Charter of the United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the

foundational treaty of the UN, an intergovernmental Charter of the United Nations
organization.[1] It establishes the purposes, governing
structure, and overall framework of the UN system,
including its six principal organs: the Secretariat, the
General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council, the International Court
of Justice, and the Trusteeship Council.

The UN Charter mandates the UN and its member

states to maintain international peace and security,
uphold international law, achieve "higher standards of
living" for their citizens, address "economic, social,
health, and related problems", and promote "universal
respect for, and observance of, human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language, or religion".[2] As a charter and
constituent treaty, its rules and obligations are binding
on all members and supersede those of other
treaties.[1][3]

During the Second World War, the Allies—formally

known as the United Nations—agreed to establish a
UN Charter
new postwar international organization.[4] Pursuant to
this goal, the UN Charter was discussed, prepared, and Drafted 14 August 1941
drafted during the San Francisco Conference that
Signed 26 June 1945
began 25 April 1945, which involved most of the
world's sovereign nations.[5] Following two-thirds Location San Francisco, California, United
approval of each part, the final text was unanimously States
adopted by delegates and opened for signature on 26 Effective 24 October 1945
June 1945;[6][7] it was signed in San Francisco, United
Condition Ratification by China, France, the
States, by 50 of the 51 original member
Soviet Union, the United
countries.[6][Note 1]
Kingdom, the United States and
The Charter entered into force on 24 October 1945, by a majority of the other
following ratification by the five permanent members signatory states.
of the United Nations Security Council— Parties 193
China,[Note 2] France,[Note 3] the Soviet Union,[Note 4]
the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a Depositary International
majority of the other signatories; this is considered the Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
official starting date of the United Nations, with the Russian, and Spanish
first session of the General Assembly, representing all
Full text
51 initial members, opening in London the following
January. The General Assembly formally recognized Charter of the United Nations at Wikisource
24 October as United Nations Day in 1947, and
declared it an official international holiday in 1971. With 193
parties, most countries have now ratified the Charter.

Contents
Summary
History
Background
The United Nations Office at Geneva
Drafting and adoption
(Switzerland) is its second biggest centre
Provisions after the UN headquarters in New York
Preamble City.
Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
Article 1
Article 2
Chapter II: Membership
Chapter III: Organs
Chapter IV: The General Assembly
Chapter V: The Security Council
Chapter VI: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VII: Action with respect to Threats to the
Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of
Aggression
Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements
Chapter IX: International Economic and Social
Co-operation
Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council
Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-
Governing Territories
Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System
Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council
Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice
Chapter XV: The Secretariat
Functions of the Secretariat
Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions
Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements
Chapter XVIII: Amendments
Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature
See also
Footnotes
References
Books and articles
External links
Summary
The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles grouped into 19
chapters.[1]

The preamble consists of two principal parts. The first part

contains a general call for the maintenance of peace and
international security and respect for human rights. The second part
of the preamble is a declaration in a contractual style that the
governments of the peoples of the United Nations have agreed to
the Charter and it is the first international document regarding
human rights.
Insignia appeared in the frontispiece
Chapter I sets forth the purposes of the United Nations, of the charter, prototype of the
including the important provisions of the maintenance of current logo of the United Nations.
international peace and security.
Chapter II defines the criteria for membership in the
United Nations.
Chapters III–XV, the bulk of the document, describe the organs and institutions of the UN
and their respective powers.
Chapters XVI and Chapter XVII describe arrangements for integrating the UN with
established international law.
Chapters XVIII and Chapter XIX provide for amendment and ratification of the Charter.

The following chapters deal with the enforcement powers of UN bodies:

Chapter VI describes the Security Council's power to investigate and mediate disputes;
Chapter VII describes the Security Council's power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and
military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes;
Chapter VIII makes it possible for regional arrangements to maintain peace and security
within their own region;
Chapters IX and Chapter X describe the UN's powers for economic and social
cooperation, and the Economic and Social Council that oversees these powers;
Chapters XII and Chapter XIII describe the Trusteeship Council, which oversaw
decolonization;
Chapters XIV and Chapter XV establish the powers of, respectively, the International Court
of Justice and the United Nations Secretariat.
Chapters XVI through Chapter XIX deal respectively with XVI: miscellaneous provisions,
XVII: transitional security arrangements related to World War II, XVIII: the charter amendment
process, and XIX: ratification of the charter

History

Background

The principles and conceptual framework of the United Nations were formulated incrementally through a
series of conferences by the Allied nations during the Second World War. The Declaration of St James's
Palace, issued in London on 12 June 1941, was the first joint statement of the goals and principles of the
Allies, and the first to express a vision for a postwar world order.[8] The Declaration called for the "willing
cooperation of free peoples" so that "all may enjoy economic and social security".[9]

Roughly two months later, the United States and the United Kingdom issued a joint statement elaborating
these goals, known as the Atlantic Charter. It called for no territorial changes made against the wishes of
the people, the right to self-determination for all peoples, restoration of self-government to those deprived of
it, reduction of trade barriers, global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for the
world, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, and abandonment of the use of force, including
mutual disarmament after the war.[10] Many of these principles would inspire or form part of the UN
Charter.

The following year, on 1 January 1942, representatives of thirty nations formally at war with the Axis
powers—led by the "Big Four" powers of China, the Soviet Union, the U.K., and the U.S.—signed the
Declaration by United Nations, which formalized the anti-Axis alliance and reaffirmed the purposes and
principles of the Atlantic Charter.[11] The following day, representatives of twenty-two other nations added
their signatures. The term "United Nations" became synonymous with the Allies for the duration of the
war, and was considered the formal name under which they were fighting.[12] The Declaration by United
Nations formed the basis of the United Nations Charter;[13] virtually all nations that acceded to it would be
invited to take part in the 1945 San Francisco Conference to discuss and prepare the Charter.[14]

On 30 October 1943, the Declaration of the Four Nations, one of the four Moscow Declarations, was
signed by the foreign ministers of the Big Four, calling for the establishment of a "general international
organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states, and open to
membership by all such states, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and
security.”[15][Note 5] This was the first formal announcement that a new international organization was
being contemplated to replace the moribund League of Nations.

Pursuant to the Moscow Declarations, from 21 August 1944 to 7 October 1944, the U.S. hosted the
Dumbarton Oaks Conference to develop a blueprint for what would become the United Nations.[16] Many
of the rules, principles, and provisions of the UN Charter were discussed proposed during the conference,
including the structure of the UN system; the creation of a "Security Council" to prevent future war and
conflict; and the establishment of other "organs" of the organization, such as the General Assembly,
International Court of Justice, and Secretariat.[16] The conference was led by the Big Four, with delegates
from other nation participating in the consideration and formulation of these principles.[16] At the Paris
peace conference in 1919, it was Prime Minister Jan Smuts of South Africa and Lord Cecil of the United
Kingdom who came up with the structure of the League of Nations with the League being divided into a
League Assembly consisting of all the member states and a League Council consisting of the great
powers.[17] The same design that Smuts and Cecil had devised for the League of Nations was copied for
the United Nations with a Security Council made up of the great powers and a General Assembly of the
UN member states.[18]

The subsequent Yalta Conference in February 1945 between the U.S., U.K., and Soviet Union resolved the
lingering debate regarding the voting structure of the proposed Security Council, calling for a "Conference
of United Nations" in San Francisco on 25 April 1945 to "prepare the charter of such an organization,
along the lines proposed in the formal conversations of Dumbarton Oaks.”[19]

Drafting and adoption

The San Francisco Conference, formally the United Nations Conference on International Organization
(UNCIO), began as scheduled on 25 April 1945 with the goal of drafting a charter that would create a new
international organization. The Big Four, which sponsored the event, invited all forty-six signatories to the
Declaration by United Nations.[20][Note 6] Conference delegates invited four more nations: Belorussian
Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, recently liberated Denmark and
Argentina.[21]

The conference was perhaps the largest international gathering up to that point, with 850 delegates, along
with advisers and organizers, for a total of 3,500 participants.[21] An additional 2,500 representatives from
media and various civil society groups were also in attendance. Plenary meetings involving all delegates
were chaired on a rotational basis by the lead delegates of the Big Four. Several committees were formed to
facilitate and address different aspects of the drafting process, with over 400 meetings convened in the
subsequent weeks.[21] Following multiple reviews, debates, and revisions, a final full meeting was held on
25 June 1945 with the final proposed draft posed to attendees. Following unanimous approval, the Charter
was signed by delegates the following day in Veterans' Memorial Hall.

Provisions

Preamble

The Preamble to the treaty reads as follows:[22][23]

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED

NATIONS DETERMINED

to save succeeding generations from the

scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime
has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,
in the dignity and worth of the human person,
in the equal rights of men and women and of
nations large and small, and
to establish conditions under which justice
and respect for the obligations arising from
treaties and other sources of international law
World War II poster from the United
can be maintained, and
States on the UNITED NATIONS –
to promote social progress and better PREAMBLE TO THE CHARTER OF
standards of life in larger freedom, THE UNITED NATIONS

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in

peace with one another as good neighbours,
and
to unite our strength to maintain international
peace and security, and
to ensure, by the acceptance of principles
and the institution of methods, that armed
force shall not be used, save in the common
interest, and
to employ international machinery for the
promotion of the economic and social
advancement of all peoples,
 HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR
EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through

representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco,
who have exhibited their full powers found to be in
good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter
of the United Nations and do hereby establish an
international organization to be known as the United
Nations.

Although the Preamble is an integral part of the Charter, it does not

set out any of the rights or obligations of member states; its purpose
is to serve as an interpretative guide for the provisions of the
Charter through the highlighting of some of the core motives of the
founders of the organization.[24]

Chapter I: Purposes and Principles

Article 1

The Purposes of the United Nations are[1]

1. To maintain international peace and security, to take

effective collective measures for the prevention and
removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression "WE THE PEOPLES OF THE
of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and UNITED NATIONS"
to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with
the principles of justice and international law, adjustment
or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the
peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights
and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen
universal peace;
3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for
human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion; and
4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common
ends.

Article 2

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance
with the following Principles:[1]

1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
2. All Members, in order to ensure, to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from
membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with
the present Charter.
 3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner
that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against
the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in
accordance with the present Charter and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state
against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act
in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of
international peace and security.
7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in
matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the
Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle
shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the United
Nations Charter.[1]

Chapter II: Membership

Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization

Chapter III: Organs

1. There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a
Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International
Court of Justice, and a Secretariat.
2. Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with
the present Charter.

Chapter IV: The General Assembly

Chapter V: The Security Council

COMPOSITION

Article 23

1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The
Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America
shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly
shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent
members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first
instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance
of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization,
and also to equitable geographical distribution.
2. The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term
of two years. In the first election of the non-permanent members after the
 increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of
the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring
member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.
3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative.

FUNCTIONS and POWERS

Article 24

1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members
confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security and agree that in carrying out its duties under
this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.
2. In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the
Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to
the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters
VI, VII, VIII, and XII.
3. The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports
to the General Assembly for its consideration.

Article 25

The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security
Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 26

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with
the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security
Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff
Committee referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the United
Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.

VOTING

Article 27

1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.

2. Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an
affirmative vote of nine members.
3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an
affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent
members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of
Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.

PROCEDURE

Article 28

1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function

continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be
represented at all times at the seat of the Organization.
2. The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members
may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some
 other specially designated representative.
3. The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the
Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work.

Article 29

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the
performance of its functions.

Article 30

The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting
its president.

Article 31

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may
participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council
whenever the latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected.

Article 32

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council or any
state which is not a Member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under
consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the
discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall lay down such conditions as it
deems just for the participation of a state which is not a Member of the United Nations.

Chapter VI: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

Chapter VII: Action with respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the
Peace, and Acts of Aggression

Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements

Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation

Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council

Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories

Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System

Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council

Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice

Chapter XV: The Secretariat

It comprises the Secretary-General and such other staff as the organization may require.
It provides services to the other organs of the United Nations, such as the General
Assembly, the S.C., the ECOSOC, and the trusteeship council, as well as their subsidiary
bodies.
The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of
security council.
The staff of the secretariat is appointed by the Secretary-General according to the
regulations laid down by the General Assembly.
The secretariat is located at the headquarters of the U.N in New York.
The secretariat also includes the regional commission secretariat at Baghdad, Bangkok,
Geneva and Santiago.

Functions of the Secretariat

1. preparation of report and other documents containing information, analysis, historical

background research finding, policy suggestions and so forth, to facilitate deliberations and
decision making by other organs.
2. to facilitate legislative organs and their subsidiary bodies.
3. provision of meeting services for the General Assembly and other organs
4. provision of editorial, translation and document reproduction services for the issuance of UN
documents in different language.
5. conduct of studies and provision of information to various member states in meeting
challenge in various fields
6. preparation of statistical publication, information bulletin and analytical work which the
General Assembly has decided
7. organization of conferences experts group meetings and seminar on topics of concern to the
international community
8. provision of technical assistance to develop countries.
9. understanding of service mission to countries, areas or location as authorized by the
General Assembly or the security

Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions

Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements

Chapter XVIII: Amendments

The General Assembly has the power to amend the UN Charter. Amendments adopted by a vote of two-
thirds of the members of the Assembly need to ratified by two-thirds of the Member-States, including all the
Permanent Members of the Security Council.

Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature

Provided that the Charter would enter into force once ratified by the Permanent Five members of the United
Nations Security Council and a majority of the other signatory states, and set forth related procedures, such
as providing certified copies to ratifying governments.

See also
Command responsibility
History of United Nations peacekeeping
Nuremberg Principles
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Footnotes
1. Poland's provisional government, which was not represented at the conference, signed it
two months later.
2. Republic of China, after 1949 located in Taiwan; replaced on 25 October 1971 by the
People's Republic of China
3. Provisional Government; later replaced by the Fourth Republic and then the Fifth Republic.
4. Replaced by the Russian Federation in 1991.
5. Some sources, such as the United Nations (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-na
tions-charter/1943-moscow-and-teheran-conferences/index.html), refer to Declaration of the
Four Nations as the "Moscow Declaration"
6. Poland, despite having signed the Declaration by United Nations, did not attend the
conference because there was no consensus on the formation of the postwar Polish
government. Therefore, a space was left blank for the Polish signature. The new Polish
government was formed after the conference (28 June) and signed the United Nations
Charter on 15 October, making Poland one of the founding countries of the United Nations.

References
1. "Introductory Note" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082013/http://www.un.org/aboutu
n/charter/). United Nations Organization. Archived from the original (https://www.un.org/abou
tun/charter/) on 9 May 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
2. Christopher N. J. Roberts (June 2017). "William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights
(1949)" (http://www.geschichte-menschenrechte.de/schluesseltexte/william-h-fitzpatricks-edi
torials-on-human-rights-1949/). Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte [Sources on
the History of Human Rights]. Human Rights Working Group in the 20th Century. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20171107020422/http://www.geschichte-menschenrechte.de/schl
uesseltexte/william-h-fitzpatricks-editorials-on-human-rights-1949/) from the original on 7
November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
3. "Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions" (https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1
6.shtml). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130201193409/http://www.un.org/en/docu
ments/charter/chapter16.shtml) from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 29 June
2017.
4. "1944–1945: Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nati
ons-charter/1944-1945-dumbarton-oaks-and-yalta/index.html). United Nations Organization.
26 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
 5. "1945: The San Francisco Conference" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nation
s-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html). United Nations Organization. 26
August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
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s-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/). United Nations Organization. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 20 October 2019.
7. "United Nations Conference on International Organization Proceedings" (https://www.hoove
r.org/library-archives/collections/united-nations-conference-international-organization-proce
edings-1945). Hoover Institution. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
8. "1941: The Declaration of St. James' Palace" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-
nations-charter/1941-declaration-st-james-palace/index.html). www.un.org. 25 August 2015.
Retrieved 17 September 2020.
9. "St. James Agreement; June 12, 1941". Avalon Project. Yale Law School. 2008.
10. "UN Yearbook" (https://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1946-
47&bookpage=2). www.unmultimedia.org. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
11. "1942: Declaration of The United Nations" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nat
ions-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 17 September 2020.
12. The name "United Nations" for the World War II allies was suggested by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt of the United States as an alternative to the name "Associated Powers". British
Prime MinisterWinston Churchill accepted it, noting that the phrase was used by Lord Byron
in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Stanza 35).
13. Townsend Hoopes; Douglas Brinkley (1997). FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven,
Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06930-3.
14. "1945: The San Francisco Conference" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nation
s-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 18 September 2020.
15. "1943: Moscow and Teheran Conferences" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-na
tions-charter/1943-moscow-and-teheran-conferences/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August
2015. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
16. "1944-1945: Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nati
ons-charter/1944-1945-dumbarton-oaks-and-yalta/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 18 September 2020.
17. Macmillan 2001, p. 90-92.
18. Macmillan 2001, p. 84.
19. "1944-1945: Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nati
ons-charter/1944-1945-dumbarton-oaks-and-yalta/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 18 September 2020.
20. "1945: The San Francisco Conference" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nation
s-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 18 September 2020.
21. "1945: The San Francisco Conference" (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nation
s-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html). www.un.org. 26 August 2015.
Retrieved 18 September 2020.
22. "Charter of the United Nations and Statue of the International Court of Justice" (https://treatie
s.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0180225202219/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
23. "Preamble" (http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/preamble/index.html). United Nations.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024249/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-ch
arter/preamble/index.html) from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February
2018.
24. Report of the Rapporteur of Commission I/1 UNICO VI, pp 446–7, Doc. 944 I/1/34(1).

Books and articles

Buhite, Russell (1986). Decisions at Yalta: An Appraisal of Summit Diplomacy. Lanham:
Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0842022686.
Macmillan, Margaret (2001). Paris 1919 Six Months That Changed the World. New York:
Random House. ISBN 9780307432964.

External links
Full Text In the UN Website (https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter)
Scanned copy of the signed charter (http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf)
Original ratifications (http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no
=I-1&chapter=1&lang=en).
Ratifications/admissions under Article IV (http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=
TREATY&mtdsg_no=I-2&chapter=1&lang=en).
Alger Hiss recounts transporting the UN Charter after its signing. (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20080525175652/http://www.peacekey.com/1-1-a/UN_Web/1_UN_Book/The_Fearful_Ma
ster_09.htm)
Procedural history note and audiovisual material (http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cun/cun.html) on
the Charter of the United Nations in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual
Library of International Law (http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html)
Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and
Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (http://ww
w.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,499d17822,459d17a82,3dda1f104,0.html)
Lecture by Annebeth Rosenboom (http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Rosenboom_LT.html) entitled
Practical Aspects of Treaty Law: Treaty Registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of
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