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BAOK DC GKPTC
;
0
 Altrfdummaýl

¡@aclvcladfs y `aclvcladks k cstc mursf dc Tkrft!

Cstfy guy icjaz dc pfdcr mflcmtkr mfl ustcdcs c alamakr ul lucvf mursf.
]a cstël kmë cs pfrquc bkl rcspfldadf kj jjkgkdf altcrlf.
Cj mkgalf dcj Tkrft lf cs iëmaj, cs dcskiakltc y irustrkltc pcrf gkrkvajjfsf. Cl cj Tkrft lf bky la
`acl f gkj, pfr csf, ga f`octavf cs quc cltrc tfdfs pfdkgfs dkrjc ul lucvf saelaiamkdf k mkdk
krmklf. Mkdk ulf dc ustcdcs taclc (y tcldrë) su prfpak vasaýl, fpalaýl, sclskmaýl dc mkdk mkrtk, y
jf eclakj cs pfdcr kprcldcr cltrc tfdfs.
Qf lf cstfy kquç pkrk dcmarjcs jf quc cstë `acl f lf, sa cstël cl jf mfrrcmtf f lf, salf quc cstfy
kmë mfgf ulk euçk, ikmajatkdfrk f mfgf quacrkl dcmargc. Cj Tkrft cs ul krtc quc sc vk lutracldf
mfl jks cxpcraclmaks
cxpcraclmaks y mrcf quc mfgpkrtar lucstrks daicrcltcs vasaflcs, fpalaflcs, mrcclmaks lfs
dkrë ul kprcldazkoc saelaiamktavf quc, mfl sucrtc, scrë k jkref pjkzf, f quc kj gclfs, jfs kyudkrë k
alamakrsc cl cj guldf dcj Tkrft, pcrf lf fjvadcl quc, mfgf mukjquacr ftrk prëmtamk, f cj
kprcldazkoc dc ul lucvf adafgk, cj Tkrft rcquacrc dc prëmtamk.
Cstkrël kercekdfs k dfs erupfs, pragcrf cj dc Ubkts Kpp quc scrë cj quc gës uscgfs, y sceuldf,
cj dc Ikmc`ffh. Cl kg`fs erupfs mfgpkrtarcgfs daicrcltc
daicrcltcss cocrmamafs y kmtavadkdcs. Kdcgës,
pucdcl uskr jfs erupfs pkrk skmkrsc dudks cltrc ustcdcs c altcrkmtukr. Cj erupf dc Ubkts kpp
scrë cjagalkdf kj ialkjazkr cj mursf, pcrf cj dc Ikmc`ffh qucdkrë y ustcdcs sceuarël sacldf pkrtc
dc áj.
Kj ialkj dc mkdk jcmmaýl clmfltrkrël cocrmamafs pkrk quc prkmtaqucl y cocrmatcl jfs lucvfs
mflfmagacltfs quc vkykl kdquaracldf. Pcmucrdcl quc cj f`octavf dcj mursf lf cs "mfrrcear" sus
cocrmamafs, salf ar kprcldacldf cltrc tfdfs y f`tclcr daicrcltcs vasaflcs sf`rc ul gasgf tcgk.
tcgk .

Erkmaks pfr mfliakr y ularsc.

Lkty | Baok dc Gkrtc

=
 "]c dc`c prcstkr cj gkyfr dc jfs rcspctfs k jk ]k`adurçk quc sc bkjjk fmujtk cl cj Tkrft.

^acdkd pkrk kqucjjfs quc sc cgpcûkl

cg pcûkl cl clsumakr tkl su`jagc Krtc, pkrk kqucjjfs quc
bkmcl dcj Tkrft y su prëmtamk sfjf ul arrcspctufsf oucef dc clekûf y cstkik.

Cj Tkrft dc`c cstudakrsc y prkmtamkrsc pkrk jk prfpak ajugalkmaýl y mfgf iucltc dc

mflscof y dc kyudk bkmak cj prýoagf.

Cocrmatcgfs lucstrks ikmujtkdcs, lf jks ikjsccgfs8 tfdf jc cs pfsa`jc k kquáj quc dcsck
sfjkgcltc jf quc cs vcrdkdcrf.

^crgklczmk cl jk Lkturkjczk, cstudac, scpk y, dcspuás, fsc... y mkjjc." ” Jk Frdcl

Bcrgctamk dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk (Efjdcl Dkwl)

Jcmmaýl ; | @rcvc bastfrak dcj tkrft

Cj fraecl dcj Tkrft cstë `acl dfmugcltkdf, sal cg`kref, bky

gumbks bastfraks daicrcltcs. Slk dc jks vcrsaflcs gës pfpujkrcs cs
quc cj Tkrft, tkj mfgf jf mflfmcgfs, sc dcskrrfjjý cl jk Cdkd Gcdak,
cl Atkjak, fraealkjgcltc mflfmadf mfgf "traflia" y gës tkrdc
"tkrfmmba". Jks mkrtks dc Tkrft sf`rcvavacltcs gës kltaeuks sfl trcs
oucefs dc pralmapafs
pralmapafs k gcdakdfs dcj
dcj saejf RY bcm
bcmbfs
bfs pkrk jk ikgajak
Yasmflta, ef`crlkltcs dc Gajël. ¡Jks mkrtks dcj tkrft iucrfl
utajazkdks sfjf pfr jks mjkscs kjtks y cstk`kl cxcltks dc jks jcycs quc
prfba`çkl cj usf dc lkapcs rceujkrcs cl csc gfgcltf!
Jks pragcrks mkrtks dcj Tkrft iucrfl paltkdks k gklf, pcrf dcspuás
dc jk alvclmaýl dc jk agprcltk sc bazf pfsa`jc jk prfdummaýl cl
gksk. Cj Tkrft sc bazf mkdk vcz gës pfpujkr mfgf oucef y cstc saeuaý
sacldf cj mksf bkstk kjrcdcdfr dc ;5>>. ^krk cltflmcs, cj Tkrft crk pfpujkr cl tfdk Curfpk y cl
;5;2 sc prfduof cj pragcr Tkrft dc Gkrscjjk. Jk daicrclmak kbfrk crk quc sc rcmflfmçk jk iulmaýl
csftáramk dcj Tkrft y sc bk`çkl cjagalkdf jks alstrummaflcs pkrk cj "oucef". K ialkjcs dcj saejf RYAAA
sc kiargk`k quc jks rkçmcs dcj Tkrft sc `kskl cl jk ]k`adurçk ceapmak y tkg`aál quc jfs 00 traulifs
(krmklfs gkyfrcs) mfrrcspfldçkl k jks 00 jctrks dcj kjik`ctf bc`rcf. Cstf kjagcltý ul
rclkmagacltf fmujtf irklmás y cl ;222 sc ifrgkrfl dfs ýrdclcs gëeamks, jk Frdcl Mk`kjçstamk dc

4
jk Mruz Pfskdk cl Irklmak y jk Frdcl Bcrgátamk dcj Kgklcmcr Dfrkdf cl Alejktcrrk. "Tbc Efjdcl
Dkwl" daf juekr k vkraks vcrsaflcs dc Tkrft y K. C. Ukatc jucef iuldý jk mfguladkd dc Truc Pfsy
Mrfss c adcý oultf k ^kgcjk Mfjgkl ]gatb jk `krkok Padcr-Ukatc ]gatb quc saeuc sacldf ulk dc
jks `krkoks gës pfpujkrcs utajazkdks bfy cl dçk.
d çk. Kjcastcr Mrfwjcy tkg`aál crk gacg`rf dc cstc
erupf y prfduof cj Ja`rf dc Tbftb c adcý cj Tkrft dc Tbftb.
Mkrj Oule jc daf gumbk agpfrtklmak kj sag`fjasgf dcj Tkrft, mrcycldf quc jks mkrtks
rcprcscltk`kl krquctapfs,
krquctapfs, cs dcmar, tapfs iuldkgcltkjcs dc pcrsflks f satukmaflcs quc cstk`kl
almrustkdks cl jk mflmaclmak mfjcmtavk dcj ulavcrsf. Jfs sactc krquctapfs sfl cj yf, jf icgclalf, jf
gksmujalf, cj bárfc, jk kdvcrsadkd, jk gucrtc / rclkmagacltf y cj vakoc.
Bky tfdfs jfs tapfs agkealk`jcs dc mkrtks dc Tkrft daspfla`jcs bfy cl d
dçk?
çk? kjeulfs mfgf
]bkpcsbaitcrs, Gytbam Tkrft, gkzfs alsparkdfs cl cj guldf mfltcgpfrëlcf, y tkg`aál
lugcrfsfs gkzfs `kskdfs cl klagkjcs, týtcgs, bkdks, ctm. Q, pfr supucstf, jk `krkok Padcr-
Ukatc.
]al cg`kref, cj pralmapaf cs cj gasgf8 Cj Tkrft prfpfrmaflk ulk bcrrkgacltk pkrk dcskrrfjjkr jk
altuamaýl y tkg`aál sc usk pkrk jk kdavalkmaýl, cj mukj cs cj usf gës pfpujkr.
Jk bastfrak quc sc dcskrrfjjk kj bkmcr ulk jcmturk prfpfrmaflkrë ulk adck dc jf quc sumcdaý cl cj
pkskdf y dc jf quc cstë sumcdacldf kbfrk pkrk cj mflsujtkltc y tkg`aál alifrgkmaýl sf`rc bkmak

dýldc sc daraec cj mflsujtkltc.

; - ^kgcjk Mfjgkl ]gatb

Ukatc prf`k`jcgcltc sýjf pkrtamapý cl cj dascûf dc jks 00 mkrtks dc

jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs8 jks 39 mkrtks rcstkltcs dc jfs Krmklfs Gclfrcs
iucrfl dcokdks csclmakjgcltc
csclmakjgcltc k ^kgcjk pkrk quc jks mrckrk cjjk
gasgk.

Gatfs sf`rc cj tkrft

Bky gumbfs gatfs sf`rc cj Tkrft, pfr cocgpjf, quc lf tclcs quc mfgprkr tu prfpaf gkzf,
gkzf, cs
dcmar, dc`c scr ul rcekjf, ¡cstf lf cs macrtf y lf sumcdcrë lkdk gkjf mukldf mfgprcs ul gkzf
pkrk vfs! Ga pragcr gkzf (y jfs dcgës) gc jfs mfgprá yf gasgk. Q cstf cs almjusf gumbf gcofr
pfrquc ustcdcs cjaecl cj cstajf quc jcs jjkgk jk ktclmaýl, pcrf cstf jf vcrcgfs gës kdcjkltc.

3
Jks mkrtks dc jk Gucrtc, Cj Dak`jf y Jk Tfrrc sfl dc gkjk sucrtc,
sucrtc, ulk vcz gës, cstf lf cs
lcmcskrakgcltc macrtf,
macrtf, dcpcldc dc jks mkrtks quc jks rfdckl cl jk tarkdk. Jk gucrtc sc trktk dc
jagpakr jf vacof pkrk dkr pksf k jf lucvf, cs dcmar, cj rclkmagacltf, ulk trklsifrgkmaýl. Cj Dak`jf
trktk sf`rc jagatkmaflcs bcmbks pfr cj bfg`rc (¡f pksaýl, dcpcldacldf dc jk jcmturk!) Q jk mkrtk dc
jk Tfrrc trktk sf`rc cj mkg`af, jks mfsks mfgf jks mflfmc mkg`akl pfr mfgpjctf y prf`k`jcgcltc
drkgëtamkgcltc.
Ialkjgcltc, quc tclcs quc kprcldcr mkdk mkrtk kj pac dc jk
j k jctrk. Mkdk mkrtk sc mflstruyc k pkrtar
dc ulk mfjcmmaýl dc sçg`fjfs8 cstf dcravk cj saelaiamkdf dc jk mkrtk d
dcltrf
cltrf dc jk jcmturk. Mfgclzk
trk`kokldf mfl jfs sçg`fjfs darcmtkgcltc k trkvás dc jk rkzýl c aldarcmtkgcltc k trkvás dc jk
altuamaýl. Slk vcz quc bkyks "mflfmadf" tu gkzf dc Tkrft, dcsmu`rarës quc, mfl jk prëmtamk, tu
altuamaýl sc bkrë gës keudk y pfdrës dkrjc kj mflsujtkltc ulk jcmturk saelaiamktavk.

9
5
 Jcmmaýl 0 | Jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs
Cj gkzf trkdamaflkj dc tkrft mflstk dc 52 mkrtks, 00 Krmklfs Gkyfrcs y 39 Krmklfs Gclfrcs.
Jk pkjk`rk krmklf cs cj pjurkj dc ‚Krmklug‗ quc saelaiamk ‚scmrctf prfiuldf‗. ^krk jfs kjquagastks
dc jk Cdkd Gcdak, cj krmklf crk cj scmrctf dc jk lkturkjczk. Jks mkrtks dcj tkrft sfl, pfr jf tkltf,
ulk mfjcmmaýl dc jfs "scmrctfs" quc su`ykmcl y cxpjamkl lucstrf ulavcrsf.
Jks 00 mkrtks dc jfs krmklfs gkyfrcs sfl cj mfrkzýl dcj gkzf. Mkdk ulk dc cstks mkrtks sag`fjazk
kjeÿl kspcmtf ulavcrskj dc jk cxpcraclmak bugklk. Pcprcscltkl jfs krquctapfs? pktrflcs dc
alijuclmak mflsastcltcs y darcmtfs quc sfl ulk pkrtc albcrcltc dc jk lkturkjczk bugklk. Mkdk
mkrtk cl jfs krmklfs gkyfrcs taclc ul lfg`rc y ul lÿgcrf. Kjeulfs lfg`rcs trklsgatcl cj
saelaiamkdf dc ulk mkrtk darcmtkgcltc
darcmtkgcltc,, mfgf Iucrzk, Oustamak y Tcgpjklzk. Ftrks mkrtks sfl
aldavadufs quc pcrsflaiamkl ul clifquc pkrtamujkr
pkrtamujkr dc jk vadk, mfgf cj gkef f cj crgatkûf.
Tkg`aál bky mkrtks mfl lfg`rcs kstrflýgamfs, mfgf jk Cstrcjjk, cj ]fj y jk Julk. Pcprcscltkl jks
cjusavks iucrzks ksfmakdks mfl cstfs mucrpfs mcjcstcs.
Jks mkrtks dc krmklfs pralmapkjcs sfl cspcmakjcs pfrquc eclcrkl rckmmaflcs prfiuldks y
mfgpjcoks. Jks agëeclcs cl jk `krkok Padcr-Ukatc sfl suecrcltcs pfrquc mfg`alkl cj sag`fjasgf
csftáramf mfl iaeurks y satukmaflcs rcmflfma`jcs. Cj sag`fjasgf cs sutaj, pcrf cicmtavf.
Slk mkrtk dc krmklf pralmapkj sacgprc taclc ul pcsf cxtrk cl ulk jcmturk. Mukldf kpkrcmc ulk dc
cstks mkrtks, sk`cgfs quc jfs prf`jcgks cl oucef lf sfl guldklfs la tcgpfrkjcs. Pcprcscltkl
Pcprcscltkl
sus prcfmupkmaflcs gës `ësamks? sus pralmapkjcs scltagacltfs y gftavkmaflcs. Jfs krmklfs
gkyfrcs k gcludf sc mflsadcrkl mfgf ulk uladkd. ]c bkl dcskrrfjjkdf daicrcltcs csqucgks
pkrk gfstrkr mýgf jks mkrtks ifrgkl pktrflcs quc krrfokl juz sf`rc jk mfldamaýl bugklk. Jk
lugcrfjfeçk, jk kstrfjfeçk y ftrks maclmaks csftáramks k gcludf oucekl ul pkpcj cl cstfs
csqucgks.
Gumbfs altárprctcs mflsadcrkl quc jfs krmklfs pralmapkjcs gucstrkl jks daicrcltcs ctkpks dcj
vakoc dc mrcmagacltf altcrlf dc ul aldavaduf, jf quc kjeulfs jjkgkl cj Yakoc dcj Jfmf.
Jfmf. Cl cstfs
sastcgks, mkdk mkrtk rcprcscltk kjeulk mukjadkd f cxpcraclmak quc dc`cgfs almfrpfrkr kltcs dc
quc pfdkgfs dkrlfs mucltk dc lucstrk altceradkd.
Tfdfs vakokgfs pfr cstc mkgalf bkmak jk kutfrrckjazkmaýl, ¡kulquc lucstrfs vakocs gës k gcludf
agpjamkl dcsvçfs, rcspkjdfs y rcalamafs gës quc ulk prfercsaýl sukvc! Lucstrfs mkgalfs
cspcmçiamfs sfl ÿlamfs, pcrf lucstrfs batfs sfl ulavcrskjcs. Jks 00 mkrtks pralmapkjcs dc krmklfs
sfl gkrmkdfrcs cl cj mkgalf dcj dcskrrfjjf altcrlf quc vkl dcsdc jk mflmaclmak gës tcgprklk (>)
bkstk jk altcerkmaýl y cj mugpjagacltf (0;).
Cj vakoc dcj Jfmf pkrcmc gfvcrsc sal prf`jcgks dc ulk cxpcraclmak k jk saeuacltc, pcrf lucstrks
kvclturks dc kprcldazkoc eclcrkjgcltc lf sfl tkl frdclkdks. Mfgctcgfs crrfrcs, lfs skjtkgfs
jcmmaflcs y lf lfs dkgfs mucltk dc lucstrf pftclmakj. K vcmcs lfs ikjtk cj mfrkoc y jk pcrspamkmak
pkrk dcsmu`rar lucstrfs lavcjcs gës prfiuldfs. Kjeulfs lulmk sacltcl cj jjkgkdf dcj Crgatkûf
pkrk garkr bkmak kdcltrf f lulmk cxpcragcltkl jk mrasas dc jk Tfrrc quc pfdrçk ja`crkrjfs dc sus
dciclsks dcj cef.

2
Gumbks vcmcs trktkgfs dc supcrkr lucstrks daiamujtkdcs, pcrf ikjjkgfs rcpctadkgcltc. Jk jcmmaýl
dc ‚Cj mfjekdf‗? dcokr ar y rcldarsc k jk cxpcraclmak, cs pkrtamujkrgcltc daiçmaj y cs pfsa`jc quc dc`k
clircltkrsc ulk y ftrk vcz kltcs dc almfrpfrkrsc pfr mfgpjctf.
K gcludf cxpcragcltkgfs jcmmaflcs iucrk dc frdcl. Slk pcrsflk pucdc k`sfr`cr jks mukjadkdcs
dc jk Iucrzk tcgprklk cl jk vadk dc`adf k ulk aliklmak daiçmaj, pcrf sfjf gës tkrdc dcskrrfjjkrë cj
dfgalaf y cj mfltrfj dcj Mkrrf. Kjeuacl pucdc supcrkr jk ktrkmmaýl dcj gktcrakjasgf dcj Dak`jf k
trkvás dc ulk vadk dc kasjkgacltf, pcrf jucef lcmcsatk kprcldcr sf`rc jks rcjkmaflcs y jk
scxukjadkd, ulk jcmmaýl dc jfs Kgkltcs, gës kdcjkltc.
Jfs krmklfs gkyfrcs mfltaclcl gumbfs lavcjcs y gfdcjfs dc cxpcraclmak. Cstks mkrtks mfltaclcl
tfdfs jfs pktrflcs dc mrcmagacltf, yk sck quc fmurrkl dcltrf
d cltrf dc ul scegcltf dc ulk vadk f dc
ulk vadk cltcrk. Almjusf pfdrçkgfs dcmar quc
qu c tfdk ulk vadk cs rckjgcltc sfjf ul
cpasfdaf dc mrcmagacltf dcltrf dc jk skek gës
g ës erkldc dcj dcskrrfjjf dc lucstrk
kjgk.
Lf agpfrtk muëj sck lucstrf pktrýl dc kutfdcsmu`ragacltf, jfs krmklfs
pralmapkjcs lfs gucstrkl quc jk altceradkd y jk rckjazkmaýl sfl lucstrf dcstalf. ]a
gkltclcgfs cstk prfgcsk mfgf lucstrk cstrcjjk pfjkr, cvcltukjgcltc lfs
dkrcgfs mucltk dc lucstrk vcrdkdcrk lkturkjczk y eklkrcgfs cj guldf.

Mfgclzks cj vakoc mfgf ul Jfmf (f tfltf) (>), alecluf y dcsprcfmupkdf, cltusaksgkdf mfl tfdks
jks lucvks cxpcraclmaks. Cl `usmk dc mflfmagacltf, prfmcdcs mfgf ul Gkef (A), gklapujkldf cj
guldf alklagkdf quc tc rfdck y dcsmu`racldf jfs jçgatcs.

^rfltf tc dks mucltk dc quc bky ftrfs tapfs dc mflfmagacltf, y mfgf jk ]ugk ]kmcrdftask (AA),
mfgaclzks k ja`crkr tu altuamaýl. Cstf lf pruc`k scr suiamacltc, y dcsmu`rçs quc tfdf cl jk

1
lkturkjczk taclc quc cstkr cl cquaja`raf, y k trkvás dcj cstcrcftapf dc jk gkdrc, jk Cgpcrktraz (AAA),
mfgaclzks k csmumbkr cj guldf cgfmaflkj y dcskrrfjjkr tu mrcktavadkd.

K trkvás dcj cstcrcftapf dcj pkdrc, cj Cgpcrkdfr (AY), dcsmu`rcs jk kutfradkd y jks rcejks.
Ialkjgcltc, tc altcrcsks cl jfs gastcrafs dcj guldf cxtcrafr y k trkvás dc cj ^kpk (Y)8 kprcldcs
sus ifrgks y mrcclmaks y mýgf scr pkrtc dc cjjf. ]urec jk lcmcsadkd dc ulk mflcxaýl gës prfiuldk

mfl jfs dcgës, Jfs Kgkltcs (YA), pcrf rcsujtk daiçmaj clmfltrkr ul cquaja`raf cltrc jk pksaýl y jk
rckjadkd.

Tc dks mucltk dc tu vkjfr y yk lf sfs ul laûf. Mfl cj Mkrrf (YAA), dcspceks sfjf cl cj guldf,
dcmasavf y sceurf dc vfs gasgf/k. ]al cg`kref, tc vcs f`jaekdf rëpadkgcltc k dcskrrfjjkr
dasmapjalk y iucrzk dc vfjultkd. ^rfltf, mflirfltks tus pragcrfs prf`jcgks y dcskiçfs
d cskiçfs rckjcs y
dcsmu`ras tu Iucrzk altcrafr (YAAA).

;>
Cstf jjcvk k ulk `ÿsqucdk dc rcspucstks y, mfgf cj crgatkûf (AR) dc ifrgk kasjkdk, tc csiucrzks
pfr mfgprcldcr tfdfs jfs pfrquás y kdquarar ulk mfgprclsaýl gës prfiuldk dcj ulavcrsf. K
trkvás dc jk
jk Pucdk dc jk ifrtulk (R), kmcptks cj dcstalf mfgf ul ikmtfr jceçtagf cl jk vadk y cl
tfdf cj ulavcrsf. Cgpczks k mfgprcldcr quc tu pkskdf mfgpjctf mrck cj prcscltc.

Ialkjgcltc, k trkvás dc jk Oustamak (RA), kmcptks jk rcspflsk`ajadkd dc tu prfpak vadk y tc dks mmucltk
ucltk
dc quc cl cstc gfgcltf, mkdk ulk dc tus kmmaflcs gës pcqucûks bkmc tu iuturf.

Kbfrk cltcldás quc kmk`ks dc rksmkr jk supcriamac. Mfgf ul mfjekdf (RAA) garks cj guldf dcsdc
ulk pcrspcmtavk alvcrsk. Mfgaclzk jk trklsifrgkmaýl rcprcscltkdk pfr jk Gucrtc (RAAA), y scltas
quc cstk iksc dc jk vadk cstë tcrgalkldf. Dcskrrfjjks ul iucrtc cquaja`raf altcrlf y, k trkvás dc jk
tcgpjklzk (RAY), mfgclzks k kpjamkr jfs pfdcrcs dc gfdcrkmaýl y ijcxa`ajadkd rcmaál dcsmu`acrtfs.

K trkvás dcj Dak`jf (RY) jjcekl mflirfltkmaflcs dfjfrfsks mfl mkdclks dc tus prfpaks
prfiuldadkdcs fsmurks. Tc ja`crks dc tus prfpafs kutfclekûfs c aelfrklmak sfjf mukldf tfdf tu
guldf cs dcrra`kdf, rcprcscltkdf mfgf jk Tfrrc (RYA).

;;
Cj f`octavf cstk mjkrf mfgf ulk Cstrcjjk (RYAA), y tc dk cspcrklzk y ic pkrk mfltalukr mfl mkjgk.
^crf kÿl lf bk tcrgalkdf8 Cj ÿjtagf dcskiçf cs jk Julk (RYAAA), muyks ajusaflcs tc scdumcl y tc
mfliuldcl, pfr jf quc dc`cs kprcldcr k dasmcrlar jk ajusaýl dc jk vcrdkd. Dcspuás dc jks dudks y
jfs trumfs dc jk lfmbc, cj ]fj (RAR) kpfrtk jk mjkradkd mrastkjalk y jk mfliaklzk dcj dçk.

Ialkjgcltc, tc dctclcs y bkmcs ul alvcltkraf dc tfdf jf quc cstë dctrës tuyf Cj Ouamaf (RR). ^fr
guy durks quc bkykl sadf sus cxpcraclmaks, tc cjcvks pfr clmagk dc tu cef, tus dcicmtfs
d cicmtfs y
jagatkmaflcs, y cstës jastk pkrk cj saeuacltc lavcj dc cxastclmak. Bks kprcldadf tfdks jks jcmmaflcs y
bks altcerkdf mfl áxatf tfdks jks pkrtcs dc vfs gasgf cl ul tfdf mfgpjctf y cquaja`rkdf. K trkvás
dcj Guldf (RRA), kjmklzks ul lucvf lavcj dc icjamadkd y sktasikmmaýl. ]al cg`kref, kulquc cstc
mamjf bk mflmjuadf, cstës jastf pkrk ul lucvf vakoc cl ul lavcj mfgpjctkgcltc lucvf.
Cocrmamaf?
¡Csmra`ç cj vakoc dc tu prfpaf jfmf!
Sskldf jks mkrtks pralmapkjcs, ¶pfdcs mfltkr jk bastfrak dc tu prfpak vadk6 ^rf`k`jcgcltc
lf uscs tfdks jks mkrtks, sfjf trktk dc ajustrkr cj vakoc dc tu vadk utajazkldf jks mkrtks mfl jks
quc gcofr tc rcjkmaflcs, jks quc pkrcmcl ajustrkr pultfs dc rcicrclmak cl tu prfpak vadk.
Lf tc prcfmupcs sa kÿl lf mflfmcs `acl jks mkrtks, sfjf kldk mfl jf quc bks rcmfeadf bkstk
kbfrk y tus fpalaflcs kmcrmk dc jks mkrtks y jks agëeclcs.

;0
Cjceç tu prfpak kvclturk? ]kmk ulk mkrtk. Cstc cs cj mfgaclzf dc tu bastfrak. Kbfrk skmk ftrk.
¡Cstf cs jf quc pksk dcspuás! ¡Mfltalÿk y csmra`ç ulk pcqucûk bastfrak! Gumbfs kutfrcs uskl cj
tkrft pkrk kyudkr mfl cj prfmcsf dc csmraturk y ksç iuc mfgf Mbkrjfttc @rfltc csmra`aý Oklc Cyrc.

;=
;4
 Jcmmaýl = | Jfs Krmklfs Gclfrcs
Gacltrks quc jfs krmklfs gkyfrcs cxprcskl tcgks ulavcrskjcs, jfs krmklfs gclfrcs jfs trkcl k jk
prëmtamk pkrk gfstrkr mýgf iulmaflkl cl jfs cvcltfs dakrafs. Jks mkrtks dc krmklfs gclfrcs
rcprcscltkl jks prcfmupkmaflcs, kmtavadkdcs y cgfmaflcs quc mfgpflcl jfs drkgks dc lucstrk
vadk mftadaklk.

Bky 39 mkrtks cl jfs krmklfs gclfrcs davadadfs cl muktrf pkjfs? `kstfs, mfpks, cspkdks y
pcltëmujfs (Frfs).
(Frfs). Mkdk ulf dc cstfs pkjfs rcprcscltk
rcprcscltk ul clifquc pkrtam
pkrtamujkr
ujkr dc jk vadk.
Mkdk krmklf gclfr taclc ulk mukjadkd dastaltk prfpak. Lucstrks cxpcraclmaks
cxpcraclmaks mftadaklks sfl ulk
gczmjk dc cstfs muktrf clifqucs. Tus jcmturks dc tkrft tc gfstrkrël mýgf jks daicrcltcs clcreçks
dcj pkjf cstël agpkmtkldf tu vadk cl ul gfgcltf dkdf.
Jfs pkjfs cstël cstrumturkdfs dc ifrgk guy sagajkr k lucstrks mkrtks dc oucef dakraks mfl dacz
mkrtks lugcrkdks (Ks - Dacz) y muktrf mkrtks dc jk mfrtc (Pcy, Pcalk, Mk`kjjcrf y ]ftk). Mkdk mkrtk
taclc ul pkpcj quc dcscgpcûkr pkrk gfstrkr mýgf sc cxprcsk su clcreçk cl cj guldf.

Jks mkrtks dc krmklfs gclfrcs rcprcscltkl jks prcfmupkmaflcs, kmtavadkdcs y cgfmaflcs quc
mfgpflcl jfs drkgks dc lucstrk vadk mftadaklk.

@kstfs
Jfs @kstfs sfl cj trkoc dc mrcktavadkd, kmmaýl y gfvagacltf. Cstël ksfmakdfs mfl mukjadkdcs tkjcs
mfgf cltusaksgf, kvclturk, tfgk dc racsefs y mfliaklzk. Cstc pkjf mfrrcspfldc kj ykle, f
pralmapaf gksmujalf, cl jk iajfsfiçk mbalk y cstë ksfmakdf mfl cj cjcgcltf Iucef. Slk jjkgk
pkrpkdckltc cs cj sçg`fjf pcricmtf dc jk iucrzk dc jfs `kstfs. Cstk clcreçk ijuyc bkmak kiucrk y
eclcrk ulk pkrtamapkmaýl kpksaflkdk.

Mfpks
Jks Mfpks sfl cj pkjf dc jks cgfmaflcs y jk cxpcraclmak csparatukj.
csparatukj. Dcsmra`cl cstkdfs altcrlfs,
scltagacltfs y pktrflcs dc rcjkmaýl. Jk clcreçk dc cstc pkjf ijuyc bkmak kdcltrf. Jks mfpks
mfrrcspfldcl kj yal, f pralmapaf icgclalf, cl jk iajfsfiçk mbalk y cstël ksfmakdks mfl cj cjcgcltf
Keuk. Jk mkpkmadkd dcj keuk pkrk ijuar y jjclkr cspkmafs, pkrk sfstclcr y rcijcokr jfs mkg`afs dc
bugfr jf mflvacrtc cl cj sçg`fjf adckj dcj pkjf dc Mfpks.

Cspkdks
Jks cspkdks sfl cj pkjf dcj altcjcmtf, cj pclskgacltf y jk rkzýl. ]c prcfmupkl pfr jk oustamak, jk
vcrdkd y jfs pralmapafs átamfs. Jks cspkdks cstël ksfmakdks mfl cj cjcgcltf Karc. Sl macjf
dcspcokdf, k`acrtf y jjclf dc juz, cs ul sçg`fjf dc jk mjkradkd gcltkj quc cs cj adckj dc jks
cspkdks. Cstc pkjf tkg`aál cstë ksfmakdf mfl cstkdfs quc mfldumcl k jk ikjtk dc krgflçk y jk
alicjamadkd. Lucstrf altcjcmtf cs ul kmtavf vkjafsf, pcrf mfgf kecltc dcj cef, pucdc jjcvkrlfs pfr
gkj mkgalf sa lf sc aliuldc mfl jk sk`adurçk dc lucstrk Euçk Altcrafr.

;3
 ^cltëmujfs
Jfs ^cltëmujfs sfl cj pkjf dc prkmtamadkd, sceuradkd y prcfmupkmaflcs gktc
gktcrakjcs.
rakjcs. Cstël ksfmakdfs
mfl cj cjcgcltf Tacrrk y jfs rcquasatfs mflmrctfs dc trk`kokr mfl jk gktcrak. Cl jfs ^cltëmujfs,
mcjc`rkgfs jk `cjjczk dc jk lkturkjczk, lucstrks altcrkmmaflcs mfl pjkltks y klagkjcs y lucstrks
cxpcraclmaks içsamks cl cj mucrpf. Jfs pcltëmujfs tkg`aál rcprcscltkl prfspcradkd y raquczk dc
tfdf tapf. K vcmcs cstc pkjf sc jjkgk ‚frfs‗, ul sçg`fjf f`vaf dcj altcrmkg`af dc `aclcs y
scrvamafs cl cj guldf içsamf.

Jfs Kscs
Mkdk ks rcprcscltk jks mukjadkdcs dc su pkjf cl su ifrgk gës purk. Sl ks sacgprc kercek kjef
cspcmakj k ulk jcmturk. ]c dcstkmk dc jks ftrks mkrtks mfgf sa cstuvacrk cl ul mçrmujf dc juz prfpak.
Jks agëeclcs dc jfs Kscs sfl tfdks sagajkrcs. Slk gklf iucrtc, rcspjkldcmacltc dc clcreçk, skjc
dc ulk lu`c kekrrkldf cj sçg`fjf dc su pkjf. Sl Ks tc "cltrcek" ul rcekjf quc prfvaclc dc ulk
iucltc dcsmflfmadk csmfldadk cl jks lu`cs. Jk lkturkjczk dcj rcekjf cstë sag`fjazkdk pfr jk iambk
dcj pkjf.

Sl `kstf cs ul f`octf iucrtc y gksmujalf, vavf mfl ulk iucrzk pftcltc. Jks bfoks mrcmcl k gcdadk
quc `rftk lucvk vadk. Cj `kstf lfs rcmucrdk ulk vkratk g gëeamk
ëeamk utajazkdk pkrk rckjazkr gajkerfs y
mrckr gkrkvajjks. Cj rcekjf dcj Ks dc @kstf cs mrcktavadkd, cltusaksgf, mfrkoc y mfliaklzk.

Slk mfpk cs ul f`octf k`acrtf y icgclalf? ul rcmapacltc dascûkdf pkrk mfltclcr jçquadfs
lutratavfs. ]c vacrtc keuk dc jk mfpk quc gucstrk quc bky ul sugalastrf altcrgalk`jc dc rcircsmf
quc ijuyc bkmak cj guldf. Cj rcekjf dcj Ks dc Mfpks cs cgfmaýl, altuamaýl, altagadkd y kgfr.

;9
Slk cspkdk cs ul krgk, ulk bcrrkgacltk ialkgc
ialkgcltc
ltc dascûkdk pkrk ktrkvcskr mukjquacr f`stëmujf
f mfliusaýl. Slk cspkdk cxtacldc cj pfdcr dcj usukraf pkrk jumbkr y prcvkjcmcr. ^ucdc cocrmcr ulk
iucrzk mrucj, pcrf tkg`aál ulk iucrzk jagpak y keudk. Cj rcekjf dcj ks d
dcc cspkdks cs mjkradkd
gcltkj, vcrdkd, oustamak y ifrtkjczk.

Cj pcltëmujf cs ul saelf gëeamf pkrk cj gastcraf dc jk lkturkjczk y cj guldf mftadaklf. Cstë

cstkgpkdf cl ulk gflcdk, gucstrk dcj altcrmkg`af dc gktcrakj. Mfl dalcrf y gktcraks pragks,
tclcgfs jfs gcdafs pkrk bkmcr rckjadkd lucstrfs sucûfs. Cj rcekjf dcj Ks dc ^cltëmujfs cs
prfspcradkd, prkmtamadkd, sceuradkd y jk mkpkmadkd
m kpkmadkd dc gklaicstkr.
Jfs kscs sfl pfrtkjcs cltrc jfs rcalfs dc jks krmklfs gkyfrcs y gclfrcs. ^crgatcl quc iucrzks
pfdcrfsks pcrf agpcrsflkjcs cltrcl cl tu vadk. Sl Ks cl ulk jcmturk gucstrk quc sus mukjadkdcs
cstël daspfla`jcs pkrk vfs. ]a jks kprfvcmbks, jferkrës ulk gkyfr icjamadkd y áxatf. Sl ks sacgprc
sc altcrprctk mfgf `clciamafsf, pfsatavf y quc gcofrk jk vadk.
Sl ks pucdc aldamkr quc ulk lucvk kvclturk cstë mfgclzkldf. Cj Ks dc Mfpks pucdc scûkjkr cj
alamaf dc ulk lucvk bastfrak dc kgfr. Sl ks tkg`aál pucdc rcprcscltkr
rcprcscltkr ulk vcltklk dc
fpfrtuladkd quc sc cstë k`racldf. Cj Ks tc damc quc prcstcs ktclmaýl pkrk quc lf tc jf pacrdks.
^clsë cl ul Ks mfgf ulk scgajjk dc pfsa`ajadkd quc mrcmcrë dc kmucrdf k tu ktclmaýl y muadkdf.
Cocrmamaf?
Jfs Kscs sfl agëeclcs adckjcs pkrk jk prëmtamk dc vasukjazkmaýl. Mukldf quacrks scltar jks
mukjadkdcs dc ul Ks, agkealë su agkecl mfl tu fof altcrafr f tu gcltc. ]agpjaiamë jk agkecl
vasukjazkldf sfjf jk gklf quc sfstaclc cj amflf dcj pkjf.

;5
Kjeulks mukjadkdcs quc pfdcs kprfvcmbkr sfl?

Jk jumbk dc jks cspkdks

Jks cspkdks taclcl dfs jkdfs dc jks mumbajjks y rcprcscltkl jk rcsfjumaýl dc prf`jcgks mfgpjcofs,
pcrf tkg`aál pucdc scr ulk iucltc dc mflijamtf y dcstrummaýl y dc`c uskrsc mfl muadkdf. Cs ul
erkl pfdcr quc pucdc uskrsc pkrk `acl f pkrk gkj.

Dc rcpcltc sc tc fmurraý mýgf rcsfjvcr ulk satukmaýl mfgpjcok (Ks dc cspkdks), y cstës jjclf dc
clcreçk rclfvkdk k gcdadk quc mfgclzks k `usmkr jk sfjumaýl.

^fr supucstf, tc clircltks rëpadkgcltc k ulk dcmasaýl daiçmaj (Dfs dc cspkdks), y cstës cstklmkdf
pfrquc lf sk`cs mýgf altcerkr dfs altcrcscs mrçtamfs pcrf mfltrkdamtfrafs.

Ialkjgcltc, tfgkstc jk dcmasaýl y lf bky vucjtk ktrës. ]ceuas kdcjkltc, pcrf jks mflscmuclmaks sfl
dfjfrfsks (Trcs dc cspkdks) pfrquc, sck jf quc
q uc sck quc tcleks quc bkmcr, kjeulks fpmaflcs kbfrk
sc pacrdcl pkrk sacgprc.

;2
Tkj vcz sck gcofr cvatkr dcgksakdk kmmaýl (Muktrf dc cspkdks), mkrekr jks `ktcrçks y prcpkrkrsc
pkrk cj mflijamtf quc sc kvcmalk.

Cj mflijamtf valf y sc iuc, y dc kjeulk gklcrk bks eklkdf (Malmf dc cspkdks) pcrf lf sal párdadks8
tc dks mucltk dc quc mkdk vamtfrak cs kj gasgf tacgpf jk dcrrftk dc ftrk pcrsflk. Tkj vcz pfdrçks
bk`crjf bcmbf gcofr, pcrf cj mkgalf cstë dcspcokdf kbfrk.

Ialkjgcltc, sal dastrkmmaflcs, pcrf tkg`aál sal gumbk kjcerçk (]cas dc cspkdkss), mfltalÿks pfr cj
mkgalf bkmak tu f`octavf. Bks dcsmu`acrtf dc jk gklcrk daiçmaj quc Tus kmmaflcs tkg`aál kicmtkl k
ftrks pcrsflks. Cs gfgcltf dc mfltalukr.

^crf cj mkgalf quc tfdfs cspcrkl quc tfgcs lf cs pkrk vfs, y pfr tu mucltk, cjceas ulk
kjtcrlktavk (]actc dc cspkdks).

;1
Mfgf sucjc scr cl jk vadk, tc clmfltrkstc cl ulk satukmaýl daiçmaj sal skjadk (Fmbf dc cspkdks). ^crf
cxastc tkltf jk sfjumaýl mfgf cj mkgalf k sceuar, sa sfjf jferkrks k`rar jfs fofs y vcr jks mfsks mfgf
rckjgcltc crkl.

Cstës mcrmk dc tu f`octavf, pcrf jks prcfmupkmaflcs y jks dudks tc cstël gktkldf (Lucvc dc
cspkdks), c almflsmacltcgcltc
almflsmacltcgcltc lf tc ktrcvcs k dkr cj ÿjtagf pksf. Jf quc lcmcsatks cs clmfltrkr cj
mfrkoc pkrk clircltkr bflcstkgcltc tus gacdfs y cxpcmtktavks
cxpcmtktavks..

Jk satukmaýl sc rcsucjvc ialkjgcltc y dc gklcrk mflmjuycltc (Dacz dc cspkdks), y kulquc cj

rcsujtkdf pucdc cstkr guy jcofs dc jf quc cspcrk`ks, jk jkrek jumbk bk tcrgalkdf.
Alcspcrkdkgcltc,, tc scltas mksa trklquajf... kbfrk cs cj gfgcltf dc rcijcxaflkr y kprcldcr tus
Alcspcrkdkgcltc
jcmmaflcs.
Jfs Krmklfs Gclfrcs dc cspkdks sceÿl jk
j k Frdcl Bcrgátamk dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk?
Ks dc Cspkdks.
Cspkdks. Jk Pkçz dc jfs ^fd
^fdcrcs
crcs dcj Karc.
0 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk ^kz Pcstkurkdk.
= dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Dfjfr.
4 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Dcsmklsf dcspuás dc jk Jumbk.
3 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Dcrrftk.
9 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf Gcrcmadf.

5 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Csiucrzf Alcstk`jc.

0>
2 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Iucrzk Kgfrtaeukdk.
1 dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Dcscspcrkmaýl y jk Ycrdkd.
;> dc Cspkdks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Pualk.

Jk sktasikmmaýl dc jks mfpks

Jks mfpks rcprcscltkl tus cgfmaflcs8 `ësamkgcltc tu vadk kgfrfsk y tus rcjkmaflcs mfl ftrks
pcrsflks. Jks mfpks cstël rcjkmaflkdks mfl cj cjcgcltf Keuk, pfr jf quc sus kmmaflcs sfl
aldarcmtks pcrf guy pfdcrfsks, y cj keuk sacgprc clmucltrk su mkgalf. Kj aeukj quc jks
cgfmaflcs.
Cl ftrks pkjk`rks, jks Mfpks cstël ksfmakdks mfl mukjquacr mfsk cgfmaflkj, dcsdc cj gktragflaf
bkstk jks pfscsaflcs y prcfmupkmaflcs pcrsflkjcs. Cstf tkg`aál sc rciacrc k tfdf jf rcjkmaflkdf
mfl jks ksfmakmaflcs, yk sck cl ul mfltcxtf jk`frkj f pcrsflkj. Jks kmmaflcs alijuclmakdks pfr jks
Mfpks sfl guy daicrcltcs cl mfgpkrkmaýl mfl, daekgfs, cj clifquc dc kmmaýl darcmtk dc jks
cspkdks.

Dc rcpcltc sc tc prcscltk ul lucvf mfgaclzf8 sc sacltc mfgf (Ks dc Mfpks) ul rçf cgcrecltc dc
cgfmaflcs pfsatavks y, kulquc tfdkvçk cs pcqucûf, sk`cs quc lkdk pucdc
p ucdc dctclcrjf.

Tc dcoks euakr pfr tu altuamaýl y sfs rcmfgpclskdf mfl ulk mflcxaýl cgfmaflkj prfiuldk (Dfs dc
Mfpks) jjclk dc cspcrklzk y prfgcsk dc quc cj clraqucmagacltf gutuf mrcmcrë cl krgflçk y
cquaja`raf rckj.

0;
Jfs prf`jcgks qucdkl ktrës y jk sktasikmmaýl cstë kquç. Cstës mfltcltf (Trcs dc Mfpks) mfl jf quc
tclcs kbfrk y cstës jastf pkrk dasirutkr kÿl gës dc jks mfsks `uclks quc sceurkgcltc vcldrël.

Cstës rfdckdf dc icjamadkd pcrf scltçs quc bky gës (Muktrf dc Mfpks) y yk lf jf dasirutks tkltf8
mfgclzks k dkr pfr bcmbf jf quc tc bkmc icjaz. ^fr ftrf jkdf, tkg`acl rcijcok jk sclskmaýl
sclskmaýl dc
mflifrgadkd.

^rfltf, cj scltagacltf dc sktasikmmaýl dcskpkrcmc y dcmadas sceuar kdcjkltc. Jjfrks jf quc pudf
bk`cr sadf (Malmf dc Mfpks) y cstës dcmcpmaflkdf mfl vfs gasgf y mfl jfs dcgës.

Cj pkskdf rcercsk pkrk kyudkrtc (]cas dc Mfpks) y lucvkgcltc eklks krgflçk altcrafr. Trklquajf y
mfliakdf, cstës k`acrtf ulk vcz gës k lucvks cxpcraclmaks.

00
Cs bfrk dc ul csiucrzf rckj y dc dcokr dc mflstruar mkstajjfs cl cj karc (]actc dc mfpks). Tc dks
mucltk dc quc kjeulks dc jks cjcmmaflcs dc jk vadk lf sfl cl rckjadkd jf quc pkrcmçkl. Q kbfrk,
¶[uá vks k cjcear6

Ktrkvcsks gumbk icjamadkd y trastczk pkrk f`tclcr jf quc tclcs, pcrf tu icjamadkd cs sfjf ulk
ajusaýl (Fmbf dc Mfpks) y tc quatk jk clcreçk vatkj. Pcmflfmcs quc cj gfgcltf cstë kquç y dcoks
ktrës cj cstklmkgacltf. Kvklzks bkmak jf dcsmflfmadf, cl `usmk dc kjef quc jjclc csc cspkmaf
vkmçf.

Ialkjgcltc, cstës cl mfgpjctk krgflçk mfl tu altuamaýl, y tus gctks y dcscfs sc vucjvcl mjkrfs
mfgf cj mrastkj. Cstës tkl mflsmacltc y sceurf dc quc arrkdaks icjamadkd (Lucvc dc Mfpks) y jk mrcks
tkltf pkrk vfs mfgf pkrk jks pcrsflks quc tc rfdckl.

Dcspuás dc ul jkref y durf vakoc, rcmfrdës tfdf jf quc bks ktrkvcskdf y dasirutks mfgpjctk y
mflsmacltcgcltcc (Dacz dc Mfpks) dc tus sucûfs. pfrquc sk`cs quc jk mflmaclmak mfgpjctk dc tfdf
mflsmacltcgclt
jf quc bk jjcvkdf k cstc gfgcltf cs jk ÿlamk ifrgk dc kjmklzkr kÿl gës. Pcma`ç mfl jfs `rkzfs
k`acrtfs jf quc tc gcrcmcs.

0=
Jfs Krmklfs Gclfrcs dc mfpks sceÿl jk Frdcl Bcrgctamk dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk
Ks dc Mfpks. Jk Pkçz dc jfs ^f
^fdcrcs
dcrcs dcj Keuk.
0 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Kgfr.
= dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk K`uldklmak.
4 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj ^jkmcr Gczmjkdf.
3 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk párdadk dcj ^jkmcr.
9 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj ^jkmcr.
5 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf Ajusfraf.
2 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf K`kldflkdf.
1 dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Icjamadkd Gktcrakj.
;> dc Mfpks. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf ^crpctuf.

Jk pksaýl dc jfs `kstfs

Jfs `kstfs rcprcscltkl tu cspçratu? tus pksaflcs y tu agpujsf. Cl ftrks pkjk`rks, jks mkrtks dc
`kstfs bk`jkl sf`rc tus prfycmtfs y dcscfs. Jks mkrtks dcj pkjf dc `kstfs sfl agpujsavks8 ulk
mbaspk dc alsparkmaýl quc skmk k jk supcriamac ulk iucrzk pfdcrfsk, pcrf cs daiçmaj dc mfltrfjkr,
mfgf cj iucef.

Dc rcpcltc, sc tc fmurrc ulk erkl adck (Ks dc `kstfs) quc bk dcspcrtkdf tu kg`amaýl, y cstës jjclf
dc pksaýl y clcreçk pkrk mfgclzkr k agpjcgcltkrjk.
agpjcgcltkrjk.

K pclks cgpacmcs, cstkrës cltusaksgkdf mfl jks daicrcltcs pfsa`ajadkdcs (Dfs dc `kstfs). Tc pkrks
k pclskr cl cj pklfrkgk eclcrkj y dcoks quc tu altuamaýl tc daek mýgf prfmcdcr.

04
Jucef, pflcs tfdf cl gfvagacltf (Trcs dc `kstfs) y gflatfrcks altclskgcltc
altclskgcltc jfs cvcltfs y mýgf
tc cstël kmcrmkldf k tu f`octavf/gctk.

]c cstk`jcmcl `kscs sýjadks y icstcoks pfr jfs rcsujtkdfs tklea`jcs (Muktrf dc `kstfs), pcrf sk`cs
quc lf pfdcs dcjcatkrtc cl cjjks durkltc dcgksakdf tacgpf, salf quc dc`cs mfltalukr.

Cstës ktrkpkdf cl ul mflijamtf8 tc scltas ktkmkdf pfr tfdfs jkdfs (Malmf dc `kstfs). Ftrfs lf cst
cstël
ël
dc kmucrdf mfl tus adcks sf`rc mýgf
m ýgf prfmcdcr y, kj gasgf tacgpf, lf cstës mfgpjctkgcltc
sceurf dc jks agpjamkmaflcs átamks dc tus kmmaflcs.

Eklks y mfl tfdf cj kpfyf quc lcmcsatks (]cas dc `kstfs) mfltaluks, pcrf lf dc`craks icstcokr jk
vamtfrak dcgksakdf prfltf y cs gcofr quc tc muadcs pkrk gkltclcr tu mflmcltrkmaýl.

03
]fs mflirfltkdf (]actc dc `kstfs) pcrf k pcskr
p cskr dc tus gacdfs y dudks tcl
tclás
ás quc prcvkjcmcr. Cs
gfgcltf dc dcicldcr, lf sfjf jf quc bks jferkdf, salf tkg`acl jf quc cstë pfr jjcekr.

Jk gctk cstë mcrmk pcrf tu mkgalf cstë `jfquckdf (fmbf dc `kstfs). ]c lcmcsatk dc kmmaýl rkpadk
y darcmtk pcrf tfgktc ul gfgcltf pkrk prcpkrkrtc, lf tc qucrás
q ucrás cquavfmkr pfr tus agpujsfs.

Mksa kjmklzks tu f`octavf y cstks guy mklskdf (Lucvc dc `kstfs) pcrf cstks dctcrgalkdf k
pcrscvcrkr. Almjusf kj `frdc dcj cxatf, tc mucstk clmfltrkr jk iucrzk y vfjultkd pkrk dcicldcr jf
quc bks kjmklzkdf.

Ialkjgcltc, jferks tu gctk (dacz dc `kstfs) pcrf cstës keftkdf y lf jferks dasirutkr. ^fr gumbf
tacgpf, tfdk jk rcspflsk`ajadkd bk cstkdf cl tus bfg`rfs. Cs gfgcltf dc altcerkr jf quc bks
kprcldadf y mfltalukr mfl tu vadk.
Jfs Krmklfs Gclfrcs dc `kstfs sceÿl jk
j k Frdcl Bcrgátamk dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk?
Ks dc @kstfs.
@kstfs. Jk Pkçz dc jfs ^fdcrcs dcj Iucef.
Iucef.
0 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj Dfgalaf.
= dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Iucrzk Cstk`jcmadk.
4 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk F`rk ^cricmmaflkdk.
3 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Jumbk.
9 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Yamtfrak.
5 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj Ykjfr.
2 dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Pkpadcz.

09
1 dc @kstfs, Cj ]cûfr dc jk Erkl Iucrzk.
;> dc @kstfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Fprcsaýl.

Jk prkmtamadkd dc jfs frfs

Jk sucrtc tc bk sflrcadf y sc tc bk prcscltkdf ulk fpfrtuladkd guy prëmtamk (Ks dc frfs). Cstës
kvklzkldf bkmak jk rckjazkmaýl dc csk fpfrtuladkd, pcrf sal kpurf pfrquc sk`cs quc sa vks pksf k
pksf y muadkdfskgcltc mflstruas `kscs sýjadks, cltflmcs lkdk pucdc pkrkrtc.

^fr supucstf quc jks dcmasaflcs y jfs racsefs jjcekl rëpadf (Dfs dc frfs) y tc clmucltrkl guy
fmupkdf. Jk ÿlamk gklcrk dc gkltclcr tfdf `kjklmckdf cs ijuar, y gkltclcrsc clifmkdf kj
gasgf tacgpf.

^rfltf, mflsceuçs jfs pragcrfs rcsujtkdfs tklea`jcs (Trcs dc frfs). Jk ecltc mcrmk tuyf rcmflfmc
tus jferfs c almjusf tfdf cj trk`kof durf sc sacltc `acl. ^crf lf tc fjvadcs quc d
dfs
fs mk`czks paclskl
gcofr quc ulk.

05
Bks jferkdf gumbf, pcrf tc bks vucjtf kjef pkrklfamf mfl gkltclcr tfdf jf quc tclás (Muktrf dc
frfs). Tc bks kasjkdf dc tfdfs. Lf vfjvcrës k scltartc sktasicm
sktasicmbf
bf bkstk quc kprcldks k uskr
ja`rcgcltc jfs rcsujtkdfs dc tus csiucrzfs y mfltalÿcs sal tcgfr.

Tkl prfltf mfgf jfs prf`jcgks rckjcs kpkrcmc

kpkrcmcll tu guldf sc dcsgfrflk (malmf dc frfs). Tclcs
quc rcular dc kjeulk gklcrk jfs ÿjtagfs ëtfgfs dc clcreçk y ic pkrk keukltkr y ialkjgcltc
clmfltrkr ulk ifrgk gës altcjaecltc dc sceuar kdcjkltc.

Dcoks dc kasjkrtc. Bks kprcldadf k kmcptkr kyudk mukldf cs lcmcskraf y tkg`acl k `raldkr kyudk k
ftrfs (scas dc frfs) y jks mfsks vkl `acl dc lucvf.

Bks bcmbf tfdf jf pfsa`jc pfr kbfrk y cj áxatf kmtukj cs cvadcltc, pcrf cstës alquactf y tc
prcfmupk mýgf prfmcdcr (]actc dc frfs). ]al cg`kref, tc dks mucltk dc quc kjeulks mfsks lf sc
pucdcl kmcjcrkr8 cltflmcs tc tfgks ul gfgcltf dc dcsmklsf pkrk pjklaiamkr muadkdfskgcltc sus
prýxagfs pksfs.

02
Bks cjceadf cj mkgalf y tc trkc cxpcraclmaks tftkjgc
tftkjgcltc
ltc lucvks (Fmbf dc frfs). Jk vadk lf cs iëmaj
i ëmaj
kbfrk, pcrf cstës dcmadadf y sk`cs quc k trkvás dcj mfgprfgasf y csiucrzf, tc cstës kmcrmkldf k
ul áxatf gës pcrgklcltc y mfgpjctf kj gasgf tacgpf quc mrcmcs mfgf pcrsflk.

Ialkjgcltc, tclcs tfdf y, sf`rc tfdf, bks jferkdf ulk erkl kutfradkd y cquaja`raf (Lucvc dc frfs).
Dc bcmbf, yk bks tcladf áxatf sal agpfrtkr jf quc sumcdk dcspuás.

Bks jferkdf tfdf jf quc pjklckstc y bks mrckdf `kscs sýjadks (Dacz dc frfs) quc tc dkl jk
fpfrtuladkd y jk cstk`ajadkd dc mfgclzkr lucvfs mamjfs, lf sfjf pkrk tu `clciamaf salf tkg`a
tkg`aál
ál
pkrk jks pcrsflks quc tc rfdckl.
Jfs Krmklfs gclfrcs dc frf sceÿl jk
j k Frdcl Bcrgctamk dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk?
Ks dc ^cltkmujfs.
^cltkmujfs. Jk Pkçz dc jfs ^fdcrcs dc jk Tacrrk.
Tacrrk.
0 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj Mkg`af Krgflafsf.
= dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jks F`rks Gktcrakjcs.
4 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj ^fdcr Tcrrcstrc.

3 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr jfs ^rf`jcgks Gktcrakjcs.

9 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf Gktcrakj.
5 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dcj Áxatf Almfgpjctf.
2 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk ^rudclmak.
1 dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Eklklmak Gktcrakj.
;> dc ^cltëmujfs. Cj ]cûfr dc jk Paquczk.

01
 Kprcldacldf jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc?
Kbfrk vkgfs k vcr k jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc. Jf pragcrf quc tc vfy k dcmar cs quc tc tcleks
pkmaclmak pfrquc jfs pcrsflkocs cs ulk dc jks mfsks gës mfgpjamkdks dc kprcldcr cl cj Tkrft,
pcrf sc pucdc cltcldacldf `acl su rfj, su pkjf, sus gftavkmaflcs.
^clsk cl cjjfs mfgf ul erupf dc muktrf ikgajaks. Tfgk kj pkoc (f sftk), mk`kjjcrf, rcalk y rcy dc
mkdk pkjf (mukjquacr gkzf cstë `acl) y mfjfmkjfs cl ulk gcsk. ^fdcs pflcrjfs cl iajks f tkj vcz
sagpjcgcltc mfjfmk mkdk ulk cl su prfpak ërck? jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc dc `kstfs k ul jkdf, jks

Mfpks cl
tfgkr kjeÿl
muktrf juekrerkldcs
bfoks cl jk pkrtc alicrafr,
dc pkpcj y ksç sumcsavkgcltc.
y da`uokr sumcsavkgclt c. ]a ulk,
ulk mksk cl mkdk sc sacltc kjef ikltksafsf,erkldc
jf suiamacltcgcltc pfdrçks
mfgf pkrk mfjfmkr jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc dc ul sfjf pkjf dcltrf dcj da`uof. Kbfrk, uskldf k jfs
rcycs y rcalks mfgf pkdrcs y k jfs mk`kjjcrfs y pkocs mfgf laûfs, mflsadcrk quá tapf dc ikgajaks
pfdrçkl scr. ¶[uá pkdrcs pkrcmcl tclcr ul `ucl gktragflaf6 ¶Muëjcs jjcvkl sus vadks scpkrkdks
f taclcl kvclturks (y mfl quá tapf dc pcrsflks)6 ¶Mýgf sfl jfs laûfs6 ¶Csmumbkl k sus pkdrcs6 ]a
vcgfs k jks sftks mfgf cstudakltcs, ¶muël cstudafsfs sfl y quá jcs agpfrtk6 ]a jfs mk`kjjcrfs sfl
kdfjcsmcltcs f cstël cl jk ulavcrsadkd, ¶muëjcs sfl sus prafradkdcs6
Cj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs pucdc kgkr jks iacstks, cj Mk`kjjcrf dc Frfs pucdc cstudakr tfdf cj dak.
]a qucrcs prf`kr kjef gës
g ës kvklzkdf mfl cstc cocrmamaf, tfgk muktrf bfoks gës dc pkpcj y pkrk
mkdk pkjf, da`uok ulk cspcmac dc csmclkraf adckj? ulk maudkd, jk pjkyk, gfltkûks, jf quc sck quc
sc tc fmurrk.
Cltflmcs altcltk mkg`akr kjeulfs. Daekgfs quc da`uokstc ul jkef trklquajf pkrk jks Mfpks.
]upflekgfs quc jk ikgajak dc jks Mfpks sc iuc y kpkrcmaý jk ecltc dc Cspkdks. ¶Mýgf
cxpcragcltkrçkl
cxpcragcltkrçkl csk csmclk trklquajk y kmufsk6
Tclekgfs cl mucltk quc cstfs pcrsflkocs rcprcsc
rcprcscltkl
ltkl f pfdrçkl rcprcscltkr k pcrsflks rckjcs
pcrf lf lfs fjvadcgfs dcj rfj quc mugpjcl mkdk ulf. Cj mk`kjjcrf cs ul pkpcj y jk mfpk cs ul
cjcgcltf. ^crf mukldf jfs mfg`alkgfs pkrk f`tclcr Cj Mk`kjjcrf
Mk `kjjcrf dc Mfpks, lfs gfvcgfs bkmak
ul scltadf. Cstc bk sadf cj clifquc mfltcgpfrëlcf, agpujskdf pfr jk adck dc quc mukldf
kpkrcmcl cl ulk jcmturk, rcprcscltkl k ulk pcrsflk rckj cl jk vadk dcj mflsujtkltc. Jks mkrtks
pralmapkjcs saelaiamkl mukjadkdcs csparatukjcs y dcskiçfs dc jk vadk, jks satukmaflcs y cxpcraclmaks dc
jks mkrtks Gclfrcs, pcrf jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc lfs gucstrkl k aldavadufs.
]a jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc
m frtc sfl pcrsflks, ¶[uaálcs sfl6
]fjçk scr quc sacgprc crkl ftrk pcrsflk, lf cj mflsujtkltc, salf kjeuacl quc kicmtkrçk kj
mflsujtkltc, ul cspfsf f ulk cspfsk, ul ocic, ul kgaef, tkj vcz almjusf ul dcsmflfmadf. ]al dudk,
cstk cs ulk ifrgk vkjafsk dc mflsadcrkrjfs y lf dc`c pkskrsc pfr kjtf. ^crf, ¶mýgf sc supflc quc
scpkgfs k quá pcrsflk rcprcscltk6 Bkstk macrtf pultf, jccr jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc dc cstk gklcrk
rcquacrc ul clifquc gës psçquamf f altuatavf quc jks ftrks mkrtks. ^fdcgfs dcmar quc jk Cstrcjjk
sag`fjazk jk cspcrklzk, f quc cj Malmf dc @kstfs aldamk ul kg`acltc mfgpctatavf, pcrf ¶mýgf
vkgfs k sk`cr quaál pfdrçk scr cj Pcy dc Mfpks6 Slk ifrgk dc k`frdkr cstk mucstaýl cs k trkvás
dc jfs rksefs dc mkrëmtcr tkltf dcj pkpcj mfgf dcj trkoc, cl cstc mksf, rcy y Mfpks. ^fdrçkgfs
dcmar quc cj rcy aldamk ulk pcrsflk dc kutfradkd, gacltrks quc jk Mfpk sueacrc, cltrc ftrks mfsks,

`c`cr. ¡Ksç cj Pcy dc Mfpks pfdrçk scr ul ocic quc sc cg`frrkmbk k jk bfrk dcj kjgucrzf! ^fr

=>
supucstf, jks Mfpks taclcl gumbks mukjadkdcs kdcgës dcj kjmfbfj, y vcrcgfs altcrprctkmaflcs
gës sutajcs dcj Pcy, ksç mfgf jks ftrks qualmc mkrtks.
^krk cvatkr cj rcquasatf dc adcltaiamkr mkdk mkrtk dc jk mfrtc mfgf ulk pcrsflk, jfs jcmtfrcs
gfdcrlfs k gcludf jks vcl mfgf kspcmtfs dcj mflsujtkltc. ]a cj Pcy dc Mfpks kpkrcmc cl tu
jcmturk, saelaiamk quc vfs gasgf bks cstkdf cxpcragcltkldf csk mkrtk dc kjeulk gklcrk (f
pucdc quc jf lcmcsatcs, dcpcldacldf dc jk pfsamaýl cl jk jcmturk). ^crf, bky gës pfsa`ajadkdcs dc
quc rcprcscltc ul kspcmtf dcj mflsujtkltc, almjusf mukldf tkg`aál aldamkl k ftrk pcrsflk. Cs
dcmar, jk Pcalk dc @kstfs pucdc scr tu gkdrc, pcrf tkg`aál sfs vfs. Cstf sc dc`c k quc ktrkcgfs
bkmak lfsftrfs k pcrsflks quc rcijcokl vcrdkdcs sf`rc lfsftrfs. ^krk dcmarjf dc ftrk gklcrk, jf
quc vcgfs cl ftrks pcrsflks prfvaclc dc quaclcs sfgfs lfsftrfs gasgfs. Cl ftrks pkjk`rks, vcs
k tu gkdrc mfgf jk rcalk dc @kstfs pfrquc csk mukjadkd cxastc cl vfs. ^krk ftrk pcrsflk, mfgf cj
ocic dc tu gkdrc,
gkdrc, tu gkdrc pfdrçk scr gës cj M Mk`kjjcrf
k`kjjcrf dc Frfs.
Frfs.
Kjeulfs jcmtfrcs prciacrcl lf altcltkr dcsmairkr cj kmcrtaof dc k quaál pfdrçk sag`fjazkr ulk mkrtk
dc jk mfrtc cl jk vadk dcj mflsujtkltc. F cvatkl tkjcs adcltaiamkmaflcs pfr mfgpjctf y sfjf bk`jkl
sf`rc jk mkrtk dc gklcrk sag`ýjamk, f jc prceultkl kj mflsujtkltc mýgf mrccl quc cs jk mkrtk. ]a cj
Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs kpkrcmc sf`rc jk gcsk, cj jcmtfr pfdrçk prceultkr? ‚¶Mýgf dcsmra`arçk k cstk
pcrsflk6 ¶[uá pkrcmc cstkr bkmacldf6 " f `acl, ‚Mukldf vcs cstk agkecl, ¶kjeuacl tc vaclc k jk
gcltc6
Cstc clifquc taclc gumbf scltadf y pucdc kbfrrkr gumbf tacgpf y oucefs dc kdavalklzks. ]a cj
mflsujtkltc rcspfldc? ‚¡Dafs gçf! Cstc cs cj tçf Oukl cl cj pamlam dc jk scgklk pkskdk" y cstkjjk cl
jjkltf, cstf prf`k`jcgcltc sck gumbf gës saelaiamktavf quc sa vfs, mfgf jcmtfr, tc tkg`kjcks mfl
irkscs mfgf "cstc cs kjeuacl kmtavf y cláreamf" f, pcfr kÿl, alvcltkr ul gclskoc gëeamf. agkealk
cl tu mk`czk quaál pfdrçk scr y pfr quá cs agpfrtkltc (ul mk`kjjcrf lf taclc quc scr ul bfg`rc,
la ulk rcalk ulk guocr8 bk`jkrcgfs gës sf`rc cj eálcrf y jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc cl ul gfgcltf).
Sl prf`jcgk dc prceultkrjc kj mflsujtkltc k quaál vc cl jk mkrtk cs quc pucdc pkrcmcr ulk
"trkgpk". Yfs sfs cj Tkrftastk, sc supflc quc tclcs quc sk`cr cstks mfsks. Jfs tkrftastks quc
prciacrcl trk`kokr dc cstk gklcrk eclcrkjgcltc
eclcrkjgcltc alifrgkrël kj mflsujtkltc mfl kltamapkmaýl mfl
ulk dcmjkrkmaýl mfgf, ‚Gas jcmturks sfl altcrkmtavks. ^ucdc quc tc prceultc quc vcs cl jk
agkecl".

F`scrvcl cstc cocgpjf?

Cstël k pultf dc alamakr ulk scsaýl mfl ulk guocr, cstk guocr taclc cl su mk`czk ulk adck
prccstk`jcmadk dc jf quc saelaiamk scr ul tkrftastk y jf quc vfs mfgf tkj, tclcs quc bkmcr. ]kjc cj
Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs, y jc prceultks mfgf vc k csk mkrtk, lf jc eustý y sc jcvkltý dc ul skjtf
damacldf quc cjjk "cstk`k bkmacldf tfdf cj trk`kof". ]c vk y tc qucdks pclskldf cl jf murafsf dc
quc ulk kmmaýl tkl altclsk c agpujsavk cs mkrkmtcrastamk dcj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs.
Cstk satukmaýl ¶quá tc bkmc pclskr6 ¶Csc mk`kjjcrf aldamk ulk pcrsflk cxtcrlk f kjef gës altcrlf
prfpaf dcj mflsujtkltc6
Cstrcjjks dc malc, mucltfs dc bkdks, supcrbárfcs?
Kjeulks pcrsflks sc mrckl csmclkrafs dfldc jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc sfl pkrtamapcs. Kjeulfs jfs
ksfmakl mfl su pcjçmujk ikvfratk, mkltkltcs f mcjc`radk
mcjc`radkdcs.
dcs. ^krk bkmcr cstf, pragcrf lcmcsatks

=;
tclcr ulk adck dc jf quc rcprcscltk mkdk mkrtk, pcrf ulk vcz quc tcleks csk adck eclcrkj, pfdcs
dkrjc vadk damacldf, pfr cocgpjf, quc jk Pcalk dc Mfpks cs Gkrajyl Gflrfc, f cj Pcy dc Frfs cs
Dflkjd Trugp. ]a jfs muktrf mk`kjjcrfs iucrkl jfs @cktjcs, ¶Muëjcs scrçkl6 ]a prcicras jk ýpcrk,
pfdrçks bkmcr jf gasgf mfl jks erkldcs cstrcjjks? pkocs mfgf gczzfsfprklfs, mk`kjjcrfs mfgf
tclfrcs, rcalks mfgf sfprklfs y rcycs mfgf `krçtflfs. F pfdrçks bkmcr pcrsflkocs dc tus
pcjçmujks. Dc bcmbf, sc bkl pu`jamkdf `krkoks cl jks quc cj krtastk utajazý iaeurks trkdamaflkjcs pkrk
jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc pcrf mfl mkrks dc cstrcjjks dc malc mj
mjësamks.
ësamks.
^crsflkjgcltc, yf jks rcjkmaflf mfl jfs Dafscs/Dafsks dc jk gatfjfeçk eracek. ^fr cocgpjf, jk Pcalk
dc cspkdks scrçk Ktclck, Dafsk dc jk sk`adurçk y jk Cstrktceak. ^fscadýl, Dafs dcj Gkr, scrçk cj Pcy
dc Mfpks, _cus, Dafs dcj Macjf y cj Pkyf, scrçk cj Pcy dc Cspkdks.
^fdcs bkmcr jf gasgf mfl jfs ja`rfs y jfs mucltfs dc bkdks. ]a cj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs iucrk ul
pcrsflkoc dc tu bastfrak ikvfratk, ¶quaál scrçk6 ]a pclsks cl ul pcrsflkoc quc kgks, ¶quá mkrtk dc
jk mfrtc jf sag`fjazkrçk6 Jfs cltusakstks dcj tkrft k gcludf tfgkl ulk lfvcjk cl pkrtamujkr (f ulk
pcjçmujk f scrac) y ksaelkl pcrsflkocs. K vcmcs pfdcgfs bkmcr cstc cocrmamaf gcofr sa mkg`akgfs
jfs tçtujfs dc jks mkrtks pfr kjef quc sc koustc kj tcgk (mkg`akr jfs tçtujfs dc jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc
sc bk mflvcrtadf cl ulk trkdamaýl gfdcrlk). Jfs mýgams k gcludf pkrcmcl iulmaflkr cl ul lavcj
krquctçpamf, y mfgf rcsujtkdf, pucdcl mfalmadar guy `acl mfl jks agëeclcs dcj Tkrft.

^KEC DC @K]TF]?
Dcsdc cj pultf dc vastk dc jk Efjdcl Dkwl, cstk ]ftk saelaiamkrçk jf quc jk clcreçk dc jfs @kstfs
krdacltcs trkc kj guldf, jf quc prfdumcl. ]al cg`kref, sa jf garkgfs dcsdc cj pultf dc vastk dcj
dcskrrfjjf, mfgf jk iaeurk gës ofvcl cl jk mfrtc dc @kstfs, pfdcgfs vcrjf mfgf klsafsf,
cgfmaflkdf, ulk mkrtk dc mfgaclzfs. Ycf jk ]ftk dc @kstfs mfgf jk pragcrk dc jks mkrtks dc jk
mfrtc, pfr jf quc mfgpkrtc mukjadkdcs mfl cj Jfmf y cj Ks dc @kstfs.
Dcrcmbf?
Ircsmurk, cltusaksgf, eklks dc cgpczkr kjef. Lftamaks cgfmaflkltcs, pfsa`jcgcltc ul kgkltc
iacj, f almjusf kjeuacl ‚jfmf‗ dc kgfr, pcrdacldf cj scltadf pfr jk pksaýl. Kjtcrlktavkgcltc, lf`jc
y dcsaltcrcskdf. Dcsdc cj pultf dc vastk dc jk Efjdcl Dkwl, kjef rckj quc surec dc ulk clcreçk
krdacltc.
Alvcrtadf?
Almcrtadug`rc, vkmajkmaýl, mkutcjk. ^ucdc scr ul kgkltc aliacj.

=0
MK@KJJCPF DC @K]TF]
¶Muëj cs jk mukjadkd csclmakj dc ul mk`kjjcrf6 Cs ar y vfjvcr. ^krk cgprcldcr ulk `ÿsqucdk y jucef
rcmupcrkr ul pfdcr, ulk mukjadkd. Cstk cs jk bastfrak quc kjeulfs bkl suecradf cl tfrlf k jk adck
dc quc lf bky
b ky mk`kjjcrfs cl jks mkrtks. Cj mk`kjjcrf sc iuc, pcrf cl cj Tkrft rcercsk.
Cltflmcs, ¶[uá `usmk cj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs, ¶quá dcsmu`rc y quá trkc dc vucjtk6 Qf darçk quc
`usmk jk kvclturk, kltc tfdf, ulk skjadk pkrk su krdacltc clcreçk. ]a dcscks adcltaiamkrjf mfgf
kjeuacl cl tu vadk, `usmk k csk pcrsflk quc sck ktrkmtavf, murafsf, cláreamf. ^ucdc quc lf tclek
jfs pacs cl jk tacrrk, tclek gkj eclaf f sagpjcgcltc sck agpkmacltc mfl jf quc sck k`urradf y
rcpctatavf. Q mflsadcrk tkg`aál quc cj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs pfdrçks scr vfs, csks mukjadkdcs quc
fpcrkl cl tu vadk cl cstc gfgcltf.
^ucdc bk`cr pcjaerf dc qucgkrsc mfl cstc mk`kjjcrf, pfrquc cs purf iucef, ulk rcmctk pkrk jfs
almcldafs ifrcstkjcs. Cj mk`kjjf sc clmk`ratk mfgf sa áj tkg`aál kpclks pudacrk mfltclcrsc.
Cj Mk`kjjcrf dc @kstfs pucdc scr csc tapf dc bárfc aldavadukj, quc lf quacrc pcrtclcmcr k laleÿl
erupf, pcrf cstë klsafsf pfr mfrrcear jfs crrfrcs, sacgprc quc lf sck k`urradf.
Cl cj PU cj ^koc, cj Mk`kjjcrf y cj Pcy taclcl skjkgkldrks (jkekrtfs dc iucef) cl sus tÿlamks, pcrf
sfjf jks skjkgkldrks dcj Pcy taclcl jk mfjk cl jk `fmk, jf quc quacrc dcmar quc cstël mfgpjctks.
Mksa tfdfs jfs Mk`kjjcrfs cstël k`acrtfs, pfrquc taclc gumbf quc cxpcragcltkr kltcs dc quc
pucdk pclskr cl cstk`jcmc
cstk`jcmcrsc.
rsc.

Dcrcmbf?
Kvclturcrf, ktrcvadf, kjeuacl cláreamf y mfltuldcltc. Mfgf pcrsflk, pucdc scr guy clmkltkdfr
y sceurf. ^ucdc scr ulk mkrtk dc vakoc.
Alvcrtadf?
^fsa`jcs rctrksfs c altcrrupmaflcs. Mfliaklzk cxmcsavk, mfgf sa cj mk`kjjcrf sc mkycrk dc su mk`kjjf
pfrquc sagpjcgcltc lf cstë jastf pkrk tfdf jf quc cstë trktkldf dc bkmcr. Cj clmkltf pucdc

dcsekstkrsc.

PCALK DC @K]TF]
Cstk Pcalk cs sceurk, iucrtc, icjaz. Cl cj Padcr Ukatc sfstaclc ul earksfj, mfgf sa bu`acrk sadf
krrklmkdf dcj okrdçl dc jk mkrtk dcj sfj. Jfs jcflcs cl su trflf aldamkl su mflcxaýl mfl cj saelf dc
Jcf.
Jk Pcalk cstë trklquajk y mfliakdk, pcrf pucdc
p ucdc scr ulk pfdcrfsk eucrrcrk. Jk mukjadkd csclmakj dc
jk rcalk cs jk gkcstrçk, y cjjk cs jk gkcstrk dcj iucef, jk pkrtc icgclalk dc jk tftkj mfliaklzk. Jfs
@kstfs sfl clcreçk scxukj, y cl cj PU cs jk gës ikgfsk pfr scr jk gës scxukj dc jks rcalks, yk quc
sc sacltk mfl jks pacrlks k`acrtks.

==
Dcrcmbf?
Cs sceurk dc sç gasgk, vavaiamkltc, eclcrfsk, pcrf k vcmcs icrfz. ^ucdc scr kpksaflkdk
scxukjgcltc, pcrf agpkmacltc mfl ulk pkrcok quc gucstrk dc`ajadkd f vkmajkmaýl.
Alvcrtadf?

Eclcrfsk y `uclk cl ulk mrasas, pucdc agpkmacltkrsc mfl satukmaflcs quc sc prfjflekl
dcgksakdf. Lcmcsatk cstkr rfdckdk dc pcrsflks y cl satukmaflcs quc k`krmkl jk vadk, y pucdc
pu cdc
tclcr prf`jcgks pkrk mfgprcldcr jks jagatkmaflcs.

PCQ DC @K]TF]?
Ksç mfgf jks rcalks sfl cj dfgalaf, jfs rcycs sfl jfs ef`crlkltcs. Mfgf pkrtc krdacltc dc mkdk
pkjf, pucdc pkrcmcr quc dfgalkl k jfs ftrfs trcs, pcrf sfjf pucdcl ef`crlkr ciamkzgcltc mfl jk
rcalk mfgf mfgpkûcrk, cj mk`kjjcrf mfgf kecltc y cj pkoc mfgf lucvks pfsa`ajadkdcs. Cstc Pcy
pucdc arrkdakr ulk erkl mfliaklzk jk mukj pucdc mflvcrtarsc cl krrfeklmak kjrcdcdfr dc pcrsflks
quc lf sfl tkl pfdcrfsks f sceurks dc sç gasgks mfgf áj.
]a `acl su pfdcr pkrcmc ulaiamkdf, su pkpcj pucdc mfljjcvkr ulk mfltrkdammaýl. Cs dcmar, cs jk
lkturkjczk dc jfs rcycs scltkrsc cl sus trflfs y cstkr daspfla`jcs pkrk ef`crlkr, bkmcr mugpjar jks
jcycs y ktcldcr k jfs sfjamatkltcs quc `usmkl su kyudk. Cs jk lkturkjczk dcj iucef gfvcrsc, `usmkr
jk ja`crtkd y rcmbkzkr mukjquacr mfsk quc jf rctclek. ]a lftks cl jk
j k agkecl dcj PU pkrcmc scltkrsc
creuadf cl juekr dc rcmfstkrsc cl su trflf, mfgf sa quasacrk arsc y `usmkr kvclturks, lucvks
cxpcraclmaks. ^ucdc clvadakr jk bk`ajadkd dcj mk`kjjcrf pkrk mk`kjekr y `usmkr kvclturks, f jk dc jk
rcalk pkrk dasirutkr dc su `uclk vadk.
Dcrcmbf?
Slk iaeurk guy sceurk, pucdc scr tkltf ulk guocr mfgf ul bfg`rc, pfrquc cj rcy cs ul pkpcj, lf
ulk mucstaýl dc `afjfeçk. ^ucdc scr agpkmacltc mfl kqucjjfs quc kmtÿkl f paclskl dcgksakdf

jcltf f quc lflapucdcl

taclc kstumak sceuarjcsfjf
gkjk vfjultkd, cj ratgf, la kirfltkrclcreçk.
ulk pfdcrfsk su tcldclmak k bkmcrsc mkref. ]al cg`kref, lf

Alvcrtadf?
]a jf pruc`kl f clmacrrkl dc kjeulk gklcrk, pucdc rckmmaflkr mfl clfof. ^fr cj mfltrkraf, jks
marmulstklmaks daiçmajcs pucdcl jjcvkrjf k dudkr dc sç gasgf, prfdumacldf ulk cspcmac dc mrasas
pkrk cstc pcrsflkoc sugkgcltc mfliakdf.

=4
^KOC DC MF^K]?
Mukldf garkgfs jk agkecl dc PU, vcgfs ul ^koc ofvcl sfstclacldf jk mfpk cl jf quc gc pkrcmc
ulk pfsturk dc iksmalkmaýl.
Kjef cxtrkfrdalkraf sumcdc cl cstk agkecl. Sl pcz cgcrec dc jk mfpk, jk ÿlamk mfpk cl dfldc skjc
kjef kdcgës dcj keuk. Dc`adf k quc su pkpcj lf rcquacrc quc bkek lkdk, la mk`kjekr k laleÿl
jkdf, mfgf mk`kjjcrf, la dfgalkr cj cjcgcltf, mfgf rcalk, la cstkr k mkref, mfgf cj rcy, pucdc vcr
jf quc jk gkyfrçk dc lfsftrfs aelfrkrçk, jfs vcrdkdcrfs prfdumtfs dc jk agkealkmaýl.

Dcrcmbf?
Trklquajadkd, gcdatkmaýl, altcrás pfr tcgks csparatukjcs f agkealktavfs sal lcmcsadkd dc bkmcr
lkdk mfl cjjfs. Jfs pkocs pucdcl scr gclskocrfs y jk ]ftk dc Mfpks pucdc trkcr gclskocs dcj
su`mflsmacltc, almjuadk alifrgkmaýl
alifrgkmaýl psçquamk. ^ucdc scr cstudakltc dc fmujtasgf f gatfjfeçk.
^fsa`jcgcltc scdummaýl, `cjjczk.
Alvcrtadf?
^rcfmupkdf pfr mfsks quc vaclcl dc jk agkealkmaýl f dcj su`mflsmacltc. ]cdummaýl sal pralmapaf.

MK@KJJCPF DC MF^K]?

Cstk mkrtk cs altcrcskltc dc vcr cl jks jcmturks dc rcjkmaflcs. Slk dc jks scûks dc adcltadkd dcj
mk`kjjcrf cs cj rfgklmc. Cl jk trkdamaýl dcj kgfr mfrtcsklf, cj mk`kjjcrf dcdamk su iucrzk,
dcsaltcrcskdkgcltc,
dcsaltcrcskdkgc ltc, kj scrvamaf y kdfrkmaýl dc jk dkgk. Q jks Mfpks sfl cj pkjf dcj kgfr. Kÿl
gës, jks Mfpks rcprcscltkl ul sucûf y ul dcscf dc garkr bkmak kdcltrf, ulk iksmalkmaýl pfr ulf
gasgf. ^fr tkltf, jk mkrtk mfljjcvk ul mflijamtf, ktrkçdf pfr cj kgfr y cj scrvamaf, pcrf dcsckldf
pcrsceuar sus prfpaks iksmalkmaflcs. ^ýlekjf kj jkdf dcj Crgatkûf, y jk mukjadkd altcrafr sc vucjvc
gës iucrtc, kj jkdf dc jfs Kgkltcs f cj Dfs dc Mfpks, y cj rfgklmc sc bkmc gës iucrtc.
Jfs mk`kjjcrfs pkrtcl y rcercskl. ¶[uá `usmk cj Mk`kjjcrf dc Mfpks cl su `ÿsqucdk6 ¶D ¶Dýldc
ýldc vk6
¶[uá trkc dc vucjtk6 ¶]crë pkrk
p krk jfs dcgës f pkrk sç gasgf6 ^ucdc pcrsceuar jk `cjjczk csparatukj f
jks gkrkvajjks dc jk ikltksçk, pcrf taclc prf`jcgks pkrk bkmcr kjef mfl sus dcsmu`ragacltfs.
Kjeulfs dc jfs vacofs saelaiamkdfs dc kdavalf pkrk cstk mkrtk bk`jkl dc trkamaýl f irkudc.

=3
F`scrvk, kdcgës, cj cxtrkûf pkrcmadf dcj cstc Mk`kjjcrf mfl jk Gucrtc.
G ucrtc. ¶Cs cj Mk`kjjcrf ul
prcskeaf dc ul erkl mkg`af6
Dcrcmbf?
Pfgëltamk, sfûkdfrk, ktrkpkdk cl ikltksçks,
ikltksçks, jcltk. Áj (f cjjk) pucdc scr ul kgkltc dcvftf, pcrf
tkg`aál pucdc qucdkr ktrkpkdf cl sus prfpafs scltagacltfs. ^ucdc clkgfrkrsc dcj kgfr.
Alvcrtadf?

Kjef pucdc
quc sc agpujskrjf
jc padk k jk
quc bk`jc clkmmaýl,
kjeulkfsatukmaýl
csc mflijamtf
daiçmajaltcrlf pucdc
f almjusf vfjvcrsc
quc tfgc ulkgës iucrtc.
dcmasaýl Cs pfsa`jc
átamk.

PCALK DC MF^K]?
Jk Pcalk dc Mfpks taclc ul pfdcr cspcmakj. Cstë gumbf gës mcrmk dc jk ]kmcrdftask dc jf quc cj
agpkmacltc Pcy dc @kstfs cstë dcj Gkef, pfrquc jk Pcalk dc Mfpks cs altclsk y prfiuldkgcltc
mfgprfgctadk mfl su mkgalf, quc pfdrçkgfs jjkgkr cj mkgalf mrcktavf dcj kgfr. Ukatc damc dc dc
cjjk quc "vc pcrf tkg`aál kmtÿk, y su kmtavadkd kjagcltk su sucûf". Cl jk agkecl dc PU, cjjk gark
iaokgcltc su cjk`frkdk mfpk, jk quc pucdc scr su prfpak mrckmaýl.
]u trflf dcsmklsk cl tacrrk iargc, cl mfgpkrkmaýl mfl cj dcj Pcy, pcrf cj keuk sc krrcgfjalk k su
kjrcdcdfr c almjusf pkrcmc iuldarsc cl su vcstadf, pfr jf quc pfdcgfs dcmar quc gczmjk cj
scltagacltf altclsf mfl jk gklaicstkmaýl. Ycf jk altclsadkd dc su garkdk sag`ýjamk dc ulk
vfjultkd iucrtc, kulquc sá quc kjeulfs jk vcl mfl cj mcûf irulmadf.
i rulmadf.

Dcrcmbf?
Altclsadkd, dcdamkmaýl, kgfr, kjeuacl quc gczmjk scltagacltf mfl kmmaýl. ^ucdc rcprcscltkr k ul
krtastk mrcktavf f jk mrcktavadkd gasgk. Tkg`aál pucdc aldamkr kgfr, tkltf rfgëltamf mfgf kgfr
k jk ikgajak. Murkmaýl y sclskmaýl dc prftcmmaýl cl kjeulk satukmaýl daiçmaj.
Alvcrtadf?

Jk uladkd
f kmtÿc saldc vasaýl
ulk y kmmaýl
cgfmaýl pucdcSlk
eclualk. rfgpcrsc dc jk
trkdamaýl gfdf quc cjjk
vc mfgf sc pacrdk
kjeuacl cl sus
cl quacl guldfs
lf sc pucdcaltcrlfs
mfliakr,
pfsa`jcgcltc ulk mflcxaýl mfl jk adck dc quc csk guocr scdumtfrk pfdrçk "mfrtkr" jk mk`czk dc
ul bfg`rc.

PCQ DC MF^K]?
]a mfjfmkgfs k jk Pcalk y kj Pcy dc Mfpks ulf kj jkdf dcj ftrf, lftkrës
lftkr ës quc cstk pkrcok mkskdk gark
bkmak ftrf jkdf.
Gucstrkl k dfs pcrsflks quc vkl pfr mkgalfs scpkrkdfs, quc pfsa`jcgcltc tclekl ftrfs
kgkltcs. ¶Tc pkrcmc ulk ifrgk travakj dc altcrprctkr jks erkldcs iaeurks dc jks mfrtcs dcj Tkrft6 ]a

=9
cj mbasgc iucrk jk ÿlamk ifrgk dc kmcrmkrlfs k cjjfs, lfs jagatkrçk gumbf, pcrf sa qucrcgfs
cltcldcrjfs mfgf pcrsflks, dc`crçkgfs mflsadcrkr jks mukjadkdcs bugklks quc lfs sueacrcl.
jk Pcalk sc vucjvc kutfsuiamacltc, sal lcmcsadkd dc pkrcok.
]u trflf ijftk sf`rc cj gkr, pcrf cj keuk lulmk tfmk sus pacs.
Mfgpkrc cstf mfl jk Pcalk, quc sc sacltk cl tacrrk y, sal cg`kref, pcrgatc quc cj keuk ijuyk bkmak
su vcstadf. Cj Pcy dc Mfpks pucdc aldamkr ulk cgfmaýl rcpragadk, kjeuacl mfl prfiuldf lavcjcs dc
scltagacltf quc lf gucstrk cstc jkdf k jfs dcgës pkrk quc lf jf k`rugc.

Dcrcmbf?
Cj keuk sueacrc ul pfdcr kjquçgamf
kjqu çgamf pkrk trklsifrgkr f mklkjazkr jk clcreçk cgfmaflkj. Cj Pcy
rctrktk k kjeuacl cxatfsf, quazës mfl cgfmaflcs prfiuldks f agpujsfs mrcktavfs quc tacldc k
fmujtkr. Cstk pucdc scr ulk mkrtk dc jferfs cl jks krtcs. ^ucdc aldamkr k kjeuacl mfl ul prf`jcgk
mfl jk `c`adk quc eclcrkjgcltc
eclcrkjgcltc jf fmujtk. Jks kvclturks scxukjcs sfl pfsa`jcs.
Alvcrtadf?
Slk trkdamaýl vc kj Pcy dc Mfpks mfgf ul mfrruptf, quc k`usk dcj pfdcr, y pfdrçkgfs
pfdr çkgfs clmfltrkr
cstf cl jk mkrtk alvcrtadk. Cj Pcy kj rcvás pucdc aldamkr quc jks cgfmaflcs skjcl gës mfl ark f
jëeragks quc rcvcjkl scltagacltfs fmujtfs durkltc gumbf tacgpf. ^ucdc bk`cr mrcktavadkd
`jfquckdk f irustrkmaýl.

^KOC DC C]^KDK]?
vcgfs kj ^koc cl jk magk dc ulk mfjalk, mfgf sa cj vacltf pudacrk jjcvërscjf cl mukjquacr

gfgcltf.
bfg`rf. Mjkrkgcltc,
Dcsdc ga pultfjkdc
pkrtc kárck
vastk, vcf cs gës
k jks iucrtc
mkrtks dcquc jk tacrrk.
jk mfrtc mfgfGark bkmak ktrës jfs
ul dcskrrfjjf, pfrpkocs
clmagk dcj
rcprcscltkl k jfs cstudakltcs, f pralmapakltcs, quc lf lcmcsatkl kmtukr, salf quc sagpjcgcltc
kprcmakl cj cjcgcltf y cj pkjf. Cj pkoc dc cspkdks dcj PU cs gës jaecrf quc jks ftrks mkrtks dc jk
mfrtc dc Cspkdks, taclc ul kspcmtf gës ja`rc y, sal cg`kref, pkrcmc mkutcjfsf, almjusf
dcsmfliakdf, gacltrks sfstaclc jk cspkdk pcskdk mfl ulk gklf y gark bkmak ktrës pfr clmagk dcj
bfg`rf. Jk cspkdk, lf fjvadcgfs, cs ul alstrugcltf dc `ktkjjk, y cj ^koc pucdc scr kjeuacl quc sc
cstá prcpkrkldf pkrk jk pcjck. ]a mkg`akgfs dc darcmmaýl ul gfgcltf y mflsadcrkgfs csc
gfvagacltf dc rcy kj pkoc, pucdc bk`cr kquç ulk mukjadkd dc cstrás pfstrkugëtamf, jk adck dc
garkr lcrvafskgcltc bkmak ktrës, k jk dciclsavk, gumbf dcspuás dc quc cj pcjaerf bkyk tcrgalkdf.

Dcrcmbf??
Dcrcmbf

=5
^rcmkumaýl, mkutcjk, garkr bkmak ktrës, quazës mfl lcrvafsasgf. Jks ftrks mkrtks pucdcl aldamkr sa
sc oustaiamk jk prcmkumaýl. Gkeak, pfsa`jcgcltc ul kprcldaz, ul cstudakltc dc adcks. Jk mkrtk dcj
"cspçk".
Alvcrtadf?
Kprcldcr k rcjkokrsc, k mfliakr cl jks pcrsflks. Kjtcrlktavkgcltc, tfdf jf mfltrkraf, vfjvaáldfsc
vfjva áldfsc
gës klsafsf, gës kercsavf. Cstk cs ulk mukjadkd dc jks mkrtks alvcrtadks, quc pucdcl dcokr dc jkdf
jk mkjadkd dc jk mkrtk f kugcltkrjk. Slk vcz gës, jks ftrks mkrtks, oultf mfl jk altuamaýl dcj jcmtfr y

jk prfpak rckmmaýl dcj mflsujtkltc k jk agkecl, pucdcl dkr ulk adck dc bkmak dýldc vk.

MK@KJJCPF DC C]^KDK]?
Cl cj clifquc dc mfg`alkmaflcs cjcgcltkjcs, mkdk pkjf taclc ulk mkrtk pcricmtk f ulaiamkdk. ^krk
jks cspkdks cs cj mk`kjjcrf, cl quacl pfdrçkgfs pclskr quc bk`atk cl jfs juekrcs kjtfs dc jk
gcltc, gfvaáldfsc rëpadkgcltc mfgf sfjf cj karc pucdc bkmcrjf, pclskgacltf rëpadf, cjcvkdf.
]a jfs mk`kjjcrfs rckjgcltc sc vkl y rcercskl, cltflmcs cstc mk`kjjcrf
mk`kjjcrf pfdrçk trkcr dc vucjtk
erkldcs adcks y dcskiçfs kj pclskgacltf mflvclmaflkj. Kulquc jk gkyfrçk dc jks mkrtks gucstrkl
k ul vkjacltc mk`kjjcrf sf`rc ul mfrmcj quc sc kprcsurk, pfmks dkl kjeÿl scltadf dcj altcjcmtf f
dcj karc purf y cjcvkdf dc jks adcks.

Cj Mk`kjjcrf dc Cspkdks lf rcprcscltk altcjcmtf salf mfrkoc. Ksç mfgf taclc ul karc dc ‚pcricmtf‗,
tkg`aál cs cj gfdcjf gasgf dc ul mk`kjjcrf, pfrquc, dc bcmbf, ¶quá bkmc ul mk`kjjcrf kldkltc
salf pcjckr `ktkjjks6 Cl cj PU, clvçk k su mk`kjjf darcmtkgcltc k ulk tfrgcltk? jfs ër`fjcs sc
almjalkl bkmak áj c almjusf cj mk`kjjf pkrcmc garkr bkmak ktrës ul pfmf lcrvafsf, mfgf sa daocrk?
"¶Cstës sceurf dc quc dc`crçkgfs bkmcr cstf6"
Cj Mk`kjjcrf dc Cspkdks jumbk sal gacdf, pcrf k gclfs quc sarvk k mkusks supcrafrcs,
cspcmakjgcltc k jk oustamak, su mfrkoc pacrdc tfdf saelaiamkdf.

Dcrcmbf?
Mfrkoc, rkpadcz, ktrcvagacltf. ]c pucdc suecrar jk `ktkjjk, y quacl cgpuûc cstk cspkdk dc`c
ksceurkrsc dc quc jumbk pfr jk oustamak. Cj altcjcmtf k ul lavcj purf, adcks y pralmapafs. Slk gcltc
vcjfz, `rajjkltc.
Alvcrtadf?
Cj pcjaerf dc jumbkr pfr sç gasgf, pfr jk cgfmaýl dc jk `ktkjjk. Mfl tfdks jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc dc
cspkdks, jk alvcrtadk pucdc tcldcr k jk mfrrupmaýl y cj mk`kjjcrf pucdc vfjvcrsc kercsavf,
kutfratkraf. Almjusf pucdc kdfptkr ulk mukjadkd skjvkoc f agprudcltc. ^ucdc cstkr agpkmacltc mfl
jks pcrsflks quc paclskl gës jcltkgcltc quc áj.

PCALK DC C]^KDK]?

=2
Gumbk ecltc vc k cstk rcalk mfgf ulk iaeurk dc dfjfr, almjusf mfgf ulk vaudk. Dc bcmbf, jk `frjk
quc mucjek dc su gklf azquacrdk cl jk `krkok Padcr Ukatc pucdc rcprcscltkr ul sçg`fjf
vamtfraklf dc jk vaudcz. Jks gkrapfsks ifrgkl su mfrflk cl cj da`uof dc ]gatb. ^ucdcl sag`fjazkr
jk trklsifrgkmaýl dcj kjgk dc gktcrak cl cspçratu, k trkvás dc jk purczk dc jk gcltc. Jk pkjk`rk
eracek psaquc, quc bfy saelaiamk "jk gcltc", fraealkjgcltc saelaiamk`k tkltf "kjgk" mfgf
"gkrapfsk".
Cl cj PU, lf pkrcmc icjaz (pucdc bk`cr vastf ulk erkl mkltadkd dc trastczk f dfjfr cl su vadk), pcrf
su mk`czk sc cjcvk pfr clmagk dc jks lu`cs mfgf sçg`fjf dc su purczk. ]u gklf k`acrtk dk jk
`aclvcladk k jk vadk y kj cspçratu, sal rctclcr lkdk. Cjjk lf almjalk jk cspkdk mfgf sa cstuvacrk jastk
pkrk pcjckr, salf quc jk gkltaclc rcmtk, mfgf jks cspkdks jk mkrtk dc jk Oustamak y cj Ks dc Cspkdks.
]k`c quc, sal su mfgprfgasf mfl jk vcrdkd, lf taclc lkdk. Sl pëokrf vucjk sf`rc cjjk, ulk agkecl
gës dc su gcltc purk.
Jk ksfmakmaýl dcj Pclkmagacltf mfl ^kjjks sueacrc ftrks pfsa`ajadkdcs. Cj lfg`rc crk ul tçtujf dc
Ktclck, dafsk dc jk sk`adurçk y jk eucrrk y prftcmtfrk dc Ktclks. Ktclck cs ikgfsk pfr bk`cr
mrcmadf mfgpjctkgcltc dc jk mk`czk dc su pkdrc, _cus, y mfgf rcsujtkdf, pucdc sag`fjazkr cj
pclskgacltf dcskpcekdf dc jf içsamf.
i çsamf. ^kjks saelaiamk`k "varecl", pfrquc Ktclck rcmbkzk`k
mukjquacr rcjkmaýl scxukj. Cl mkg`af, sc bazf kgaek dc jfs bárfcs y jfs jf s prftceaý.

Dcrcmbf?
^fsa`jcgcltc dfjfr, almjusf vaudcz f kjeulk ftrk daiamujtkd quc pucdk dcokr k kjeuacl sfjf, pcrf
sk`af. Mfgprfgasf mfl jk vcrdkd, tkltf cl cj pclskgacltf mfgf cl cj bk`jk.
^ucdc quc lf sacgprc tc eustc jf quc damc, pcrf sk`cs quc lf tc gcltarë.
Kjeulks pcrsflks jk vcl mfgf jk agkecl dcj altcjcmtukj f dcj csmratfr. Jk cspkdk sc mflvacrtc cl jk
pjugk (gës pfdcrfsk, dcspuás dc tfdf), y jk gklf jcvkltkdk cs su kpcrturk k lucvks adcks. Mfgf
^kjjks, pucdc scr rcgftk pcrf vkjacltc y cxtrcgkdkgcltc jckj k sus kgaefs.
Alvcrtadf?
Kj aeukj quc mfl jks ftrks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc dc Cspkdks, alvcrtadks pucdc dcsjazkrsc bkmak jk
mfrrupmaýl, csk gcltc y pcrsflkjadkd pfdcrfsks sc vfjvacrfl gës bkmak jk gklapujkmaýl y cj
mfltrfj. Ftrk altcrprctkmaýl (gës icjaz) jk vcrçk mfgf dcokldf su juekr cjcvkdf y sfjatkraf y
alvfjumrëldfsc gës cl jk vadk.

PCQ DC C]^KDK]?
Cstk agkecl sag`fjazk jk sk`adurçk, pfrquc cstc Pcy sk`c cxkmtkgcltc quá bkmcr, pcrf tkg`aál
alvfmk ulk mukjadkd vatkj dc cstc rcy? quc cocrmc kutfradkd y dc`c tfgkr dcmasaflcs. Pckjgcltc cs
jk agkecl gasgk dc ul rcy, y cl jk `krkok Padcr, gc pkrcmc cj gës mýgfdf cl su pkpcj. Cj Pcy dc
@kstfs pkrcmc quc quacrc k`damkr, cj dc Mfpks mfgf sa dc`acrk rcpragar sus scltagacltfs dc keuk,
y cj Pcy dc jfs Frfs sc clifmk pralmapkjgcltc cl su raquczk. Cj Pcy dc Cspkdks lfs gark mfl ul
scltadf dc gkldf. Cs cl erkl gcdadk "cj rcprcscltkltc dcj Cgpcrkdfr cl jk Tacrrk".

=1
Dcrcmbf?
Kjeuacl cl ulk pfsamaýl dc kutfradkd, y gës, quc sc sacltc mýgfdf tfgkldf dcmasaflcs,
d cmasaflcs, cstkldf
kj gkldf. Jk kdavalk irklmcsk Cttcajk jf vcçk mfgf k`fekdf f oucz, f cl eclcrkj mfgf kjeuacl dc
jks mjkscs prficsaflkjcs, almjuadf gádamf, sclkdfr y "kscsfr jcekj". Ukatc saeuc cj cocgpjf dc
Cttcajk kquç, mfl Ukatc ycldf ul pksf gës kjjë, k "Jf quc sck quc surok dc jk adck dc ouamaf …
^fdcr, mfgkldf, kutfradkd". Kdcgës dc ulk pcrsflk, cj Pcy dc cspkdks pucdc saelaiamkr jk adck

gasgk dc ulk dcmasaýl sk`ak, cspcmakjgcltc pfr cj `acl mfgÿl.

Alvcrtadf?
Slk gcltc y ulk pcrsflkjadkd pfdcrfsk quc sc sarvc k sç gasgf cl juekr dc k jk sfmacdkd.
Mfrrupmaýl cl jks kjtks csicrks. Kjeuacl almýgfdf mfl cj cocrmamaf dc jk kutfradkd

^KOC DC FPF]?
Cj pkoc gark cj pcltëmujf, pcrf mfl ulk kmtatud gumbf gës jaecrk. ^krcmc iksmalkdf, k`sfrtf.
^aclsf cl áj mfgf cj gfdcjf dc ul cstudakltc, dcdamkdf, ktrkpkdf cl sus cstudafs. ]a jfs pkocs
sfl gclskocrfs, ¶quá gclskoc lfs trkcrçk6
Tkj vcz áj lfs daek quc csc pcltëmujf quc sfstaclc jc pkrcmc iksmalkltc.
Bky ftrk pfsa`ajadkd kquç, jk dcj cstudakltc dc gkeak, cj pralmapakltc cl cstudafs fmujtastks quc
saeuc jk gkrkvajjk dcj pcltëmujf.

Dcrcmbf?

Sl cstudakltc f pralmapakltc cl kjef, cl gkeak f cl mukjquacr ftrk ërck dc kprcldazkoc.

Iksmalkmaýl pfr kjef, sal jk lcmcsadkd dc bkmcr lkdk gës quc sceuar jk gkrkvajjk. Cstk adck dc
cstudaf f kprcldazkoc sc rcgfltk k Cttcajk, jk kdavalk dcj saejf RYAAA. Kjtcrlktavkgcltc, mflcmtkr k
tacrrk, bkmcr kjef rckj y sýjadf. Ftrks pkjk`rks mjkvcs sfl8 cmflfgçk dfgástamk, kdgalastrkmaýl,
mukjadkdcs quc clmkokl mfl cj cjcgcltf dc ulk gklcrk guy guldklk.
Alvcrtadf
]ceÿl Cttcajk, jfs saelaiamkdfs bk`atukjcs bk`jkl dc juof, cxmcsf y "prfdaekjadkd",
"pr fdaekjadkd", mfgf sa mcdacrk k
jks tcltkmaflcs sclsukjcs dc jk tacrrk. Sl cstudakltc pucdc tclcr prf`jcgks mfl sus cstudafs f
scltar kjeulk prcsaýl cxtcrlk. Kjtcrlktavkgcltc, pucdc saelaiamkr rcjkokmaýl dcspuás dc ul cstudaf
f trk`kof altclsf.

4>
MK@KJJCPF DC FPF]?
Bcgfs vastf jk csclmak lkturkj dc jfs mk`kjjcrfs? Arsc y vfjvcr.
Jfs mk`kjjcrfs cgprcldcl gasaflcs, gktkl drkeflcs, rcsmktkl pralmcsks (sceÿl jfs mucltfs dc
bkdks) y rcercskl mfgf bárfcs f mfl gkeak f sk`adurçk. ]a garkgfs jk agkecl dc cstk mkrtk, su
mkrkmtcrçstamk gës agpfrtkltc cs jk ikjtk dc gfvagacltf. Cj mk`kjjf cstë dc pac sf`rc cj máspcd.

^krk gumbfs,
racsef, cj Mk`kjjcrf
pcrf daspucstf dc Frfs
k dcdamkr cs su
tfdk jk agkecl dcjk trk`kokdfr
ktclmaýl sus dc`crcs.dcdamkdf, lf kg`amafsf
Cstf lf dcsmra`c la dkdfltc
kj
lcmcskrakgcltc
lcmcskrakgc
jk pcrsflkjadkd f jfs bë`atfs cl jk vadk dc kjeuacl. ]a tc clircltks k ul dcskiçf cl cj trk`kof f cl
kjeulk ftrk ërck prëmtamk dc jk vadk (jk okrdalcrçk pucdc scr ul `ucl cocgpjf) cl jk quc lcmcsatks
prcstkrjc tfdk tu ktclmaýl durkltc ul pcrçfdf dc tacgpf, cs pfsa`jc quc quacrks alvfmkr kj
Mk`kjjcrf dc Frfs. ]acgprc quc paclscs cl ftrk mfsk quc qu c prcicrarçks cstkr bkmacldf, pfdcs pclskr
cl cj mk`kjjcrf sýjadkgcltc sf`rc su mk`kjjf y mflmcltrkrtc cl tu trk`kof/tkrck.

Dcrcmbf?
Trk`kokdfr, dajaecltc, dcdamkdf k jk tkrck cl mucstaýl, sal lcmcsadkd dc rcmfgpclsks cxtcrlks f
ejfrak. Mkutcjfsf, lf dkdf k jk jfmurk la kj racsef. Kj scrvamaf dc jk lkturkjczk, sal cef.
Alvcrtadf?
Mfgf sucjc scr cj mksf, cj rcvcrsf pucdc cxkecrkr mukjquacr prf`jcgk mfl jk mkrtk f ar cl ulk
darcmmaýl daicrcltc. Jk alcrmak cs ulk pfsa`ajadkd, f pcrgatar quc ftrfs sc kprfvcmbcl dc vfs. ^crf
jk mkrtk alvcrtadk tkg`aál pucdc aldamkr mfrrcr gës racsefs f clmfltrkr ftrfs altcrcscs.

PCALK DC FPF]?
Jk Pcalk dc Frfs clmkrlk k jk Cgpcrktraz mfl tkltk iucrzk mfgf cj Pcy dc
d c Cspkdks ksugc cj pkpcj
dcj Cgpcrkdfr. Jks dfs mkrtks fmupkl rcalfs guy daicrcltcs, mkdk ulf kutfsuiamacltc. Cl jk Pcalk
dc Frfs clmfltrkgfs ul prfiuldf kgfr pfr jk lkturkjczk, ulk kjcerçk cl jf quc mrcmc dcj sucjf.
Cl jk agkecl cjjk cstë scltkdk cl jk lkturkjczk, sal cdaiamafs k jk vastk, mfgpkrkdf mfl cj Pcy Frfs,
muyf pkjkmaf cstë dctrës dc áj.
K Ukatc jc eustk`k cstk rcalk. Jk dcsmra`c mfgf "rcsugadk cl jk adck dc erkldczk dc kjgk" y "cj
scraf cjclmf dc jk altcjaeclmak8 cjjk mfltcgpjk
mfltcgpjk su sçg`fjf y pucdc vcr guldfs cl áj ". Cl ga prfpak
vasaýl dcj dcskrrfjjf, jk rcalk rcprcscltk cj dfgalaf dcj pkjf/cjcgcltf. Mfl jfs Frfs cs jk ducûk
dc jk lkturkjczk, lf cl cj scltadf dc mfltrfjkrjk, salf cl su kpcef prfiuldf y kpksaflkdf.

Dcrcmbf?
Kgfr pfr jk lkturkjczk, altclsk agpjamkm
agpjamkmaýl
aýl mfl cj guldf içsamf. Icjamadkd, sceuradkd içsamk,
pfsa`jcgcltc raquczk, kulquc cj dasirutc cs gës mcltrkj cl cj saelaiamkdf. Kjeuacl quc kgk jk vadk

4;

y cs kutfsuiamacltc, quc prciacrc jk lkturkjczk k jks maudkdcs, quc pucdc scr ul crgatkûf, lf
pfrquc lf jc eustcl jks pcrsflks, salf sagpjcgcltc pfrquc cl rckjadkd lf jks lcmcsatk.
Kjtcrlktavkgcltc,
Kjtcrlktavkgclt c, kjeuacl quc sc ulc pfdcrfskgcltc
p fdcrfskgcltc mfl jfs dcgës pcrf tkg`aál mfl jk tacrrk.
Alvcrtadf?
Jk mflcxaýl csclmakj mfl jk lkturkjczk pucdc pcrdcrsc f vcrsc kgclkzkdk, y pucdc vfjvcrsc
arratk`jc, kercsavk. ^ucdc bk`cr dcgksakdk prcsaýl sf`rc ulk pcrsflk. Cj jkdf crgatkûf dc cstk
rcalk pucdc vfjvcrsc cxkecrkdf.

PCQ DC FPF]?
Cstc Pcy rckjgcltc bk trkçdf su iucef k jk tacrrk. Taclc áxatf, cstë sceurf, mfl raquczk y
pfsa`jcgcltc bflfr, y jc eustk ksç. K daicrclmak dcj agpkmacltc Pcy dc @kstfs, purf iucef, lf
pkrcmc almýgfdf cl su trflf, salf quc sc almjalk bkmak ktrës, sfstclacldf mfl mkraûf su pcltëmujf
dfrkdf.
Cstk tkg`aál cs ulk `uclk mkrtk sa sc cstë `usmkldf trk`kof, pfrquc pucdc saelaiamkr ul ocic
kgaek`jc.

Dcrcmbf?
Paquczk, áxatf, mfgfdadkd, sceuradkd. ^ucdc quc sc mflmcltrc cl jks mfsks gktcrakjcs, pcrf gës
mfl sktasikmmaýl y freujjf quc mfl cefçsgf u f`scsaýl. Dc bcmbf, pucdc scr guy eclcrfsf. Slk
`uclk mkrtk cl mukjquacr jcmturk quc sc rciacrk k `usmkr trk`kof f kpfyf gktcrakj dc kjeuacl.
Alvcrtadf?
^rcfmupkmaflcs pfr cj dalcrf f jk alsceuradkd içsamk. Alsktasikmmaýl, scltagaclt
scltagacltf
f dc quc jf quc sc
taclc lf cs suiamacltc. ^rcsaflcs dc ftrks pcrsflks quc pflcl k pruc`k jfs jçgatcs dc jk
eclcrfsadkd. ^fsa`jcgcltc ul mkg`af dc prcfmupkmaflcs gktcrakjcs k adcks gës k`strkmtks f
csparatukjcs.

40

Cocrmamaf
Slk jcmturk alsparkdk cl jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc?
Kulquc cstk tarkdk sureaý dc jk adck dc mflsadcrkr jks mkrtks dc jk mfrtc mfgf ikgajaks dastaltks sc
usk tfdf cj gkzf y sc bkmc dc jk gklcrk bk`atukj. Bc pjkltckdf jks prceultks cl tacgpf prcscltc,
pcrf pkrk jks pcrsflks quc quacrcl garkr bkmak cj pkskdf dc sus ikgajaks mukldf crkl gës
oývclcs, pucdcl
pucdcl bkmcrjf cl cj pkskdf, mkg`akldf "¶[uaál sfy yf..." pfr "¶[uaál crk yf..."
yf..." ^fr
sagpjamadkd, bc rcstraleadf jfs tcgks k gç gasgf, k ga gkdrc y ga pkdrc, pcrf, pfr supucstf,
pfdcs kercekr iëmajgcltc k tus bcrgklfs, bcrgklks, k`ucjfs, ctm., dcpcldacldf dc tu cstrumturk
ikgajakr.
;. ¶[uaál sfy yf cl ga ikgajak6
0. ¶Muëj cs ga iulmaýl6
=. ¶[uaál cs ga gkdrc6
4. ¶Muëj cs su iulmaýl6
3. ¶[uaál cs ga pkdrc6
9. ¶Muëj cs su iulmaýl6

Cocrmamaf? Jfs rcycs

^krk mkdk atcg k mfltalukmaýl, cjceç ulk kmmaýl quc rcijcoc jk pcrsflkjadkd dcj Pcy.
Kmë tc dcof ul cocgpjf?
Pcy dc `kstfs?
`kstfs? Bks sadf kmuskdf dc bkmcr trkgpk cl ul cxkgcl, pcrf sk`cs quc sfs
alfmcltc.
Kmmaýl pfsa`jc?
pfsa`jc? mflirfltkrçk k ga kmuskdfr mfl vkjcltçk y pcdarçk pruc`ks.

;. Pcy dc mfpks? tu pkrcok sc qucok dc quc lulmk cstës cl mksk jfs ialcs dc scgklk.
0. Pcy dc ^cltëmujfs? ul gcldaef tc padc kjeulks gflcdks.
=. Pcy dc cspkdks? clmucltrk ul maekrrajjf dc gkrabuklk cl cj `fjsajjf dcj k`raef dc su
baok.
4. Pcy dc `kstfs? tu mfgpkûcrf dc mukrtf saeuc padacldf prcstkdf tu kutfgývaj sal
prceultkr.
3. Pcy dc ^cltëmujfs? tu kgaef tc rucek quc skjtcs cj trk`kof y skjeks k pcsmkr mfl áj.
9. Pcy dc cspkdks? Pcma`cs ulk alvatkmaýl pkrk bk`jkr cl ulk mflicrclmak.
5. Pcy dc mfpks? ul mkgkrcrf bkmc quc su frdcl sck almfrrcmtk dfs vcmcs sceuadks.
2. Pcy dc mfpks? Cstës dcsklagkdf pfrquc tu cquapf cstë ouekldf gkj.

4=

Cocrmamaf? Jks rcalks

 ^krk mkdk cjcgcltf k mfltalukmaýl, cjceç ul scltagacltf f pclskgacltf quc rcijcoc jk
pcrsflkjadkd dc jk Pcalk.
Cocgpjf?
Pcalk dc `kstfs? Tc bkl kmuskdf dc bkmcr trkgpk cl ul cxkgcl, pcrf sk`cs quc crcs
alfmcltc.
^fsa`jc scltagacltf / pclskgacltf? cstfy sceurf dc quc pucdf dcgfstrkr ga alfmclmak.

;. Pcalk dc mfpks?
mfpks? dcsmu`rcs quc tu pragk taclc mëlmcr.
0. Pcalk dc frfs?
frfs? tc fjvadks jks jjkvcs cl
cl cj kutf.
=. Pcalk dc cspkdks?
cspkdks? sc tc padc quc tc bkeks mkref dc ul prfycmtf ikjjadf cl cj trk`kof.
4. Pcalk dc `kstfs? mfgaclzks cj pragcr dçk dc tu lucvk dactk.
3. Pcalk dc frfs? Tu gcofr kgaef kdgatc tclcr ulk kvclturk.
9. Pcalk dc cspkdks? Cltrcvastks k ul lucvf cgpjckdf prfgctcdfr.
5. Pcalk dc Mfpks? Dcmadas dkr ul jkref pkscf dcspuás dcj kjgucrzf.
2. Pcalk dc `kstfs? vks k ulk iacstk dfldc sfjf mflfmcs k jk kliatraflk.

Cocrmamaf? Jfs mk`kjjcrfs

^krk mkdk csmclkraf, dcmada quá Mk`kjjcrf rcijcok gcofr jk satukmaýl. Jucef, dk kjeulks irkscs quc
dcsmra`kl cj gclskoc dc kdvcrtclmak dc csc Mk`kjjcrf.
Kquç bky ul cocgpjf?
Bks cstkdf trk`kokldf ;0 bfrks kj dçk durkltc scas gcscs. Bky gumbf quc bkmcr
Mk`kjjcrf dc ^cltëmujfs?
^cltëmujfs? Cstës trk`kokldf guy durf. ]fs guy mfgpujsavf. Lulmk tc rcjkoks.

;. Tc scltas dcpragadf y trastc tfdf cj tacgpf. K lkdac pkrcmc agpfrtkrjc mýgf tc sacltcs.
0. Tc bks okmtkdf dc quc mflfmcs k gumbks pcrsflks agpfrtkltcs, pcrf rckjgcltc
rckjgcltc lf.
=. Cj gcrmkdf dc vkjfrcs saeuc su`acldf. Tfdf tu dalcrf cstë cl ulk mucltk dc kbfrrfs sal
racsef.
4. ]acgprc jcs eratks k jfs laûfs. ]us pcjcks mflstkltcs tc cstël vfjvacldf jfmf.
3. Jc daoastc k tu lucvf ksastcltc quc su trk`kof cs dcsmuadkdf c almfgpjctf.
9. Mrccs quc tu pkrcok sacgprc cstë mfquctckldf mfl jfs dcgës. Lf tc eustk cl k`sfjutf.

5.
2. Tu baof tckdcsf`cdcmaý.
Tc lceks ¡Lf jf tfjcrkrës!
mflsadcrkr ou`ajkrtc k pcskr dcTu pkjk`rk
quc cs jcy
tu pkrcok cl tudasmutarjf.
quacrk mksk.

Cocrmamaf? Jfs pkocs

]kmk jfs muktrf pkocs dcj gkzf y mfjfmkjks `fmk k`kof ircltc k vfs. Gczmjkjfs oultfs, jucef
vfjtck ulk mkrtk. ]upflc quc cstc pkoc rcprcsclt
rcprcscltkk ulk fpfrtuladkd daspfla`jc pkrk vfs cl cstc
gfgcltf, ulk quc rcijcok jk gkeak dc su pkjf. ¶[uá mrccs quc pfdrçk scr6 ¶Tc cgfmaflk cstk
pfsa`ajadkd6 ¶Bky kjef quc tc dctaclc6 ]a lf sc tc fmurrc lkdk, `usmk alsparkmaýl cl jfs
prýxagfs dçks.

44
43
 Jcmmaýl | ¶^fr quá jccr mfl mkrtks alvcrtadks6

]acldf ul pralmapakltc cl cj Tkrft cs pfsa`jc quc tc prceultcs pfr quá qucrrçks jccr mfl jks mkrtks
dcj Tkrft alvcrtadks y dupjamkr jk mkltadkd dc alifrgkmaýl quc lcmcsatks kprcldcr pkrk mflvcrtartc
cl ul `ucl jcmtfr dc Tkrft.
Jf cltacldf, cl scraf.
^crf kquç cstë jk mfsk. Lf tclcs quc kprcldcr ftrfs 52 saelaiamkdfs dc jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft pkrk
dfgalkr jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft alvcrtadks.
]fjf lcmcsatks kprcldcr jfs gátfdfs quc tc kyudkrël k tfgkr jk clcreçk dc ulk mkrtk kj dcrcmbf y
kpjamkrjk k jk clcreçk alvcrtadk. Ksç dc sagpjc.
Q ulk vcz quc dfgalcs csfs pfmfs gátfdfs pkrk altcrprctkr jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft alvcrtadks, cstf
scrë pfsa`jc pkrk vfs?
• ^ucdc dupjamkr tu mflfmagacltf y kgpjakr tu mfgprclsaýl dc jf quc jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft
saelaiamkl pkrk vfs cl ulk jcmturk.
• ^fdrës vcr jk juz y jk sfg`rk dc ulk satukmaýl c adcltaiamkr dýldc ja`crkr jfs `jfqucfs.
• ^fdrës prfiuldazkr cl jf quc sumcdc dcltrf tuyf cl mfgpkrkmaýl mfl jf quc sumcdc k tu
kjrcdcdfr, adckj pkrk sk`cr dýldc rckjazkr jfs mkg`afs gës
g ës agpkmtkltcs.
• C almjusf pfdrës f`tclcr ul sagpjc ]ç f Lf cl tus jcmturks dc Tkrft.
¶Tclcs quc jccr mkrtks alvcrtadks pkrk scr ul `ucl jcmtfr dc Tkrft (f altcrprctc)6
altcrprctc)6
Lf.
]al cg`kref, jccr mfl mkrtks dc Tkrft alvcrtadks k`rc ulk mkpk mfgpjctkgcltc lucvk k jks
jcmturks y `raldk jk fpfrtuladkd dc prfiuldazkr kÿl
kÿ l gës mfl tu altuamaýl.

Bky 4 gátfdfs (pkrk gç) sclmajjfs y prcmasfs quc pucdcl kyudkrtc k altcrprctkr jks
mkrtks alvcrtadks?

Gátfdf ;? Clcreçk altcrlk

Jks mkrtks dcj tkrft sfl clcreçk.
Tfdks y mkdk ulk dc jks mkrtks cs ulk cxprcsaýl dc clcreçk cl daicrcltcs ifrgktfs.
Jk Cgpcrktraz,
Cgpcrktraz, pfr cocgpjf, jk Cgpcrktraz cs ulk cxprcsaýl dc k`uldklmak, icrtajadkd y clcreçk
gktcrlk.. Mukldf lfs clmfltrkgfs mfl jk Cgpcrktraz cl lucstrk vadk mftadaklk, pfdcgfs
gktcrlk
cxpcragcltkr su clcreçk mfgf lutrar y muadkr k jfs dcgës f dkr vadk k ul lucvf prfycmtf
(mrckmaýl).

49

Slk mkrtk kj dcrcmbf rcprcscltk "clcreçk cxprcskdk cxtcrlkgcltc". Cs dcmar, jk

 clcreçk dc csk mkrtk dcj Tkrft sc cxprcsk cxtcrlkgcltc
cxtcrlkgcltc cl cj guldf y sc
cxpcragcltk cl tu cltfrlf cxtcrlf y cl tus rcjkmaflcs mfl pcrsflks y satukmaflcs.
^fr ftrf jkdf, jks mkrtks alvcrtadks sfl clcreçk cxprcskdk altcrlkgcltc.
altcrlkgcltc. Cs dcmar,
clcreçk quc sc gkltaclc dcltrf dc lfsftrfs gasgfs f quc qu c cs gës pravkdk f
almjusf rcscrvkdk.
^fr cocgpjf, jk Cgpcrktraz kj dcrcmbf pucdc rcprcscltkr muadkr k jfs dcgës,
gacltrks quc jk Cgpcrktraz alvcrtadk pucdc rcprcscltkr muadkrsc k sç gasgf.
Cl cstk támlamk cs quc lf bky ul gclskoc "`uclf" f "gkjf" (k daicrclmak
d aicrclmak dc jfs saelaiamkdfs
trkdamaflkjcs dc jks mkrtks alvcrtadks quc sc mcltrkl cl cj fpucstf dcj saelaiamkdf dc jk mkrtk
vcrtamkj). Cs sagpjcgcltc dfldc sc sacltc jk clcreçk.
Cstk támlamk tkg`aál pucdc gfstrkr dýldc sc dc`cl bkmcr mkg`afs f dýldc d ýldc sc dc`cl tfgkr
gcdadks. ]a jk jcmturk dcj Tkrft cs pralmapkjgcltc mkrtks kj dcrcmbf, cltflmc
cltflmcss sk`c quc cstë
cst ë
jadakldf mfl satukmaflcs cxtcrlks y sus rcjkmaflcs mfl jfs dcgës. ]a jk jcmturk dc Tkrft cs
pralmapkjgcltc mkrtks alvcrtadks,
alvcrtadks, cltflmcs sk`cgfs quc cstkgfs jadakldf mfl ulf gasgf y
mukjquacr kmmaýl f mkg`af rcqucradf dc`c sumcdcr pragcrf dcltrf dc lfsftrfs.

Gátfdf 0 - Dcgksakdk f pfmk clcreçk

Jks mkrtks alvcrtadks k gcludf pucdcl scûkjkr ul dcscquaja`raf cl jk clcreçk. Cs dcmar, bky
dcgksakdk f guy pfmk clcreçk.
Jk Pcalk dc `kstfs, pfr cocgpjf. Cl pfsamaýl vcrtamkj, rcprcscltk k ulk
pcrsflk sceurk dc sç gasgk quc dasirutk dc jks satukmaflcs sfmakjcs. ]al
cg`kref, ¶mýgf sc vc cstf mukldf bky dcgksakdk f guy pfmk clcreçk6
[uazës cs dcgksakdf sceurk y dfgalkltc, cspcmakjgcltc cl cltfrlfs sfmakjcs
(dcgksakdk clcreçk dc jk Pcalk dc jfs `kstfs). F tkj vcz cjjk cs ulk ijfr dc
pkrcd f ulk "vafjctk quc sc clmfec" mukldf cstë cl ulk bk`atkmaýl mfl ftrfs
(guy pfmk clcreçk dc jk Pcalk dc jfs `kstfs).

Mukldf jcf jks mkrtks dc cstk gklcrk pkrk ul mjacltc, k gcludf jf pjkltcf
mfgf ulk prceultk. ^fr cocgpjf, ‚¶[uá pkpcj oucek jk mfliaklzk cl jfs
cltfrlfs sfmakjcs pkrk vfs6 ¶Tc sacltcs dcgksakdf mfliakdf f tc ikjtk
mfliaklzk6
Q, k gcludf kercef, "¶Mýgf pfdcs bkmcr quc jk mfliaklzk cl jfs cltfrlfs sfmakjcs iulmaflc pkrk
vfs6" Cs dcmar, ¶mýgf pfdcs vfjvcr k cquaja`rkr y kjalckr cstk clcreçk6 (]ÿpcr pftclmakdfr,
¶vcrdkd6)

Gátfdf = - Clcreçk `jfquckdk

45

Cstc gátfdf cs sagajkr kj dc "dcgksakdk f guy pfmk" clcreçk , pcrf mfl ulk
 jaecrk daicrclmak.
Jk clcreçk k gcludf pucdc kpkrcmcr cl lucstrks vadks, pcrf sc `jfquck f lf
sc cxprcsk dc jk gklcrk gës mflstrumtavk pfsa`jc.
^fr cocgpjf, jk mkrtk dc jk tcgpjklzk alvcrtadk pucdc aldamkr quc cstës
`usmkldf gfdcrkmaýl y krgflçk cl tu vadk, pcrf cl cstc gfgcltf, bky ul
`jfqucf pkrk cxpcragcltkr mfgpjctkgcltc csk clcreçk dc ulk gklcrk
pfsatavk.
^rceultk? "¶[uá tc agpadc kjmklzkr gfdcrkmaýl y krgflçk6" Cs dcmar,
adcltaiamkr quá cstë `jfquckldf jk clcreçk.
Jucef, prceultk? "¶Mýgf pfdcs ja`crkr mukjquacr `jfqucf ksfmakdf mfl jk gfdcrkmaýl y jk
krgflçk6" [uazës lcmcsatcs vfjvcr k mflcmtkrtc mfl cj gkltrk, "Tfdf mfl gfdcrkmaýl". [uazës
lcmcsatcs cjcear tus `ktkjjks pkrk mrckr gës krgflçk. [uazës lcmcsatcs dcokr dc jkdf jk cxpcmtktavk
dc quc sacgprc bk`rë ulk krgflçk pcricmtk cl tfdks jks mfsks.
^krk clmfltrkr jks rcspucstks k cstks prceultks, pfdcs sagpjcgcltc tclcr ul daëjfef k`acrtf, f jr
pfdcs pjkltckr cstks prceultks kj Tkrft pkrk vcr quá surec.

Gátfdf 4 - Agëeclcs alvcrtadks

Gc clmkltk trk`kokr mfl jks agëeclcs cl jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft, cspcmakjgcltc
cspcmakjgcltc mukldf quacrf
mflcmtkrgc gës altuatavkgcltc mfl jk satukmaýl.
]a kpkrcmc ulk mkrtk alvcrtadk, gark jks agëeclcs dc csk mkrtk alvcrtadk y gark jf quc tc jjcek dc
ifrgk altuatavk.
^fr cocgpjf, cl cj ;> dc cspkdks alvcrtadf,
alvcrtadf, pkrcmc quc jks cspkdks sc cstël mkycldf dc jk
cspkjdk dcj bfg`rc. [uazës cj dfjfr quc sc bk alijaeadf cl cj pkskdf kbfrk ialkjgcltc sc cstë
ja`crkldf y cj mjacltc pucdc kvklzkr bkmak ul lucvf mamjf (cspcmakjgcltc pfrquc cstc cs ul Dacz,
cj ialkj dc ul mamjf).
F cl jk mkrtk alvcrtadk dcj ^kec dc ^cltëmujfs,
^cltëmujfs, jk gflcdk pkrcmc quc pfdrçk csmkpkrsc dc jks
gklfs dcj bfg`rc. ]u kekrrc lf cs guy iucrtc y lf pkrcmc cstkr mflmcltrkdf. Tkj vcz sck ulk
scûkj dc quc sal jk dasmapjalk y cj clifquc lcmcskrafs, cj dalcrf sc tc csmkpk dc jks gklfs.
Cstk cs ulk támlamk pkrtamujkrgcltc pfdcrfsk pkrk altcrprctkr jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft alvcrtadks,
cspcmakjgcltc sa sfs ulk pcrsflk vasukj. Jks agëeclcs k gcludf mrckl ul vçlmujf alstkltëlcf
cltrc tu gcltc mflsmacltc c almflsmacltc, kyudëldftc k mflcmtkrtc mfl tu altuamaýl.

42
 41

Jcmmaýl 3 | Pckjazkr jcmturks

@uclf, kbfrk quc yk vagfs jfs daicrcltcs tapfs dc krmklfs, kjeulks dc sus mkrkmtcrçstamks y
pcrsflkjadkdcs, cs bfrk dc ar gës kjjë bkmacldf jcmturks. Q sç, yk sá quc cstf lf suclk guy iëmaj kj
pralmapaf pcrf jcs prfgctf quc k gcdadk dc quc vkykl prkmtamkldf y mflfmaáldfsc k ustcdcs
gasgfs y jfs krmklfs, pfdrël bkmcr jcmturks gës prfiuldks.
Jk gkyfrçk dc jfs gkzfs vaclcl mfl su prfpaf ja`rf euçk pcrf sfjf k`krmkl ulk pcqucûk pkrtc dc
mkdk krmklf. ]acldf salmcrk, yf jfs eukrdf cl kjeÿl mkoýl f jfs tarf. ^crf sç mrcf quc sfl ÿtajcs sa

taclcl ul gkzf lf trkdamaflkj, quazës ul gkzf dc ektfs, f cj tkrft pkeklf, sfjf pfr dkr ulfs
cocgpjfs. u lfs

Mkdk mkrtk taclc su "saelaiamkdf `ksc", cs dcmar, su sag`fjasgf y gclskoc pcrf jk altcrprctkmaýl
quc jc dcgfs dcpcldcrë cl erkl gcdadk dc jk prceultk bcmbk.
^fr cocgpjf, sa lucstrf mflsujtkltc prceultk sf`rc su lucvk rcjkmaýl kgfrfsk y lfs skjc cj K] DC
FPF], ¶cstf quc saelaiamk6
]a daoagfs quc cstc Ks cs sf`rc ulk lucvk fpfrtuladkd jk`frkj, ul lucvf alercsf cmflýgamf,
cmflýgamf , ul
lucvf prfycmtf quc lfs ikvfrczmk cl lucstrk cmflfgçk, ¶quc rcjkmaýl taclc mfl ulk satukmaýl
rfgëltamk6
Lf lfs fjvadcgfs quc jfs frfs f jfs pcltkmujfs bk`jkl dcj mfgprfgasf, rcspflsk`ajadkd,
dcdamkmaýl, cl cstk satukmaýl pkrtamujkr pfdrçk cstkr damacldf quc cstk lucvk rcjkmaýl taclc
pftclmakj k jkref pjkzf cl cj quc kg`ks pkrtcs sc mfgprfgctcl k ttrk`kokr
rk`kokr pkrk quc su rcjkmaýl
iulmaflc. ¶[uc tkj6

Mfgf vcl, cj tkrft cs gumbf gës kgpjaf y prfiuldf pcrf lf sc prcfmupcl, kj pralmapaf pucdcl ar
euaëldfsc dc jks pkjk`rks mjkvcs quc cstkrël kj ialkj dc cstc kpultc y dcj ja`ratf quc vclek mfl su
gkzf dc tkrft.

Jcmturks k lfsftrfs gasgfs

Slk jcmturk k lfsftrfs gasgfs cs ulk guy `uclk ifrgk dc prkmtamkr mukldf rcmacl lfs alamakgfs
cl cj tkrft pfrquc cs gcofr cquavfmkrlfs mfl lfsftrfs gasgfs quc dcmar kjef quc pucdk jkstagkr
k ul ftrf, ¶lf6
Cj tcgk cs quc k vcmcs cs guy daiamaj scr f`octavf y durkltc cstks jcmturks lucstrks cgfmaflcs,
pclskgacltfs, dcscfs y cj prfpaf cef sc altcrpflcl y lfs mucstk dcsmairkr cj gclskoc dc jks
mkrtks.
^crf sç bky kjeulfs trumfs f mflscofs quc tc pucdcl kyudkr mfl cstk mfgpjamkdk satukmaýl?
;. @S]MK SL JSEKP MÝGFDF?
Cl ga cxpcraclmak sá quc sc pucdc jccr tkrft cl mukjquacr jkdf, dcsdc jk
mkgk bkstk jk gcsk dc ul `kr mfl jk gÿsamk kj tfpc y jks mcrvczks

3>

kjrcdcdfr, pcrf sa clmfltrkgfs ul juekr dfldc cstcgfs rcjkokdfs y lkdac la lkdk lfs gfjcstc jk
jcmturk scrë gës iëmaj.
 Mrckr ul cspkmaf pkrk jccr cj tkrft tc kyudkrë k ikgajakrazkrtc mfl jks mkrtks, kdcgës tc pcrgatarë
mflmcltrkrtc y cstkr trklquajk, jf mukj cs lcmcskraf pkrk ulk jcmturk cxatfsk.
Tkg`aál pfdcs kdfrlkr cj juekr quc cjaoks mfl mrastkjcs, vcjks y ftrfs f`octfs quc tc eustcl. Cstc
tcgk jf k`frdkrcgfs cl prfiuldadkd gës kdcjkltc.

0. ADCLTAIAMË TS ^PCESLTK
^PCESLTK??
]a dcscks rcspucstks darcmtks, tclás quc bkmcr prceultks darcmtks. Mflmasf y kj pultf.
^fdcs gcdatkr ul pfmf kltcs dc rckjazkr jk prceultk c altcltë scr jf gës cspcmaiamf pfras`jc y
prf`ë mfl prceultks mfgf? "¶Mýgf pucdf gcofrkr ga rcjk rcjkmaýl6",
maýl6", "¶[uá pucdf bkmcr pkpkrk
rk eklkr
gës dalcrf6" F "¶Muëj cs jk gcofr gklcrk dc ¶trktkr mfl (lfg`rc dc jk pcrsflk)6"
Kj mfgulamkr mjkrkgcltc k jks mkrtks jf quc dcscks sk`cr, tkg`aál pucdcl prfpfrmaflkr
alifrgkmaýl prcmask. Pcmfrdë, mukltf gës kgpjaks sckl jks prceultks, gës vkeks scrël jks
rcspucstks.
=. MFGCL_Ë ]AG^JC?

Lf tc qucgcs jk mk`czk bkmacldf tarkdks guy mfgpjcoks f mfl gumbks pfsamaflcs. ^rf`ë skmkldf
ulk, dfs, bkstk malmf mkrtks y jccjks dc azquacrdk k dcrcmbk. Tkg`aál pfdás cgpczkr jcycldf sfjf
jks mkrtks kj dcrcmbf y dcokr jks alvcrtadks pkrk gës kdcjkltc mukldf cstcs gës mfliakdk, f mfgf
bamc yf, quc cgpcmá uskldf mkrtks kj dcrcmbf c alvcrtadks.
4. GC_MJK, C]TSDAK Q PCIJCRAFLË?
Slk vcz quc bkyks skmkdf jks mkrtks dcj tkrft y cgpacmcs k altcrprctkrjks, dktc tacgpf pkrk quc
jks agëeclcs y jfs sag`fjfs bk`jcl
b k`jcl pfr sç gasgfs. Lf tc kprcsurcs k skmkr mflmjusaflcs,
cspcmakjgcltc sa sfl prcgcdatkdks8 Jks jcmturks pcrsflkjcs
pcrsflkjcs cxaecl ul lavcj dc altuamaýl y
bflcstadkd altcrlk quc lf sacgprc sc gklaiacstk cl jks pragcrks jcmturks.
Trktc dc gkltclcrtc iucrk dc vfs gasgf mukldf cstudacs mkdk mkrtk, pclskldf dcsdc ulk

pcrspcmtavk
vfs iucrks tudcj "sceuldf
prfpaf yf", cs dcmar, ialok quc cstë dcj ftrf jkdf, rckjazkldf jk jcmturk, mfgf sa
mflsujtkltc.
Cs pfsa`jc quc jfs gclskocs su`ykmc
su`ykmcltcs
ltcs lf sc bkekl cvadcltcs kj pralmapaf, pfr jf quc sa scltas
quc lf pfdás dkrtc ulk jcmturk mfrrcmtk, rceastrk jk tarkdk y jk icmbk cl ul dakraf y vfjvá
vfjv á mukldf
cstás gks trklquajk.
Lf tc fjvadcs, jk prëmtamk bkmc jk pcricmmaýl y tclcs tfdf cj tacgpf dcj guldf.
Kbfrk bk`jcgfs dc kjeulfs crrfrcs quc dc`crçks cvatkr?

;. JCCP DSPKLTC SLK MPA]A] CGFMAFLKJ?

3;

Dcspuás dc ul gfgcltf dc ark, gacdf f dfjfr, rkrk vcz cstkgfs cl cj cstkdf gcltkj kdcmukdf
pkrk rcijcxaflkr mfl mkjgk y mjkradkd. ^fr gumbf quc quacrks `umckr pfr jks mkrtks dcspuás dc
ulk dasmusaýl dfjfrfsk mfl ul kgaef f rfgpcr mfl ul cx, trktk dc rcsastartc.
Tfgktc kj gclfs ulfs dçks pkrk dcokr quc cj pfjvf gctkiýramf sc ksacltc y kmjkrk tus
pclskgacltfs. Jks cgfmaflcs cxtrcgks y urecltcs rkrk vcz eclcrkl jcmturks csmjkrcmcdfrks,
csmjkrcmcdfrks, y jks
mkrtks prf`k`jcgcltc rcijcokrël
rcijcokrël pfmf gës quc tu prfpaf mkfs altcrlf.
Tfgktc ul tacgpf pkrk rcsparkr, pkuskr y dcsmklskr dcj gkjcstkr. Gcdatk sf`rc jf quc csc cvcltf
saelaiamk pkrk vfs y jf quc dcscks kprcldcr dc áj. ^ucdc quc dcsmu`rks quc ul almadcltc cl
pkrtamujkr, lf crk tkl erkvc mfgf pkrcmçk, f quc csk rupturk iuc, dc bcmbf, jf quc qucrçks y kbfrk
cstës kerkdcmadf.
0. PC^CTAP JK GA]GK ^PCESLTK SLK Q FTPK Q FTPK YC_?
]ckgfs rckjastks, mukldf sc trktk dcj tkrft lf sacgprc f`tclcgfs jks rcspucstks quc dcsckgfs.
Cs ul agpujsf mfgÿl pkrk kqucjjfs quc rcmaál sc alamakl (y pkrk jfs gës cxpcragcltkdfs
cxpcragcltkdfs tkg`aál)
cl cstc guldf csftáramf cj qucrcr vfjvcr k mfjfmkr jks mkrtks cl cj gkzf, vfjvcr k gczmjkr y k vcr
sa lfs skjc "cj sfj" cl vcz dc "jk gucrtc".
^fr gës mfgprclsa`jc quc sck, altcltk rcsastartc k bkmcr jk gasgk prceultk mfl jk cspcrklzk dc
quc jk rcspucstk mkg`ac. Cstf sfjf tc mfliuldarë gës, y tkg`aál kj Tkrft.
=. ]KMKP MKPTK] CRTPK]?
K pkrtc dc rcpctar jk gasgk prceultk macltfs dc vcmcs, cs prf`k`jc quc tc taclc cj qucrcr skmkr
gës mkrtks quc kmjkrcl jk satukmaýl f rcspucstk mfl jk cspcrklzk dc tclcr gës alifrgkmaýl f quc
jk rcspucstk ialkj sck pfsatavk.
4. @S]MKP SL ]AELAIAMKDF DAICPCLTC DC^CLDACLDF DC TS PC]SJTKDF C]^CPKDF?
Slk qucok mfgÿl k jk bfrk dc jccr cj tkrft cs quc jk altcrprctkmaýl ialkj dc mkdk mkrtk rcmkc cl cj
jcmtfr. Bky allugcrk`jcs euçks y `jfes y ja`rfs quc tc darël quá saelaiamk mkdk mkrtk. ¡Cj prf`jcgk
cs quc mksa tfdfs sc mfltrkdamcl cltrc sç! Jk jcmturk dc ulk mkrtk rcquacrc ulk vasaýl y jk
mkpkmadkd dc pcrma`ar iucrk dc jks cgfmaflcs, prcouamafs y klsacdkdcs
kl sacdkdcs almujmkdks.
]a tc clmfltrës jcycldf ulk tarkdk pcrsflkj quc tc prfvfmk gacdf f dcmcpmaýl, cxpjfrk csf cl

juekr dcsaelaiamk
Gucrtc mfrrcr k C]TF
tu mfgputkdfrk
cl juekr dc pkrk `usmkr
C]F...") ]fjfsaelaiamkdfs kjtcrlktavfs.
prfiuldazkrës ("Fyc,
("Fyyc,
tu mfliusaýl tkj vcz
dudks csk mkrtk dc
sa mfgclzks k
kdavalkr jf quc altuatavkgcltc sk`cs quc cs vcrdkd, almjusf sa csk vcrdkd cs alquactkltc.

Jcmturks k ftrks pcrsflks

Slk mfsk cs jccrsc jks mkrtks k ulf gasgf, pcrf ftrk guy daicrcltc cs jccrjc cj tkrft k ftrk
pcrsflk.
Lf agpfrtk quc tkl cxpcragclt
cxpcragcltkdfs
kdfs sckgfs, sacgprc vk k bk`cr kjeulk sclskmaýl dc lcrvafsasgf
kj gfgcltf dc ulk jcmturk.

30

Yfy k clugcrkr kjeulfs mflscofs pkrk quc vkyks eklkldf mfliaklzk kj gfgcltf dc jccr jks mkrtks
dcj tkrft k ftrk pcrsflk?
;. CG^C_K MFL SL KGAEF/K?
Qk sk`cgfs jccrlfs k lfsftrfs gasgfs, kbfrk tfmk kvklzkr y jccr cj tkrft k ul kgaef f ul
ikgajakr. Cl mukltf daeks quc jccs tkrft, tc vkl k jjcekr macltfs dc gclskocs dc mflfmadfs
qucracldf ulk mflsujtk. ^cdajc k ul kgaef dc mfliaklzk quc tc dc kutfrazkmaýl pkrk aldkekr cl
sus ksultfs kgfrfsfs, jk`frkjcs, dakrafs f mukj sck cj prf`jcgk quc tclek. Kdcgës, cj kg`acltc
cs gës rcjkokdf y dc pksf sc davacrtcl.
0. ^KPTAMA^K CL ALTCPMKG@AF]?
Ftrk ifrgk dc eklkr cxpcraclmak y prëmtamk cs mfjk`frkldf mfl ftrks pcrsflks quc firczmkl
scrvamafs mfgf tkrft, kstrfjfeçk, tcrkpaks ijfrkjcs ctm. Kprfvcmbk cj erupf dc cstudaf quc mrcá
mrc á cl
Ikmc`ffh y Ubkts kpp y bkmcjc jcmturks k tus mfgpkûcrfs.
=. JCMTSPK] EPKTA]?
Mukldf rcmaál mfgclmá mfl ga pëealk dc Alstkerkg gc fircmçk k mfltcstkr kjeulks prceultks y
csf gc kyudk`k k prkmtamkr, k mflfmcr gas mkrtks, k rcspfldcr sceÿl cj mfltcxtf dc jks prceultks.
Tfdkvçk bkef csks dalëgamks y k jks pcrsflks jcs kyudk k mflfmcrgc tkg`aál.
4. ]CESÇ K TS ALTSAMAÝL?
¶[uá cs jf pragcrf quc sc tc vaclc k jk mk`czk6 ¶Slk mklmaýl6 ¶Slk adck6 ¶Slk pkjk`rk6
¡Cxprcsktc! Dcmç tfdf jf quc sc tc vclek k jk gcltc, pfr guy tfltf quc pkrczmk. Ssukjgcltc jk
pragcrk adck quc tc surec sucjc scr jk mfrrcmtk.
3. JCC ALDAYADSKJGCLTC?
Mukldf tcleks tfdks jks mkrtks sf`rc jk gcsk, clifmktc cl mkdk ulk pfr scpkrkdf. Cxpjamkjc k tu
mflsujtkltc f kgaef dc quc trktk jk mkrtk, muëj cs su gclskoc, mfgf sc rcjkmaflk mfl jk prceultk y
dc kbç kvklzk mfl jk saeuacltc, y jucef altcltk rcjkmaflkrjks mfgf ulk bastfrak.
9. ¡BKMC ^PCESLTK]!?
]ç, lf sfjf cj mflsujtkltc taclc dcrcmbf k prceultkr. Yfs tkg`aál pfdcs y tclcs quc prceultkr.

]ucjc pkskr mfrrcmtk.

jk darcmmaýl quc k vcmcs jks prceultks
Bkmc pcrsflks lf damcl
mfgf lkdk,fpalks
"¶[uá la `uclf la gkjf
dc csf6 ¶Tcypkrcmc
lf sk`cgfs
`acl jfsaquc
cstkgfs
daoc6"cl
Cstf tc dkrë gës alifrgkmaýl, pfrquc, kulquc kjeulks pcrsflks lf jf scpkl, lf sfgfs kdavalfs y
lf pfdcgfs jccr gcltcs. Tfdkvçk.
5. LF AG^FPTK ]A TC @JF[SCK]?
Lfs pksk k tfdfs. K vcmcs lf sk`cgfs mýgf altcrprctkr ulk mfg`alkmaýl f mfgf rcjkmaflkr ulk
mkrtk k jk prceultk bcmbk. Lf bky lkdk dc gkjf cl dcmar "cstfy `jfquckdk" f "gc mucstk vcr
cstf". ]acldf bflcstfs sc scltarël gës rcjkokdfs y k`acrtfs.
2. MACPPC?

3=

Mukldf yk sacltks quc bks dambf tfdk jk alifrgkmaýl pfsa`jc quc csk pcrsflk lcmcsatk`k,
cltflmcs yk pfdás mcrrkr jk scsaýl dc Tkrft.
1. PC]SGCL?
Kj ialkj dc jk scsaýl kjef guy ÿtaj cs bkmcr ul rcsugcl `rcvc dcj tcgk mcltrkj dc jk jcmturk.
Dcstkmkr jfs pultfs gës agpfrtkltcs dc jk jcmturk y dcmar kjef mfgf cstf8 "Dc vcrdkd sacltf quc
cstkr jcmturk sc trktk dc cstk`jcmcr jçgatcs".
;>. DA]IPSTKJF?

]ç, cs vëjadf davcrtarsc. Dasirutk dc jk jcmturk, dc jk cxpcraclmak, dc jk fpfrtuladkd dc kyudkr k ftrk

pcrsflk cl jf gës galagf quc sck. Qk vcrës quc mfl jk prëmtamk arës gcofrkldf y scrës ul erkl
altcrprctc dc tkrft.
COCPMAMAF?
Cjceç ulk mcjc`radkd quc tc eustc, mfl quaál sacltks ulk mflcxaýl cspcmakj, pucdc scr ul kmtfr,
ulk mkltkltc, ul pcrsflkoc dc ul ja`rf, ulk csmratfrk ctm. Gczmjk tu gkzf y skmk ulk mkrtk
(pucdcl scr gës pcrf mfgclzk mfl ulk) y pcdajc k tus euaks (f cl quacl mrcks) quc tc dcl ulk
mkrtk quc gcofr dcsmra`k k cstk pcrsflk f k su satukmaýl.
Slk vcz bcmbf csf, pu`jamk jk iftf cl lucstrf erupf dc Ikmc`ffh cl dfldc tus mfgpkûcrfs
tkg`acl pucdcl kûkdar daicrcltcs vasaflcs y fpalaflcs. ¡Lf fjvadcs mfgpkrtar tu altcrprctkm
altcrprctkmaýl!
aýl!

COCPMAMAF?
Yks k skmkr ulk mkrtk dc tu gkzf pkrk rcspfldcr ulk prceultk. Ssk alvcrtadks sa skjcl ksç.
Kmë tc dcof kjeulks prceultks quc pfdcs cjcear pcrf tkg`aál pfdcs mrckr jk tuyk (¡klagktc k
bkmcr prceultks!)?

¶Mýgf pucdf gklaicstkr gës k`uldklmak cl ga vadk6

v adk6
¶[uá gc kmcrmkrë gës kj prfpýsatf dc ga kjgk6
¶Mýgf pucdf kvklzkr cl ga mkrrcrk6
¶[uá cs jf quc cstfy kprcldacldf kbfrk6
¶[uá cs jf quc mkg`akrë cl cj prýxagf gcs / kûf / dámkdk6
d ámkdk6
¶Muëj cs ga gkyfr ifrtkjczk f dc`ajadkd cl cstc gfgcltf6
¶Mýgf pucdf dcskrrfjjkr gas bk`ajadkdcs psçquamks6

Ifrgujkr prceultks
Gc mflsadcrf ulk pcrsflk prëmtamk y darcmtk ksç quc mukldf sc trktk dc prceultkr kj Tkrft, jf sfy
kul gës.
Lkdac tc pucdc dcmar sa jk prceultk quc bamastc cstë `acl f gkj pcrf sç tc pucdcl dcmar quc bky
ifrgks gcofrcs f pcfrcs dc ifrgujkrjk.
]acgprc daef quc sa jk prceultk cs jf gës mflmrctk pfsa`jc, jk rcspucstk tkg`aál jf scrë.

34

Mukldf bkef kjeÿl vavf cl Alstkerkg y mfltcstf prceultks, jk ecltc sucjc daspkrkr mfl tfdf jf
quc taclcl.
Cgpaczkl ‚¶Mfgf gc arë cl cj kgfr6 ¶Mflsceuará trk`kof6 ¶Q ga pcrrf6 ¶Ga cx6 ‚ y jk vcrdkd cs
quc sacgprc tcrgalf kmjkrkldf quc ulk prceultk pfr vcz, salf jfs tcgks sc gczmjkl y jks mkrtks
tcrgalkl sacldf guy eclcrkjcs y ul dcskstrc pkrk altcrprctkr.
^rceultkr sa mflsceuará trk`kof cstk `acl, cj tkrft pucdc dcmar quc sç pcrf ¶mukldf6 ¶Mýgf6
Tkj vcz jf adckj scrçk prceultkr ‚¶[uc dc`f bkmcr pkrk mflsceuar cj trk`kof quc dcscf6‗ f ‚¶[uc

pfdrçk mkg`akr pkrk mflsceuar ul `ucl trk`kof6 ‗. Kbç jk euçk scrçk daicrcltc y gumbf gks
saelaiamktavk quc ul sagpjc sa f lf.
Ftrk mfsk quc bky quc tclcr cl mjkrf cs quc lfsftrfs sfgfs rcspflsk`jcs dc lucstrks kmmaflcs.
Lf agpfrtk jf quc daek cj tkrft, kj ialkj dcj dçk jks dcmasaflcs jks tfgkgfs lfsftrfs.

Kmë tc dcof kjeulfs cocgpjfs y mfgf pucdc mkg`akr ulk rcspucstk sa jk prceultk cs daicrcltc?
Kmcptk jk rcspflsk`ajadkd
Csmra`ç tu prceultk pkrk dcgfstrkr quc kmcptks jk rcspflsk`ajadkd dc tu satukmaýl. Mflsadcrë cstks
dfs prceultks?
;. ¶Dc`f pflcr k ga pkdrc cl ul ecraktramf f muadkrjf cl ga mksk6

0. ¶[uá lcmcsatf sk`cr pkrk dcmadar sf`rc jks gcofrcs fpmaflcs dc vavacldk pkrk ga pkdrc6
Cl jk pragcrk prceultk, jk csmratfrk rclulmak k su rcspflsk`ajadkd dc tfgkr ulk dcmasaýl. Cjjk
quacrc quc jks mkrtks jc daekl quá bkmcr. Cl jk sceuldk prceultk, sagpjcgcltc cstë padacldf k jks
mkrtks quc jc dcl gës alifrgkmaýl. Cjjk sk`c quc jk dcmasaýl rcmkc cl cjjk.
Cs tcltkdfr csmra`ar cj pragcr tapf dc prceultk (almjusf pkrk kjeuacl gës cxpcragcltkdf). Tfdfs
`usmkgfs jk mcrtczk dc quc cstkgfs tfgkldf `uclks dcmasaflcs, pcrf cj tkrft lf pucdc tfgkr
lucstrks dcmasaflcs pfr lfsftrfs. Cvatë prceultks quc dcsvçcl jk rcspflsk`ajadkd, mfgf?
^rceultks k rcspfldcr "]ç" f "Lf"
;. ¶Mflsceuará cj trk`kof cl jk keclmak dc pu`jamadkd6

0. ¶^fdrá sceuar ga dactk cstc gcs6

=. ¶Cstfy jastf pkrk ou`ajkrgc6
^rceultks quc mfgaclzkl mfl "Dc`crçk ..."
;. ¶Dc`crak dcokr quc ga baok vavk cl mksk6
0. ¶Dc`crak skjar mfl Ofsá6
=. ¶Dc`crak kpjamkr k gës dc ulk ulavcrsadkd6
^rceultks quc sfjf sc rciacrcl kj tacgpf (ástks sfl jks ikvfratks dc jk ecltc y jks gës daiamajcs dc
rcspfldcr)
;. ¶Muëldf gc pcdarë quc gc mksc mfl áj6

33

0. ¶Muëltf tacgpf jjcvkrë clmfltrkr ul kutf lucvf6

=. ¶Muëldf rcma`ará ga prfgfmaýl6
Cl mkg`af, mfgclzë tus prceultks mfl irkscs mfgf cstks?
• ¶^fdrçks dkrgc ulk adck dc...
• ¶[uá lcmcsatf cltcldcr sf`rc...
• Muëj cs cj saelaiamkdf dc...
• ¶Muëj cs jk jcmmaýl f cj prfpýsatf dc...
• ¶Muëjcs sfl jks marmulstklmaks su`ykmcltcs...
• ¶Mýgf pucdf gcofrkr gas pfsa`ajadkdcs dc...
• ¶Mýgf pfdrçk yf...
Gkltclá tus fpmaflcs k`acrtks
Csmra`ç tu prceultk pkrk dcgfstrkr quc tclcs k`acrtks tus fpmaflcs. Mflsadcrk cstfs?
• ¶Mýgf pfdrçk kjcltkr k ga sucerk k gudkrsc6
• ¶[uá lcmcsatf sk`cr pkrk jjcvkrgc gcofr mfl ga sucerk6
Cl jk pragcrk prceultk, cj csmratfr lf taclc k`acrtks sus fpmaflcs. ]c dcmadaý pfr ulk sfjumaýl? quc
su sucerk sc gudkrk. Jk sceuldk prceultk
p rceultk cs gës k`acrtk. Cstë `acl jagatkr cj kjmklmc dc ulk
prceultk sacgprc quc lf dcmadk jk rcspucstk mfl kltamapkmaýl. Jks saeuacltcs sfl prceultks
k`acrtks, pcrf jk sceuldk cs gës cspcmçiamk?
• ¶Mýgf kicmtkrçk ul mkg`af k ga mkrrcrk6
• ¶Mýgf agpkmtkrçk ga mkrrcrk cj mkg`af k ul pucstf dc vcltks cl ulk cgprcsk dc sceurfs6
@usmë cj gcofr lavcj dc dctkjjc
Bky ulk jçlck guy dcjekdk cltrc jk rcdkmmaýl quc cs dcgksakdf vkek y dctkjjkdk. Kquç bky trcs
prceultks sf`rc cj gasgf tcgk?

• ¶Mýgf pucdf gcofrkr ga satukmaýl jk`frkj6

• ¶Mýgf pucdf rcfreklazkr ga csmratfraf pkrk quc Tfgks pucdk clmfltrkr gas krmbavfs6
• ¶Mýgf pucdf gcofrkr cj ijuof dc trk`kof cltrc Tfgks y yf6
Jk pragcrk prceultk cstë dcsclifmkdk. Lf cspcmaiamk quá ërck dc trk`kof cs dc altcrás. Jk
sceuldk prceultk cs dcgksakdf dctkjjkdk. ]c vc ul kspcmtf gclfr dcj prf`jcgk. Jk tcrmcrk
prceultk cs gcofr pfrquc clmucltrk cj cquaja`raf cltrc jfs dfs. Almjuyk sfjf jfs dctkjjcs
lcmcskrafs pkrk dcokr cl mjkrf jf quc quacrc sk`cr.
Gkltclctc lcutrkj

39

Tclás quc gkltclcrtc jf gës lcutrkj pfsa`jc kj csmra`ar jks prceultks. Cs iëmaj mfgclzkr ulk
jcmturk mflvclmadf dc quc tu pfsamaýl cs jk mfrrcmtk, pcrf sa rckjgcltc dcscks rcma`ar fracltkmaýl,
tclás quc cstkr k`acrtf k ftrfs pultfs dc vastk. Mflsadcrë cstfs mfloultfs dc prceultks?
• ¶^fr quá sfy cj ÿlamf quc bkmc jfs qucbkmcrcs6
• ¶Mýgf pucdf ifgcltkr ul cspçratu dc mffpcrkmaýl mfl rcspcmtf k jks tkrcks6
• ¶Mýgf pucdf bkmcr quc jk ecltc csmumbc mukldf cstfy bk`jkldf6
• ¶[uá sumcdc mukldf altcltf mfgulamkrgc, pcrf sacltf quc ftrfs lf gc csmumbkl6
• ¶Mýgf pucdf bkmcr quc ga ocic dcoc dc pcdargc quc bkek bfrks cxtrk6
• ¶^fr quá bc tcladf quc bkmcr tkltf tacgpf cxtrk rcmacltcgcltc6
Cl jks pragcrks prceultks, cj csmratfr sacltc quc su pfsamaýl cs jk mfrrcmtk. Jks sceuldks prceultks
sfl gës lcutrkjcs y k`acrtks.
]cr pfsatavf

]c pfsatavf kj csmra`ar tus prceultks. Mflsadcrk cstfs?

• ¶^fr quá lulmk jferf pu`jamkr ga alvcstaekmaýl6
• ¶Mýgf pucdf u`amkr cj juekr adckj pkrk pu`jamkr ga alvcstaekmaýl6
• ¶^fr quá lf pucdf supcrkr ga gacdf k bk`jkr cl pÿ`jamf6

• ¶Mýgf pucdf gcofrkr ga mkpkmadkd dc bk`jkr mfl jfs erupfs dc gklcrk cicmtavk6
• ¶^fdcs kyudkrgc k cltcldcr pfr quá sacgprc pacrdf cj pkrtadf cl jk ÿjtagk rfldk6
• ¶^fdcs kyudkrgc k clmfltrkr ulk ifrgk dc skjar vamtfrafsf cl ul tfrlcf6
Jks pragcrks prceultks taclcl ul karc lcektavf. Jks sceuldks prceultks sfl gës sceurks. Cj
csmratfr sk`c quc tcldrë áxatf sa jc dk mflscofs ÿtajcs.
^ucdc quc tc prceultcs pfr quá bc cltrkdf cl tkltfs dctkjjcs kj csmra`ar ulk prceultk. Cstc

prfmcsf cs ul cocrmamaf
pfr jf eclcrkj dc clifquc
lf jjcvk gës dc trcs fquc tc prcpkrk
muktrf pkrk
galutfs, jk jcmturk
pcrf, pfr cskquc sa
saeuc.
euc. Csmra`ar
pcqucûk alvcrsaýlulk
clprceultk
tacgpf,
mfscmbkrës erkldcs rcmfgpclsks. Ksç mfgprcldcs gcofr tu satukmaýl y pfdcs altcrprctkr jk
jcmturk mfl gës pcrspamkmak.
Cocrmamaf?
Yks k csmra`ar ulk prceultk pkrk tu pragcrk jcmturk dc tkrft. ^clsk cl tu vadk pfr ul gfgcltf y
cjceç ul ërck cl jk quc cstás tclacldf daiamujtkdcs. (¡Tfdfs jfs tclcgfs!) Cvatë prcfmupkmaflcs
eclcrkjcs mfgf clmfltrkr pkrcok. Cjceç ul prf`jcgk mftadaklf cspcmçiamf quc tc cstá
prcfmupkldf cl cstc gfgcltf cl tu mksk f juekr dc trk`kof. Cjceç kjef quc tc alvfjumrc
darcmtkgcltc y quc tc agpfrtc pcrsflkjgcltc. ]ceuç jks rcmfgcldkmaflcs dc jk jcmmaýl 3 pkrk
csmra`ar ulk prceultk cicmtavk. Tfgk lftks k gcdadk quc kvklzks.

35

Daicrcltcs tarkdks
Slk ‚tarkdk‗ cs ul pktrýl prccstk`jcmadf pkrk kmfgfdkr jks mkrtks dcj tkrft. Dcialc muëltks mkrtks
uskr, dýldc vk mkdk ulk y quá saelaiamk mkdk ulk. Slk tarkdk cs ulk pjkltajjk quc euçk jk mfjfmkmaýl
dc jks mkrtks pkrk quc pucdkl krrfokr juz sf`rc ul tcgk dctcrgalkdf. Cs dcltrf dc cstk pjkltajjk
quc jfs saelaiamkdfs dc jks mkrtks sc mfg`alkl guy `acl.
Jk mkrkmtcrçstamk gës agpfrtkltc dc ulk tarkdk cs cj bcmbf dc quc mkdk pfsamaýl taclc ul
saelaiamkdf ÿlamf quc mfjfrck jk altcrprctkmaýl dc mukjquacr mkrtk quc mkaek cl csc juekr
Jks tarkdks dc tkrft pucdcl scr dc mukjquacr tkgkûf f pktrýl. Kjeulks tarkdks almjuycl jks 52
mkrtks y mrck ul vkstf mukdrf dc jk vadk dc ulk pcrsflk. Slk tarkdk tkg`aál pucdc mfltclcr ulk
sfjk mkrtk.
Jk gkyfrçk dc jks tarkdks mfltaclcl cltrc scas y qualmc mkrtks. Cstc rklef cs jf suiamacltcgcltc
pcqucûf mfgf pkrk scr gklcok`jc, pcrf jf suiamacltc
suiamacltcgcltc
gcltc erkldc mfgf pkrk mu`rar ul tcgk mfl
macrtk prfiuldadkd. Cj pktrýl dc ulk tarkdk k gcludf ifrgk ul dascûf quc rcijcok su tcgk. ^fr
cocgpjf, jk tarkdk kstrfjýeamk taclc jk ifrgk dcj mçrmujf trkdamaflkj quc ifrgk jk mkrtk lktkj dc ulk
pcrsflk. Jks dfmc mkrtks dc cstk tarkdk mfrrcspfldcl k jks dfmc mksks dc kstrfjfeçk.
Mukldf jks mkrtks sc rcjkmaflkl cltrc sç cl ulk tarkdk, sc mrck ul lavcj dc saelaiamkdf
mfgpjctkgcltc lucvf. Kpkrcmcl mfg`alkmaflcs y sc dcskrrfjjk ulk bastfrak mfl pcrsflkocs,
trkgks y tcgks. Cj tcoadf dc ulk bastfrak dc jks mkrtks cl ulk tarkdk cs cj kspcmtf gës
cgfmaflkltc y mrcktavf dc ulk jcmturk dc tkrft. Cs ul krtc, pcrf bky gumbks pkutks quc sc
pucdcl sceuar.

Kbfrk vkgfs k vcr kjeulks tarkdks pkrk alamakrlfs?

alamakrlfs?

MKPTK DCJ DAK?

Cl cstk tarkdk, jk adck pralmapkj cs skmkr ulk mkrtk k pclks lfs jcvkltkgfs. Csk mkrtk quc lfs skjek
scrë jk clcreçk dcj dçk.
Cj prfpýsatf cs kugcltkr tu mflmaclmak dc ul clifquc dc jk vadk pfr ul pcrçfdf dc vcaltamuktrf
bfrks. Tkg`aál tc kyudk k kprcldcr cj tkrft sal csiucrzf la tcdaf.
Cj pksf gës agpfrtkltc pkrk kprcldcr tkrft cs skmkr jks mkrtks dc jk mkok mfl rceujkradkd. Jk
jcmturk dakrak cs jk sfjumaýl adckj. ]a jf bkmcs mkdk dçk,
d çk, k`sfr`crës cj sag`fjasgf y gclskoc dc mkdk
mkrtk dc ifrgk rëpadk y iëmaj.
]al dudks, skmkr ulk mkrtk kj dçk y klftkr cl ul mukdcrlf jf quc tc trklsgatc, jf quc scltas, jks
irkscs quc sc tc vaclcl k jk gcltc, cs ulk dc jks gcofrcs ifrgks dc mflcmtkr mfl tu gkzf y jfs
krmklfs.
JCMTSPK DC = MKPTK]?
Jk tarkdk dc trcs mkrtks cs rcjktavkgcltc
r cjktavkgcltc sagpjc, jf quc jk bkmc adckj pkrk pralmapakltcs. Lf sfjf cs
ul mjësamf, salf quc tkg`aál sc pucdc kdkptkr k gumbks prceultks.

32

^rfpfrmaflk suiamacltc alifrgkmaýl pkrk f`tclcr alifrgkmaýl gës prfiuldk sal k`rugkr k ul
jcmtfr f mflsujtkltc. ^fr jf tkltf, jk tarkdk dc trcs mkrtks saeuc sacldf ul ikvfratf pkrk jfs
prkmtamkltcs cxpcragcltkdfs.
cxpcragcltkdfs.
K gcdadk quc tc sacltks gës mýgfdf mfl tus mkrtks, pfdrës alvcltkr tus prfpaks tarkdks dc tkrft
dc trcs mkrtks. Bkstk cltflmcs, tfgk prcstkdf f kdkptk ulf dc cstks tarkdks dc trcs mkrtks?

TAPKDK DC ]A F LF?
Cstks tarkdks sfl cxmcjcltcs pkrk pralmapakltcs pfrquc sfl sclmajjks. ]c clifmkl cl ulk prceultk y
usukjgcltc sc skmk ulk mkrtk quc rcspfldc k "sa",
"s a", "lf", "tkj vcz".
Dc`adf k quc cstks tarkdks sfl rcdumadks,
r cdumadks, jfs jcmtfrcs dc tkrft cxpcragcltkdfs pucdcl clmfltrkr
quc cstc clifquc cs jagatkltc.
Cj tkrft taclc cj pfdcr dc kercekr mkpks y gktamcs k ulk bastfrak. K vcmcs, bkmcr ulk sfjk prceultk
mfl ulk sfjk rcspucstk jagatk csc pfdcr.
K pcskr dc cstf, cs ulk cxmcjcltc gklcrk dc prkmtamkr jk altcrprctkmaýl dc mkrtks y jccr jk clcreçk
dc ulk satukmaýl cspcmçiamk.
JK MPS_ MCJTK?
Gumbk ecltc lf rcmfgacldk cstk tarkdk pkrk jfs pralmapakltcs, y taclcl rkzýl.
rkzýl . Cs ulk dc jks
tarkdks gks ikgfsks y mfgpjctks. Cstks ;> mkrtks lfs dkl ul vastkzf eclcrkj dc mukjquacr satukmaýl
y pfr csf cs ulk dc jks gcofrcs.

31
Mkdk pfsamaýl cstë mflcmtkdk mfl jks dcgës, rcprcscltkldf ulk satukmaýl dkdk vastk dcsdc cj
gfgcltf prcscltc.

;. ]atukmaýl. Jk mkrtk quc dcsmra`c jk tcgëtamk pralmapkj. Jf quc cstë pkskldf.

0. Mýgf sc cxprcsk cstk satukmaýl. Mýgf sc vavc jk satukmaýl rcprcscltkdk pfr pfsamaýl ;.
=. Dcsclmkdclklt
Dcsclmkdclkltc.
c. Lcmcsadkdcs gës prfiuldks.
4. Dc dýldc vclagfs. Cj pkskdf. Jf quc bcgfs vavadf bkstk kbfrk.
3. F`octavf. Jf quc qucrcgfs jferkr. Jf quc cstkgfs pclskldf.
9. Bkmak dýldc vkgfs. Cj iuturf algcdaktf. Jf quc cstë cl prfmcsf dc gklaicstkmaýl.
5. Slf gasgf. Mýgf sfgfs kicmtkdfs pfr cj ksultf.
2. Mýgf lfs pcrma`cl jfs dcgës. Mýgf jfs dcgës sc sacltcl cl rcjkmaýl k ulf gasgf.
1. Cxpcmtktavks. Jf quc tcgcgfs y jf quc cspcrkgfs
cspcrkgfs..
;>. Mflscmuclmaks. Bkmak kdfldc vk jk satukmaýl k jkref pjkzf.

TAPKDK DC KGFP DC = MKPTK]?

^krk tclcr gës alifrgkmaýl sf`rc cj cstkdf dc jk rcjkmaýl dc ulk pcrsflk, skmk trcs mkrtks pkrk
rcprcscltkr (;) cj mflsujtkltc, (0) jk ftrk pcrsflk y (=) jk rcjkmaýl.
Dcpcldacldf dc jks mkrtks quc kpkrczmkl, cstk tarkdk pfdrçk rcvcjkr dcscfs, tcgfrcs u ftrks
gftavkmaflcs dc jks dfs pkrtcs.

9>
 9;

Jcmmaýl 9 | Lugcrfjfeçk `ësamk

Cl cstk jcmmaýl k`frdkrcgfs jk altcrprctkmaýl dc jfs lÿgcrfs cj Tkrft. Lf prfiuldazkrcgfs
gumbf, sýjf jf oustf y lcmcskraf pkrk quc pucdkl tclcr gës bcrrkgacltks k jk bfrk dc bkmcr ulk
jcmturk. Kdcgës, jf quc gclfs quacrf cs sf`rcmkrekrjfs dc alifrgkmaýl y quc sc sacltkl
k`rugkdfs.
Mukldf cgpczkgfs k kprcldcr jfs saelaiamkdfs dc jks mkrtks dcj tkrft, jf gës prf`k`jc cs quc lfs
prceultcgfs? "¶Mýgf mkrkof vfy k rcmfrdkr jfs 52 saelaiamkdfs dc jks mkrtks dcj tkrft6".

@uclf, yf jf bamc, y lf sfjf ulk vcz. ^crf bky ulk pkjk`rk gëeamk
g ëeamk quc gc kyudý gumbf mukldf
crk pralmapakltc cl cj Tkrft? ¡Lugcrfjfeçk! ]a pfdcs kprcldcr jfs mflmcptfs `ësamfs dc jk
lugcrfjfeçk, tu prëmtamk gcofrkrë.
Jk lugcrfjfeçk cs cj cstudaf dcj saelaiamkdf csparatukj y cj sag`fjasgf dc jfs lÿgcrfs.
Cstk euçk tc `raldkrë ulk gklcrk iëmaj dc mfg`alkr cj Tkrft y jk Lugcrfjfeçk y, pfr supucstf, tus
bk`ajadkdcs gcofrkrël.
Jk gcofr gklcrk dc kprcldcr jks mfrrcspfldclmaks cltrc cj Tkrft y jk Lugcrfjfeçk
Lugcrfjfe çk cs cgpczkr
mfl jf gës `ësamf.

; - (kscs) Lucvfs alamafs, fpfrtuladkd, pftclmakj.

0 - @kjklmc, ulaýl, dukjadkd

= - K`uldklmak, mrcmagacltf,
mrcmagacltf, erupfs

4 - Cstrumturk, cstk`ajadkd,
cstk`ajadkd, sfjadcs

3 - Mkg`afs, alcstk`ajadkd,
alcstk`ajadkd, mflijamtf

9 - Mfgulamkmaýl,
Mfgulamkmaýl, krgflçk, mffpcrkmaýl
5 - Pcijcxaýl, vkjfrkmaýl, mflfmagacltf

2 - Jferfs, prftcmmaýl, pcricmmaýl

1 - Irutfs, jferf, rckjazkmaýl

;>- Ialkjcs. mjçgkx, rclfvkmaýl

90

]k`cr sf`rc jfs pkjfs dcj Tkrft tkg`aál kyudk ul pfmf?

Mfpks (cjcgcltf 7 keuk)? Cgfmaflcs, mrcktavadkd, altuamaýl, rcjkmaflcs.
^cltëmujfs (cjcgcltf 7 tacrrk)? raquczk gktcrakj, dalcrf, mkrrcrk, gklaicstkmaýl.
Cspkdks (cjcgcltf 7 karc)? mfgulamkmaýl, vcrdkd, altcjcmtf, pclskgacltfs.
@kstfs (cjcgcltf 7 iucef)? alsparkmaýl, clcreçk, cltusaksgf
Kbfrk, mfg`alk jf quc sk`cs sf`rc jfs lÿgcrfs y jf quc sk`cs sf`rc jfs pkjfs, y pfdrës
dctcrgalkr jf quc saelaiamk mkdk ulk dc jks 4> mkrtks lugcrkdks.
^fr cocgpjf, cj Malmf dc Mfpks sc trktk dcj mflijamtf (3) cl cj kgfr y jks rcjkmaflcs (Mfpks) y cj
Muktrf dc Frfs sc trktk dc jk cstk`ajadkd (4) cl jks ialklzks (Frfs).

Jfs lÿgcrfs cl jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs?

]c pucdc kpjamkr jk gasgk támlamk pkrk jks 00 mkrtks dc jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs.
Cj Jfmf cs jk pragcrk mkrtk, pcrf mfgaclzk cl >, y jk ÿjtagk mkrtk cs cj Guldf (0;).
Mkdk mkrtk cltrc cj Jfmf y cj Guldf taclc su prfpak ksfmakmaýl lugcrfjýeamk, jf quc saelaiamk quc
pfdcs kpjamkr jf quc sk`cs sf`rc jfs lÿgcrfs k jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs.

Tkgpfmf tclcs quc sk`cr jk lugcrfjfeçk dc dfs dçeatfs. ^fr kbfrk, fmupágflfs dc jf sagpjc y
sugk jfs lÿgcrfs pkrk altcrprctkr cj lÿgcrf ÿlamf.
^fr cocgpjf, jk Tfrrc cs jk mkrtk ;9 y ; + 9 7 5. Cj 5 sc trktk dc vkjfrkmaýl y cvkjukmaýl, ul kspcmtf
agpfrtkltc dc jk mkrtk dc jk Tfrrc. ^fr supucstf, Jk Tfrrc cs gumbf gës quc sfjf cvkjukmaýl y
vkjfrkmaýl, pcrf mflfmcr jk lugcrfjfeçk `ësamk macrtkgcltc lfs dk ul mfgaclzf bkmak jk darcmmaýl
mfrrcmtk.
]a `acl jk lugcrfjfeçk dc ul sfjf dçeatf pucdc scr ÿtaj, tkg`aál pucdc kyudkr k mfgprcldcr cj
saelaiamkdf dc jfs lÿgcrfs bkstk cj 0; pkrk kercekr prfiuldadkd kdamaflkj k jks altcrprctkmaflcs
dc jks mkrtks.
^fr cocgpjf, jk gucrtc cs jk mkrtk ;= y tkltf jk gucrtc mfgf cj lÿgcrf ;= sc rcjkmaflkl mfl jk

keatkmaýl.
ulk jcmmaýlCjdc
;=vadk
tkg`aál
pkrk cs ul Lÿgcrf
cvfjumaflkr dc Dcudk Hërgamk,
csparatukjgcltc
csparatukjgcltc.
. ulk scûkj dc quc lcmcsatkgfs kprcldcr

Ksç quc kbç cstë? ¡kbfrk tclcs ulk gklcrk sagpjc y iëmaj dc altcrprctkr jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft uskldf
jk lugcrfjfeçk `ësamk mfgf euçk!

9=
 94

Jcmmaýl 5 | Cj Tkrft y Jk Kstrfjfeçk

Cl cstk jcmmaýl vkgfs k bk`jkr ul pfmf dc jk rcjkmaýl quc cxastc cltrc cj Tkrft y jk Kstrfjfeçk.
Kltcs quc lkdk, lf bkmc ikjtk scr ul kstrfjfef pkrk pfdcr cltcldcr c altcrprct
altcrprctkr
kr jks clcreçks dc
jfs saelfs cl jks mkrtks dc Tkrft. Qf lf sfy kstrfjfek, pcrf cltcldcr jfs krquctapfs dc mkdk saelf,
gc bk kyudkdf k quc gas jcmturks dc Tkrft sckl gës cxatfsks.
Lf vkgfs k aldkekr guy prfiuldf pfrquc, mfgf yk daoc, lf sfy cxpcrtk pcrf sç vkgfs k vcr mfgf
mflcmtkr cstks dfs prëmtamks csftáramks.
Jk kstrfjfeçk oucek ul pkpcj agpfrtkltc cl jk altcrprctkmaýl dc jks mkrtks dcj Tkrft y sc daiuldc k
pkrtar dc jk mfrracltc csparatukj rcprcscltkdk pfr jk Frdcl Bcrgátamk dc jk Efjdcl Dkwl, ulk
frdcl csftáramk quc iuc iuldkdk cl Erkl @rctkûk y cstuvf kmtavk dcsdc ialkjcs dcj saejf RAR bkstk
jfs pralmapafs dcj saejf RR.
Dc cstk mfrracltc csparatukj sureacrfl muktrf `krkoks dc Tkrft? Cj Tkrft Ukatc-]gatb8 Cj Tkrft dc
Tbftb8 Cj Tkrft dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk y cj tkrft dc @FTK y mkdk ulk dc cstks `krkoks sc pucdcl
valmujkr k muktrf bfg`rcs quc iucrfl iuldkgcltkjcs pkrk dkrjcs k juz, rcspcmtavkgc
rcspcmtavkgcltc?
ltc? Dr.
Krtbur Cdwkrd Ukatc8 ]r. Kjcastcr Mrfwjcy8 ]kgucj Jaddcjj GkmErcefr Gktbcrs y ^kuj Ifstcr Mksc.
Jk kpjamkmaýl dc saelaiamkdfs kstrfjýeamfs k jks `krkoks dc Tkrft dcravkdks dc jk trkdamaýl csparatukj
dc jk Kurfrk Dfrkdk cs kjef cspcmakjazkdk y cstrumturkdk cspcmçiamkgc
cspcmçiamkgcltc
ltc bkmak cj Tkrft. ^fr cstf
gasgf, sfjf jf vkgfs k gclmaflkr supcriamakjgcltc pfrquc cs ul tcgk guy prfiuldf y gës
mfgpjcof. Kmë vkgfs k vcr jf `ësamf y sa ustcdcs quacrcl dcspucs pucdcl alvcstaekr gës sf`rc cj
tcgk.

0 - Tbc Efjdcl Dkwl Tkrft

Jfs cjcgcltfs kltaeufs?

Iucef - Altuamaýl8
Altuamaýl8 Cspçratu8 kmmaýl dc jk vfjultkd8 alsparkmaýl, mrcktavadkd, clcreçk, alamaktavk,
kmtavadkd daraeadk k f`octavfs8
Tacrrk - ]clskmaýl8 gktcrakjadkd8 iucrzk, rcsastclmak, mrcmagacltf8 iak`ajadkd8 scltadf prëmtamf8
kmugujkmaýl8
Karc - ^clskgacltf8 pclskgacltf8 mfgulamkmaýl frkj y csmratk8 jumbk y mflijamtf8 cxprcsaflcs dc jk
gcltc
Keuk - ]clskmaýl8 jk kmmaýl dc jks cgfmaflcs8 kgfr y kicmtf, sucûfs, dcscfs, ikltksçks8 pjkmcr,
kgastkd, kmtavadkd sfmakj, rfgklmc, rcmcptavadkd.

93

Jfs sactc pjklctks skerkdfs dc jfs kltaeufs?

]fj 7 kutfmflmaclmak8 jk vfjultkd
Julk 7 yf cgfmaflkj8 agkealkmaýl8 alstaltf
Gcrmuraf 7 gcltc aldavadukj8 altcjcmtf y rkzýl8 mfgulamkmaýl
Yclus 7 lkturkjczk dc dcscfs8 kgfr8 pkrcltcsmf8 ^jkmcr8 prfspcradkd gktcrakj

Gkrtc 7 clcreçk vatkj8 scxukjadkd8 kg`amaýl

Oÿpatcr 7 clcreçk cxpklsavk dc mrcmagacltf8 `uclk ifrtulk
]kturlf 7 gktcrakjadkd8 rcstrammaýl8 jagatkmaýl8 kutfmflfmagacltf

Jfs saelfs dcj zfdçkmf

Kracs 7 gklaicstkmaýl dalëgamk8 mrcmagacltf clcreátamf8 lkmagacltf dc ul lucvf pftclmakj
Tkurf 7 cstk`ajadkd8 sceuradkd8 kutf iuldkgcltkmaýl8 cxprcsaýl8 pcrgklclmak
Eágalas 7 cxpklsaýl gcltkj8 Kutfdcskrrfjjf8 mflcmtavadkd8 Slaýl8 dukjadkd8

Mëlmcr 7 altcrlkjazkmaýl8 vçlmujf cgfmaflkj8 lkmagacltf8 dkldf ifrgk k jf quc cstë dcltrf8
Jcf 7 cxprcsaýl cxtcrlk dc ulf gasgf8 vkjfr8 mrcktavadkd8 iucrzk8 dctcrgalkmaýl
Yaref 7 mfscmbk8 altcerkmaýl8 kutfrrckjazkmaýl8
kutfrrckjazkmaýl8 klëjasas8 kutf gcofrk
Ja`rk 7 cquaja`raf8 jcy hërgamk8 pcskr y gcdar8 scltadf prëmtamf
Csmfrpaf 7 dcscf8 pksaýl8 rceclcrkmaýl8 rclfvkmaýl8 dcmkcr
]keatkraf 7 cxpklsaýl8 trklsifrgkmaýl8 mflmaclmak csparatukj
Mkpramfrlaf 7 gktcrakjazkmaýl8 frdcl8 cstrumturk8 skmraiamaf8 jferf8
Kmukraf 7 gcltc supcrafr8 pkrcltcsmf8 dcsaltcrás8 uladkd8 mflsclsf
^asmas 7 keuks csparatukjcs8 cj rcalf psçquamf8 ]ucûfs8 ic8 skmraiamaf.

Mfrrcspfldclmaks kstrfjýeamks Efjdcl Dkwl cl jfs Krmklfs Gkyfrcs?

Jfs pjklctks?
Gcrmuraf - Cj Gkef
Julk - Jk skmcrdftask
Yclus - Jk Cgpcrktraz
Oÿpatcr - Jk Pucdk dc jk ifrtulk

99

Gkrtc - Jk Tfrrc
]fj - Cj ]fj
]kturlf - Cj Guldf

Jfs saelfs?
Kracs - Cj Cgpcrkdfr

Tkurf - Cj pkpk
Eágalas - Jfs Clkgfrkdfs
Mëlmcr - Cj Mkrrf
Jcf - Jk Iucrzk
Yaref - Cj Crgatkûf
Ja`rk - Jk Oustamak
Csmfrpaf - Jk Gucrtc
]keatkraf - Jk Tcgpjklzk

Mkpramfrlaf - Cj Dak`jf
Kmukraf - Jk Cstrcjjk
^asmas - Jk Julk

Jks rcjkmaflcs quc sc bkl prcscltkdf cl cstk jcmmaýl pucdcl scr dc erkl vkjfr cl jk altcrprctkmaýl
dcj Tkrft cl macrtfs mfltcxtfs yk quc, sceÿl jk ‚Kurfrk Dfrkdk‗, rcijcokl jks clcreçks kstrfjýeamks
gës iuldkgcltkjcs rcjkmaflkdks mfl jks mkrtks. Jks ksfmakmaflcs kstrfjýeamks mfl jks mkrtks dcj
Tkrft sfl agpfrtkltcs pfrquc clmkrlkl jk cxprcsaýl dc jk clcreçk y cj saelaiamkdf dc sus
ksfmakmaflcs kstrfjýeamks y jks cxprcskl cl ifrgk sag`ýjamk.

95
 92

Jcmmaýl 2 | Cjcmmaýl dcj gkzf

Jjcekgfs k jk pkrtc gkrkvajjfsk cl jk quc vkgfs k lucstrk ja`rcrçk gctkiçsamk ikvfratk, f cl
tacgpfs dc pkldcgak, cltrkgfs k ulk tacldk fljalc y cjceagfs lucstrf pragcr gkzf dc tkrft, f cj
sceuldf, f cj tcrmcrf, f cj qualtf.
]uclk guy iëmaj pcrf jk vcrdkd cs quc k vcmcs lf jf cs tkltf.
Mfgf pralmapakltcs, jf gcofr cs mfgprkr ul gkzf mjësamf, Padcr Ukatc, cl cstc mksf. K pkrtar dc
kbç, mukldf yk cstcgfs ikgajakrazkdfs mfl mkdk krmklf, su saelaiamkdf y su sag`fjfeçk pfdcgfs

fptkr pfr cjcear ul gkzf tcgëtamf.

[uazës quacrkl clmfltrkr csc gkzf quc cs pcricmtf pkrk ustcdcs, quc jfs kmfgpkûkrë k tfdfs
jkdfs y mfl quacl scltarël ulk prfiuldk mflcxaýl. Q cstfy sceurk dc quc ksç scrë.
Jf pragcrf k tclcr cl mucltk cs quc cs ulk cjcmmaýl guy pcrsflkj. Qf prciacrf gkzfs gfdcrlfs
pfrquc sacltf quc gc kyudkl gës altuatavkgcltc pkrk altcrprctk
altcrprctkrr satukmaflcs dakraks.
Mfgf yk daoc, cs guy pcrsflkj y gc pkrcmc agpfsa`jc bkmcr rcmfgcldkmaflcs sfjadks. Cl mkg`af,
pkrk kqucjjfs dc ustcdcs quc `usmkl ulk lucvk `krkok, jcs firczmf ulk vkracdkd dc prceultks k
mflsadcrkr mukldf pksccl pfr ulk ja`rcrçk içsamk f vartukj.

¶Cj krtc gc ktrkc6

^krk jk gkyfrçk dc jk ecltc, cstc cs cj ikmtfr mjkvc k jk bfrk dc cjcear ul gkzf. ^krk jk gkyfrçk dc
lfsftrfs (lf tfdfs, mjkrf, macrtkgcltc bky jcmtfrcs macefs y mfl dasmkpkmadkd vasukj), cj tkrft cs
ulk bcrrkgacltk vasukj. Cs cl jks agëeclcs
ag ëeclcs dc jks mkrtks dfldc clmfltrkgfs jks bastfraks, jfs
sçg`fjfs, jks pastks pkrk jk altcrprctkmaýl.
Cs agpfrtkltc scltar quc jks agëeclcs y cj cstajf dc jk f`rk dc krtc cl eclcrkj rcsuclkl mfl vfs.
^fr cocgpjf, pcrsflkjgcltc gc jjkgkl gës jfs gkzfs quc cstël `kskdfs cl cj guldf kmtukj
pfrquc sacltf quc gc kyudkl (altuatavkgcltc) k altcrprctkr gcofr jfs gclskocs yk quc sc `kskl
cl kmtavadkdcs/satukmaflcs
kmtavadkdcs/satukmaflcs dc jk vadk mftadaklk. ^ucdc quc tc eustcl jks kmukrcjks, cj mfjjkec
daeatkj f kjeÿl ftrf cstajf. Kdcgës, k jk bfrk dc jccr jks mkrtks sc mfgpjcgcltkl guy `acl cj
saelaiamkdf mjësamf y jk sag`fjfeçk y saelaiamkdf dcj gkzf cl pkrtamujkr.

]acgprc rcmfgacldf quc sa tc altcrcsk kjeÿl gkzf, yk sck dc tkrft f ul frëmujf, `usqucs
agëeclcs cl altcrlct y vcks vadcfs cl yfutu`c dc ecltc rcscûkldf cj gkzf quc tc altcrcsk. Csf
tc vk k kyudkr k dcmadar sa mflcmtks f lf mfl áj.

¶Jk tcgëtamk gc agpfrtk6?

Mfgf sceurf yk sk`ás bky ul gkzf dc tkrft pkrk mksa mukjquacr tcgëtamk8 dc ektfs, ulamfrlafs,
bacr`ks, dc Oucef dc Trflfs, dc mfgadk, dc jf quc sc agkealcl `ësamkgcltc.

91

Jks tcgëtamks pucdcl kyudkrlfs k mflcmtkr gës prfiuldkgcltc mfl lucstrks mkrtks8 pfr
cocgpjf, ul tkrft dc bacr`ks mfg`alk jk sk`adurçk dc jks pjkltks mfl cj gclskoc dc ulk mkrtk cl
pkrtamujkr, jf quc pucdc scr ÿtaj pkrk
p krk ul bcr`fjkraf.
 ]c bk csmratf gumbf rcmacltcgcltc sf`rc jf `jklmf, maseálcrf y
bctcrflfrgktavf quc pucdc scr cj tkrft mflvclmaflkj, y jk ikjtk dc davcrsadkd
mfrpfrkj quc sc gucstrk cl jks agëeclcs dc jks mkrtks. Jks `krkoks trkdamaflkjcs
mfgf cj tkrft Padcr Ukatc ]gatb dcokl pfmf cspkmaf pkrk quc jks pcrsflks dc

mfjfr, jks pcrsflks quccr y jks pcrsflks mfl mucrpfs lf bcecgflamfs sc vckl
rcprcscltkdfs.. Cstf pucdc quc tc agpfrtc f lf (¡cstë `acl dc mukjquacr
rcprcscltkdfs
gklcrk!), ^crf tc klagf k quc tc dcs mucltk y scks mflsmacltc dc quaál cstë
rcprcscltkdf vasukjgcltc
vasukjgcltc cl tu `krkok dc tkrft. Cl pragcr juekr, pfdcs cjcear
ul gkzf quc sacltks quc tc rcprcscltk, y cl sceuldf juekr, sa pjklcks jccr pkrk ftrks pcrsflks (f
yk jf bkmcs), tcldrës ulk adck dc quá gkzf `usmkr f sa cs prf`k`jc quc tu mflsujtkltc sc sacltk
rcprcscltkdf cl jks mkrtks. Tkg`aál cs `uclf vcr daicrcltcs tapfs dc pcrsflks cl ulk
bcrrkgacltk dc dcskrrfjjf pcrsflkj mfgf jf cs cj Tkrft.
Tkr ft.

¶Cj tkgkûf agpfrtk6

Cl cstc mksf sç agpfrtk.
K gumbks pcrsflks jcs mucstk gczmjkr gkzfs gës erkldcs, yk quc jks
mkrtks sfl dcgksakdf erkldcs pkrk sus gklfs. K ftrfs lf jcs eustkl
jfs gkzfs gës pcqucûfs y prciacrcl ul ifrgktf gës erkldc pfr
rkzflcs cstátamks f dc ftrf tapf. Tkg`aál bc vastf ul kgpjaf cspcmtrf
dc eustfs y daseustfs cl tárgalfs
t árgalfs dcj "mkrtýl" (cj erfsfr y tcxturk dc
jks mkrtks), jkgalkdf, `frdcs dfrkdfs/lf dfrkdfs, ctm.
Jks pjktkifrgks mfgf Alstkerkg tkg`aál pucdcl bkmcrlfs
scltar mfgf sa tuvaárkgfs quc tclcr ul gfltýl dc gkzfs pkrk
scr jfs gcofrcs altárprctcs dc tkrft.
tkrft . ^crf gumbfs tkrftastks
taclcl y uskl ul sfjf gkzf. Kj aeukj quc mfl tfdfs jfs

'pksktacgpfs', lf bky jçgatc cl mukltf kj dalcrf quc sc pucdc

ekstkr, y cl cstc gfgcltf bky ulk aldustrak dcj '`aclcstkr' cl
mrcmagacltf y guy k`ureucskdk jastk pkrk vcldcrlfs tfdf tapf dc
mfsks quc lf lcmcsatkgfs mfl jk prfgcsk dc quc tclcr tkjcs jks
mfsks lfs bkrël dc kjeulk gklcrk gës csparatukj f ul gcofr

Tbc Gfdcrl Uatmb Tkrft jcmtfr dc tkrft.

[uacrf cliktazkr cl quc ulk dc jks `cjjczks dcj tkrft cs su
kscqua`ajadkd, su kmmcsa`ajadkd. Mfl ulk `krkok `krktk y kmmcsf k Altcrlct, mukjquacrk pucdc jccr
jks mkrtks, lf taclc pfr quá scr ulk `ÿsqucdk mkrk.

5>

Jf gës agpfrtkltc? Csmumbk k tu altuamaýl.

Lf bky kmacrtfs la crrfrcs kj cjcear ul gkzf dc tkrft. Firczmf cstks prceultks pkrk kyudkrtc k
rcijcxaflkr sf`rc sa ul gkzf cs kdcmukdf pkrk vfs, pcrf cs mfgf cjcear ul lfvaf? sfjf vfs sk`cs,
cl cj ifldf, sa cs pkrk vfs. ]cltatc ja`rc dc tarkr tfdks gas prceultks pfr jk vcltklk y mfltalukr
mfl ulk sfjk mfsk? ]a scltas quc tu altuamaýl, mfrkzýl, kjgk, f bucsfs tc damcl quc kjef cs pkrk vfs
(¡F lf!) bkmcjc mksf.

Mflcxaýl mfl tu gkzf

^clscgfs cl jk mflcxaýl mfl lucstrf gkzf mfgf sa iucrk (jf cs) ulk rcjkmaýl mfl ftrf scr
bugklf. Jc tclcgfs quc dcdamkr tacgpf, csiucrzf, ktclmaýl y maudkdfs mfgf mukjquacr ftrk
rcjkmaýl.
Jk gcofr gklcrk dc mflcmtkr mfl tu gkzf cs jk quc gcofr tc pkrczmk.
]a cstës `usmkldf kjeulks adcks pkrk mfgclzkr, kmë bky kjeulks ifrgks quc gc bkl scrvadf pkrk
mflcmtkr mfl gas gkzfs cl cstfs 0 kûfs.
Pcmfrdk, lf bky ulk ifrgk mfrrcmtk f almfrrcmtk,
almfrrcmtk, ksç quc tfgk jf quc tc sarvk y mfl jf quc tc
sacltks k eustf.
;. Mflskerk f mkrek tu gkzf?
Bky ul gajjýl dc ifrgks dc prcpkrkr ratukjgcltc tu gkzf pkrk cj usf, pcrf kquç bky kjeulks quc
gc eustkl. @usmë ul juekr trklquajf y ul gfgcltf cl cj quc scpks quc lkdac tc altcrrugparë.
Kdcgës, durkltc tfdf cj prfmcsf, ¡bk`jk mfl tu gkzf! ¶[uá cstës jferkldf mfl cstc ratukj6 ¶[uá
tapf dc rcjkmaýl cspcrks mflstruar mfl tus mkrtks6 ¶K dýldc qucrcs quc tc jjcvc tu vakoc pfr cj
tkrft6 Gacltrks jagpaks y mkreks tu lucvk `krkok dc tkrft, cs ulk erkl adck aliuldarjc
cstks altclmaflcs bk
bk`jëldfjks
`jëldfjks cl vfz kjtk f sagpjcgcl
sagpjcgcltctc clifmëldftc cl cjjks cl tu gc
gcltc.
ltc.

Juz dc Julk Jjclk?

Jks julks jjclks sfl cj gfgcltf gës pftcltc clcrectamkgcltc bk`jkldf.
bk`jkldf. ^krk uskr jk juz dc jk
julk, u`amë tus gkzfs cl ulk zflk dfldc jc kjmklmc jk juz, lf agpfrtk sa csk lfmbc cstë lu`jkdk,
lu `jkdk, jk
juz dc julk cs guy iucrtc y kulquc lf jf lftcs, kjmklzk k tus mkrtks. Gcdatk mfl tu gkzf, pclsë
quc qucrás jferkr mfl áj, pcdajc k jk julk quc jagpac y mkreuc tu gkzf mfl juz y `uclks
va`rkmaflcs.
Jagpaczk mfl bugf? Slf dc gas gátfdfs ikvfratfs pkrk jagpakr ulk `krkok dc tkrft cs ssugcrearjf
ugcrearjf
cl bugf skerkdf. ^crsflkjgcltc, gc eustk uskr almaclsf pcrf kjeulks pcrsflks prciacrcl skjvak,
pkjf skltf u ftrks bacr`ks (rcsujtk quc gumbfs dc cstfs prfdumtfs sc mfscmbkl cl cxmcsf, cl
dctragcltf dc sus bë`atkts, ksç quc alvcstaek y `usmë dfldc mflsceuar bacr`ks quc lf cstál sacldf
uskdks cl cxmcsf).
Clmcldc tu almaclsf (f tu f`octf cjceadf) y dcok quc cj bugf jjclc tu cspkmaf. ^ksk tus mkrtks pfr
cj bugf y vasukjazk mfgf sc jjcvk jk clcreak lcektavk. Yasukjazk mfgf cj bugf mkrek y jagpak tu
gkzf.

5;

0) Cltrcvastk? Slk dc jks ifrgks gës davcrtadks quc dcsmu`rç cs bkmcrjc ulk cltrcvastk k tu gkzf.
Jk rcjkmaýl mfl ul gkzf cs mfgf bkmcr ul lucvf kgaef. Tfdfs taclcl sus mukjadkdcs y
pcmujakradkdcs ksç quc ulk `uclk ifrgk dc mflfmcrjf cs k trkvcs dc ulk tarkdk cltrcvastkldfjf.
Kmë tc dcof ulks prceultks pfsa`jcs (rcmfrdë quc pfdcs
pfd cs alvcltkr jk tuyk) sal ul frdcl cl
pkrtamujkr.
;. Mfltkgc sf`rc vfs. ¶Muëj cs tu mkrkmtcrastamk
mkrkmtcrastamk gës agpfrtkltc6

0. ¶Mukjcs sfl tus ifrtkjczks6

=. ¶Muëjcs sfl tus jagatcs6
4. ¶[uá gc clscûkrës6
3. ¶Muëj cs jk gcofr ifrgk dc trk`kokr y mfjk`frkr mfl vfs6
9. ¶Muëj cs cj pfsa`jc rcsujtkdf dc lucstrf trk`kof oultfs6
=) Bkmc ulk jcmturk dakrak?
Cstf yk jf vagfs
v agfs pcrf cs `uclf rcmfrdkrjf. Mkdk dak f mkdk scgklk pfdcs skmkr ulk mkrtk y vcr
quc tc dcpkrk cj dak. Kj ialkj dcj dak rcijcxaflë sf`rc jf quc sumcdaý y iaoktc mfgf jf pfdcs
rcjkmaflkr mfl jk mkrtk quc bkyks skmkdf. Tkg`acl pfdcs tclcr ul mukdcrlf dfldc klftkr tu
cxpcraclmak.

4) Trktkjks mfl rcspctf?

]fl tus mfgpkûcrks, tus kgaeks, tc dkl rcspucstks,
rcspucstks, tc euçkl, gcrcmcl rcspctf y muadkdf.
Kjeulks pcrsflks jks eukrdkl cl mkoks, f cl `fjsks dc tcjk. Cj muadkrjks iasamkgcltc tc kyudkrë k
quc durcl gumbfs kûfs. Cs mfgf ul mcjujkr, sa jfs muadkgfs dc quc lf sc mkaekl f sc rfgpkl, cs
prf`k`jc quc lfs durcl gumbfs kûfs.

3) Kmcptk quc lf sacgprcs vks k mflcmtkr?

Mukldf lfs mfgprkgfs ul gkzf lucvf jf bkmcgfs pfr daicrcltcs rkzflcs, yk sck, quc jks
agëeclcs lfs jjkgc, quc jk cstctamk lfs ktrkaek, quc jk tcgktamk lfs kpksaflc pcrf tkg`acl bky
quc kmcptkr quc k vcmcs ul gkzf lf cs pkrk lfsftrfs. ^crsflkjgcltc, gc bk pkskdf quc tclef
gkzfs mfl jfs quc lf sacgprc mflcmtf (mfgf cj Tbc Uajd Slhlfwl tkrft), gc pkrcmcl bcrgfsfs
pcrf bky kjef quc lf gc pcrgatc mflcmtkr dcj tfdf y lf bky lkdk dc gkjf cl csf. Jfs pfdcgfs
mfjcmmaflkr, jfs pfdcgfs rcekjkr (mfgf jk trkdamaýl damc) f jfs pfdcgfs vcldcr y sceurf bkekl
gës icjamcs k ftrk pcrsflk.

Cstfs iucrfl kjeulfs mflscofs/taps k tclcr cl mucltk. Jf agpfrtkltc cs quc ustcdcs clmucltrcl
quc jcs sarvc, f iulmaflk. Jf quc gc sarvc k gç pucdc quc lf tc sarvk k vfs y vamcvcrsk.

50

Cj Tkrft cs kjef sugkgcltc pcrsflkj y jf gcofr cs quc lf bky la `acl f gkj.

5=
 54

Jcmmaýl 1 | ¶Mýgf mfliakr cl tu altuamaýl6

Mrcf quc ulk dc jks mfsks gës daiçmajcs k jk bfrk dc jccr tkrft f prëmtamkr ftrks gklmaks cs cj bcmbf
dc mfliakr cl lucstrk altuamaýl, pcrf ¶quá cs jk altuamaýl6 ¶Mýgf sc gklaiacstk6 ¶Mýgf jk dastalef
dc ga gcltc rkmaflkj6
Cs tkl sclmajjf y mfgpjcof k jk vcz.
Jk altuamaýl cs csc "scxtf scltadf", csk vfz cl tu mk`czk quá tc damc mukldf kjef vk k skjar gkj, cs
csk sclskmaýl kj cltrkr k ulk bk`atkmaýl mfl mkrek lcektavk.
Mfgf tkj vcz yk bkyk gclmaflkdf, cj tkrft pkrtc dc sag`fjfeçk y saelaiamkdfs prfpafs pcrf kj
gfgcltf dc ulk scsaýl jk altuamaýl cs mjkvc. Cs jk quc lfs vk k dcmar sa vkgfs pfr `ucl f gkj
mkgalf cl jk altcrprctkmaýl dc jks mkrtks.
Qk bcgfs kprcldadf mkdk krmklf, jk clcreak dc mkdk pkjf, jk lugcrfjfeçk y jk kstrfjfeak, bcgfs
prkmtamkdf, mfgpkrtadf cxpcraclmaks
cxpcraclmaks y gës pcrf jf gës agpfrtkltc sacgprc vk k scr jk altuamaýl (f
gks f gclfs).
[ucrcs prkmtamkr mkdk vcz gës bkmacldf jcmturks pkrk jfs dcgks pcrf tc pflcs lcrvafsk/f pfrquc
tclás gacdf k cquavfmkrtc y quc cj mflsujtkltc tc daek "csf lf kpjamk k ga satukmaýl". Csf lfs pksk
k tfdfs, f kj gclfs k gç
g ç gc saeuc pkskldf.

C almjusf mukldf scltas quc yk pfdcs

pfd cs jccr c altcrprctkr jfs saelaiamkdfs dc jks mkrtks sceÿl jf quc
bks kprcldadf, k vcmcs pkrcmc quc tu altuamaýl lf cstë cl jk gasgk pëealk quc jks mkrtks y
rckjgcltc lf sk`cs mýgf rcspfldcr k jk prceultk.
Kbfrk vfy k mfgpkrtar mfl vfs kjeulfs dc gas taps pkrk quc tc sacltks gës sceurf/k y mfliakdf/k.

Lf sk`cs sa mfliakr cl tu altuamaýl

altuama ýl f jks mkrtks?
Cj gkyfr dcskiaý cl dfldc jk ecltc sc ktksmk mukldf sc trktk dc jccr cj Tkrft cs lf sk`cr sa mfliakr
cl jf quc jk altuamaýl jcs damc f cj saelaiamkdf dc jks mkrtks quc kprcldastc.
]umcdc quc k vcmcs lucstrk altuamaýl lf mfalmadc mfl jf quc "damcl" jks mkrtks pcrf bky quc
mfgprcldcr quc lf sfl dfs vkrak`jcs aldcpcldacltcs,
aldcpcldacltcs, lf sfl jf ulf f jf ftrf, pucdcl scr kg`fs.

Cj saelaiamkdf dc jks mkrtks kmtÿk mfgf `ksc. Jk altuamaýl cs jf quc kyudk k ar gës kjjë dc jfs
magacltfs `ësamfs y cltrkr cl cj ëg`atf dc jfs gclskocs quc kicmtkl, pfsatavk f lcektavkgcltc, kj
mflsujtkltc.
Mukldf csmumbkgfs k lucstrk altuamaýl, ástk lfs dkrë gës alifrgkmaýl dc jk quc yk cstk prcscltc
cl jks mkrtks.

Jks tarkdks tc altagadkl?

53

Tclcs cl ircltc tuyf ulk tarkdk y lf sk`cs pfr dfldc cgpczkr.

Cstc cs cj prfmcsf `ësamf quc clscûf? pragcrf kvklzk pfr mkdk mkrtk c altcrprctkldf su
saelaiamkdf y jucef tfgk pcrspcmtavk y klkjazk jk tarkdk mfgf ul tfdf.
Kquç bky kjeulks
kjeulks mfsks pkrk tclcr cl mucltk kj altcrprctkr
altcrprctkr jks mfg`alkmaflcs
mfg`alkmaflcs dc mkrtks?
• ¶Jk tarkdk cstë dfgalkdk pfr kjeÿl pkjf6 ¶[uá rcprcscltk csc pkjf y quá tc damc csf sf`rc
cj ksultf cl mucstaýl6
• ¶Kjeulf dc jfs pkjfs cstë mfgpjctkgcltc kuscltc f su`rcprcsc
su`rcprcscltkdf
ltkdf cl jk jcmturk6 ¶[uá
rcprcscltk csc pkjf y quá tc damc csf sf`rc cj ksultf cl mucstaýl6
• ¶Macrtks iaeurks dc jks mkrtks pkrcmcl cstkr clircltkdks cltrc sç mfgf sa cstuvacrkl dc
kmucrdf, f garkldf bkmak ftrf jkdf mfgf sa cstuvacrkl cl dcskmucrdf6
• ¶Tfdks jks mkrtks cstël garkldf bkmak kdcjkltc, garkldf bkmak cj iuturf f garkldf bkmak
ktrës, garkldf kj pkskdf6
• ¶^krcmc quc jks iaeurks dc kjeulks mkrtks kpultkl k ftrks f garkl cl jk darcmmaýl dc ftrk
mkrtk6
• ¶^krcmc quc kjeulks mkrtks sfl pkrtc dc jk gasgk csmclk f pkrtcs daicrcltcs dcj gasgf
juekr6 ^fr cocgpjf, dfs mkrtks mfl ulk gfltkûk kj ifldf. ¶^fdrçk scr jk gasgk gfltkûk
vastk dcsdc daicrcltcs pcrspcmtavks6
Tclás gacdf dc lf cstkr cl jf mfrrcmtf?
@uclf, yk k`frdkgfs jk altuamaýl vs cj saelaiamkdf dc jks mkrtks, k`frdkgfs jk altcrprctkmaýl dc jks
mkrtks oultks, pcrf ¶quá pksk sa tu prf`jcgk pralmapkj lf cs tfdf csf, salf quc sfjf tc prcfmupk
cquavfmkrtc6
Tc ksustk bkmcr ulk jcmturk pkrk kjeuacl y quc tc daekl quc lulmk bkl csmumbkdf ulk jcmturk dc
tkrft tkl alcxkmtk y quc sfs ul tkrftastk bfrra`jc.
Tfdfs jfs tkrftastks sacltcl csc gacdf. ¡]al cxmcpmaflcs! ¡Qf tkg`aál!
¶^crf sk`cs muëj cs csc scltagacltf quc cstës cxpcragcltkldf6
cxpcragcltkldf6 Cs cj 2 dc cspkdks. ^clsk cl cj 2
dc cspkdks. ]kmk csk mkrtk dc tu gkzf y garkjk yk.
Cj 2 dc cspkdks eclcrkjgcltc rcprcscltk k ulk pcrsflk quc cstë ktkdk pcrf quc pucdc
ja`crkrsc cl mukjquacr gfgcltf.
gfgcltf. Cj gclskoc cs quc jf ÿlamf quc sc altcrpflc cl tu mkgalf sfs
vfs gasgf. Tu gacdf tc ktk mfgf jk pcrsflk cl cj 2 dc cspkdks mukldf jk vcrdkd cs quc csfs
gacdfs sfl mfgpjctkgcltc aliuldkdfs.
Qf tkg`aál scltç (sacltf) csc gacdf, pcrf ¶sk`cs muëltks vcmcs kjeuacl gc daof quc ga jcmturk crk
bfrra`jc y qucrçkl quc jc dcvucjvk cj dalcrf6 Lulmk.
¡Tu gacdf cs mfgpjctkgcltc aliuldkdf! ]fs cj ÿlamf quc paclsk quc sfs ul tkrftastk bfrra`jc.

59

Jfs tkrftastks cxpcragcltkdfs sk`cl mýgf bkmcr k ul jkdf csc gacdf. ¶Q qucrcs sk`cr mýgf
aelfrkr csc gacdf6
Aelfrk tfdf cxmcptf jks mkrtks quc cstël ircltc k vfs y tus agprcsaflcs. Tu ÿlamf trk`kof cs
trklsgatar tu altcrprctkmaýl dc jks mkrtks.
]ýjf dcok quc jks mkrtks bk`jcl y tfgk cj pkpcj dc gclskocrf.

55
 52

^kjk`rks Mjkvcs – rmklfs Gkyfrcs

CJ JFMF Alamafs
Alfmclmak
Cspfltklcadkd
CJ GKEF ^fdcr
Kmmaýl
Bk`ajadkd
Gklaicstkmaýl
JK ]KMCPDFTA]K Altuamaýl
Gastcraf
Mflfmagacltf
JK CG^CPKTPA_ Mrcktavadkd
Icgalcadkd
Lkturkjczk
Icrtajadkd
CJ CG^CPKDFP Kutfradkd
Jadcrkzef
Cstrumturk
Cstk`ajadkd
CJ ^K^K Csparatukjadkd
Trkdamaýl
Pcjaeaýl
JF] CLKGFPKDF] Dcmasaýl
Pcjkmaflcs
Slaýl
Krgflçk
CJ MKPPF Mfltrfj
Yfjultkd
dctcrgalkmaýl
JK ISCP_K Iucrzk altcrafr
Kutfmfltrfj
^kmaclmak
CJ CPGATKÛF Altrfspcmmaýl
Kasjkgacltf
@ÿsqucdk altcrlk
JK PSCDK DC JK ]ucrtc
IFPTSLK Dcstalf
Hkrgk
Mkg`afs
JK OS]TAMAK Oustamak
Mkusk y cicmtf
Ycrdkd
CJ MFJEKDF ]kmraiamaf
[uactud
Mkg`af dc
pcrspcmtavk

51

JK GSCPTC Ialkjcs
Trklsifrgkmaýl
Mamjfs
JK TCG^JKL_K Gfdcrkmaýl
@kjklmc
 ^kmaclmak
CJ DAK@JF Bë`atfs týxamfs
Kpcefs
]cxukjadkd
Gktcrakjasgf
JK TFPPC Mkg`afs `rusmfs
Pcvcjkmaýl
JK C]TPCJJK Cspcrklzk
Ic
]klkmaýl
JK JSLK Altuamaýl
Gacdfs
ajusaýl
CJ ]FJ Kgfr
^fsatavadkd
Kjcerçk
CJ OSAMAF Pclkmagacltf
Jjkgkdf altcrafr
^crdýl
CJ GSLDF Altcerkmaýl
Jferf
Tcrgalkmaýl

rmklfs Gclfrcs
@K]TF] MF^K] FPF] C]^KDK]
K] Iucrzk mrcktavk Iucrzk Iucrzk gktcrakj Iucrzk
pftclmakj Cltusaksgf cgfmaflkj ^rfspcradkd gcltkj
Mfliaklzk Altuamaýl ]ceuradkd Ycrdkd
Mfrkoc Kgfr ëmtamf Oustamak
Altagadkd Mfgulamkmaýl
DF] ^rfercsf Mflcxaýl Bkmcr Cvkmaýl
dukjadkd Dcsmu`ragacltf Ktrkmmaýl gkjk`krcs Dcmasaýl
Ktrcvagacltf Ijcxa`ajadkd Cgfmaflcs
`jfquckdks
TPC] Cxpjfrkr Kgastkd Mfjk`frkmaýl Trastczk
Mfgulamkmaýl Jadcrkr Mfguladkd Trk`kof cl Dcmcpmaýl
prcmkumaýl cquapf Trkamaýl

MSKTPF Mcjc`rkmaýl Kpktçk Mfltrfj Dcsmklsf

cstk`ajadkd Cgfmaýl Dcsmflcxaýl ^fscsaýl Pcijcxaýl
Gktragflaf Mfltcgpjkmaýl ]ceuradkd Trklqujadkd

2>

MALMF Mfgpctclmak ^crdadk Lcmcsadkd Dasmfrdak

kdvcrsadkd Dcskmucrdfs Krrcpcltagacltf Alsceuradkd Cefasgf
@jfqucfs Ducjf @kof dc Clekûfs
rcmursfs

]CA] Yamtfrak Pcmucrdfs Mkradkd Trklsamaýl

Mrcmagacltf Áxatf Ikgajak/laûfs Eclcrfsadkd Kvklzkr
Pcmflfmagacltf ]klkmaýl Mfgpkrtar Dcokr kjef
ktrës
]ACTC ^crscvcrklmak Cjcmmaflcs Trk`kof durf Dcmcpmaýl
Ic K jk dciclsavk Ajusaýl ^rfmcsf Trumfs
^rftcmmaýl ]fûkr dcspacrtf ^kmaclmak Cstrktceak
FMBF Gfvagacltf Kjcokrsc ^ksaýl Gacdfs
Mkg`af Kmmaýl Dcsajusaýl Dcdamkmaýl Yamtagazkmaýl
Dcmasaflcs Kvklzkr Csiucrzf ^rasaýl
rkpadks gcltkj
LSCYC Pcsajaclmak ]ktasikmmaýl Pcmfgpclsk Klsacdkd
Jferf Cstk`ajadkd K`uldklmak ^rcfmupkmaýl
cgfmaflkj
DAC_ Pcspflsk`ajadkd Icjamadkd Mujgalkmaýl Trkamaýl
Mujgalkr Jferf Slaýl Jcekdf Dcrrftk
Kjcerçk Cstk`ajadkd Mjagkx
^koc Cxpjfrkmaýl ]frprcsk Kg`amaýl Murafsadkd
Cgfmaýl ]clsa`ajadkd Dcscf Clcreak
Ja`crtkd Lucvk kvclturk gcltkj

Mk`kjjcrf Kmmaýl Adckjazkmaýl Ciamaclmak Kmmaýl

Kvclturk Pfgklmc Trk`kof durf Agpujsavadkd
]ceuar kj Pcspflsk`ajadkd
mfrkzýl
Pcalk Mfrkoc Mfgpksaýl ]ceuradkd ^crmcpmaýl
Dctcrgalkmaýl Mkjgk ^rëmtamk Mjkradkd
^ksaýl Mflifrt gcltkj

Pcy Jadcr Mfltrfj ^rfspcradkd Ycrdkd

Kutfradkd cgfmaflkj Eclcrfsadkd Dasmapjalk
]upcrkr @kjklmc K`uldklmak Gës mk`czk
f`stkmujfs quc mfrkzýl

2;

Cocrmamafs mfgpjcgcltkrafs?
;) Yfy k mfjfmkr kjeulks prceultks pkrk quc prkmtaqucs. ^fdcs mflsujtkr sf`rc vfs f sf`rc
kjeuacl gës, f supflcr quc cstës jcycldf pkrk ftrk pcrsflk.
➠ ¶[uá lcmcsatf sk`cr/cltcldcr kbfrk6
 ➠ ¶[uá gclskocs taclcl gas Euaks Csparatukjcs pkrk gç6
➠ ¶[uá tkjcltf tclef quc utajazkr gës6
➠ ¶Muëj cs ga gkyfr `jfqucf kmtukjgcltc6
➠ ¶[uá ërck dc ga vadk
v adk lcmcsatk gës ktclmaýl cl cstc gfgcltf6
➠ ¶Mýgf pucdf kvklzkr cl ga mkrrcrk6
➠ ¶Mýgf kvklzf cl ga rcjkmaýl mfl…6

0) ]agujkmrf dc jcmturks?
^fdcs fptkr pfr aelfrkr cstfs cocgpjfs8 lf bky prf`jcgk. ]a jfs jcc, tclá cl mucltk quc sfl sfjf
cocgpjfs. ]a ulk mkrtk cl ulk dc cstks jcmturks sc altcrprctk dc macrtk gklcrk, lf saelaiamk quc
sacgprc taclc quc scr ksç f quc mukjquacr ftrk gklcrk sck almfrrcmtk.

Jfs saeuacltcs cocgpjfs almjuarël jcmturks dc vkraks jfleatudcs y cstajfs. ^fr cocgpjf, bk`rë cocgpjfs
dc jcmturk prcdamtavks, prcsmraptavks, altcrkmtavks c altuatavks. Cs ul cxpcragcltf altcrcskltc prf`kr
ulk jcmturk pfr ulf gasgf dc cstk gklcrk, y lf sfjf tc kyudkrë k prf`kr daicrcltcs cstajfs dc
jcmturk, salf quc tkg`aál pfdás prcscltkr daicrcltcs ifrgks dc vcr tu prceultk f satukmaýl.
^krk cstc cocgpjf, ]fiçk, ulk guocr dc vcaltalucvc kûfs, quacrc alifrgkmaýl sf`rc su vadk kgfrfsk.
Jk jcmturk scrë ulk tarkdk dc trcs mkrtks sal pfsamaflcs cspcmçiamks. ]c ifrgujkrë jk prceultk dc
gklcrk daicrcltc pkrk jfs muktrf cstajfs dc jcmturk. ]c utajazkrël jks gasgks mkrtks pkrk mkdk jcmturk.
Mfgclzkldf mfl ulk jcmturk prcdamtavk, jk prceultk cs? "¶[uá pucdc cspcrkr ]fiak cl cj ërck dc su
vadk kgfrfsk cl jfs prýxagfs trcs gcscs6"
Jks trcs mkrtks quc skjacrfl sfl cj Dfs dc Frfs, cj Ks dc Cspkdks y cj Dfs dc Mfpks.

Cj ks y jfs 0s aldamkl quc ]fiak sc clmucltrk kj mfgaclzf dc ulk lucvk ctkpk cl su vadk rfgëltamk. Cj
pkr dc 0s aldamk quc bky ulk dcmasaýl quc dc`c tfgkr rcjkmaflkdk mfl cstk satukmaýl. Jk dcmasaýl cs
prf`k`jcgcltc cltrc cj Dfs dc Frfs y cj Dfs dc Mfpks, y sacldf tacrrk y keuk, cstël pfldcrkdfs dc
gklcrk `kstkltc pkrcok cl su gcltc. Jk prcsclmak dc karc cl ifrgk dc Ks dc cspkdks dc`ajatk cj Dfs
dc Frfs y taclc pfmf cicmtf sf`rc cj Dfs dc Mfpks, pcrf kqu
kquçç csc pcqucûf cicmtf tcldrë erkldcs
rcpcrmusaflcs. Cj Dfs dc Frfs saelaiamk gkltclcr cj cquaja`raf. ]fiak bk cstkdf vavacldf ulk vadk
cstk`jc y cquaja`rkdk, tkl cstk`jc quc bk qucdkdf mksa baplftazkdk pfr cj ratgf dc sus ddçks.
çks. Cj Ks dc
cspkdks prfgctc ulk fpfrtuladkd pkrk ulk lucvk ifrgk dc pclskr, cl cstc mksf, ulk lucvk ifrgk
dc pclskr sf`rc cj rfgklmc. Kj kmcptkr cstf, cjjk skmudarë su trklmc dc Dfs dc Frfs y sc k`rarë k jk
cxpcraclmak aldamkdk pfr cj Dfs dc Mfpks, ulk prfiuldk mflcxaýl cgfmaflkj f ktrkmmaýl.

20

^krk jk jcmturk prcsmraptavk, jk prceultk cs? "¶[uá pucdc bkmcr ]fiçk pkrk ktrkcr gës kgfr y rfgklmc
k su vadk6"
Jk altcrprctkmaýl cs guy sagajkr k jk jcmturk prcdamtavk, cxmcptf
cxmcptf quc cl juekr dc dcmarjf mfgf sa cstf
iucrk jf quc sumcdcrçk (iuturf), sc damc mfgf ul mflscof. ]fiak sc bk mflmcltrkdf dcgksakdf cl
trktkr dc cquaja`rkr su vadk y cl mfsks guy prëmtamks. Dc`crçk garkr su vadk dc ulk gklcrk lucvk y
rfgpcr sus vacofs pktrflcs. ]fiçk dc`c mflmcltrkrsc cl sus cgfmaflcs prcstkldf ktclmaýl k jks
pcrsflks f kmtavadkdcs quc jk ktrkcl f mfl jks quc sc sacltc mflcmtkdk, y jucef dc`c rcspfldcr k
csks cgfmaflcs.
^krk jk jcmturk altcrkmtavk, uskrcgfs jk gasgk prceultk quc bamagfs pkrk jk jcmturk prcsmraptavk?
"¶[uá pucdc bkmcr ]fiçk pkrk trkcr gës kgfr y rfgklmc k su vadk6"
Jks jcmturks altcrkmtavks lf sfl lcmcskrakgcltc
lcmcskrakgcltc prcdamtavks la prcsmraptavks8 sagpjcgcltc alvfjumrkl
kj mflsujtkltc cl jk jcmturk. Cstf sc pucdc bkmcr cl pcqucûks ifrgks, mfgf cl cj cocgpjf d dcc kmë
k`kof. Ftrks támlamks altcrkmtavks almjuycl alvfjumrkr kj mflsujtkltc mfl jks altcrprctkmaflcs dc jks
mkrtks cl ul lavcj altuatavf, prceultëldfjc quá vc cl jks mkrtks y quá pfdrçk saelaiamkr csf pkrk cjjk.
Tkrftastk? ]fiak, jks mkrtks sueacrcl quc cstës kj mfgaclzf dc ulk lucvk ctkpk cl tu vadk rfgëltamk.
rfg ëltamk.
¶Tc pkrcmc csf macrtf6
]fiak? ]ç. Bkmc ulfs scas gcscs, tcrgalá ulk rcjkmaýl dc ulfs dfs kûfs. Lf gc bkl altcrcskdf jks
matks dcsdc cltflmcs, pcrf kbfrk gc sacltf jastk pkrk cgpczkr.

Tkrftastk? Jks mkrtks tkg`aál sueacrcl quc bky ulk dcmasaýl quc tclcs quc tfgkr y quc cstë
rcjkmaflkdk mfl jk prceultk. ¶]k`cs muëj cs csk dcmasaýl6
]fiçk? ^fdrçk trktkrsc dc ul mbamf mfl cj quc trk`kof. Lf cs áj, salf su bcrgklf, k quacl mflfmç
mukldf ul erupf dc pcrsflks dcj trk`kof iucrfl k ul ‚kitcr fiiamc‗. Yalf su bcrgklf pfrquc a`kl k
kjeÿl jkdf dcspuás. Gc altcrcsá cl áj, pcrf lf pucdf dcmadar sa dc`f altcltkr kjef f lf. Lf sá sa cstë
altcrcskdf8 Lf sá sa pfdrçk mkuskr almfgfdadkd cl cj trk`kof.
Tkrftastk? Jks mkrtks gucstrkl ul dcjamkdf cquaja`raf cltrc mflsadcrkmaflcs prëmtamks y cgfmaflkjcs.
Cstël `kstkltc cgpkrcokdfs8
cgpkrcokdfs8 sal cg`kref, bky ulk jaecrk vcltkok k ikvfr dcj rfgklmc sf`rc jk
prkmtamadkd. Cltflmcs, ¶tu prceultk rckjgcltc sc trktk dc pcrsceuar k cstc bfg`rc cl pkrtamujkr6
]fiak? ]ç, csf cs pralmapkjgcltc jf quc quacrf sk`cr.

Tkrftastk? @kskdf cl cj scltadf mfgÿl, cs ulk dcmasaýl mcrmklk, y jks mkrtks tkg`aál kpfykl csk
mflmjusaýl. ]al cg`kref, jk kpkramaýl dcj Dfs
D fs dc Mfpks cs ul iucrtc aldamaf dc quc cj altcrás cs
gutuf8 cstk cs sacgprc ulk mkrtk dc kpfyf pfsatavk pkrk prceultks sf`rc cj rfgklmc. Cj ks
rcmfgacldk ulk lucvk ifrgk dc pclskr, ul iucrtc scltadf dc dcmasaýl. Tu cjcmmaýl cs mfltkmtkrjf f
lf. ]a lf, tu vadk sceuarë mfgf kltcs? lf cstë gkj, sfjf cstk`jc. ]a tc pflcs cl mfltkmtf mfl áj, cxastc
jk pfsa`ajadkd y rckjgcltc guy pfmks scûkjcs dc kjef lcektavf f pcjaerfsf. Cj ks, sal cg`kref,
tkg`aál damc quc jk fpfrtuladkd dc kmtukr cl cstf cs mfrtk... lf cstfy sceurf dc pfr quá, pcrf jks
mkrtks kmflscokl kmtukr kbfrk. Cj Ks dc cspkdks tkg`aál trktk sf`rc jk vcrdkd y jk bflcstadkd,
`uclfs mflscofs kj alamakr ulk lucvk rcjkmaýl.

2=

^krk jk jcmturk altuatavk, uskrcgfs cstk prceultk? "¶[uá lcmcsatk sk`cr ]fiçk sf`rc su vadk
v adk kgfrfsk6"
Jks jcmturks altuatavks sfl jcmturks quc utajazkl támlamks altuatavks.
Lf sfl lcmcskrakgcltc prcdamtavfs f prcsmraptavfs. Jks támlamks altuatavks sc pucdcl utajazkr cl
kg`fs tapfs. Cs daiçmaj scûkjkr quá bky cl jks mkrtks quc dcsclmkdclk alifrgkmaýl altuatavk cspcmçiamk.
Cl cstc cocgpjf, cj jcmtfr sc mflcmtý mfl ]fiçk, garý jks agëeclcs y mfgclzý jk jcmturk.
Tkrftastk? ]fiçk, jks mkrtks gucstrkl quc tclcs quc tfgkr ulk dcmasaýl. Cstës davadadk cltrc jk
prkmtamadkd y jk cgfmaýl. Tc eustk jk cstk`ajadkd y jk sceuradkd8 vkjfrks tclcr mfsks `uclks kbfrk y
pjklaiamkr cj iuturf. Tkg`aál sfûks mfl tclcr ul kgfr quc jjclc tu vadk. Mrccs quc cstks mfsks sfl
aldcpcldacltcs ulk dc jk ftrk, pcrf lf jf sfl. Slk rcjkmaýl sc trktk dc dkr y rcma`ar? dfs jkdfs. Cs
pfsa`jc ulk rcjkmaýl cltrc
cltrc jfs dfs. ]a saeucs pclskldf
pclskldf quc cs jf ulf f jf ftrf, tc kjcoks dcj kgfr pfr
gacdf. Cs `uclf quc cstás pclskldf cl cstf kbfrk, pfrquc guy prfltf bk`rë ulk fpfrtuladkd quc
tc dkrë jk fpfrtuladkd dc tfgkr cstk dcmasaýl, lf cltrc jk prkmtamadkd y cj kgfr, salf cltrc scr
vkjacltc y cstkr sceurk.

f Cl cstc cocgpjf, ^ktramak quacrc ulk jcmturk eclcrkj sf`rc su vadk. Yfy k uskr ul gátfdf dc ifrgk
ja`rc pkrk mfjfmkr jks mkrtks mfjfmëldfjks cl trcs iajks dc trcs mkrtks mkdk ulk y sal saelaiamkdfs
pfsamaflkjcs. Kulquc lf ksaelf pfsamaflcs pkrk cgpczkr, sucjcl kpkrcmcr altuatavkgcltc k gcdadk
quc kvklzk jk jcmturk.
Malmf dc Mfpks? Pckmmaflcs k jk párdadk y kj dfjfr.
Mk`kjjcrf dc cspkdks? kjeuacl quc kmtÿk cl cj ëg`atf dc jks adcks, jfs sastcgks f jk mfgulamkmaýl.
]ftk dc cspkdks? kjeuacl quc f`scrvk cl cj ëg`atf dc jks adcks, jfs sastcgks f jk mfgulamkmaýl.
Dfs dc `kstfs? Pcÿlc clcreçk gacltrks rcialks tu vasaýl.
]cas dc `kstfs? Pcmflfmagacltf pfr jferfs.
Trcs dc @kstfs? cspcrk kmtavk.
Muktrf dc cspkdks? dcsmklsf dc jfs prf`jcgks.
Pcalk dc cspkdks? kjeuacl quc sc dcskrrfjjk y sc prcfmupk pfr jfs dcgës cl cj ëg`atf dc jks adcks,
jfs sastcgks f jk mfgulamkmaýl.
Lucvc dc Mfpks? @aclcstkr gktcrakj, cgfmaflkj y içsamf.

¶Kjeuacl pucdc lf lftkr jk erkl mkltadkd dc `kstfs y cspkdks6 Mjkrkgcltc

Mjkrkgcltc,, jk vadk dc ^ktramak cstë
cl ul pcrçfdf guy kmtavf. Jfs `kstfs y jks cspkdks cstël kmtavks y sc gucvcl rëpadkgcltc, pfr jf
quc dcialatavkgcltc cstël sumcdacldf mfsks. Jk gkyfrçk dc jks mkrtks cstël cl cj rklef tcgprklf k
gcdaf, pfr jf quc jk satukmaýl cstë cl gcdaf dc su dcskrrfjjf. Dc`adf k quc cstël sumcdacldf tkltks
mfsks, scrë daiçmaj dcmar mfl gumbk prcmasaýl mýgf sc rcsfjvcrël ialkjgcltc. ]al cg`kref, jfs `kstfs y
jks cspkdks prcscltcs kpkrcmcl frdclkdks?
frdclkdks? tfdks cstël cl pfsamaýl vcrtamkj, y laleulk mbfmk f mruzk,
mfgf cl cj 0, =, 3 y 5 dc cspkdks f cl cj 3 f 5 dc `kstfs.

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Kjeulks ftrks mfsks sfl cvadcltcs cl cj csmclkraf. Jk pragcrk y jk ÿjtagk mkrtk sfl mfpks? jk satukmaýl
mfgaclzk y tcrgalk cl cgfmaýl. ^krcmc mfgclzkr mfl trastczk y párdadk
p árdadk y tcrgalkr cl icjamadkd. ^crf
¶quá pksk cl cj gcdaf6 Kdcgës, jks mfpks rfdckl jks cspkdks y `kstfs, quc sfl lcutrkjcs f dc`ajatkl
jks mfpks, pfr jf quc jk párdadk lf cs tkl gkjk y jk rcsfjumaýl lf cs tkl kerkdk`jc. Kg`ks
cxpcraclmaks sc ktclÿkl.
Jk iajk supcrafr gucstrk ulk párdadk. Jk sceuldk y tcrmcrk mkrtks sfl mkrtks dc jk mfrtc, quc pucdcl
jccrsc mfgf rckmmaflcs dc dfs pcrsflks daicrcltcs. Kjeuacl cstë ktkmkldf dc gklcrk guy kercsavk y
ftrf tfdkvçk cstë mfltcgpjkldf jf quc saelaiamk cstk párdadk pkrk cjjfs. Cstks pcrsflks cstël
alvfjumrkdks dc kjeulk gklcrk cl jk satukmaýl cl jk quc sc clmucltrk ^ktramak. Qf jccrçk cstk iajk
mfgf jk `ksc dc jk satukmaýl.
Jk iajk dcj gcdaf mrck ulk agkecl altcrcskltc vasukjgclt
vasukjgcltc.c. Jk pragcrk iaeurk gark bkmak jk azquacrdk,
quc eclcrkjgcltc sc ksfmak mfl cj pkskdf. Jk iaeurk dcj gcdaf gark k jk dcrcmbk, ksfmakdk kj
prcscltc. Jk iaeurk ialkj gark bkmak cj iuturf jcoklf. ^ktramak rcularë su clcreçk dcspuás dc cstk
párdadk y dcmadarë quá quacrc bkmcr. Cl pfmf tacgpf, jf jferkrë y cspcrkrë jfs rcsujtkdfs.
Jk ÿjtagk iajk gucstrk ul rcsparf dc jk satukmaýl. Gacltrks ^ktramak dcsmklsk, cltrkrë cl mfltkmtf mfl
kjeuacl quc jk kyudkrë ialkjgcltc k rcsfjvcr jk satukmaýl dc ulk gklcrk quc jc kerkdc gumbf k
^ktramak.
Kj jccr jks mkrtks, ulk mfsk k tclcr cl mucltk cs jf quc ikjtk. Clsceuadk gc da mucltk dc quc cstël cj
pkoc, cj mk`kjjcrf y jk rcalk dc cspkdks, pcrf lf cj rcy. Altuatavkgcltc, darçk quc cstk satukmaýl sc

trktk dc jk
pkoc sfl párdadk
mfjceks dcmkuskl
quc ul jçdcrmflijamtfs
cl kjeÿl fprfycmtf clflcs
cj quc
altcrrupmaflcs
altcrrupma cl cstë trk`kokldf
cj prfycmtf. ^ktramak.
^krcmc scr ulCj prfycmtf
mk`kjjcrfgës
y cj
quc ul trk`kof, yk quc lf bky pcltëmujfs prcscltcs. Jk prcsclmak dc mfpks aldamk quc saelaiamk kjef
pkrk ^ktramak k lavcj cgfmaflkj.
Jk mflmjusaýl pkrk ^ktramak cs quc bkrë `acl cl lf altcrkmtukr mfl jfs mfjceks mflijamtavfs. Cl mkg`af,
dc`c mflmcltrkrsc cl jf quc quacrc y cl mýgf quacrc quc sc dcskrrfjjc cj prfycmtf. Slk vcz quc bk
pucstf cl gkrmbk csfs prfycmtfs, dc`c kpkrtkrsc dc jk satukmaýl y gkltclcr jfs fofs k`acrtfs pkrk
vcr k kjeuacl quc pucdk kscsfrkrjk f kpfykrjk. Q, kj ialkj, sa tfdf pcrgklcmc mfgf cstë, f`tcldrë cj
rcsujtkdf ialkj quc dcsck.

Pcmfrdk quc cstfs sfl sfjf cocgpjfs dc mýgf m ýgf sc pucdc rckjazkr ulk jcmturk. Lf bk`rë dfs jcmturks
aeukjcs. Cj jcmtfr, cj mflsujtkltc, jk prceultk, cj gkzf, jk tarkdk y, pfr supucstf, jks marmulstklmaks dc
jk satukmaýl sfl tfdks vkrak`jcs y tfdks mfldumarël k rcsujtkdfs daicrcltcs. Q k gcdadk quc pruc`cs
jks támlamks suecradks, kprcldks ftrks lucvks dc ftrks iucltcs c alvcltcs jk tuyk prfpak, tu prëmtamk
dc jcmturk sc mflvcrtarë cl kjef ÿlamf y, mfl sucrtc, guy erktaiamkltc y sktasikmtfraf.

23

Jjcekstc kj ialkj dcj vakoc pfr jf quc ul lucvf mfgaclzf cstë pfr alamakr.

Mfgf cj Jfmf kekrrks tus mfsks, sýjf jks `ësamks, pkrk cgprcldcr cj mkgalf dc jk ajugalkmaýl y
cj kutf dcsmu`ragacltf. Cj vakoc lf scrë iëmaj, sc tc prcscltkrël f`stëmujfs, sc dcrrug`krë tfdf
jf quc bks mflstruadf y tc irustrkrës, pcrf tcldrës ic dc quc tfdf gcofrkrë y skjdrës gës iucrtc,
 gës sk`af/k, gës mfgpksavf/k.

Cj guldf dcj Tkrft tc cstë cspcrkldf. Tfdkvçk tc qucdk ul erkl mkgalf pfr rcmfrrcr, pcrf sa
pflcs cl prëmtamk jf quc bks vastf cl cstc mursf, yk tclás ulk `ksc mfl jk quc mfgclzkr y, mfl
sucrtc, jk mfliaklzk cl tus bk`ajadkdcs tc kyudkrë k sceuar kprcldacldf y cxpjfrkldf.

K jf jkref dc cstc mursf bc dcgfstrkdf mfgf cj tkrft saeuc mkg`akldf. Mfgclzý mfgf ul
oucef (kjef sfjf pfr davcrsaýl) bkstk quc sc dcskrrfjjý mfgf ulk bcrrkgacltk kdavalktfrak y dc
kutf mflfmagacltf. Q k csf kpultf, davartëgflfs mfl áj, ouek mfl tus mkrtks, bkmc gumbks
prceultks, prceultks daiçmajcs, prceultks tfltks. ^rf`k mfsks lucvks y daicrcltcs. Jk ecltc
quacrc kmjkrkr sus dudks, rcsfjvcr sus prf`jcgks, kbfrk sfs pkrtc dc csk ecltc.

Lf sfjf scrës pkrtc dc tu prfpaf iuturf, salf tkg`aál dcj iuturf dcj tkrft.

Erkmaks.

Lkty | Baok dc Gkrtc.

Ikmc`ffh /Baok dc Gkrtc – Tkrft

Alstkerkg? NbaokdcgkrtcV
Cgkaj? baokdcgkrtc3Negkaj.mfg
baokdcgkrtc3Negkaj.mfg

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