sigmoid arteries, 3-5
3. Superior rectal artery

78
 V. The abdominal organs projection on
on to the anterior abdominal wall
(Codruța
Codruța Ileana Petrescu)
Petrescu)

Figure 59: Cystic point

79
Figure 60: Solar point

Figure 61: Aortic point

80
Figure 62: Superior ureteral point

Figure 63: Middle ureteral point

Figure 64: Sigmoid colon projection

81
Figure 65: Pancreatic point

Figure 66: Duodenum projection

82
Figure 67: Liver projection

Figure 68: Jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, descending colon projections

83
Figure 69: Transverse colon projection

Figure 70: Pancreas projection

84
Figure 71: Appendicular point of Morris

Figure 72: Kidney projection

85
Figure 73: Stomach projection on the anterior abdominal wall

Figure 74: Stomach projection on the thoracic wall

86
Figure 75: Spleen projection

Figure 76: Appendicular point

87
Figure 77: Appendicular point

Figure 78: Pancreatic coledochal zone

88
VI. Nomina Anatomica translated into English (Alina Maria Șișu)

INTESTINUM TENUE=small intestine

Tunica serosa= serous coat
Tela subsserosa= suserous coat
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat
Stratum longitudinale=longitudinal layer
Stratum circulare=circular layer
Tela submucosa=submucous layer
Tunica mucosa=mucous layer
Lamina muscularis mucosae=muscular layer of mucous coat
Plicae circulares=circular folds
Villi intestinalis= intestinal villi
Gl. Intestinalis=intestinal glands
Folliculi lymphatici solitarii=solitary lymphatic follicles
Folliculi lymphatici aggregate=aggregate lymphatic follicle
Duodenum=duodenum
Pars superior=superior part
Pars descendens=descending part
Pars horizontalis inferior=inferior horizontal part
Pars ascendens=ascending part
Flexura duodeni superior=superior duodenal flexure
Flexura duodeni inferior=inferior duodenal flexure
Paries anterior=anterior wall
Paries posterior=posterior wall
Curvatura ventriculi major=greater curvature of the stomach
Curvatura ventriculi minor=lesser curvature of the stomach
Incisura angularis=angular incisure

89
Pars cardiac=cardiac part
Ostium cardiacum=cardiac orifice
Fundus ventriculi=fundus of the stomach
Incisura cardiac=cardiac incisure
Corpus ventriculi=body of the stomach
Pars pylorica= pyloric part
Antrum pyloricum=pyloric enlargement
Canalis pyloricus=pyloric canal
Pylorus=pylorus
Ostium pyloricum=pyloric orifice
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tela subserosa=subserous coat
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat
Stratum longitudinale=longitudinal layer
Stratum circulare=circular layer
M. sphincter pylori=pyloric sphincter muscle
Fibrae obliquae=oblique fibres
Colon ascendens=ascending colon
Flexura coli dextra=right colic flexure
Colon transversum=transverse colon
Flexura coli sinistra=left colic flexure
Colon descendens=descending colon
Colon sigmoideum=sigmoid colon
Picae semilunares coli=colic semilunar folds
Haustra coli= colic pockets
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tela subserosa= subserous coat
Appendices epiploicae=epiploic appendages

90
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat
Stratum longitudinale=longitudinal layer
Teniae coli=colic stripped muscle
Tenia mesocolica=mesocolic longitudinal fibres
Tenia omentalis=omental muscular fibres
Tenia libera=free muscular band
Stratum circulare=circular layer
Tela submucosa=submucous layer
Tunica mucosa=mucous layer
Lamina muscularis mucosae=muscle of mucous coat
Glandulae intestinalis=intestinal glands
Folliculi lymphatici solitarii=solitary lymphatic follicles
Jejunum =jejunum
Ileum=ileum

INTESTINUM GRASSUM=large intestine

Cecum =caecum
Valva ileocecalis=ileocaecal valve
Ostium ileocecale=ileocaecal orifice
Frenulum valvae ileocecalis=break of the ileocaecal valve
Appendix vermiformis=vermiform appendage
Ostium appendix vermiformis=orifice of the vermiform appendage
Folliculi lymphatici aggregate=aggregate lymphatic follicles
Apendicis vermiformis= vermiform appendage
Corpus pancreatic=body of pancreas
Facies anterior=anterior surface
Facies posterior=posterior surface
Facies inferior=inferior surface

91
Margo superior=superior border
Margo anterior=anterior border
Margo inferior=inferior border
Tuber omentale = omental tuberosity of liver
Cauda pancreatic=tail of pancreas
Ductus pancreaticus=pancreatic duct
Ductus pancreaticus accessories=accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas accessorium=accessory pancreas

Hepar =liver
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tela subserosa=subserous coat
Tunica fibrosa=fibrous coat
Facies diaphragmatica=diaphragmatic surface
Pars superior=superior part
Impressio cardiac=cardiac impression
Pars anterior=anterior part
Pars dextra=left part
Pars posterior=posterior part
Area nuda=bare area
Sulcus venae cavae=groove for vena cava
Fissure lig. venosi=venous ligament fissure
Facies visceralis=visceral surface
Margo inferior=inferior border
Incisura lig. teretis=notch for round ligament of liver
Fossa vesicae felleae=fossa for gallbladder
Fissura lig. teretis=round ligament fissure
Sulcus venae umbilicalis=umbilical veins grooves

92
Fossa ductus venosi=fossa of venous duct
Lig. teres hepatis=round ligament of liver
Lig. venosum=venous ligament
Porta hepatis=hepatic hilum, door
Lobus hepatis dexter=left hepatic lobe
Lobus quadratus=square hepatic lobe
Lobus caudatus=caudate hepatic lobe
Processus papillaris=papillary process
Processus caudatus=caudate process
Lobus hepatis sinister=left hepatic lobe
Tuber omentale=omental tuberosity
Impression esophagea=oesophageal impression
Impression gastrica=gastric impression
Impression duodenalis=duodenal impression
Impression colica=colic impression
Impression renalis=renal impression
Impression suprarenalis=adrenal gland impression
Lobuli hepatis=hepatic lobules
Capsula fibrosa perivascularis=perivascular fibrous capsule
Arteriae interlobulares=interlobular arteries

PANCREAS =pancreas
Caput pancreatic=head of pancreas
Processus uncinatus=uncinated process
Incisura pancreatic=pancreatic incisure
Venae interlobulares=interlobular veins
Venae centrales =central veins
Ductuli biliferi=biliary ducts

93
Ductus hepaticus communis=common hepatic duct
Ductus hepaticus dexter=right hepatic duct
Ductus hepaticus sinister=left hepatic duct

Vesica fellea=gallbladder
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tela subserosa=subserous coat
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat
Tunica mucosa=mucous coat
Plicae tunicae mucosae vesica felleae=mucous folds of gallbladder
Fundus vesica felleae=fundus gallbladder
Corpus vesica felleae=body of gallbladder
Collum vesica felleae=neck of gallbladder
Ductus cysticus=cystic duct
Plica spiralis=spiral fold

Ductus choledochus=main bile duct

M. sphincter ductus choledochi=sphincter muscle of main bile duct
Ampula hepatopancreatica=hepatopancreatic ampulla
M. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae=sphincter muscle of hepatopancreatic
ampulla
Gl. mucosae biliosae=biliary mucous glands

REN=kidney
Margo lateralis=lateral border
Margo medialis=medial border
Hilus renalis=renal hilum
Sinus renalis=renal sinus
Facies anterior=anterior surface

94
Facies posterior=posterior surface
Extremitas superior=superior extremity
Extremitas inferior=inferior extremity
Capsula adipose=adipose capsule
Capsula fibrosa=fibrous capsule
Tubuli renales=renal tubules
Tubuli renales contorti =convolutes renal tubules
Tubuli renales recti=straight renal tubules
Cortex renis=renal cortex
Medulla renis=renal medulla
Lobi renales=renal lobules
Pyramides renales=renal pyramids
Basis pyramidis=base of pyramids
Papillae renales=renal papilla
Area cribrosa=pierced area
Foramina papillaria=papillary openings
Colummnae renales=renal columns
Lobuli corticales=cortical lobules
Pars radiate=radiate part
Pars convolute=convolute part
Corpuscula renis=renal corpuscle
Glomeruli =glomerulus
Capsula glomeruli=capsule of glomerulus
Pelvis renalis=renal pelvis
Calices renales=renal calyx
Calices renales majors=greater renal calyx
Calices renales minors=lesser renal calyx
Arteriae renis=renal arteries

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Arteriae interlobares renis=interlobular renal arteries
Venae renis=renal veins
Venae interlobares=interlobar veins
Venae arcuatae=arcuate veins
Venae interlobulares=interlobular veins
Venulae rectae=straight venules
Venulae steliatae=star veins

Ureter =ureter
Pars abdominalis=abdominal part
Pars pelvina=pelvic part
Tunica adventica=adventitial coat
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat
Tunica mucosa=mucous coat

Vesica urinaria=urinary bladder

Apex vesicae=tip of urinary bladder
Corpus vesicae=body of urinary bladder
Fundus vesicae=fundus of urinary bladder
Cervix vesicae=neck of urinary bladder
Lig. umbilicale medianum=median umbilical ligament
Urachus=urachus
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tela subserosa=subserous coat
Tunica muscularis=muscular coat

PERITONEUM= peritoneum
Peritoneum parietale=parietal peritoneum

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Tunica serosa=serous peritoneum
Tela subserosa=subserous coat
Peritoneum viscerale=visceral peritoneum
Tunica serosa=serous tunic
Tela subserosa= subserous tunic
Cavum peritonei=peritoneal recesses
Recessus subphrenici=subphrenic recess
Recessus subhepatici=subhepatic recess
Recessus hepatorenalis=hepatorenal recess
Plica umbilicalis mediana=median umbilical fold
Fossa supravesicalis=supravesical fossa
Plica umbilicalis medialis=medial umbilical fold
Fossa inguinalis medialis=medial inguinal fossa
Trigonum inguinale=inguinal trigone
Plica umbilicalis lateralis=lateral umbilical fold
Fossa inguinalis lateralis=lateral inguinal fossa
Plica vesicalis transversa=transversal vesical fold
Mesorohium =mesohorium
Processus vaginalis peritonei=peritoneal vaginal process
Lig. latum uteri=large ligament of uterus
Mesometrium=mesometrium
Mesosalpings=mesosalpinx
Mesovarium=mesoovarium
Lig. suspensorium ovary= suspensory ligament of the ovary
Plica rectouterina=recto uterine fold
Excavatio rectouterina=recto uterine recess
Excavatio vesicouterina=vesico uterine recess
Excavatio rectovesicalis=recto vesical recess

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Spatium retroperitoneale=retro peritoneal space
Fascia subperitonealis=sub peritoneal fascia

AORTA DESCENDENS=descending aorta

A. ileocolica= ileocolic artery
A.appendicularis=appendicular artery
A.colica dextra=right colic artery
A.colica media=middle colic artery
A. mesenterica inferior=inferior mesenteric artery
A. colica sinistra= left colic artery
Aa.sigmoideae=sigmoid arteries
A.rectalis superior=superior rectal artery
A.suprarenalis media=middle suprarenal artery
A.renalis=renal artery
A.suprarenalis inferior=inferior suprarenal artery
Rami ureterici=ureteric branches
A. testicularis=testicular artery
A.ovarica=ovarian artery
Aa.lumbales=lumbar arteries
Ramus dorsalis=dorsal branch
Ramus spinalis=spinal branch
A.sacralis mediana=median sacral artery
A.lumbalis ima=smallest lumbar artery

Truncus celiacus=coeliac trunk

A.gastrica sinistra=left gastric artery
Rami esophagei=oesophageal branches
A.hepatica communis=common hepatic artery

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A.gastrica dextra=right gastric artery
A.hepatica propria=proper hepatic artery
Ramus dexter=right branch
A.cystica=cystic artery
Ramus sinister=left branch
A.gastroduodenalis=gastroduodenal artery
A.pancreaticoduodenalis superior=superior pancreatico duodenal artery
Rami pancreatici=pancreatic branches
Rami duodenales=duodenal branches
A.gastroepiploica dextra=right gastroepiploic artery
Rami epiploici=epiplooic branches
A.lienalis=splenic artery
Rami pancreatici=pancreatic branches
A.gastroepiploica sinistra=left gastroepiplooic artery
Rr.epiploici=epiplooic branches
Aa.gastricae breves=short gastric arteries
Rami lienales=splenic branches
A.mesenterica superior=superior mesenteric artery
A.pancreaticoduodenalis inferior=inferior pancreatico duodenal artery
Aa.jejunales=jejunal arteries
Aa.ilei=ileal arteries
A.rectalis media=middle rectal artery
A.pudenda interna=internal pudendal artery
A.rectalis inferior=inferior rectal artery
A.perinealis=perineal artery
Rami scrotales posteriors=posterior scrotal branches
Rami labiales posteriors=posterior labial branches
A.urethralis=urethral artery

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A.bulbi penis=bulbus penis artery
A.bulbi vestibuli vaginae= vaginal bulbus vestibulus artery
A.profunda penis=deep penile artery
A.dorsalis penis=posterior penile artery
A.profunda clitoridis=deep clitoridian artery
A.dorsalis clitoridis=posterior clitoris artery

VENA CAVA INFERIOR=inferior vena cava

Vv.phrenicae inferiors=inferior phrenic veins
Vv.lumbales III et IV=3rd and 4th lumbar veins
Vv.hepaticae=hepatic veins
Vv.renales=renal veins
V.suprarenalis sinistra=left suprarenal veins
V.testicularis sinistra=left testicular vein
V.ovarica sinistra=left ovarian vein
V.suprarenalis dextra=right suprarenal vein
V.dorsalis clitoridis=posterior clitoridian vein
Vv.uterinae=uterine veins
Plexus venosus uterinus=uterine venous plexus
Plexus venosus vaginalis=vaginal venous plexus
V.pudenda interna=internal pudendal vein
Vv.profundae penis=deep penile veins
Vv.profundae clitoridis=deep clitoridian veins
Vv.rectales mediae=middle rectal veins
Vv.rectales inferiors=inferior rectal veins
V.prepylorica=prepyloric vein
V.mesenterica superior=superior mesenteric vein
Vv.jejunales et ilei=jejunal and ileal veins

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V.gastroepiploica dextra=right gastroepiplooic vein
Vv.pancreaticae=pancreatic veins
V.ileocolica=ileocolic vein
V.appendicularis=appendicular vein
V.colica dextra=right colic vein
V.colica media=middle colic vein
Vv.pancreaticoduodenales=pancreatico duodenal veins
V.lienalis=splenic vein
Vv.pancreaticae=pancreatic veins
V.gastricae breves=short gastric vein
V.gastroepiploica sinistra=left gastro epiplooic vein
V.mesenterica inferior=inferior mesenteric vein
V.colica sinistra=left colic vein
Vv.sigmoideae=sigmoidian veins
V.rectalis superior=superior rectal vein
V.umbilicalis=umbilical vein
Ductus venosus=venous duct

LIEN=spleen
Facies diaphragmatica=diaphragmatic surface
Facies visceralis=visceral surface
Facies renalis=renal surface
Facies gastrica=gastric surface
Facies colica=colic surface
Extremitas posterior=posterior extremity
Extremitas anterior=anterior extremity
Margo superior=superior border
Margo inferior=inferior border

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Hilus lienis=splenic hilum
Tunica serosa=serous coat
Tunica fibrosa=fibrous coat
Trabeculae lienis=splenic trabecules
Pulpa lienis=splenic pulp
Sinus lienis=splenic sinus
Rami lienales=splenic branches
Arteriae lienalis =splenic arteries
Folliculi lymphatici lienales= splenic lymphatic follicles
(Lien accessorius)= (accessory spleen)

PARS ABDOMINALIS ET PELVINA SYSTEMATIS AUTONOMICI=abdominal and

pelvic part of the autonomic pelvic system
Ganglia lumbalia=lumbar ganglia
Nn.splanchnici lumbales=lumbar splanchnic nerves
Ganglia sacralia=sacral ganglia
Nn.splanchnici sacrales=sacral splanchnic nerves
Ganglion impar=unpaired ganglion
Plexus submucosus=submucous plexus
Plexus iliaci=iliac plexus
Plexus femoralis=femoral plexus
Plexus hypogastricus superior=superior hypogastric plexus
N. presacralis= pre sacral nerve
N.hypogastricus dexter et sinister=right and left hypogastric nerve
Plexus hypogastricus inferior=inferior hypogastric nerve
Plexus pelvinus=pelvic plexus
Ganglia pelvina=pelvic ganglia
Plexus rectales medii=middle rectal plexus
Plexus rectales inferiors=inferior rectal plexus

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Plexus prostaticus=prostatic plexus
Plexus deferentialis=deferential plexus
Plexus uterovaginalis=utero vaginal plexus
Nn.vaginales=vaginal nerves
Plexus vesicales=vesical plexus
Nn.cavernosi penis=cavernous nerves of penis
Nn.cavernosi clitoridis=cavernous nerve of clitoris

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 VII. References

1. www.teachmeanatomy.com

2. www.teachmeSeries.com

3. Gray, H., Gray`s Anatomy 1918, 15th Edition, 2010.

4. www.wesnorman.com

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