Statprob 11 q3 Mod4 Estimation of Parameters

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Statprob 11-q3-mod4-estimation-of-parameters-
Statistics (University of Mindanao)
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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4
Estimation of
Parameters
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Statistics & Probability – Grade

11 Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Estimation of Parameters
First Edition, 2020
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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1
Estimation of
Parameters
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Copyright Page ii
Title Page iii
Table of Contents iv
Module Overview 1
Lesson 1. Illustrating t-Distribution
What I Know 2
What’s In 2
What’s New 3
What Is It? 5
What’s More 6
What I Have Learned 6
What I can Do 6
Assessment 7
Lesson 2. Identifying Percentile Using t-distribution
What I Know 8
What’s In 8
What’s New 8
What Is It? 9
What’s More 10
What I can Do 10
Assessment 10
Lesson 3. Length of Confidence Interval
What I Know 11
What’s In 12

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What’s New 12
What Is It? 13
What’s More 15
What I can Do 15
Post Assessment 16
Lesson 4. Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval
What I Know 17
What’s In 17
What’s New 17
What Is It? 19
What’s More 20
What I can Do 20
Post Assessment 21
Appendix 22
Key Answers 24
References 27
Module Writer’s Profile 28

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MODULE OVERVIEW
Hello learners! I hope you are doing great every day. You are now about to learn
another interesting thing in Statistics. This module was created as simple as possible. Topics
are divided according to the competency required in the curriculum guide. You might need a
calculator or computer during calculations. I ask you to be patient with the calculations and in
learning new concepts.
This module is constructed following the Most Essential Learning Competencies

given by the Department of Education. Hence, the activities are focused on developing your
21st Century Skills. It has three lessons:
Lesson 1: Illustrating t - Distribution;
Lesson 2: Identifying Percentiles Using t-Distribution;
Lesson 3: Length of Confidence Interval: and.
Lesson 4: Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval.
What I Need to know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate the characteristics of t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2);
2. Identifying percentiles using t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-4);
3. Identify the length of a confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1); and
4. Computes for the appropriate sample size using the length of the confidence
interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-3);
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:
 Read and follow instructions carefully;
 Take your time reading the lessons carefully;
 Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently; and
 Answer all the given test and exercises.
IMPORTANT REMINDER:
DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS MODULE. USE A SEPARATE
NOTEBOOK WHERE YOU CAN WRITE YOUR ANSWERS FOR THE
ACTIVITEIES OF THIS MODULE.
The Author

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Lesson 1 Illustrating t-Distribution

Quarter: Third Week: 9
No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2
What I Know
Pretest
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your answer.
Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answers.
1. t - distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate parameters EXCEPT

when :
a. the population standard deviation is known
b. the sample size is small
c. the population variance is unknown
d. the sample size is small and population variance is unknown
2. t - distribution is also known as :

a. Teacher’s t - distribution c. Student’s t - distribution
b. z - distribution d. Teacher’s z - distribution
3. Given a set of data, which of the following refers to the independent observations?
a. Variance c. Standard error
b. Degrees of freedom d. Standard deviation
For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table found in the appendix.
4. Which of the following is the value of t0.05 with a sample size of 10?
a. 1.812 b. 1.900 c. 1.860 d. 1.833
5. Which of the following is the value of t0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom? a.

2.764 b. 2.681 c. 2.821 d. 2.718
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned that when we study the sampling distribution of
the sample mean using Central Limit Theorem, this involves taking sample sizes from a
certain population with replacement. With this, sampling distribution will closely resemble to
that of a normal distribution.

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What’s New
t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability
distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in case the
sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation is unknown. It is
like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric about the x- axis but flatter and
more spread.
https://www.google.com/search?q=t+distribution+and+z+distribution+curve&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjT8M6s0bPuAhXFUt4KHduHDNEQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=JJE35Wl3Zc0ezM
Take note that z-test is only used when the population standard deviation or variance
is known and/or the sample size is large enough. But for sample sizes which are small,
sometimes the population standard deviation or variance is unknown, rely on the t-
distribution whose value can be known using:
(x̅ − μ)
t= s
√n
where x̅ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, s is the sample standard
deviation and n is the sample size. This statistic has a student t-distribution as
summarized by the theorem below.
Theorem
If x̅ and s2 are the mean and variance, respectively of a random sample of size n taken
(x̅ −μ)
from a population that is normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ2, then t = ,
is a value of sa random variable having the distribution t - distribution
√n
with degrees of freedom df = n − 1.
In addition, there are a lot of families of t-distributions. Their particular forms are
determined by their degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom refers to the number of
independent observations in a given set of data. The number of independent observations is
computed by subtracting one from the sample size or in symbols df = n − 1 where df is the
degrees of freedom and n is the sample size. Hence, given a sample size of 9 will have 8
degrees of freedom and if given 14 degrees of freedom will lead to a sample size of 15.
However, for some or other applications, degrees of freedom can be calculated in a different
way.
Moreover, some properties of t-distribution are the following: the mean distribution is
equal to 0 and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. The t-

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distribution is the same as the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees of
freedom.
With any statistic that has a bell - shaped distribution which is approximately normal,
the t-distribution can be used. This means that the population distribution must be normal,
symmetric, unimodal and no outliers. Also, the t-distribution can still be utilized for
moderately skewed population distribution given that it is unimodal, without outliers and size
is at least 40. Lastly, the t-distribution can be applied for a size greater than 40 and without
outliers.
The t- distribution Table
https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jpg
In order to get the t - value, a t-distribution table is shown above, which consists of
degrees of freedom (df) which are the numbers at the leftmost column, “α” at

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the topmost row and the t-values which are located at the right of the degrees of freedom
and below “α”.
Identifying the t-value
To denote the t-value, it is conveniently written as t(α ,df). So, if you are asked on the t-
value denoted by t(0.05 ,8) this means the t-value corresponding to α = 0.05 and df = 8. To
look for this value in the t-table, first locate the α = 0.05 on the top row and df on the
leftmost column. The intersection of α = 0.05 and df= 8 is 1.860. which is your t - value (see
illustration below).
df α 0.1 0.05
6.314
1 3.078
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
8 1.397 1.860
What is it
Consider the following examples. Using the given data, we will determine what is asked.
1. n= 14 α = 0.1 t(α ,df)=
2. df= 10 α = 0.025 t(α ,df)=
3. t(α ,df)= 2.052 α=0.025 n=
4. Find the t-value when μ = 42, x̅ = 44, s = 5 and n = 25.
Solution
1. n = 14 α = 0.1 t(α ,df) = 1.350
If n = 14, so df = n − 1 = 14 − 1 = 13
df α 0.1
1 3.078
2 1.886
⋮ ⋮
13 1.350

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2. df= 10 α = 0.025 t(α ,df) = 2.228
df α 0.1 0.05 0.025
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
10 1.372 1.812 2.228
3. t(α ,df) = 2.052 α = 0.025 n = 28
df α 0.1 0.05 0.025
1 3.078 6.314
2 1.886 2.920
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
27 1.372 1.812 2.025

Since: df = 27
df = n – 1
27 = n – 1
27 + 1 = n (Addition Property of Equality)
n = 28

(x̅ −μ) (44−42) 2 2(5)
t= s = 5 = 5 = = 2
√n 5
√25 5
What’s More
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.
1. n = 20 α = 0.005 t(α ,df) = ?

2. df = 28 α = 0.01 t(α ,df) = ?
3. Find the t-value when μ = 18.5, x̅ = 19, s = 2.5 and n = 16.

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What I Have Learned
SUMMARY
> t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability

distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in case the
sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation is unknown. It
is like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric about the x- axis but
flatter and more spread.
> If x̅ and s2 are the mean and variance, respectively of a random sample of size
n taken from a population that is normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ2, then t
(x̅ −μ)
= , is as value of a random variable having the distribution t -
√n
distribution with degrees of freedom df = n − 1. (Theorem)
> Degrees of freedom refers to the number of independent observations in a given set
of data. The number of independent observations is computed by subtracting one from
the sample size or in symbols df = n − 1 where df is the degrees of freedom and n is the
sample size
> Some properties of t-distribution are the following: the mean distribution is equal to 0
and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. The t-distribution is the same as
the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees of freedom.
What I Can Do
1. n = 25 α = 0.01 t(α ,df) =

2. df = 4 α = 0.025 t(α ,df) =
3. t(α ,df) = 2.763 α = 0.005 df =
4. t(α ,df) = 2.5 α = 0.01 n=

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Assessment
Direction: Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of
your answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
1. t - distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate parameters EXCEPT

when :
b. the population standard deviation is known
c. the sample size is small
d. the population variance is unknown
e. the sample size is small and population variance is unknown
2. t - distribution is also known as :

a. Teacher’s t - distribution c. Student’s t - distribution
b. z - distribution d. Teacher’s z - distribution
3. Given a set of data, which of the following refers to the independent observations?
c. Variance c. Standard error
d. Degrees of freedom d. Standard deviation
For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table found in the appendix.
4. Which of the following is the value of t0.05 with a sample size of 10? a.
1.812 b. 1.900 c. 1.860 d. 1.833
5. Which of the following is the value of t0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom? a.

2.764 b. 2.681 c. 2.821 d. 2.718

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Identifying Percentiles Using

Lesson 2
t-Distribution
What I Know
your answers.
1. What is the 90th percentile in a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom? a.

1.363 b. 1.796 c. 1.782 d. 1.356
2. What is the 97.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 15? a.

2.160 b. 2.145 c. 2.131 d. 2.120
3. What is the 99.5th percentile in a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom? a.

3.250 b. 3.169 c. 2.821 d. 2.764
4. What is the 5th percentile in a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom? a. -

1.372 b. -1.363 c. -1.812 d. -1.796
5. What is the 2.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 7?

a. -2.776 b. b. 2.447 c. -2.447 d. -2.776
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned about t - distribution and its properties that
guided you when it can be used. Also, you learned that as the sample size increases, the t-
distribution tends to approach normality or z - distribution.
What’s New
Percentile is one of the measurements in Statistics which tells the value below in
which an observations’ percentage in a set of observations falls. For example, you score 70 in
an exam and it was mentioned that you belong in the 85 th percentile, it means that 85% of the
scores are below you and 15% of the scores are above you.
In addition, in finding the percentile for a t - distribution, the t - table can be utilized
as it is a number on a statistical distribution whose less than the probability is

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the given percentage. So, if you are asked on the 80th percentile of the t-distribution with
respect to its degrees of freedom, that refers to the value whose left tail is less than
probability is 80% or 0.8 and whose right tail or greater than probability is 20% or 0.2.
What is it
Consider the following examples. Using the given data, determine what is asked.
1. n = 14 Percentile = 95th t(α,df) =

2. df = 10 Percentile = 90th t(α,df) =
Solution
1. n = 14 Percentile = 95th t(α,df) = 1.771
To find the value of 95 percentile, identify first the degrees of freedom.
th
df = n − 1 = 14 − 1 = 13
To solve for 95 percentile, we need to understand first its implication which is to get
th
the t-value that is less than the probability 0.95 and the right tail probability that is 0.05.
Based on the table below, the 95th percentile is 1.771.
df α 0.05
1 6.314
2 2.920
⋮ ⋮
13 1.771
2. df = 10 Percentile = 90th t(α,df) = 1.372

Since the degrees of freedom is given already, we can now identify the 90th percentile which
is 1.372.
df α 0.1
3.078
1
2 1.886
⋮ ⋮
10 1.372
10

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What’s more
1. n = 15 Percentile = 99.5th t(α,df) =

2. df = 25 Percentile = 97.5th t(α,df) =
3. n = 20 Percentile = 99.5th t(α,df) =
What I Have Learned
SUMMAR
Y
> Percentile is one of the measurements in Statistics which tells the value below in
What I Can
which an observations’ Do in a set of observations falls.
percentage
> In Determine
finding thewhat is asked
percentile forbased
a t -ondistribution,
the given data
the below.
t - table can be utilized as it is a
number on a statistical distribution whose less than the probability is the given
3. n = 20 Percentile = 90 th
t(α,df) =
5. n = 5 Percentile = 95 th t(α,df) =
11

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Assessment
your answers.
1. What is the 90th percentile in a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom? a.

1.356 b. 1.796 c. 1.782 d. 1.363
2. What is the 97.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 15? a.

2.131 b. 2.160 c. 2.145 d. 2.120
3. What is the 99.5th percentile in a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom? a.

2.764 b. 3.250 c. 3.169 d. 2.821
4. What is the 5th percentile in a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom? a. -

1.363 b. -1.796 c. -1.372 d. -1.812
5. What is the 2.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 7?

a. 2.447 b. -2.776 c. -2.776 d. -2.447
12

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Lesson 3 Length of Confidence Interval

What I Know
Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of
1. What is the range used to estimate the population parameter with an

attached confidence coefficient?
a. Point Estimate c. Margin of Error
b. Confidence Interval d. Statistical Inference
2. Compute the 65% interval estimate of μ given σ = 6.4, n=40, and x̅ = 42.
a. 40.31 < µ < 42.89 c. 40.27 < µ < 43.93
b. 39.92 < µ < 43.98 d. 41.06 < µ < 42.94
3. Compute the 98% interval estimate of μ given s = 3, n=15 and x̅ =18 a.

15.57 < µ < 20.53 c. 15.97 < µ < 20.03
b. 14.97 < µ < 21.03 d. 14.97 < µ < 21.03
4. Compute the 95% interval estimate of μ given s = 9, n=10 and x̅ =115.

a. 108.56 < µ < 121.44 c. 108.54 < µ < 121.46
b. 109.56 < µ < 120.44 d. 109.54 < µ < 120.46
5. A sample of 50 Asian women showed a mean height of 60 inches. If it is known

that the standard deviation of heights of Asian women is 2.5 inches, construct
70% confidence interval estimate for the height of all Asian women.
a. 59.64 < µ < 60.36 c. 59.52 < µ < 60.48
b. 58.64 < µ < 61.36 d. 58.52 < µ < 61.48
6. Based on question number 5, how long is the interval? a.

1.72 c. 0.96
b. 0.72 d. 2.96
13

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What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned that t-distribution can be used in determining
percentile of a certain data. It tells you the value at which a certain percentage your data is
included. However, it has also disadvantages as it may confuse individuals on how it is
different from percentage of the real score and as it indicates ranking among group of data.
What’s New
Inferential statistics may be divided into two major areas namely, estimation and
hypotheses testing. The concern of estimation is estimating the unknown population
characteristics like the mean or proportion. In estimation, no value of the parameter is
assumed before the sample. Estimating consists of either giving a certain value or giving an
interval.
There are two types of estimates: point estimate and interval estimate. A point
estimate is a numerical value computed from the data from a sample. While interval estimate
is an interval that we are willing to say with some degree of certainty, contains the parameter
being estimated. This degree of uncertainty is called level of confidence or confidence
coefficient, denoted by 1 − α. It can be both one-sided and two-sided interval estimates.
A statement of confidence can be attached to each interval estimate. Thus, we can

refer to interval estimate as confidence interval and to their bounds as confidence limits. A
practical interpretation of a 95% confidence interval for a parameter, say population, means
that we are 95% confident that the interval computed from a random sample of size n from a
normal population contains the population mean μ.
When an interval estimate has an attached confidence coefficient, it will be called

confidence interval. Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper limit used
to estimate population parameter. The lower and the upper limit of the interval is within the
certain level of confidence.
To get the confidence interval, we use either of the following:

• x̅ ± Zα⁄ σ ) or x̅ − Zα σ ) < μ < x̅ + Zα ( σ ) for estimating population mean
2 ⁄2 n ⁄2
( (
√ n √ √n
when variance is known or sample size is greater than 30; or
• x̅ ± (t α s s s
x ( )) or x̅ − (t α x( )) < μ < x̅ + (t x( )) for estimating
α
( ,n−1) ( ,n−1) √n ( ,n−1) √n
2 2 2
√n
population mean when variance is unknown and sample size is less than 30 where;
x̅ = sample mean
σ = population standard deviation n
= sample size
σ
Zα⁄ ( ) ort α x
s
( ) = margin of error - refers to the maximum allowable
2 √n ( ,n−1) √n
2
difference between the sample and true value
14
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Identifying and Computing Length of Confidence Interval
Example 1: Confidence level = 95% σ= 9 n = 20 x̅ = 56

Solution:
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα⁄ ( ) < μ < x̅ + Zα⁄ ( )
2 √n 2 √n
9 9
= 56 – (Z0.05 ( )) < μ < 56 + (Z0.05 ( ))
⁄2 √20 ⁄2 √20
9 9
= 56 – ( )) < μ < 56 + (1.96 ( ))
1.9 √20 √20
= 56 – 3.94< μ <56 + 3.94
= 52.06< μ < 59.94 or [52.06,59.94]
Therefore, confidence interval is from 52.06 to 59.94 with a width of 7.88.
Interpretation: We are 95% confident that the interval from 52.06 to 59.94 from a
random sample of size 20 from a normal population contains the population mean μ.
Example 2: Confidence level = 95% s=3 n = 15 x̅ = 25

Solution: s s
= x̅ − (t α x( α
( ,n−1)
)) < μ < x̅ + (t( ,n−1)
x ( ))
2 √n 2 √n
3 3
= 30 − (t 0.05 x( )) < μ < 30 + (t x( ))
0.05
( ,25−1) √25 ( ,25−1) √25
2 2
= 30 − (t 3
x
3 ( )) < μ < 30 + (t x( ))
(0.025,24) √2 (0.025,24) √25
5
3 3
30 − 2.064 x ( ) < μ < 30 + 2.064 x (
= ( √25 ) ( √25 )
( ) (
= 30 − 1.24 < μ < 30 + 1.24 )
= 28.76 < μ < 31.24

Interpretation: We are 95% confident that the interval from 28.76 to 31.24 from a random
sample of size 15 from a normal population contains the population mean μ.
What is it
Consider the following examples. We identify the confidence interval estimate and
compute its width based on the given data below.
1. Confidence level = 90% σ = 12.5 n = 64 x̅ = 42

2. Confidence level = 98% s = 15 n = 10 x̅ = 21
3. Confidence level = 95% σ = 10 n = 40 x̅ = 23.5
4. Confidence level = 99% s=3 n = 15 x̅ = 28

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15

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Solution
1. Confidence level = 90% σ = 12.5
n = 64 x̅ = 42
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα ( ) < μ < x̅ + Zα ( )
⁄2 √n ⁄2 √n
12.5 12.5
= 42 − Z0.1 ( ) < μ < 42 + Z0.1⁄ ( )
⁄2 √64 2 √64
12.5 12.5
= 42 − Z0.1 ( ) < μ < 42 + Z0.1⁄ ( )
⁄2 √64 2 √64
12.5 12.5
= 42 − 1.645 ) < μ < 42 + 1.645 (
( )
8 8
= 42 − 2.57 < μ < 42 + 2.57
= 39.43 < μ < 44.57
Therefore, confidence interval is from 39.43 to 44.57 with a width of
5.14.
2. Confidence level = 98% s = 15
n = 10 x̅ = 21
s s
= x̅ − (t α x ( )) < μ < x̅ + (t α x ( ))
( ,n−1) √n ( ,n−1) √n
2 2
15 15
= 21 − (t 0.02 x( )) < μ < 21 + (t 0.02 x( ))
( ,10−1) √10 ( ,10−1) √10
2 2
15 15
= 21 − (t(0.01,9)x ( )) < μ < 21 + (t(0.01,9)x ( ))
√10 √10
15 15
= 21 − (2.821x ( )) < μ < 21 + (2.821x ( ))
√10 √10
= 21 − 13.38 < μ < 21 + 13.38
= 7.62 < μ < 34.38
26.76.
3. Confidence level = 95% σ = 10
N = 40 x̅ = 23.5
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα ( ) < μ < x̅ + Zα ( )
⁄2 √n ⁄2 √n
10 10
= 23.5 − Z0.05 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + Z0.05 ( )
⁄2 √40 ⁄2 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
= 23.5 − 3.1 < μ < 23.5 + 3.1
= 20.4 < μ < 26.6
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4. Confidence level = 99% s=3

n = 15 x̅ = 28
s s
= x̅ − (t α x ( )) < μ < x̅ + (t α x ( ))
( ,n−1) √n ( ,n−1) √n
2 2
3 3
= 28 − (t 0.01 x( )) < μ < 28 + (t 0.01 x( ))
( ,15−1) √15 ( ,15−1) √15
2 3 2 3
= 28 − (t x( )) < μ < 28 + (t x( ))
(0.005,14) (0.005,14)
√15 √15
3 3
= 28 − (2.977x ( )) < μ < 28 + (2.977x ( ))
√15 √15
= 28 − (2.31) < μ < 28 + (2.31)
= 25.69 < μ < 30.31
4.62.
What’s More
Identify the confidence interval estimate and compute its width based on the given
data below.
1. Confidence level = 97% σ = 16.2 n = 42 x̅ = 45

2. Confidence level = 90% s = 12.5 n = 13 x̅ = 88
3. Confidence level = 98% σ=8 n = 140 x̅ = 70.2
4. Confidence level = 95% s = 4.1 n = 22 x̅ = 23.5
What I Have Learned
SUMMAR
Y
17
> Inferential statistics may be divided into two major areas namely, estimation and
hypotheses testing.
> Point estimate is a numerical value computed from the data from a sample.
> Interval estimate is an interval that we are willing to say with some degree of
certainty, contains the parameter being estimated.
> The degree of uncertainty is called level of confidence or confidence coefficient,

denoted by 1 − α.
> Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper limit used to estimate
population parameter.
> Margin of error refers to the maximum allowable difference between the sample and

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
What I Can Do
1. A study was conducted to determine the average salary of a teacher. With this, 81
teachers were invited as samples. It was known that the mean salary of these
sample teachers is P24,000 with a standard deviation P1,000. Construct a 90%
confidence interval estimate for the average salary of all teachers.
2. The average hour spent in using the computer by 20 senior high school students
during online class is 7 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Construct a
98% confidence interval of the average hour spent by all senior high school
students. Identify the width of the interval.
3. Interview 10 Grade 11 senior high school students in your community on their
weekly allowance. Use the information gathered to estimate the weekly allowance
of all Grade 11 senior high school students.
Assessment
Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of
1. What is the range used to estimate the population parameter with an

attached confidence coefficient?
a. Point Estimate c. Margin of Error
b. Confidence Interval d. Statistical Inference
2. Compute the 65% interval estimate of μ given σ = 6.4, n=40, and x̅ = 42.
a. 41.06 < µ < 42.94 c. 39.92 < µ < 43.98
b. 40.31 < µ < 42.89 d. 40.27 < µ < 43.93
3. Compute the 98% interval estimate of μ given s = 3, n=15 and x̅ =18 a.
14.97 < µ < 21.03 c. 14.97 < µ < 21.03
b. 15.57 < µ < 20.53 d. 15.97 < µ < 20.03
4. Compute the 95% interval estimate of μ given s = 9, n=10 and x̅ =115.
a. 109.56 < µ < 120.44 c. 108.56 < µ < 121.44
b. 109.54 < µ < 120.46 d. 108.54 < µ < 121.46
5. A sample of 50 Asian women showed a mean height of 60 inches. If it is known
that the standard deviation of heights of Asian women is 2.5 inches, construct
70% confidence interval estimate for the height of all Asian women
a. 59.64 < µ < 60.36 c. 59.52 < µ < 60.48
b. 58.64 < µ < 61.36 d. 58.52 < µ < 61.48
6. Based on question number 5, how long is the interval? a.
1.72 c. 0.96
b. 0.72 d. 2.96
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Lesson 4 Appropriate Sample Size Using

Length of the Interval
What I Know
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size of
each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Which of the following is the appropriate sample size given a standard deviation of 6.4,
confidence interval of µ 98% and a margin of error or maximum allowable deviation of 2.35?
a. 39 b. 40 c. 41 d. 42
2. Given: Margin of error (d) = 2.19, Confidence interval (CI) of population mean =
90%, and population standard deviation (σ) = 5 solve for the appropriate sample size.
a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 18
3. Given: d = 3.92 CI = 94% σ=7 n=?

a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 27
4. Given: d = 2.4 CI = 98% σ = 6.4 n=?

a. 29 b. 30 c. 31 d. 32
5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a standard deviation of
P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as samples if we wanted to be 95%
confident that the sample mean of e-books is within P20 of the true population?
a. 59 b. 60 c. 61 d. 62
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What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned to identify and compute the length of confidence
interval and on how it is different from the other estimations.
What’s New
In estimating, especially on confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error or
maximum allowable deviation, population variance and sample size are essential to get a
more scientific hypothesis (educated guess) of the true value of the population mean.
In estimating, the sample size needs to be considered in order to make it more valid
and reliable. Especially on research, the number of respondents must be considered. The
number of members or element of a population must be taken into consideration aside from it
being manageable. The selected samples, either through probability or non-probability
sampling, must be reduced to its minimum, to go through the study. With this, the
researcher/s will be able to make a feasible conclusion about the parameter of a certain
population being studied.
In order to solve for the least number of sample size given a certain confidence
interval, this formula can be used:
2
n = (Zα x σ)
2 d
where: σ = population standard deviation

d = maximum allowable deviation or margin of error
Computing the Appropriate Sample Size
Example 1: Given: d = 2 CI = 85% σ = 10 n=?

Solution:
σ 2 10 2 2
n = (Zα ) = (Z0.15 x ( )) = (7.2)2 = 51.84 ≈ 52 samples
= (1.44x(5))
2
⁄x (d ⁄2 2
Therefore, you need 52 samples in order to achieve an 85% confidence
level.
(Note: If the computed sample size has a decimal part, it must be rounded off to the next
higher integer as samples need to be whole number.
20

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
Example 2: (Solving problems involving sample size determination)
A bookstore confirms that the durability of their textbooks follows a normal

distribution with a standard deviation of 5 years. How many textbooks must be selected as
samples if you wanted to estimate with 99% confidence that the sample mean is within 2
years of the true population mean?
Solution:
Given: σ = 5 CI = 99% d=2
σ 2 5 2 2
n = (Zα ) = (Z0.01 x ( )) = (2.575x(2.5)) = = 41.47 ≈ 42
2
⁄ x (d ⁄2 2
(6.44)2
Therefore, you need to select 42 textbooks as samples from the

bookstore to be 99% confident that the sample mean is within 2 years of the
true population mean.
What Is It
Consider the following examples. We will identify the number of samples needed in
each problem.
1. Given: d = 12 CI = 93% σ = 55 n=?

2. Given: d = 15 CI = 99.5% σ = 70 n=?
3. It was reported that students who do online business during this pandemic crisis
earn money with a standard deviation of P1,500. If you wanted to estimate with
96% confidence the mean income of students within P450 of the true population
mean, how many students should you select?
Solution
1. Given: d = 12 CI = 93% σ = 55 n=?

σ 2
n = (Zα x ))
⁄ (
d 2
55 2
= (Z0.07 x ( )
⁄2 12
)
= (8.3)2
= 68.89 ≈ 69
Therefore, 69 samples are needed in order to achieve a 93%
confidence level.
2. Given: d = 15 CI = 99.5% σ = 70 n=?
σ 2
n = (Zα x ))
⁄ (
d 2
70 2
= (Z0.005 x )
⁄2 (15 )
2
= (2.81x(4.67))
= (13.11)2 = 171.87 ≈ 172 samples
Therefore, 172 samples are needed in order to achieve a 99.5%
confidence level.
21

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
3. It was reported that students who do online business during this pandemic crisis
earns money with a standard deviation of P2,000. If you wanted to estimate with
96% confidence the mean income of students within P450 of the true population
mean, how many students should you select?
Given: d = 450 CI = 96% σ = 2,000 n =?
2 2
σ 2000
n = (Zα⁄ x ( )) = (Z0.04⁄ x ( ))
2 d 2 450
2
= (2.05x(4.44))
= (9.1)2
= 82.81
≈ 83 samples
Therefore, you need to select 83 students as respondents to be

96% confident that the sample mean of income is within P450 of the
true population mean.
What’s more
Identify the number of samples needed in each problem.
1. d = 115 CI = 98.5% σ = 1800 n=?

2. d = 85 CI = 98.6% σ = 1650 n=?
3. As claimed, the daily allowance of Grade 12 public school students in Misamis
Oriental is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 10 pesos. If you
wanted to estimate with 99.7% confidence the mean daily allowance of Grade 12
students within 3 pesos of the true mean, how many students do you need to ask?
What I Have Learned
SUMMAR
Y
> Confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error or maximum allowable deviation,
population variance and sample size are22essential to get a more scientific hypothesis
(educated guess) of the true value of the population mean in estimating.
> The sample size needs to be considered in order to make it more valid and reliable.

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
What I Can do
1. The school head observes an increase of internet expenditures of learners for

months already with a standard deviation of 15 pesos. How many learners must be
sampled in order to be 99% confident that the amount spent on internet
expenditures will be within P 2.00 of the true mean?
2. During the pandemic, the LGU gave cash assistance to those who individuals who
were badly affected. It was said that the cash assistance is normally distributed
with a standard deviation of P500. If a concerned citizen wanted to know if it is
true with 97% confidence level within P300 of the true population mean, how
many individuals does he need as samples?
Post -Assessment
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample size of
each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table at the
appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Which of the following is the appropriate sample size given a standard deviation of 6.4,
confidence interval of µ 98% and a margin of error or maximum allowable deviation of
2.35?
a. 39 b. 40 c. 41 d. 42
2. Given: Margin of error (d) = 2.19, Confidence interval (CI) of population mean = 90%,
and population standard deviation (σ) = 5 solve for the appropriate sample size.
a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 18
3. Given: d = 3.92 CI = 94% σ=7 n=?

a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 27
4. Given: d = 2.4 CI = 98% σ = 6.4 n=?

a. 29 b. 30 c. 31 d. 32
5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a standard deviation of
P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as samples if we wanted to be 95%
confident that the sample mean of e-books is within P20 of the true population?
a. 59 b. 60 c. 61 d. 62
23

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
Appendix
T- distribution Table
24

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
Standard Normal Curve Areas (Z- distribution Table)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fbb
25

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
Key Answers
Lesson 1
Pretest Enrichment Activity
Application Post test
Lesson 2
Lesson
26

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Post test
27

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
References
Albacea, Zita VJ, et al. Statistics and Probability. Commission on Higher

Education, 2016
Banigon, Ricardo B., et al. Statistics and Probability for Senior High
School. Educational Resources Corporation, 2018
https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx
https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-find-
percentiles-for-a-t-distribution/
https://www.google.com/search?q=t+distribution+and+z+distribution+cur
ve&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT8M6s0bP
uAhXFUt4KHduHDNEQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1366&bih=
657#imgrc=JJE35Wl3Zc0ezM
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.co
m%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fbb
28

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
MODULE WRITER’S PROFILE
Name : IRL JOHN M. CERVANTES
Position : TEACHER II
Educational Attainment:
MAED in Teaching Mathematics (24 units)
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Mathematics
Module Title : Q3 - Module 4 - Estimation of Parameters
Division : Misamis Oriental
District : Jasaan
School : Danao National High School
29

lOMoARcPSD|17825313
For inquires or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental Office Address: Del Pilar corner Velez Street, Brgy. 29, Cagayan d
Telephone Nos.: (088) 881-3094: Text: 0917-8992245
(Globe)
Email:
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Statistics (University of Mindanao)

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Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Statistics & Probability – Grade

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Irl John M. Cervantes

Reviewer/s: Flordeliz D. Laput

Illustrator: Layout Artist:

Chairperson: Jonathan S. Dela Peña, PhD, CESO V

Co-Chairpersons: Nimfa R. Lago, PhD, CESO VI

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This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Title Page iii

Lesson 1. Illustrating t-Distribution

What I Have Learned 6

Lesson 2. Identifying Percentile Using t-distribution

What I Have Learned 10

Lesson 3. Length of Confidence Interval

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What I Have Learned 15

Lesson 4. Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval

What I Have Learned 20

Module Writer’s Profile 28

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This module is constructed following the Most Essential Learning Competencies

Lesson 1: Illustrating t - Distribution;

Lesson 2: Identifying Percentiles Using t-Distribution;

Lesson 3: Length of Confidence Interval: and.

Lesson 4: Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval.

What I Need to know

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Lesson 1 Illustrating t-Distribution

No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2

1. t - distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate parameters EXCEPT

2. t - distribution is also known as :

For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table found in the appendix.

5. Which of the following is the value of t0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom? a.

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The t- distribution Table

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Identifying the t-value

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2. df= 10 α = 0.025 t(α ,df) = 2.228

df α 0.1 0.05 0.025

10 1.372 1.812 2.228

3. t(α ,df) = 2.052 α = 0.025 n = 28

df α 0.1 0.05 0.025

27 1.372 1.812 2.025

4. Find the t-value when μ = 42, x̅ = 44, s = 5 and n = 25.

1. n = 20 α = 0.005 t(α ,df) = ?

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