CHU R CH

HITEC TURE
ARC
Group 4
Table of contents
01 Introduction 04 Different Era

02 05 Conclusion
Churches
what is

03 Timeline
Architecture?
of
Architectural
Styles
 Introduction
According to Navales (2021), Church
architecture is a designed structure that is
intended for Christian activities. As years go
by, it has evolved through innovation and
through imitating different architectural
styles.

Possessed similar characteristics:

- grandiosity
- monolitic material
- natural elements
- plan that compliments individual's
circulation
 Early Christian
between the 4th and 6th BC
Influenced by Roman art and architecture.
This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a style,
simply because it was never really produced by the solution of
constructive problems ROOF and CEILING.
Further development of trusses
King and queen post trusses.
 t e r ' s , R o m e
St. Pe
- Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman
emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica
began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.
-Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo
Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is
- St. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical
functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the
year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these
liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people.
- Constantine defeated Maxentius in A.D. 312 and legalized Christianity.
He then took it upon himself to fulfill the scripture above and built a
church on top of St. Peter’s tomb. The church was used for the
celebration of the cult, as a covered cemetery and as a funeral banquet
room.
 St. Maria
- This church was built in 432 by order of pope
Sixtus III on Esquiline Hill and is one of the seven

Maggiore, Rome
pilgrim churches and one the four papal basilicas
in Rome.

-As a papal basilica, Santa Maria Maggiore is

often used by the pope. He presides over the rites
for the annual Feast of the Assumption of Mary on
15 August there. Except for a few priests and the
basilica's archpriest, the canopied high altar is
reserved for use by the pope alone. - dedicated
as a tribute to the memory of the 26 Christians
who were executed in the city in 1597. Oura
Church - Nagasaki Travel (japan-guide.com).

- Pope Sixtus III built the present church in 431 AD

to honor Mary, but two significant buildings
preceded it at the site. Interestingly, they too
were built to honor great women. The first building
at the site stood in honor of the Roman goddess
Juno.
St. Paolo Fuori Le Mura
Erected during the fourth century AD, the Basilica of St. Paul
Outside the Walls (Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura) is one
of the four major basilicas of Rome, and the second largest
after St. Peter's Basilica. It was founded on the burial ground
of St. Paul.

- San Paolo Fuori le Mura (St. Paul Outside the Walls), a

basilica built by Constantine over the grave of St. Paul, the
Apostle, was replaced starting in 386 by a structure mammoth
for its time.
 - The church of St. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome was founded in 380
AD and destroyed in 1823, but was rebuilt to the original design by
the architect Luigi Poletti and opened in 1840.

-San Paolo fuori le Mura is a heavily restored 4th century Major

basilica and papal basilica dedicated to St Paul and containing his
shrine.

-The importance of the Basilica With the Edict of Milan in the year
313, the persecution of Christians ceased and the emperor
Constantine had a basilica built over the tomb of the apostle of
the gentiles who had been beheaded in the year 67 and buried in
the necropolis near the Roman Via Ostiensis.
1) Propylaeum- the entrance building of a sacred precinct, whether church or imperial
palace.
2) Atrium- in early Christian, Byzantine, and medieval architecture, the forecourt of a
church; as a rule enveloped by four colonnaded porticoes.
3) Narthex- the entrance hall or porch proceding the nave of a church.
4) Nave- the great central space in a church. In longitudinal churches, it extends from the
entrance to the apse (or only to the crossing if the church has one) and is usually flanked by
side aisles.
5) Side Aisle- one of the corridors running parallel to the nave of a church and separated
from it by an arcade or colonnade.
6) Crossing- the area in a church where the transept and the nave intersect.
7) Transept- in a cruciform church, the whole arm set at right angles to the nave. Note that
the transept appears infrequently in Early Christian churches. Old St. Peter's is one of the
few example of a basilica with a transept from this period. The transept would not become
a standard component of the Christian church until the Carolingian period.
 Apse- a recess, sometimes rectangular but usually semicircular, in the
wall at the end of a Roman basilica or Christian church. The apse in the
Roman basilica frequently contained an image of the Emperor and was
where the magistrate dispensed laws. In the Early Christian basilica, the
apses contained the "cathedra" or throne of the bishop and the altar.

9) Nave elevation- term which refers to the division of the nave wall into
various levels. In the Early Christian basilica the nave elevation usually is
composed of a nave colonnade or arcade and clerestory.

10) Clerestory- a clear story, i.e. a row of windows in the upper part of a
wall. In churches, the clerestory windows above the roofs of the side
aisles permit direct illumination of the nave."
 Byzantine
-First buildings constructed were churches.
-Dumped Early Christian style for new domical
Byzantine style.
-Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church.
 • Basilican plan - Early Christian
• Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar style
• Domes of various types placed over square compartments
using pendentives
• Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with capitals
able to support springing of arches Byzantine
 Domes
• The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine architecture
• Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian timber truss system 3
types of dome: Simple - Pendentives and domes are of same sphere Compound
• Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over sphere of pendentives or
dome raised on high drum Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous
shape
 a r k , V e n i c e
ST. M
- Constructed back in the 9th century, St. Mark's Basilica was built to house the
remains of Saint. Mark's corpse that was smuggled in from Egypt by Venetian
merchants.
The building was initially torched to the ground and eventually rebuilt to become
√
an extraordinary structure that is admired by the world to date. which began in
828 and ended in 832, was made to house the body of St. Mark the Apostle
brought from Alexandria to who they named protector.
St. Mark's Basilica is an iconic symbol of Venice. Initially designed to function as a
private chapel for the Doge, the church over centuries, took up a significant role
in the religious and political life of the city
- Constructed back in the 9th century, St. Mark's Basilica was built to house the
remains of Saint. Mark's corpse that was smuggled in from Egypt by Venetian
merchants. The building was initially torched to the ground and eventually rebuilt
to become an extraordinary structure that is admired by the world to date.
 ST. Sophia,
- Built between 532 and 537, Hagia Sophia (Holy

Constantinople
Wisdom, Ayasofya) represents a brilliant moment in
Byzantine architecture and art. It was the principal
church of the Byzantine Empire in its capital,
Constantinople (later Istanbul), and a mosque after the
Ottoman Empire conquered the city in 1453.
- Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles
and Isidorus of Miletus
- It served as a center of religious, political, and
artistic life for the Byzantine world and has provided us
with many useful scholarly insights into the period. It
was also an important site of Muslim worship after
Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453
and designated the structure a mosque.
-Was originally built for christian but later converted to
mosque. In subsequent centuries it became a mosque,
a museum, and a mosque again.
-Greek Orthodox was the official religion of the
Byzantine Empire, so the first Hagia Sophia was built
for the Greek Orthodox Church. The first Hagia Sophia
church burned to the ground in 404 CE when political
riots broke out in Constantinople.
 Church of the Holy Apostles,
Athens. Jebulon (Public Domain)
-About 330 The original Holy Apostles was dedicated in about 330 by Constantine
the Great, who made Constantinople the capital of the Roman Empire. The church
was unfinished when Constantine died in 337, and it was brought to completion by
his son and successor Constantius II, who buried his father's remains there.
Constantius II architectural design
-The destroyed church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople, known only through a
description by Eusebius of Caesarea, was begun in 333 and completed by
Constantius II (337–361).
-The church was dedicated to the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and it was the Emperor's
intention to gather relics of all the Apostles in the church.
-reason for building
√ The church was dedicated to the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and it was the
Emperor's intention to gather relics of all the Apostles in the church.
 Romanesque
Religious fervor expressed in:
-Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings.
-Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by classical
traditions – “Romanesque”.
-Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was used only to
suit the fragments of old ornaments used in new buildings.
 Cathedrals
• Mostly Basilican in plan
• Rib and Panel vaulting
- framework of ribs support thin stone panels
 Baptistries
• Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
connected to the cathedral by the atrium
• Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
 Campaniles
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing
alone
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of
power, watch towers
 Northern Italy
• Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa -
cities competed to construct glorious buildings
• Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes)
and Constantinople (through Venice and Ravenna)
• Ornamental arcades all over façade
• Wheel window
• Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-
carved grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows
 Southern Italy
• Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and Norman rule
• Richer in design and color
• Elaborate wheel windows – made of sheets of pierced marble
• Greater variety in columns and capitals
• Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters
• Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults, used domes
• Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed arches,
colorful, geometric designs as predominant interior decoration
 Gothic
Architecture
"Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
• a departure from classic lines • Can be identified by the
general use of pointed arch
• Also called “Medieval Architecture”
 b r o g i o , M i l a n
St. A m
-time and place built between 379 and 386 Sant'Ambrogio
Basilica, basilica in Milan, Italy, that is an outstanding
example of Lombard Romanesque architecture. Although the
church was originally built between 379 and 386, the earliest
portions of the present structure date from the 9th and 10th
centuries.
Donato Bramante designed parts of the basilica and its
chapel between 1492 and 1497. Some of his unfinished plans
were executed in 1955.
originally called Martyrs Basilica in honor of Christians
martyred during the Roman persecutions and buried in the
area where the basilica was erected, was commissioned by
the bishop of Milan, San Ambrosio between the years 379-
386. When the same Ambrose was buried in the basilica, he
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
√
- The Basilica di San Zeno Maggiore was
constructed between 967 and 1398 AD. It features
Romanesque architecture and is famed as the site of
Romeo and Juliet's marriage. The Basilica was built
on the site where Saint Zeno was buried after his
death in 371. Zeno of Verona was the eighth bishop
of Verona.
√ At the end of the 14th century, the architect
Giovanni da Ferrara was comissioned to enlarge the
church and make other changes. Da Ferrara began
the work on March 24, 1386, and completed it in July
1398.
 Notre Dame, Paris
• One of the oldest French cathedrals
• Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
• Façade features successive tiers of
niches with statues: Christ and French
kings • Central wheel window
• Two western towers with high pointed
louvred openings
 FRANCE
• In French, "L'architecture Ogivale“ Primaire (12th Century AD)
• Also called "a lancettes" • Distinguished by pointed arches and geometric
traceried windows Secondaire (13th Century AD)
• Also called "Rayonnant"
• Characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery Tertiare (14th to 16th
Century AD)
• Also called "Flamboyant"
• Flame -like window tracery or free - flowing tracery Features:
• Use of pointed arch to cover rectangular bays
• Use of flying buttresses weighted by pinnacles • Tall, thin columns –
“stretching up as if to heaven” •
-glass and statuary
 GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE
NETHERLANDS
• In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not
from German Romanesque
• In Belgium and The Netherlands, it was based on French
Gothic, developing the Brabantine style HALL CHURCHES
• Had a different look:
• Nave and aisle of same height
• One or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
in place of sculptured doorway
• Brick-work and simplified ornamentation
 SPAIN
• Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches and rich
surface decoration of intricate geometrical and flowing patterns
• Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels inserted
between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive character
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
• Irregular in plan
• Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals Seville
Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD)
• Largest Medieval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's, Rome
 Renaissance
The Renaissance movement created a break in the
evolution of European church architecture
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman “Orders of Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
 Early Periods Renaissance
• Period of learning
• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of Roman
element
High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque
• Renaissance became an individual style in its own right • Purist or Palladian, where
Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
• Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocabulary
freely (represented by Michelangelo)
• Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge
• The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor arts being used in
harmony to produce the unified whole ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
• Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
 In Summary

• Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and serene

• Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and intense
• Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grand and alive
• Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
 Rome
• Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
Proto-baroque
• Famous architect is Donato Bramante
 p i e t t o i n S .
Tem
t r o , M o n t o r i o
P i e
• Resembling small Roman circular temple with
Doric columns
• 4.5 m internal diameter
• Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Designed by Donato Bramante
• Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows
and shell-headed niches
 St.Paul’s
Cathedral,
London
• Designed by
Christopher Wren
• Area of 6000 sq.m
and a large central
space under dome for
big congregations
St. Gervais, Paris
• earliest wholly-classical
church facade
• by Salomon de Brosse
 BAROQUE
• This period began in 16th century, Italy that is associated with
religious origin.
• The baroque style was created with a clear purpose, namely
to aid the Catholic Church in winning back the adepts of the
Reformation.
 The church of San Luis
De Los Franceses
1.) The church of San Luis de los Franceses
The church of San Luis de los Franceses is located on calle San Luis,
in the northern part of the historic centre of Seville (Spain). The
church is part of a group of buildings, corresponding to the
novitiate of San Luis and belonging to the Society of Jesus

Alberdi, E., Galindo, M., & León-Rodríguez, Á. L. (2021,

February 4). Evolutionary analysis of the acoustics of the baroque
church of San Luis de los Franceses (Seville). MDPI.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1402
 Saint Agustin Cathedral

St Paul’s Cathedral is one of London’s most ionic cathedrals which

has hosted a great many historical events since its 1675
construction. From the sheer scale to elaborate furnishing, the
cathedral announces its Baroque heritage with every square foot.

Architecture. https://www.indesignlive.com/segments/baroque-
architecture-buildings-10-best-baroque-era-designs
 EXAMPLE

, 1. The Pilgrimage Church of Wies

The Pilgrimage Church of Wies (German:
Wieskirche) is an oval Rococo church, designed
in the late 1740s by brothers J. B. and Dominikus
Zimmermann.

The history of the pilgrimage church goes back to

the 18th century. On 14 June 1738, a true miracle
happened on the Wies near Steingaden. Maria
Lory discovered drops in the face of the Scourged
Savior and thought they were tears.Sakitsu
Church
AMERICAN COLONIAL
Christ Church was founded in 1695 by
members of the Church of England. During
this period, chritianity is the most dominated.
 Church of St. Theresa, Lithuania
(mid 1700s AD)

Built between the year 1633 and 1654 was

founded by Steponas Pacas, vice chancellor of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and designed by
the Italian royal architects Constante Tencalla and
Giovanni Battista Gislen
Contemporary
Architecture
(late 20th century to present)
• curved lines
• rounded forms
• unconventional volumes
• asymmetry
• free-form shapes
• open floor plans
• large, abundant window
 Lotus Temple, New
Delhi, India
designed by Iranian Architect
Fariborz Sahba
Lotus temple or Bahā'ī Faith
House of worship is used as a
prayer hall that could
accommodate 2500 people
27 independent marble petals,
canopies over the nine entrance
inward curve of petals in the
innermost ring
glass and steel roof
Temple in Stone
and Light, designed by Amritha Ballal

Bermer,
and SpaceMatters

Rajasthan
Temple of Stone and Light is
a sacred place where Hindus
worship and connects with
gods.
Let light in during the day
and out in the night. It uses
stone structure in a new
radical way not through
ornamentation but through
usage of form in its pure
form.
Kapsarc Masjid, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
designed by HOK
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research
Center is a spiritual center within the linear park
at the heart of the site. It is enough for 200
people in the main prayer hall and 100 people in
its mezzanine.
The exteriors of the structure are designed to
represent an abstracted version of a traditional
arabic pattern and changing of light and
shadow.
-The interior walls and ceiling is a modern
interpretation of Mashrabiya.
 Islamic
Architecture
7th Century

• focus on interior
• geometric decoration
• domes, arches, minarets, miqarnas vaulting, girih tiles,
courtyard, mihrab, hypostyle, four-eyvan
Al-Aqsa Mosque- designed by Abdul-Maliq ibn
(695 CE,
Jerusalem)
Marwan
- It is a congregational prayer
hall that has a capacity of 5000
people. It is built as part of
muslim ideology to muslimize the
world.
- The facade has 14 stone arches
which are of Romanesque style.
- The interior has seven aisles of
hypostyle naves. It has mihrab
and minbar in the background.
 Dome of the Rock
(Late 7th century,
Jerusalem)

- built by Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al-Malik ibn

Marwan
- Is the oldest existing Islamic monument.
- Has Hashemite Royals on Interior and Exterior of
the structure, while the dome had gold cover.
 Indian
Architecture
•- The Architecture of Hindu temple represents a fusion of arts.
Taj Mahal
-(1639, Northern India)
-built by Shah Jahān
- The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum
complex in India. It is considered
the finest example of Mughal
architecture It is built to
immortalize m Mumtaz Mahal.
- It has a perfect symmetry, four
minarets, one central dome, use
of red stone and white marble.
 a k s h i A m m a n
M e e n
- t 4 t h c e n t u r y
Tem p l e
i l N a d u S t a t e ,
CE, T a m
I n d i a )
- it is a temple complex which is
dedicated to their union.
- The temple complex has 4 nine-storey
gopurams, 1 seven-storey gopuram, 5
five-storey gopurams, 2 three-storey,
and 2 one-storey gold-gilded sanctum
 Jama Masjid
- (1644-1656, Delhi, India)
- built by Shah Jahān
- It is one of the largest
mosques in India and is
considered as the center of
worship for the new city.
 Chinese-Japanese
According to an article called e-architect (2019), There are wood structures, somewhat
higher than the surface of the ground, in Japan's architecture. Both tiles as well as a
thatched roof are also one of the characteristics of Japanese roofs. On the other hand,
China's architecture is characterized by asymmetrical symmetry, enclosed spaces, an
emphasis on vertical orientation, including a series of allusions to symbolism and
cosmology. A feature of Japanese architecture that has become innovative is to replace
walls with glass doors, which gives emphasis to an unpredictable sense of space.
 d r a l o f t h e
Cathe
Im m a c u l a t e
C o n c e p t i o n
Beijing, North China
- Constructed in 1904
- Its bishop is named Joseph Li Shan, one of only two
bishops associated with the Chinese patriotic Catholic
Church in addition to the Vatican.
- It is a historic roman catholic church for the community
- It has a baroque style structure. The Top 10 Church
Buildings in China for Tourists (chinahighlights.com)
 Oura
- Located on a hill facing the Port of

Cathedral,1864
Nagasaki in the south of the Nagasaki
region Oura Cathedral / La cathédrale
d’Oura | See & Do | DISCOVER
NAGASAKI/The Official Visitors' Guide
(discover-nagasaki.com) - The church
was designed by a French missionary
named Furet, while the first Catholic
priest was a French bishop named
Petitjean. The construction has been
supervised by Koyama Hidenoshin.Oura
Cathedral | KYUSHU x TOKYO (JAPAN)
(kyushuandtokyo.org) - dedicated as a
tribute to the memory of the 26
Christians who were executed in the
city in 1597. Oura Church - Nagasaki
Travel (japan-guide.com)
Sakitsu Church
1934
L Amakusa city, Kumamoto, Japan
- Designed by architect, Yosuke Tetsukawa of Nagasaki Sakitsu
church (inner "Sakitsu village of Amakusa" world's cultural heritage)
- Amakusa, Kumamoto tour guide (transer.com) - Christianity was
strictly prohibited and Christians were not allowed to confess their
faith openly during this time. This church played a great role for
them.
-it is a Gothic-style catholic church MAIN LINK: 10 Most Beautiful
Churches and Cathedrals in Japan | Japan Wonder Travel Blog
 Philippine Church
The Philippines' history and culture are reflected in the
beauty of its architecture. It consists of a mix of indigenous,
Chinese, Spain, Americans and Asians influenced with the
mixture of West style buildings. The residences of its various
communities, the churches and mosques they have
constructed, and the structures built to suit the geophysical
conditions, progress requirements, and the people’s
ambitions. (Fulgar, 2022) Philippine Architecture
(ianfulgar.com)
 Mt. C a r m e l
a p e l ( B a t a n e s )
C h
-July 16, 1964, Sitio Tukon, Barangay Chanarian, Batanes
- The church was constructed by Florencio Abad's
family
- For weddings and other church activities
- Religious activities for the community from the said
area
- It is a stone church embodying traditional stone
houses
Binondo Church
(Manila)
- 1852, Binondo, Manila
- Domingo Dela Cruz, Gonzales
- The Dominican priests founded this
church in 1696 for the purposes of
training Chinese to become Christians.
- Tourist spot and for religious practices
- Spanish or European Baroque with a
hint of Chinese style through the
octagonal-shaped bell tower Binondo
Church.
Manila (fabulousphilippines.com)
Baclayon Church (Bohol)

- 1727, Baclayon, Bohol

- built during by Spanish missionaries
Baclayon Church: A Historical and
Architectural Marvel (bohol-
philippines.com)
- For mass and other religious activities
- Constructed with coral stone with a
simple yet elegant architectural style
Baclayon Church: A Historical and
Architectural Marvel (bohol-
Thank
you