Week 1

ICT106
Data Communications and

Networks
Lecture 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by CRICOS 03171A 1
: Mel Razmjoo
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the fundamentals of network communication
2. Define common networking terms
3. Compare different network models
CRICOS 03171A 2
ICT 106 Assessment Timetable
Mid-trimester Test 10% Assessment 3

Presentation 5%
Final
Weekly 1- Week Week Exam
Week11
11 6 12 Period
Tutorial Exercises Assessment 3
10% Report 25% Final Exam

Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
What is a Computer Network?
consists of two or more computers A

B required to connect to the Internet
connected by some kind of transmission medium:

such as a cable or air waves
C
: Mel Razmjoo
Activity one
• Name some Network Components here
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276
http://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm.

: Mel Razmjoo
Network Components:
• Hardware
NetworkComponents
interface card
card—an add-on card plugged into a motherboard
01 expansion slot that provides a connection between
the computer and the network
Network medium
medium—A cable that plugs into the NIC and makes
02 the connection between a computer and the rest of
the network
Network media can also be the air waves, as in
wireless networks
Interconnecting device
03 allow two or more computers to communicate on the
network without having to be connected directly to
one another
: Mel Razmjoo
Network Components:
• Software Components
Network clients and servers
01 Network client software requests information stored on another network computer or device
Network server software allows a computer to share its resources
Protocols
02 define the rules and formats a computer must use when sending information across the network
NIC driver
03 receives data from protocols and forwards this data to the physical NIC
Read an in-depth look at different network media types at

http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=31276
: Mel Razmjoo
Steps of Network Communication
Application tries to access a
network resource by sending a
1 message
Client software formats the

NIC driver sends data in the request
to the NIC card to be converted into
necessary signals to be transmitted
4 2 message and passes the message
on to the network protocol
on the network
3 Protocol packages the message in a

format suitable for the network
and sends it to the NIC driver
: Mel Razmjoo
Layers of the Network
Communication Process
Each step required for a client to access

network resources is referred to as a “layer”
Each layer has a task and all layers work

together
workings of a layered network:

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884
: Mel Razmjoo
• Layers of the Network
• Communication Process

: Mel Razmjoo
Activity two
Name the three basic tasks all computer perform:
Answer: Input, Processing, Output.
True or False: Random access memory (RAM) is considered long-term storage.

Answer: False – RAM is considered short-term storage because when power to the computer is turned off, RAM’s contents are gone.
Which of the following components provides a number of critical services, including a user interface, memory management, a file system, multitasking, and the interface to hardware devices?
• RAM
• Operating system (OS)
• BIOS
• Hard drive
Answer: B. Operating system (OS)
What is the name given to software that provides the interface between the OS and computer hardware?
Answer: device driver
What is the physical address assigned to NICs called?

• Media Address Control
• Physical Address Control
• Media Access Control
• Media Control Access
Answer: C. Media Access Control

: Mel Razmjoo
How Two Computers Communicate
on a LAN
• TCP/IP is the most common protocol (language) used on
networks
• Just as a mail person needs an address to deliver mail, TCP/IP needs

an address in order to deliver data to the correct device on a network
• Think of the Logical address as a zip code and the Physical address
as a street address

: Mel Razmjoo
TCP Addresses
TCP/IP uses 2 addresses to identify

devices:
• Logical address (IP address)
• Physical address (MAC address)

: Mel Razmjoo
How Two Computers
Communicate on a LAN
• Step 1: A user at Comp A types ping 10.1.1.2 at a command prompt
• Step 2: Network software creates a ping message

: Mel Razmjoo
How Two Computers
1. The network interface software adds

MAC addresses of sending and
destination computers
2. Comp B receives message, verifies
that the addresses are correct and
then sends a reply to Comp A using
Steps 2 – 4

: Mel Razmjoo
How Two Computers
• Step 3: The network interface software adds MAC addresses of sending and
destination computers
• Step 4: Comp B receives message,verifies that the addresses are correct and
then sends a reply to Comp A using Steps 2 – 4

: Mel Razmjoo
LANs, Internetworks, WANs,
and MANs
• Local area network (LAN) – small network, limited to a
single collection of machines and connected by one or
more interconnecting devices in a small
geographic area

: Mel Razmjoo
and MANs
For more information on types of networks and their scopes, see

http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/
a/network_types.htm

: Mel Razmjoo
and MANs
• An internetwork is a networked collection of LANs tied
together
• by devices such as routers
• Reasons for creation:
• Two or more groups of users and their computers need
to be logically separated but still need to communicate
• Number of computers in a single LAN has grown and is
no longer efficient
• The distance between two groups of computers exceeds
the capabilities of most LAN devices
: Mel Razmjoo
and MANs
• Wide area networks (WANs) use the services of third-
party communication providers to carry network
traffic from one location to another
• Metropolitan area networks (MANs) use WAN
technologies to interconnect LANs in a specific
geographic region, such as a country of city

: Mel Razmjoo
: Mel Razmjoo
Internet, Intranet, and Extranet
• Internet: a worldwide public internetwork
• Uses protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP to
transfer and view information
• Intranet: a private internetwork in which devices and
servers are only available to those users connected to
the internal network
• Extranet: allows limited and controlled access to
internal resources by outside users
: Mel Razmjoo
Internet, Intranet, and Extranet

: Mel Razmjoo
Packets and Frames
• Computers transfer information across networks in shorts bursts of about
• 1500 bytes of data
• Reasons data is transferred this way:
• Pause between bursts allows other computers to transfer data during
pauses
• Allows the receiving computer to process received data
• Allows the receiving computer receive data from other computers at the
same time
• Gives the sending computer an opportunity to receive data from other
computers and perform other processing tasks
• If an error occurs during transmission of a large file, only the chunks of
data involved in the error have to be sent again
: Mel Razmjoo
Packets
• Chunks of data sent across the network are usually called
packets or frames, with packets being the more well-known term
• Packet: a chunk of data with a source and destination IP address
added to it
• Using the U.S. mail analogy, you can look at a packet as an
envelope that has had the zip code added to the address but not
the street address

: Mel Razmjoo
Packet

: Mel Razmjoo
Frames
• Frame: a packet with the source and destination MAC addresses added to
it
• The packet is “framed” by the MAC addresses on one end and an
error-checking code on the other
• The process of adding IP addresses and MAC addresses to chunks of
data is called encapsulation
• Information added to the front of the data is called a header and
information added to the end is called a trailer

: Mel Razmjoo
Frame
: Mel Razmjoo
: Mel Razmjoo
Figure 2.5 Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and Packet
Switching
Clients and Servers
• A client can be a workstation running a client OS or it can refer to
the network software on a computer that requests network
resources from a server
• The word “client” is usually used in these three contexts:
• Client operating system – the OS installed on a computer
• Client computer – primary role is to run user applications and
access network resources
• Client software – software that requests network resources
from server software on another computer

: Mel Razmjoo
Clients and Servers
• A computer becomes a server when software is installed on it that provides
a network service to client computers
• The term “server” is also used in three contexts:
• Server operating system – OS installed on a computer designed to
share network resources and provide other network services
• Server computer – a computer’s primary role in the network is to give
client computers access to network resources and services
• Server software – responds to requests for network resources from
client software

: Mel Razmjoo
The
CLIENT/SERVER
Network Models
• A network model defines how and where resources are shared
and how access to these resources is regulated
• Fall into two major types
• Peer-to-peer network – most computers function as clients or
servers (no centralized control over who has access to
network resources)
• Server-based network – certain computers take on
specialized roles and function mainly as servers, and
ordinary users’ machines tend to function mainly as clients

: Mel Razmjoo
Peer-to-Peer/Workgroup Model
• Computers on a peer-to-peer network can take both a client and a
server role
• Any user can share resources on his/her computer with any other
user’s computer
• Every user must act as the administrator of his/her computer
• Can give everyone else unlimited access to their resources or
grant restricted access to other users
• Usernames and passwords (credentials) are used to control
that access

: Mel Razmjoo
: Mel Razmjoo
Peer-to-Peer/Workgroup Model
• Problems with peer-to-peer networks:
• Must remember multiple sets of credentials to access
resources spread out over several computers
• Desktop PCs and the OS installed on them aren’t made to
provide network services as efficiently as dedicated network
servers
• Data organization – If every machine can be a server, how can
users keep track of what information is stored on which
machine?
• Well suited for small organizations that have small networks and
small operating budgets "Less than 10 computers “

: Mel Razmjoo
Server/Domain-Based Model
• Server-based allow centralized control over network resources
• Users log on to the network with a single set of credentials
maintained by one or more servers running a server OS
• In most cases, servers are dedicated to running network services
and should not be used to run user applications

: Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason,
OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by : Mel Razmjoo
: Mel Razmjoo
• A domain is a collection of users and computers whose accounts
are managed by Windows servers called domain controllers
• Users and computers in a domain are subject to network access
and security policies defined by a network administrator
• The software that manages this security is referred to as a
directory service.
• On Windows servers, the directory service software is
Active Directory

: Mel Razmjoo
• Naming services – translate computer names to their address
• E-mail services – manage incoming and outgoing email
• Application services – grant client computers access to complex
applications that run on the server
• Communication services – give remote users access to a network
• Web services – provide comprehensive Web-based application
services

: Mel Razmjoo
• Server-based networks are easier to expand than peer-to-peer
• Peer-to-peer should be limited to 10 or fewer users
• Server-based networks can handle up to thousands of users
• Multiple servers can be configured to work together which can be
used to run a more efficient network or can provide fault
tolerance
• Peer-to-peer and server-based networks both have advantages
so using a combination of the two models isn’t uncommon

: Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason,
OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by : Mel Razmjoo
Class activity
Research a list of operating systems (client or server) and detail their
hardware requirements. Have them look at Microsoft and non-
Microsoft solutions, and compare benefits of either solution in relation
to hardware requirements

: Mel Razmjoo
Microsoft Active Directory hasn't always been the only

directory services product. Take a look at Novell's older
solution, eDirectory:
https://www.netiq.com/products/edirectory/
: Mel Razmjoo
Activity 3
An _________________ is a networked collection of LANs tied together by devices such as routers.
Answer: internetwork
What is the more well-known term for chunks of data sent across the network?
Answer: Packet ( Frame is another term that is often used)
What is the difference between a client and a server, in networking terms?

Answer: A client can be a workstation that requests network resources from a server. A server provides a network service to client computers.
The client/server networking model may also be known by which of the following terms?
• Server-based
• Peer-to-peer
• Workgroup
• Intranet
Answer: A. Server-based
On a Windows based peer to peer network, all computers are members of a:

• Domain
• Workgroup
• Server network
• WAN
Answer: B. Workgroup
: Mel Razmjoo
Class Discussion
Have any of you installed/configured a LAN before? If so, briefly discuss

your experiences.
Do you have previous experience with PC Repair and Maintenance? If

so, briefly discuss your experiences

: Mel Razmjoo
Summary
• Components needed to make a stand-alone computer a networked
computer include a NIC, a network medium, and usually an
interconnecting device
• Also client/server software,
• protocols, and
• NIC driver

: Mel Razmjoo
Summary
• The layers of the network communication process can be
summarized as user application, network software, network
protocol, and network interface
• The four terms used to describe networks of different scope are
LAN, Internetwork, WAN, and MAN
• Packets and frames are the units of data handled by different
network components
• Packets have the source and destination IP address added and
are processed by the network protocol

: Mel Razmjoo
Summary
• Frames have the MAC addresses and an error code added and
are processed by the network interface
• A client is the computer or network software that requests
network data and a server is the computer or network software
that makes the network data available to requesting clients
• A peer-to-peer network model has no centralized authority over
resources while a server-based network usually uses as
directory service to provide centralized resource management

: Mel Razmjoo

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ICT106

Data Communications and

Lecture 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

2. Define common networking terms

3. Compare different network models

Mid-trimester Test 10% Assessment 3

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

consists of two or more computers A

connected by some kind of transmission medium:

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Read an in-depth look at different network media types at

Client software formats the

3 Protocol packages the message in a

Each step required for a client to access

Each layer has a task and all layers work

workings of a layered network:

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

True or False: Random access memory (RAM) is considered long-term storage.

What is the physical address assigned to NICs called?

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

• Just as a mail person needs an address to deliver mail, TCP/IP needs

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

TCP/IP uses 2 addresses to identify

• Logical address (IP address)

• Physical address (MAC address)

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

1. The network interface software adds

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

For more information on types of networks and their scopes, see

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Microsoft Active Directory hasn't always been the only

What is the difference between a client and a server, in networking terms?

On a Windows based peer to peer network, all computers are members of a:

Have any of you installed/configured a LAN before? If so, briefly discuss

Do you have previous experience with PC Repair and Maintenance? If

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking

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