ACT TY- 20

(Ta nge nt to circ le at a poin t on it)

OBJ ECT IVE : Constructi,o~ IQ angent to a circle at a point on it when the centre of the circle is
know n (by paper folding).
MATERIAL REQUIRED : A white sheet of paper, g~ometry box.
line at a point on it (by paper
PRE -REQ UISI TE KNOWLEDGE : To draw a line perpendicular to a given
/
folding).
PRO CED URE :
r as shown in Fig. ·20.1.
I. Draw a circle of given radius with centre O on the white sheet of pape
shown in Fig. 20.1.
2. Let P be the given point on the circle. Join OP ~d extend it to Q as
the line OQ. Now fold the paper
3. Fold the paper along OQ and press the two parts to form a crease along
the two parts to form a crease.
in such a way that QP falls along OP and it passes through P. · Press
20.2.
Unfold the paper and mark the crease by a line T' PT as shown in Fig.

0
0
T

Fig. 20.1. Fig. 20.2.

RES ULT : The line T' PT is the t~ nt to the circle at the given point P.
 '
ACTMTY-2l .
t o·rawn fro m an External Point)
- ens
OBJECTIVE . 1i erify using the method of paper cutting, pasting and folding that the lengths of
tangents dn fi
awn rom an external point are equal.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Coloured papers, p.k of scissors, ruler, sketch pens, compass, pencil.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE : Meaning of tangent to a circle. .
PROCEDURE:
1.
Draw a circle
· · Let Obe its
of any radius on a coloured paper and cut 1t. · centre.
2
· Paste the cutout on a rectangular sheet of paper [Fig. 21 (a)]·
3
· Take any point P outside the circle.
4
· From P hold the paper in such a way that it just touches the circle to get a tangent PA (A is the point of
contact) [Fig. 2l(b)]. Join PA ,
 29
5. Repeat step 4 to get an th
6. Join the centre of th ~ er tangent PB to the circle (B is the point of contact) [Fig. 2I(c)]. Join PB.
e circle O to P. A d B [Fig.
.
2l(d) and (e)].
7 Fold th ' an
. e paper along OP [Fig. 21(1)].

•P

(a)
(b) (c)

(d) (e)
(f)

Fig. 21.1.

OBSERVATIONS : We observe that

1. LiOPA and LiOPB completely cover each other.
2. Length of tangent PA= Length of tangent PB.
LEARNING OUTCOME: Students learn how to get tangents from external point to a circle using paper
folding and verify to theorem.
REMARK:
1. The teacher may ask the students to perform the activity by taking point P (external point) at different
locations. , /
 IVIT Y-23 .
Circ ular Cylin der)
OBJE
.
CTIV E : To make a ri t circular cylind er of given heigh:t and circum ferenc e of base.
.

MAT ERIA L REQU -· . Co!Qyred papers , a pair.o f scissors, cellota pe.

I
/
PRE- REQ UISIT E KNOW LEDG E :
1. Draw ing and cuttin g a rectan gle of given dimen sio~.
2. Form ula for the circumfe~~nc~ of a circle.·
PRO CED URE : ..
1. Cut 3: rectan gular sheet of paper of length l = given circum ferenc e of base of cylinder, breadth b =
given
heigh t [Fig. 23(a)] . ·
.,. . ~ : ~ ,:, .
2. Gentl y curve the paper so that the two (shorter) sides come togeth er.
• 7,3(b)] .
3. . ... .Join the edges togeth er by cellora pe [Fig.
'
 •
I
--------- ·-- --? /
I
I
I
I
•I
I
I I
I
I '
I
I
b' b'
•
I
I '
I
I
I '
I
I
'' I

•
I I
I

-E-------------- •
(a)
(b)
Fig. 23.1.
OB SER VA TIO NS :

1. The rectangle transforms into a cylinder.

2. The height of the cylinder is b.

3. The circumference of the base circle is l.

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
base circumference.
I . Students lear n to mak e a cylinder of given height and
sforms their shape.
2. Students lear n how folding of geometrical figures tran
may sug gest to stud ents that b and / may be interchanged to form a different
REMARK : The teac her
cylinder.
 AC TIV ITY -24
(Su rfa ce Are a of

OB JECTIV E ·:
1. To dete rmin e the area of a given cylinder.
To obta in the form ula for .the lateral surf ace area of a righ t circular cylinder in terms of the radius
2.
(r) of its base.
e of chart paper, pair of scissors, fevicol and
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Cylinder of known dimension mad
ruler.
PRE-REQUISIT E KN OW LED GE :
1. A rectangle can be rolled to form a cylinder.
2. Are a of a rectangle.
3. Circumference of a circle..
4. Area of circle.
.:fROCED UR E :
)].
1. Remove the top and bott om circles of the cylinder [Fig. 24(a
I
. the cyli.nder
flat [Fig. 24(b)].
2. Make a vertical cut in the ctlrved &urface and lay
,

I .
3. Measure the length and breadth of the rectangle so formed.
 , ------ ---- ..
~ 1r
,
I, , f 'I· - - - " >
'/

I I
I
h
'I
I
I
I
I

' '---.______....,,,.J .r.

(a) (b)
Fig. 24.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. The base and top of the cylinder are congruent circular regions.
2. The curved surface area of tpe cylinder open~ to form a rectangular region.
3. The breadth of the rectangle is the height of the cylinder.
4. The length of the rectangle is the circumference of the base of the cylinder.
5. Curved surface area of rectangle (c) = area of rectangle
C = l X b
Since, l = 21er
b =· h
c = l x b = 2m-h
6. Total surface area of cylinder= curved surface area (c) + 2 (area of base circle)
= 2 (area of base circle)
= 21trh + 21tr2
= 21tr (h + r)
LEARNING OUTCOME : Students learn the derivation of the formula for the curved surface area of a
right circular-cylinder.
 (Volume of ~~--ight Circular Cylinder) · 1
-

OBJECTIVE : To give ugges . e demonstrati()n of the formula for the volume of a right circular
cylinder in terms of its height and ius of the base circle.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Thennacol, plastic clay.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE :
I. Formula for volume of a cuboid.
2. Formula for circumference of a circle.
PROCEDURE :
· 1. Make a cylinder of any dimensions using plastic clay. Lets its height be h and radius of base circle r.
2. Cut the cylinder in 8 sectional s~cti~ns as shown~ Fig. 25(a). · ·
~ . 33
t-"~ tlCS
3 Pince the sep_n,l
·'
, nt~ nhol'nntcly UH• Nhown
_ _ ..,_____ 1
11, ti le ngure 2•;1, (I)
, ,

~
I
...
I
•
f
'
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
• '•
I

.
h
I
h
•
t
,,'I
I
I
I
,,I I
•I

''
I
't .I

(a)
' (b)
Fla.25.
OBSERVATIONS : We observe that
1. 'Ibe segments approximately form a solid cuboid of height 'h' breadth 'r' and length •w',
2. The volume of the cuboid is lbh = ,r x r >< h = ra2 h.
LEARNl~G OUTCO~E : Stu~ents learn that the volume of a cylinder is nr2h where r is the radius of the
t,ase and It the he1ght of the cy bnder.
REMARKS:
1. The teacher may assist the students observe that the length of the cuboid is half the circ amference of the
base of the cylinder. . ·
2. The teacher· should point out that this activity does nQt give an exact proof of the formula and that the
approximatio~ improves ~y-~ncreasing the ~umber of sectorial sections.
 ACTMTY- 29
(Surface Are~ of a S
OBJECTIVE : To give a suggestive demonstratio
if the formula for the surface area of a sphere in
terms of its radius.
MATERIAL REQUIRED : Hollow s cut into two hemispheres,.,a\ cylind~r ~ith both_base
and height equal to the diameter of the sphere. diatneter
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE : Curved surfa
ce area of cylinder ::; 2wh.
PROCEDURE :
1. Take a roll of a jute thread and wind it close
ly on the surface of the hemisphere completely [Fig
. 29(a)].
2. Take am,)ther roll of jute thread and wind it com
pletely along the \curved surface of the cylinder
[Fig. 29(b)]. · · ,
3. Compare the length of the two threads.

~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

.
2r
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
v
(a) - (b)
Fig. 29.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. We , observe that the length of ~e thread us~d
t~ ,cover the c~e d surface of the cylinder is twice
length needed to cover the henusphere. the
· ·, ·
2. Since the thickness o_fthe thread is uniform and the
same for both the threads, surface areas are ro rtion
to the lengths of the threads approximately. al
· · p po
3. Hence s~a ce area of ~ ~_sphere half the
7 surlace area of the cylind~r.
1
=
2 X 21trh _
= 1trh
= 1t~x 2r [0 h _= 2r]
; ,2;,.2
- ,

Therefore,_surface area of sphere ,= +r2

I

,' ·
LEARNING OUTCOl \,¢ = The stu1ents arrive
at the formula for th~surl~ce area ofii:' sph~re throu
simple activity, which relates it to the area of a cylin gh a
der. ,
 37
NEMARK : The teacher should .
. .
but approximate approach t0 l point out that this act'iyity
.:111ple wm·ding · earn the fonnula The app is· not· an •exact proof of the formula, but is only a
-='orlll .
~--dUJlll' · · roXlDlation unproves with a thinner thread and tight
811
ACT '
<Vo1 · O
P ere)
OBJECTIVE:
_,,. emo11stration of th r.
( jtS ruuius. e Jormula for the volume of a sphere in tenns
a l\{ATERIAL REQUIRED .: A hollow sPhere and .
f the sphere, sand. two cyrmders whose base diameter and height are equal
the diameter O ·
.
to pRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE . Vi l
PROCEDURE : . o ume of a cylinde r.
.
1. Fill th~ hollow sph~re with sand once and em t . .
2 Fill the hollow sphere a second 'th p y it mto one of the cylinders.
. m
t. i

r:
3: Fill the hollow sphere a third time ::~msav~d _and empty it into the second cylinde
. pty it mto the remaining spaces of the two cylinders.

,t.
I
I
I
•I
I
I
I I
I I
I I
I
!
2r 2,
r
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
..,
I .,,
I

'
(a) . (b) (c)
Fig. 30.
. OBSERVATIONS :
rs completely.
1. We observe that the.total sand emptied in three pourings, fill both the cylinde
2. They, therefore, conclude that :
3 times the volume of sphere = 2 times the volume of cylinder
= 2rtr2h
. - 41t,2 [0 h = zr]

4 3
Therefore, volume of sphere = 3n r ·

sphere through a simple·-

LEARNING OUTCOME : The students. arrive af thef~rmula for the volume -~ fa.
activity, which relates it to the volume of a cylinder. .
REMARKS:
a, but is only a simple but
1. ~The teacher should point out this activity is not an exact proof of the formul
use of suitable material.s
approximate approach to learn the formula. The approximation improves with the
(in place of sand) that do not leave air gaps. ,
~ ateiials.
2. . The teacher can advice the students to try the activity with other suitable
n the volume and qmintiLy ot
3. The teacher should note that the activity makes use of proportionality betwee
matter.
j'