Issues on Artificial Reproduction its Morality CHAPTER 1.

LEGITIMATE CHILDREN
and EthicoMoral Responsibility of Nurses
Art. 164. Children conceived or born during the
Artificial Insemination marriage of the parents are legitimate. Children
 Assisted Reproductive Technology conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the
wife with the sperm of the husband or that of a donor
 Methods used to achieve pregnacy tjrough the
or both are likewise legitimate children of the husband
use of artificial or partially artificial means
and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized
 Grossly used for infertility treatment
or ratified such insemination in a written instrument
 Defines as the act through which sperm is
executed and signed by them before the birth of the
placed into a female’s uterus, or the
child. The instrument shall be recorded in the civil
intrauterine method, or into the cervix, or the
registry together with the birth certificate of the child.
intracervical method
(Executive Order No. 209, s. 1987)
TWO PROCESS THAT AI EMPLOYS:
In-Vitro Fertilization
 Homologous or Artificial Insemination
What is IVF?
from the Husband (AIH) – sperm of the
Husband of the Woman  is a procedure in which eggs are removed from
 Heterologous or Artificial Insemination a woman and fertilized in laboratory dish
from a Donor (AID) – sprem of a (either husband or another man) embryos are
construed donor then implanted in a woman, where egg may be
 It must be clear that in AIH or AID, it is brought to term. (Edge & Groves, 2019)
wife who is incapable of reproduction and
not the husband Reason why it’s done

RISKS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION  infertility

 desire to have a child without male partner
 Multiple Delivery (Staff, 2019)
 Preterm Delivery
Before IVF:
 Birth – Weight Delivery
- Fertility
Some Catholic Theolegians argue that the AIH is
- Semen Sample
acceptable while AID is not for it it is equivalent to
- Donor sperm
”permitted” adultery.
STEPS:
AID carves out a lot of moral condisderations like:
- Ovarian Stimulation
- Does the true father have a right obligation to
- Egg Retrieval
the conceive child?
- Sperm Retrieval
- Would the stepfather (husband of the infertile
- Fertilization
woman) offer or give authentic love to the
- Embryo transfer
child conceived not from his sperm but from
another person? Ovulation Induction
- Can the other members of the couples family
show true acceptance to the child? If you're using your own eggs during IVF, at the
start of a cycle you'll begin treatment with synthetic
Is it LEGAL here in our country? hormones to stimulate your ovaries to produce
multiple eggs — rather than the single egg that
According to EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 209 or THE
FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES under normally develops each month. Multiple eggs
PATERNITY AND FILIATION. are needed

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because some eggs won't fertilize or develop normally  Donor sperm also can be used.
after fertilization.  Sperm are separated from the semen fluid in
To determine when the eggs are ready for collection, the lab.
your doctor will likely perform: FERTILIZATION
 Vaginal ultrasound, an imaging exam of your Fertilization can be attempted using two common
ovaries to monitor the development of follicles methods:
where eggs mature
 Blood tests, to measure your response to Conventional insemination - healthy sperm and
ovarian stimulation medications — estrogen mature eggs are mixed and incubated overnight
levels typically increase as follicles develop, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) - In
and progesterone levels remain low until after ICSI, a single healthy sperm is injected directly into
ovulation. each mature egg.
Egg Retrieval EMBRYO TRANSFER
 During egg retrieval, you'll be sedated and Embryo transfer is done at your doctor's office or a
given pain medication. clinic and usually takes place two to five days after
 Transvaginal ultrasound aspiration is the usual egg retrieval.
retrieval method. An ultrasound probe is
inserted into your vagina to identify follicles.  You might be given a mild sedative. The
Then a thin needle is inserted into an procedure is usually painless, although you
ultrasound guide to go through the vagina and might experience mild cramping.
into the follicles to retrieve the eggs.  The doctor will insert a long, thin, flexible
 If your ovaries aren't accessible through tube called a catheter into your vagina,
transvaginal ultrasound, an abdominal through your cervix and into your uterus.
ultrasound may be used to guide the needle.  A syringe containing one or more embryos
 The eggs are removed from the follicles suspended in a small amount of fluid is
through a needle connected to a suction attached to the end of the catheter.
device. Multiple eggs can be removed in about  Using the syringe, the doctor places the
20 minutes. embryo or embryos into your uterus. If
 After egg retrieval, you may experience successful, an embryo will implant in the
cramping and feelings of fullness or pressure. lining of your uterus about six to 10 days after
 Mature eggs are placed in a nutritive liquid egg retrieval. (Staff, 2019)
(culture medium) and incubated. Eggs that RISKS OF IVF
appear healthy and mature will be mixed with
sperm to attempt to create embryos. However,  Multiple births
not all eggs may be successfully fertilized.  Premature delivery and low birth weight
 Ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome
Sperm Retrieval  Miscarriage
If you're using your partner's sperm, he'll provide a  Egg-retreival procedure complications
semen sample at your doctor's office or a clinic  Ectopic pregancy (Staff, 2019)
through masturbation the morning of egg retrieval. Is it LEGAL here in our country?
 Other methods, such as testicular aspiration — According to the Fourteenth Congress of the
the use of a needle or surgical procedure to Philippines S.B. 1342, the Constitution, Article II,
extract sperm directly from the testicle — are Section 15 provides: the State shall protect and
sometimes required. promote the right to health of the people and instil
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health consciousness among them. A fundamental undergo infertility therapy
part of human experience is fulfilling the desire to
reproduce.
Unfortunately, millions of Filipino women and men
are suffering from infertility. While recent
improvements in therapy make pregnancy possible for
more couples now than in past years, the majority of
group health plans do not provide coverage for
infertility therapy; thus making it impossible for low
and middle income families to avail of the
technology. This bill seeks to require coverage for the
treatment of infertility in any group health plan or
individual health insurance.
This act is an act requiring coverage for the treatment
of infertility in any group health plan or health
insurance. This Act shall be known as the “Family
Build Act of 2007” which also has standards relating
to benefits for treatment of infertility. A group health
plan and a health insurance issuer, offering health
insurance coverage for treatment of infertility deemed
appropriate by a participant or beneficiary and the
treating physician. Such treatment shall include
ovulation induction, artificial insemination, in vitro
fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer
(GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT),
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICST), and may
other treatment provided It has been deemed as
‘non◻experimental’ by the Secretary of Health.
In case of assisted reproductive technology (ART) ,
coverage shall be provided if the participant or
beneficiary has been unable to bring a pregnancy into
a live birth through less costly medically appropriate
infertility treatments.The patient has not undergone
four complete oocyte retrievals. The ART include in
vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian, ZGIT,
embryo cryopreservation, egg or embryo donation and
surrogate birth. A group health plan and a health
insurance coverage, in connection with a group health
plan.
Any law, presidential decree or insurance, executive
order, letter of instruction, administrative order, rule
or regulations contrary to or inconsistent with, the
provisions of this Act is hereby repealed modified or
amended accordingly. Nothing in this Section shall be
construed to require a participant or beneficiary to
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SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD the act of sex
What is Surrogate Motherhood?
- It occurs when a woman agrees to carry a
baby to term and give it up to another set of
parents to raise.
 The contracting couple may be unable
to contribute genetic material for some
reason or the female is unable to carry
baby to term
 sometimes done for money or favor
KINDS OF SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD
Altruistic surrogacy
When a woman offers herself to carry the
child of an infertile couple — or of others — for
philanthropic reason, not for money.
Commercial surrogacy
When it is carried out for financial gain,
and is often called womb for rent or womb for
hire: “a woman offers herself to carry a pregnancy
in exchange for money.
Ethical Issues
 Unethical for women to be used.
 Economic opportunity for women who
have few economic option.
 Legitimacy of selling humans
 Pregnancy viewed as deeply personal
experience that should never be undergone
for the sake of others
 What if birth mother changes her mind?
 Kantians find practice of surrogacy
problematic since birth mother is clearly
used as an incubator and not regarded as
rational actor.
- Kantians in favor as long as long as
there is no overt coercion and if
woman is paid and agrees to donate
her body for selfless reasons and is
acting as rational; and autonomous
individual.
- Kantians disagree with it are more
likely to compare the practice to a
clinical form of prostitution without

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  Utilitarian argument against surrogacy could delivered from the mother’s womb.
grant simple equation which is the birth
mother is given money and the contracting
parents get a child they could not otherwise
have but then argue that the long term
consequences un one or more ways.
- another argument argues that pain of
separation of birth mother outweighs the
happiness gained by the contracting parents.
(Edge & Groves, 2019)
Is it LEGAL her in our country?
According to the Thirteenth Congress of
the Republic of the Philippines Senate Bill No.
2344 introduced by Senator Manny Villar,
surrogate parenting is a concept that is relatively
new in this country, although for a long time it has
been widely known in the U S . and in other well-
developed countries. Surrogate motherhood is
nothing but baby selling. It is similar to the generic
experiments that are done with animals who are
bred for certain purposes. A woman becomes a
surrogate mother when she agrees to conceive a
child in her womb only to give away the child after
birth to another person for a valuable
consideration. Babies are not products like
microwave ovens and automobiles.
Pregnancy should never be reduced to a
commercial service. The enclosed bill proposes to
penalize not only surrogacy arrangement but also
the act of selling infants by their mothers. The
practice of surrogacy arrangement is morally and
religiously wrong. We see no difference between
surrogate motherhood and black-market baby
selling. Hence, both practices are outlawed in this
bill.

PREVALENCE OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES

BEGINNING OF HUMAN LIFE
When does human life, or personhood begin?
ART 41 OF THE CIVIL CODE
 “For civil purposes, the fetus is considered
born if it is alive at the time it is completely

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  However if the fetus had an intra-uterine life
of less than seven months, it is not deemed
born if it dies within 24 hours after its
complete delivery from the maternal
womb.”
ART. 42 OF THE CIVIL CODE
 “Civil personality is extinguished by death.
The effect of death upon the rights and
obligations of the deceased is determined by
law, by contract and by will.”
 P.D. 603
- Issue of human personhood is
determined at fertilization or
conception.
 Why should the beginning of human life
need to be determined? – Because of the
serious moral problem that pertains to
abortion
THEORIES OF THE BEGINNING OF
EXISTENCE OF HUMAN LIFE
NEUROLOGICAL THEORY
 Based on the capabilities and functions of
electroencephalogram (EEG)
 EEG recognizes the life of a fetus at
approximately 24-27 weeks
 According to HAROLD MOROWITZ and
JAMES TREFIL, that very moment when a
developing fetus starts to manifest an EEG
pattern indicates the beginning of human
life
 Human life begins from 4 – 6 months after
gestation
BIOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE THEORY
 Founded on viability and depends on the
maturation of the lungs of the growing fetus.
 Based on this theory, not until the fetus has
acquired matured lungs that can strongly
allow it to be viable, or exist outside the
uterus, only then can it be said to have
started to live, or have enjoyed the status of
human life.

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METABOLIC THEORY (3) post-birth method
 Advocates that there is no such thing as
- sex-selective infanticide
fertilization
- sex-selective abandonment
 Believe that the concept of fertilization is only - sex-selective adoption
concocted by both physicians & biologists
only for academic purposes. CONTRACEPTION
EMBRYOLOGICAL THEORY
 Oral contraceptive pill
 Believes that beginning of human life happens - Made up of hormones similar to those
at gastrulation found in a woman’s body.
- Gastrulation – the process in which a  Intra-uterine system (Mirena)
gastrula (an embryo in an early stage of - Guarantees straight long 5 yrs. Of
development) differentiates into two cell contraception.
layers; approximately starts at the third  Contraceptive patch
week of pregnancy - Looks like a square band-aid.
 Advocates that from 12 to 14 days after - Must be worn at all times for 3 wks.
fertilization, the embryo is intrinsically - Uses estrogen & progesterone
capable of splitting into identical twins  Intra-uterine device
 Maintains that the embryo is credited of being - Usually made up of copper which is
a human being; however it is not a person yet inserted into the uterus.
 Injection or injectable contraceptive
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
 Vasectomy / male sterilization
 Human life begins when the child earns  Diaphragm
consciousness of his/her very self  Cervical cap
 Proposed by MICHAEL TOOLEY, argues  Vaginal contraceptive ring
that only when the child attains consciousness  Emergency contraception
can he/she be ascribed as a person  Outercourse / non-vaginal sex
GENETIC THEORY  Rhythm method
 Calendar-based method
 Fertilization or conception marks the  Body temperature method
beginning of humanness and personhood
 Billing’s method
 Considers the conceptus a person - Woman has to monitor the discharges
during ovulation.
CURRENT REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY SEX SELECTION
CONTRACEPTION
Three ways:  Male condom
 Female condom
(1) pre-implantation method  Contraceptive sponge
 Withdrawal or coitus interruptus
- Sperm Sorting and Pre-Implantation
 Tubal ligation / female
Genetic Diagnosis / Embryo Screening
sterilization Controversial Choices
(2) post-implantation method
 The value of self-determination is cited to
- Amniocentesis / ultrasound machines
support 2 decisions that have been the focus of
much controversy for many years:
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 - Abortion  Issues of self-determination arise regarding
- Active euthanasia the mother’s right to control her body and
 Nurses need to be very clear about their her life (right to choose), in contrast to
own values regarding each of theses issues, rights of the unborn fetus to a chance at life
and find a balance between personal values (right to life).
& professional obligations to patients and  “Right-to-Life” Camp
families.  Believe that abortion constitutes murder
 Nurses must sort out their own beliefs of an unborn person, suggesting it is a
about what is right and wrong legal as well as an ethical matter.
- so that they can differentiate between tasks  “Right-to-Choose” Camp
& roles that are consistent with their - The right to privacy regarding health care
ethical stance and those that are not. decisions includes a woman’s
- Make responsible practice decisions reproductive choices, implying that
accordingly. governmental regulation is an
infringement on this privacy.
ABORTION
 Values in relation to life are fundamental
 Any premature expulsion of a human fetus, considerations in regard to abortion, such as:
whether naturally spontaneous, as in - Beliefs about when life begins
miscarriage, or artificially induced, as in a - Considerations regarding quality of life
surgical or chemical abortion. for children who are unwanted.
 1973, US Supreme Court handed down a - Concerns about the mother’s life & health
decision on Roe v. Wade legalizing  Some believe that life starts at conception,
abortion in all 50 states during all nine while others hold that life begins only when a
months of pregnancy for any reasons--- fetus is viable outside the womb.
medical, social, or otherwise  Opponents of abortion hold the position that
because a fetus possesses humanity, it must be
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES accorded all human rights, including the right
to life.
 Horrible nightmares of children, body parts,  Proponents of abortion argue that based on
blood autonomy, a woman has a right to her own
 Psychological pain body, and that no woman should be forced to
bear a child that she does not want
 Feeling of worthlessness
 Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS) EUTHANASIA (Mercy Killing)
- drug and alcohol abuse
- personal relationship disorders  Derived from two Greek words EU, which
- sexual dysfunction means well or good, and THANATOS which
- repeated abortions means death.
- communication difficulties  The act of deliberately ending a life to relieve
- damaged self-esteem suffering in a painless way.
- attempting suicide
TYPES OF EUTHANASIA
ABORTION
1. ACTIVE EUTHANASIA (similar to assisted
 The abortion debate sparks passionate, suicide)
emotion-laden arguments in political,
 A person deliberately intervenes to end
social, legal, religious, and moral arenas
someone’s life
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  Lethal substances are used to kill a person of pain? Or . . .
- Ex. Sodium thiopental, pancuronium
bromide

2. PASSIVE EUTHANASIA

 A person causes death by withdrawing or

withholding a treatment that is necessary to
maintain life
 E.g. avoiding the intake of common
treatments like antibiotics, chemotherapy
23

3. NON-ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
 Life-support systems shall be withdrawn
from the patient.

FORMS OF EUTHANASIA

1. VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA

 A person makes a conscious decision to die

painlessly and asks for help to do this

2. INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA

 The patient cannot decide for

himself/herself to die painlessly so that
another person will decide for him/her.
– Terminally ill
– Comatose
– Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
– Defective newborns

QUESTIONS:
1. Must a patient who is suffering from an
extremely painful cancer of the throat and will
certainly die several days later be allowed to die
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 2. Must he/she, if he/she so desires, be assisted by
a doctor to hasten his/her death?
3. Must the patient be killed painlessly? Or . . .
4. Must he/she rather be allowed to die the natural
way?

EUTHANASIA

 J. GAY – WILLIAMS
 A renowned advocate of the immorality
and the wrongfulness of euthanasia,
condemns euthanasia for the following
reasons:
1) It contradicts nature since it is a blatant
violation of the natural inclination to
preserve life.
 All human beings are endowed with a
natural inclination to preserve life.
 All normal human beings have fear of
death.
 He condemns euthanasia for the following
reasons:
2) If practiced, euthanasia will bring a lot of
disadvantages because it endangers the
preservation of life inasmuch as it leads to
medical practitioners to be less efficient.
3) Accepting euthanasia as a practice may
result in certain undesirable long-term
consequences.
 He claims that “TO SAVE LIVES” is the
total commitment of doctors & nurses, and
other healthcare providers.
 Thus, to lose the life of a patient must
be for them a personal failure which is
an insult to their skills and knowledge.
 If euthanasia would be practiced, this
predicament will be changed.
 Doctors & nurses might not try hard
because patients will be better off dead
 Experts like E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes, D. E.
Kelly
 “Euthanasia is immoral and therefore
ought not be legalized.”
 They based their convictions on the
following grounds:

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 1) Legalized euthanasia would lessen the  Self-defenestrating – Making oneself killed
incentive for medical research. by a train, truck, etc.
2) It would become possible to arrange for
the death of an enemy, or a wealthy
relative.
3) Voluntary euthanasia is but a step
removed from compulsory euthanasia.
4) The purpose of the medical profession is
to preserve life not to destroy it.
5) Many patients today surprise the doctor
by recovering; if euthanasia is legalized,
they would be killed.
6) The practice of euthanasia would make
the doctor a man from whom we would
wish to flee in terror when we are seriously
ill.

SUICIDE
 Derived from the Latin word SUICIDIUM
which means “to kill oneself”.
 The direct killing of oneself on one’s
own authority.
 The intentional killing of one’s own life.
 The agent of death is the person himself.

MEDICAL EUTHANASIA
 Physician directly commits the act by
medical means.
 The physician is necessary and sufficient
for the act to be completed
 The patient's condition provides the context

ASSISTED SUICIDE - the act of deliberately

assisting or encouraging another person to kill
themselves.
 The physician provides the medical means
 The physician is necessary, but not
sufficient for the act to be completed
 The patient needs to do the final act

COMMON METHODS:

 Asphyxation – Deprivation of O2 by
hanging oneself
 Toxification – poisoning
 Blunt force trauma – Jumping from a
building, etc.
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  Exsanguination/Bloodletting –
Slitting one’s wrist, abdomen, etc.
 Drowning
 Electrocution
 Self-immolation – A deliberate and
willing sacrifice of oneself often by fire.
 Starvation

CAUSES OF SUICIDE:
 Physical pain, illness
 Anxiety, emotional pressure
 Financial difficulties
 Shame, guilt, depression, desperation
 Psychological disturbance,
mental disturbance

APPLIED ETHICAL THEORIES

Natural Law of Ethics

 Principle of stewardship
 Suicide is a sin

Utilitarian’s Principle

 Whenever one has become a burden and

liability to the greatest number of
people, its justifiable to commit suicide

Kant’s Ethics

 Categorical Imperative - Treat

individuals not as means only but also as
ends
 Principle of autonomy/self-determination
- Has the right to decide whether to commit
suicide or no

 Is SUICIDE immoral? YES

 It is nothing else but tantamount to
cowardice.
 It is a total reversion and aversion of
sanctity of the God-given life.
 It is a blatant negation to accept the facts
of life in the name of courage, obligation,
respect, love & gratitude to God and
members of human society.

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SUICIDE DEFINITION OF DEATH

 It is therefore the paramount duty of the MEDICAL DEFINITION

healthcare providers to keep track of the
emotional status and mental directions of
 Death is the permanent cessation of all
their patients, especially those who are
bodily functions.
suffering from malignant diseases, to hold
on to their life, no matter what. LEGAL DEFINITION
 Healthcare providers must always be ready
to assist their patients in their spiritual,  Death is the cessation of life as indicated by
physical, emotional, psychological, and the absence of blood circulation,
mental turmoils. respiration, pulse and other vital functions.
 The dead person is fit to be buried
DANGERS OF LEGAL EUTHANASIA AND
ASSISTED SUICIDE
LEGAL AND MEDICAL PURPOSES
DEFINITION
 Safeguards don’t prevent abuse of
euthanasia laws
 Death is the irreversible cessation of all the
 Doctors killing people becomes normalised following:
 It compromises palliative and hospice care (1) EEG assessed flat-lined total cerebral
 People will die because of mistaken function
diagnosis or prognosis (2) Spontaneous function of the respiratory
 Euthanasia and assisted suicide don't system
guarantee a dignified death (3) Spontaneous function of the circulatory
 Euthanasia and assisted suicide are the system
ultimate tools for elder abuse
DEATH UNIFORM DETERMINATION OF DEATH
ACT (UDDA) DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEATH:
1. It is ineffable. – Incapable of being  An individual who has sustained either (1)
expressed in words; complex in nature; irreversible cessation of circulatory and
mysterious respiratory functions; or (2) irreversible
2. It is inescapable. – Everybody dies cessation of all functions of the entire brain,
3. It is beyond experience. – One can never including the brain, is dead. A
have a chance to have a taste of death and determination of death must be made in
later share her encounter with it. accordance with accepted medical
4. It is personal. – There is no such thing as standards.
“untimely death”.
5. It is ontological. BRAIN DEATH
– Intrinsically embedded in us at the very
moment when we earned the breath of life. 1. Patient shows total unreceptivity or
– “As soon as man comes to life, he is at unawareness to all external stimuli and is
once old enough to die”. unresponsive to painful stimuli.
6. It is the grand equalizer. 2. All spontaneous muscular movement and
– It is never choosy of who it seeks to take. respirations are gone.
– Death takes anybody in a designated 3. The pupils loss reflexes and are dilated and
moment as it strikes. fixed.
4. Still breathe with the help of a ventilator.
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5. Legally dead

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Clinical death  Removal of cell from the human embryo
was initiated in August 09, 2001.
 A medical condition that precedes death
rather than being actually dead.
 3 Kinds of Stem Cells:
– Cardiac arrest
1. Totipotent stem cells - Have the total
potential to develop into different types
STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY
of cell.
2. Multipotent stem cells – Are those
STEM CELL
whose potentiality to develop into other
cell types are minimal or limited in
 A cell that has the ability to divide or self
numbers.
replicate for indefinite periods---often
3. Pluripotent stem cells – Can develop
throughout the life of an organism.
into any cell type except in the
 Stem cells have the potential to develop
potentiality to develop as a fetus.
into mature cells that have the characteristic
shapes and specialized functions.
 Only the Totipotent stem cells have the
2 PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF intrinsic potency to become a zygote or an
STEM CELLS embryo.

1) They are unspecialized cells that renew  Scientists extract Pluripotent stem cells
themselves for long periods through cell division; from human embryos to come to terms with
cure or healing of various diseases.
2) They can be induced to become cells of the – Embryos used for this purpose are those
heart muscle, or the insulin-producing cells in the that are considered extra or surplus which
pancreas. are generated from experiments outside the
womb of the mother.
Stem cells are primitive cells.
 New Method:
 They can develop into:
– In 2006, scientists discovered the
 – Blood – Bones – Nerve cells – Liver cells
production of induced pluripotent stem cells
– Heart tissues – Brain cells
(iPS) by using skin cells.
 There are several kinds of stem cells in
– This method allows doctors to create stem
the human body.
cells with a specific patient’s genetic code,
– Example:
eliminating the risk that the body would
 Hematopoietic stem cells found in
reject transplanted tissues or organs.
the bone marrow
 Neural stem cells found in the
nervous system.
 Their supply in the human body is so
limited as compared to the stem cells found
in the embryos.

Embryonic Stem Cell

 The most undifferentiated stem cell is the

zygote, embryo, or the fertilized egg.

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