MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes

By CG

MA3003 Heat Transfer

1. Introduction
 ( dTdt =o)
Steady state conditions

1 dimensional heat conduction ( only

dx /r )
dT
 ≠o

 Constant thermal properties (k =constant , c p=constant )

 No heat generation across walls ( ė gen =0)
 Both wall surfaces subjected to same surface temperature ( T ( 0 )=T 0 ,T ( L )=T L )

Heat transfer: Q= q̇ A
dT
Conduction: q̇=−k
dx

Convection: q̇=h ( T h igh −T low ) , usually in x-direction

Radiation: q̇=εσ ( T high−T low ) , σ =5.670 ×10 W /m K

4 4 −8 2 4

 Surface area of section smaller than surroundings.

 Area is grey.

2. Heat Conduction Equation

 If heat generation, uniform heat generation ( ė gen =constant )
dT
E¿ −E out + E gen= ρ c p
dt

x−direction : E ¿−E out =Q̇ x −Q̇x +dx =

−∂
∂x
Q̇x dx=
−∂
∂x [
−k
∂T
∂x ]
( dy dz ) dx

( ) ( ) ( )
∂
k
∂T
+
∂
k
∂T
+
∂
k
∂x ∂ x ∂ y ∂ y ∂ z ∂z
∂T
+ ė gen=ρ c p
∂T
∂t

r ∂r ( ∂ r ) r ∂ ϕ ( ∂ ϕ ) ∂ z ( ∂ z )
1 ∂ ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂T
kr + k + k + ėgen=ρ pc
2
∂t

1 ∂
r2
∂r ( kr
∂T
2
∂r ) +
1
2
r sin θ ∂
2
∂
ϕ ( k
∂T
∂ ϕ ) +
1
2
r sin θ ∂
∂
θ ( k sin θ
∂T
∂ θ ) + ė =ρ c
gen
∂T
p
∂t

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
Boundary Conditions Equations
Constant surface temperature T ( 0 , t )=T s

Constant surface conduction −k

∂T
∂x |x=0
=q̇ s

Adiabatic surface/Center of
Cylinder/Sphere
∂T
∂x | x=0
=0

Constant surface convection −k

∂T
∂ x x=0 |
=h [ T ∞−T ( 0 , t ) ](hot – cold)

Constant surface radiation −k

∂T
∂ x x=0 |
=εσ [ T 4surr −T ( 0 ,t )4 ](hot – cold)

Interface boundary
−k A
∂T A
∂ x x= x
=−k B |
∂TB
∂ x x=x
0
| 0

T A ( x 0 , t )=T B ( x0 , t )

3. 1 Dimensional Heat Transfer

T A−T B
Q=
R
L
Rconduction= [ K /W ]
kA
1
Rconvection = [ K /W ]
hA

n
Series Rtotal=∑ R n
i=1

(∑ )
n −1
1
Parallel Rtotal=
i=1 Rn

Cuboid Cylinder Sphere Fin

Conduction
L
kA
ln 2
r
r1() 1 1 1
−
(
4 πk r 1 r 2 ) 1
h A surface area η
2 πLk
1 1
Convection
hA 2 πrLh

r critical k insulation 2k
( 2 at Rmin )
r h h
2 2
I R I γ
ė gen = = 2
v A

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

4. Fins
 Fin is thin t ≪ w
 Negligible radiation
 Convection coefficient constant over entire surface of fin (h=constant )
 Steady state
 1 dimensional heat transfer
2
d T 2 2 hP −2
−m θ=0 , θ=( T −T ∞ ) , m = [m ]
dx2
k A base

θ ( x )=C 1 e mx + C2 e−mx =K 1 cosh ( mx)+ K 2 sinh (mx)

x −x x −x
e −e e +e
sinh x= , cosh x=
2 2
Conditions Equation θ
θ ( 0 ) =θ0 θ0 Q̇
Fin base
h h
cosh m ( L−x ) + sinh m ( L−x ) sinh mL + cosh mL
Convection −k ∂ θ
at tip ∂x | x=L
=h θ L
cosh mL +
mk
h
sinh mL
G
cosh mL+
mk
h
sinh mL
mk mk
Adiabatic
tip
∂θ
∂x |
x= L
=0
cosh mL cosh mx+ sinh ml sinh mx
cosh mL
G tanh mL

θL θL
sinh mx+sinh m ( L−x ) cosh mL−
Fin Tip θ ( L )=θ L θ0 θ0
G
sinh mL sinh mL
Infinite fin lim θ ( L )=0 e−mx G= √ hPk A base θ0
L→ ∞

Practically
tanh mL ≥0.99 mL ≥ 4.6 mL≥ 2.65
Infinite
Q̇ Q̇
Effectiveness: ε = =
Q̇ no fin h A base θ 0 1
R fin=
n √ hPk Abase



If infinite fin: ε infinite=

If ε ≥ 2, use fins.
√ kP
h A base

Q̇ Q̇
Efficiency: η= =
Q̇max T h A exposed fin area θ0
tanh mL
 If adiabatic fin: η adiabatic=
mL
 If multiple fins:
A fin Q̇total
η0 =1−
A total
( 1−ηfin ) =
h A total θ 0

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MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
ε A base =η A exposed finarea

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
Convective tip approximation to adiabatic tip:
Straight Rectangular Pin
ht hD
If <0.0625 < 0.0625
k 2k
t D
Then L=Lc =L+ , if t ≪ w L=Lc =L+
2 4

5. Lumped Capacitance
 Temperature of solid spatially uniform during transient process (no temperature
gradients in solid).
Objec
Plane Wall Long Cylinder Sphere
t
L r r
LC
2 2 3

hL h Volume Rconduction
If Bi= = × = <0.1 :
k k Surface Area R convection
dT
−hA ( T −T ∞ )=ρVc
dt
hA −t
T −T ∞ θ −t
ρVc ρVc
= =e =e τ , τ =
T 0 −T ∞ θ 0 hA

Q= ρVcθ (1−e ) [J ]
−t
τ
0

6. Forced Convection
Convection coefficient changes with distance down a flat plane.
L
1 1
Average convection coefficient: h= ∬ h x dA= ∫ h ( x) dx
A L0

Shear stress at surface: τ s (x)=μ

∂u
∂y | y=0
, u( x , y) = velocity of fluid above surface.

τ s (x )
C f (x )=
Local friction coefficient: 1 2
ρu
2
Skin friction drag force: F=τ A=τ WL

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MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

h ( x )=
−k fluid
∂y|
∂T(y)
y=0
T s−T ∞

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
ρ u∞ x
ℜ ( x )=
μ
μ k
υ= , α =
ρ ρcp

υ cp μ
Pr= =
α k
hx L
N u x=
k fluid

6.1. Flat Plane

2
0.332 ρu ∞
Shear stress at surface: τ ( x)=
√ R ex
Laminar Turbulent Mixed
Condition ℜ<5 × 105 5 ×105 ≤ ℜ ≤107
Velocity 1
5x −1 4
Boundary Layer ∝ x2 0.37 x ℜx5 ∝ x 5
u ( δ )=0.99 u∞ √R e x
1 1 4 1
N ux 0.332 ℜ Pr2 3
0.0296 ℜ Pr 5 3
x x

( 0.037 ℜ −871 ) Pr
1 1 4 1 4 1
Nux 0.664 ℜ Pr2 3
0.037 ℜ Pr 3 5 5 3
x x x

Condition for Pr Pr >0.6 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60

Shear stress at 0.332 ρ u ∞
2

surface
τ ( x) √ R ex
1
Liquid Metals: N u x =0.565 ( R e x Pr ) 2 , Pr <0.05

6.2. Cylinders
ρ u∞ D u ∞ D
ℜ ( x )= =
μ υ

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

6.3. Spheres
EITHER:

( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
2 3 5
μ∞ 4
Nu=2+ 0.4 ℜ +0.06 ℜ Pr
μs
4
3.5 ≤ ℜ≤ 7.6 ×10
0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 380
μ∞
1≤ ≤ 3.2
μs
μ∞ at free stream temperature, μs at surface temperature

OR:
Nu=2
ℜ≤ 0.5
24
C D = ℜ (Stokes Law)

7. Natural Convection
g|T s−T ∞| Lc g|T s −T ∞| Lc
3 3

Ra=GrPr= Pr=
T s +T ∞ 2 T s +T ∞
×υ ×υα
2 2

7.1. Vertical Flat Plates

L = Height of Plate
Vertical cylinder can assume to be vertical flat plate if:

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
35 L
D≥ 1
Gr L4

Condition Nu L Rule
1
0.67 Ra L4
0.68+ 9

[ ( )]
Laminar 9 8 R a L <10
0.492 16 27
1+
Pr

{ }
1 2
6
0.387 Ra L
0.825+

[ ( )]
Entire Range 9 8
0.492 16 27
1+
Pr

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

7.2. Horizontal Flat Plates

heat transfer area
L=
perimeter

Conditions Nu L Rule
1
4 7
0.54 Ra 4L 10 ≤ R a L ≤10
Good 1
7 11
0.15 RaL3 10 ≤ R a L ≤ 10
1
5 10
Poor 0.27 RaL4 10 ≤ R a L ≤ 10
7.3. Long Horizontal Flat Cylinder
L=D

{ }
1 2
6
0.387 Ra D
Nu D = 0.6+

[ ( )]
9 8
0.559 16 27
1+
Pr

7.4. Sphere
1
4
0.589 Ra D 11
Nu D =2+ , R a D ≤10 , Pr ≥0.7

[ ( )]
9 4
0.469 16 9
1+
Pr

8. Internal Forced Convection

∆ T o−∆T i
∆ T lm=
∆To
ln
∆Ti

ρu m Dh 4 ṁ 4A
ℜ= = , D h=
μ μπ D h P

Laminar Turbulent
ℜ< 2300 ℜ>10000
Uniform Surface
Uniform Heat Flux Dittus-Boelter (smooth tubes)
Temperature
4 n L
Nu=3.66 Nu=4.36 Nu=0.023 R e Pr , ≥10
Dh

Nu=3.66+
( L )
D
0.065
h
RePr
Heating (T s >T m) Cooling (T s <T m)

[L ]
2

1+0.04 ( ) RePr
D h 3 n=0.4 n=0.3

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

9. Heat Exchangers
ro
ln
1 1 Rf ,i ri
R f ,o 1
= + + + +
U A S hi A i A i 2 π k pipe L A o ho A o

Q̇= ṁc p ∆ T

9.1. LMTD
∆ T 2−∆ T 1
∆ T lm= , ∆ T 1 =T h 1−T c 1∧∆ T 2=T h 2−T c2
∆T2
ln
∆T1

Q̇=U A s ∆ T lm F
F=1 for counter-flow. Check textbook page 694 for other values of F .

9.2. NTU
Q̇=ε Cmin (T h ,i−T c ,i )

For ε , refer to graphs in textbook page 706.

10. Radiation
n

∑ F i− j =F i−1 + Fi−2 +…+ F i−i +… Fi−n =1

j=1

Ai Fi− j= A j F j−i

F i−( j , k)=F i− j + F i−k BUT F ( j ,k)−i ≠ F j−i + F k−i

F i− j=F i−k IF j∧k are symmetrical about i

Refer to graphs in textbook page 805 – 806 for values of F for various patterns.

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MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

4
E x =σ T x

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