Collins - Pure Mathematics 1 - Worked Solutions Manual

#A Levels/Math
Cambridge International
AS & A Level Mathematics
Pure Mathematics 1
STUDENT’S BOOK: Worked solutions
Helen Ball, Chris Pearce

Series Editor: Dr Adam Boddison
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
1 Quadratics
Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering
the question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
All sample answers have been written by the authors. Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in this
publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge y
15
1 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
10
(2x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
5
1
x=− or x = 3
2 0 x
–25 –20 –15 –10 –5 5 10 15 20 25
–5
2 3x2 + x – 7 = 0
–10
a = 3, b = 1, c = −7
−1 ± 12 − (4)(3)(–7)
x= 3 a x2 – 8x – 5 = (x − 4)2 – 16 − 5
6
= (x − 4)2 − 21
−1 ± 1 + 84
( ) − 94 − 7
x= 2
6 3
b x2 + 3x – 7 = x +
2
−1 ± 85
x=
= (x + ) −
6 3 37
2
x = 1.37 or − 1.70 2 4
c 2x + 3x + 9 = 2 ( x +
2 2)
2 3x 9
3 5x – y = 13 1 2 +
2x + y = 1 2
= 2 ( x + ) −
Add 1 and 2 .  3 9 9
2
+ 
7x = 14  4 16 2
x = 2, y = −3
= 2 ( x + ) +
 3 63 
2
4 3x – 5 < 7 4 16 
 
3x < 12
x – 5x + 7 = ( x − ) −
2
5 25
x<4 4 4 2 +7
2 4
y = (x − ) +
2
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 3
2 4
Exercise 1.1A At the turning point y has a minimum value
5 5 3
1 a x2 + 4x = (x + 2)2 − 4 i.e. when x = . When x = , y = , the
2 2 4
b 2x2 – 8x = 2(x2 – 4x) coordinates of the turning point.
= 2[(x − 2)2 − 4] y
25
= 2(x – 2)2 – 8
20
c x2 + 8x + 7 = (x + 4)2 – 16 + 7
15
= (x + 4)2 − 9
10
2 x2 – 10x + 11 = (x − 5)2 – 25 + 11 5
= (x − 5)2 − 14
–25 –20 –15 –10 –5
0
5 10 15 20 25
x
–5
1
©HarperCollinsPublishers 2018 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1 9780008257736
1 QUADRATICS
5

2 13
2  (
2 ( x + 2) −  = 2 x 2 + 4x + 4 −
13
2 ) 9

5
4
3
4x 2 + 5x − 3 = 4  x 2 + x − 
4 
= 2x2 + 8x + 8 − 13

( ) − ( 85 ) − 34 
2 2
5
= 2x2 + 8x − 5 = 4 x +
8
6
1
a 5x 2 + x − 3 = 5 x 2 +
2
x 3
−
10 5 ( ) 

( ) − 6473 
2
5
( )
 1
2
1 3 = 4 x +
= 5 x + − −  8
 20 400 5 
( ) − 1673
2
5
= 5 ( x + )
 1 241 
2 =4 x+
− 8
20 400 
 
When 4x2 + 5x – 3 = 0
= 5( x +
20 )
2
1 241
( ) − 1673 = 0
− 2
80 5
4 x+
b 5x – 18 = 5 ( x − 5 ) but can go no further.
8
2 18
2
4(x + ) =
2
5 73
c 5 – 7x – 3x = −3 ( x +
3 3)
7x 5 2 8 16
2 −
( x + 85 ) = 6473
2
= −3 ( x + ) −
 7 49 5 
2
− 
 6 36 3
5 73
= −3  ( x + ) −
 7 109 
2 x+ =±
8 64
 6 36 
−5 73
= −3( x + ) +
7 109
2 x= ±
8 64
6 12
−5 ± 73
2x – 3x + 11 = 2 ( x − + )
x=
2 3x 11
2 8
7
2 2 2
 b  b2
10 ax 2 + bx + c =  ax + − +c
= 2 ( x − ) −
 
9 11 
2
3  2 a 4a
+
 4 16 2  ax2 + bx + c = 0
= 2 ( x − ) +
2
 3 79 
2
 b  b2
4 16   ax +  − 4a + c = 0
 2 a
2 ( x − ) +
 3
2
79   b 
2
b2 b 2 − 4ac
>0  ax +  = 4a − c =
 4 16  2 a 4a
Consequently b2 – 4ac < 0 because the curve of

b b 2 − 4ac
this equation will not intersect the x-axis and ax + =±
2 a 4a
so there are no real roots.
y b ± b 2 − 4ac
ax + =
25 2 a 2 a
20
b b 2 − 4ac
ax = − ±
15 2 a 2 a
10
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
5 ax =
2 a
–20 –15 –10 –5
0
5 10 15 20 25
x
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
a ×2 a
8 (1 – 2x) [(x + 4)2 − 1] = (1 – 2x)(x2 + 8x + 16 − 1)
= (1 – 2x) (x2 + 8x + 15) −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
= x2 + 8x + 15 – 2x3 – 16x2 – 30x 2a
= 15 – 22x – 15x2 – 2x3
2
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exercise 1.2A b2 – 4ac = 0 so two equal real roots.

c 3x2 + 12 – 5x = 0
1 a x2 + 2x + 13 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (−5)2 – (4)(3)(12)
b2 – 4ac = (2)2 – (4)(1)(13)
= −119
= −48
b2 – 4ac < 0 so no real roots.
b2 – 4ac < 0 so no real roots.
b 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 6 2x2 + 5x – c = 0
b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – (4)(2)(1) a No real roots:
=1 b2 – 4ac < 0
b2 – 4ac > 0 so two distinct real roots. (5)2 – (4)(2)(−c) < 0
c x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 25 + 8c < 0
b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – (4)(1)(4) 25

c<−
8
=0
b One repeated real root:
b2 – 4ac = 0 so two equal real roots.
b2 – 4ac = 0
2 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
(5)2 –(4)(2)(−c) = 0
b2 – 4ac = (−5)2 – (4)(2)(3)
= 25 − 24 25 + 8c = 0
=1 25
c=−
8
b2 – 4ac > 0 so has two distinct real roots.
c Two distinct real roots:
3 a x2 – 3x – 5 = 0
b2 – 4ac > 0
b2 – 4ac = (−3)2 – (4)(1)(−5)
(5)2 – (4)(2)(−c) > 0
= 29
25 + 8c > 0
b2 – 4ac > 0 so two distinct real roots.
25
b 3x2 – 2x + 7 = 0 c>−
8
b2 – 4ac = (−2)2 – (4)(3)(7)
13 − 3x
= −80 7 x=
3
b2 – 4ac < 0 so no real roots. 13 − 3x
x2 =
c x2 – 12x + 36 = 0 3
b2 – 4ac = (−12)2 – (4)(1)(36) 3x2 = 13 – 3x
=0 3x2 + 3x – 13 = 0
2
b – 4ac = 0 so two equal real roots. b2 – 4ac = 9 + 4 × 3 × 13 = 165 > 0
4 x2 + (2k + 2)x + (5k − 1) = 0 As b2 – 4ac > 0 there are 2 distinct solutions.
b2 – 4ac = 0 for one repeated real roots. 8 x2 – 3x + a2 = 0
2
(2k + 2) – (4)(1)(5k – 1) = 0
No real roots when b2 – 4ac < 0
Expanding and simplifying.
k2 – 3k + 2 = 0 or – k2 + 3k – 2 = 0 b2 – 4ac = 9 – 4a2
Both quadratic equations have the solutions k = 1 9 – 4a2 < 0
or k = 2. 9 < 4a2
When k = 1, x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 and x = −2;
9
when k = 2, x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 and x = −3 a2 >
4
5 a 4 + 2x – 3x2 = 0 −3 3
a< or a >
b2 – 4ac = (2)2 – (4)(–3)(4) 2 2
= 52 9 y = 3 – x meets y = x2 – 5x + 7 when 3 – x = x2 – 5x + 7
2
b – 4ac > 0 so two distinct real roots. ie 0 = x2 – 4x + 4
b 49 + x2 – 14x = 0 b2 – 4ac = 16 – 16 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (−14)2 – (4)(1)(49) One repeated root, so the line touches, but
=0 does not cross the curve.
3
1 QUADRATICS
10 3x – xy + 1 = 0 iii (x − 3)2 – 9 = 0
3x + 1 x = 0 or 6
y=
x
2 Factorisation:
substitute into 3y – xy + 1 = 0 › can only be used on equations that factorise
3( 3xx+ 1 ) − x ( 3xx+ 1 ) + 1 = 0 › sometimes spotting factors can be difficult
› can solve: x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
3( ) − 3x = 0
3x + 1
x › cannot solve: x2 − 5x – 7 = 0.
3x2 – 9x – 3 = 0 Quadratic formula:

› can be used to solve any equation with real roots
b2 – 4ac = 81 + 4 × 3 × 3 = 117 > 0 including ones that don’t factorise
As b2 – 4ac > 0 there are two distinct real roots › cumbersome and consequently easy to make a
∴ the curves intersect in two places. mistake
Exercise 1.3A › can solve: x2 − 5x – 7 = 0
› cannot solve: x2 − 5x + 7 = 0.
1 a i x2 – 9 = 0
Completing the square:
(x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
› can be used to solve any equation with real roots
x = 3 or −3 including ones that don’t factorise
0 ± 0 − ( 4 )(1)( −9) › can be cumbersome manipulations if b is odd and
ii x = a > 1, and consequently easy to make a mistake
2
x = 3 or −3 › can solve: x2 − 5x – 7 = 0
iii x2 = 9 › cannot solve: x2 − 5x + 7 = 0.
x = 3 or −3 3 a (x − 4)2 = 13
b i x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x = 4 ± 13
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 Completing the square. The equation was
x = −1 or −2 already in form of a completed square.
−3 ± 9 − ( 4 )(1)( 2) b 2x2 – 5x – 11 = 0
ii x =
2 5 ± 25 − ( 4 )( 2)( −11)
x=
x = −1 or −2 4
( 32 ) − 14 = 0
2
iii x + 5 ± 113
x=
4
x = −1 or −2 Does not factorise so used the quadratic
formula. Alternatively, could have completed
c i x2 – 5x – 7 = 0
the square but chose not to as a > 1.
Cannot be factorised.
c 3x2 = 5 – 14x
5 ± 25 − ( 4 )(1)( −7 ) 3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0
ii x =
2
(3x − 1)(x + 5) = 0
5 ± 53 1
x= x = or −5
2 3
( 52 ) − 534 = 0 Equation factorises so easy to do this.

2
iii x − Alternatively, could have completed the
square but chose not to as a > 1.
5 ± 53
x=
2 d 4x2 – 16x + 7 = 0
d i x(x − 6) = 0 (2x − 1)(2x − 7) = 0
x = 0 or 6 1 7
x = or
2 2
6 ± 36 − ( 4 )(1)( 0 )
ii x = Equation factorises so easy to do this.
2
Alternatively, could have completed the
x = 0 or 6
square but chose not to as a > 1.
4
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 x2 + bx + c = 0 74x + 33
8 x=
7
Subtract any extra values that completing the
b2 74x + 33
square has produced, in this case− . x2 =
4 7
7x2 – 74x – 33 = 0
( )
2
b b2
x+ − +c =0 (7x + 3) (x – 11) = 0
2 4
The equation can be solved by factorising a
Manipulate the equation to make x the subject.
quadratic expression.
( )
2
b b 2 − 4c a 9x2 + 55x – 56 = 0
x+ = 9
2 4
b2 – 4ac = 552 + 4 × 9 × 56 = 5041
2
b ± b − 4c b 2 − 4ac = 71 so the quadratic can be
x+ =
2 2 factorised.
−b ± b 2 − 4c b (9x – 8)(x + 7) = 0
x=
2 8
x = or x = – 7
5 a Cannot be factorised if b2 − 4ac is not a square 9
number. Exercise 1.4A
b2 – 4ac = 16 – (4)(3)(−11) = 148
1 a x2 +3x – 4 > 0
148 not a square number so does not
factorise. x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
(x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
b 3x2 + 4x – 11 = 0
x < −4 or x > 1
−4 ± 148
x= b x2 – 6x + 8 ! 0
6
(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0
−2 ± 37
x= 2!x!4
3
c x2 – 9 " 0
6 (x − 3)(x − 5) = 8
x2 – 8x + 15 – 8 = 0 (x + 3)(x − 3) " 0
x2 – 8x + 7 = 0 x ! −3 or x " 3
(x − 7)(x − 1) = 0 d x2 – 6x < 0
x = 1 or 7 x(x − 6) = 0
7 ax2 + bx + c = 0
0<x<6
(
a x2 +
bx c
a a
+ =0 ) 2 a 2x2 + 7x < −3
2x2 +7x + 3 < 0
( )
2
b b2 c
x+ − 2+ =0 (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
2a 4a a
1
( )
b
2
b2 c −3 < x < −
x+ = − 2
2a 4a 2 a b −x2 – 3x + 4 > 0
( )
2
b b2 4ac (−x + 1)(x + 4) = 0
x+ = −
2a 4a 2 4a 2 −4 < x < 1
( ) c x2 > 4
2 2
b b − 4ac
x+ =
2a 4a 2 x2 − 4 > 0
(x − 2)(x + 2) > 0
b ± b 2 − 4ac
x+ = x < −2 or x > 2
2a 2a
d 3x2 ! 5x
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x= 3x2 – 5x ! 0
2a
x(3x − 5) ! 0
5
0!x!
3
5
1 QUADRATICS
3 a 6 – 5x – x2 > 0 c 12 + 9x +x2 > 3(x + 1)

(6 + x)(1 − x) = 0 12 + 9x + x2 > 3x + 3
−6 < x < 1 9 + 6x + x2 > 0
and – x + 6 > 0 (3 + x)2 > 0
6>x Inequality true for all values of x.
x<6 d x + 1 > 3 – 4x – 3x2
{−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0} 0 > 2 – 5x – 3x2
b 2x2 + 9x – 5 ! 0 3x2 + 5x – 2 > 0
(2x − 1)(x + 5) = 0 (3x – 1)(x + 2) > 0
1
−5 ! x !
2 x < –2 or x ! 1 [all integers excluding –2, –1
3
or 2x < 5 and 0]
5 6 a x2 + 5x – 6 < 0
x<
2
(x + 6)(x – 1) = 0
5
So x <
2 –6 < x < 1 and x2 + 3x – 4 < 0
{all integers less than 2.5} (x + 4)(x – 1) = 0
c (2x + 1)2 –9!0 –4 < x < 1
2x + 1 = ±3 So –4 < x < 1
−2 ! x ! 1 and 2x < 6 {−3, −2, −1, 0}
x<3 b x2 + 5x < 6 or x2 + 3x < 4
−2 ! x ! 1 So –6 < x < 1 or – 4 < x < 1
{−2, −1, 0, 1} {−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0}
d 4x2 < 3x c x2 – 6 < −5x and x2 – 4 > −3x
4x2 – 3x < 0 −6 < x < 1 and x < −4 or x > 1
x(4x −3) < 0 So −6 < x < −4
0 < x < 3 or 1 − 4x > 0 {−5}
4 4
1 > 4x d x2 + 5x – 6 > 0 or x2 + 3x – 4 < 0
1
x< x < −6 or x > 1 or −4 < x < 1
4
So x < 3 {all integers excluding −6, −5, −4 and 1}
4
{all integers less than 0.75} 7 x2 – 4x – 3 ! 0, 1 – 2x2 " 0
4 r < 10 First consider x2 – 4x – 3 ! 0
πr 2 > 250 4 ± 16 + 12
x2 – 4x – 3 = 0 when x = =2± 7
2
r > 8.9
when x = 0 x2 – 4x – 3 = –3
So 8.9 < r < 10
2− 7 !x!2+ 7
5 a x2 + 4 < 7x − 2 Now consider 1 – 2x2 " 0
x2 −7x + 6 < 0 1 −1 1
1 " 2x2, x 2 ! , so !x!
(x − 1)(x − 6) = 0 2 2 2
1<x<6 The range of x values for which x2 – 4x – 3 ! 0,
{2, 3, 4, 5} and 1 – 2x2 " 0
b 2x2 – 3x – 15 < 2x − 3 1
is 2 − 7 ! x !
2
2x2 – 5x – 12 < 0
(2x + 3)(x − 4) = 0 2
which can be written as 2 − 7 ! x !
3 2
− <x<4
2
{−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
6
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 − 3x Exercise 1.5A
8 x!
5
1 a 2x + y = −4 1
1 − 3x
x2 ! 5x + y = −1 2
5
5x2 + 3x – 1 " 0 Subtract 1 from 2 .
−3 ± 3 − ( 4 )( 5)(−1)
2 3x = 3
x=
10 x = 1 and y = −6
−3 + 29 b 3x – 2y = 2 1
x=
10 5x + y = 25 2
Or
Multiply 2 by 2.
−3 − 29
x= 10x + 2y = 50 3
10
Add 1 and 3 .
y 13x = 52
4
x = 4 and y = 5
3
c x – 2y = 13 1
2
−x + 3y = −15 2
1
Add 1 and 2 .
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x y = −2 and x = 9
–1
2 5x + 6y = 6 1
–2
3x – y = 22 2
–3
Multiply 2 by 6.
−3 − 29 5x + 6y = 6 1
So for 5x2 + 3x – 1 " 0 either x ! or
10
18x – 6y = 132 3
−3 + 29 Add 1 and 3 .
x!
10 23x = 138
9 4x – 7x2 – 8 > 0 x=6
Consider 4x – 7x2 – 8 = 0 Substitute x into 2 .
18 – y = 22
7x2 – 4x + 8 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 16 – 224 = – 208 < 0 y = −4
There are no solutions, ∴ the function does not 3 If there are n unknowns then you need n distinct
cross the x-axis, ie it is all above or below the equations involving the n unknowns.
x-axis. 4 3x – 4y = 3 1
When x = 0, 4x – 7x2 – 8 = – 8 6x + 4y = 3 2
There are no x values for which 4x – 7x2 – 8 > 0
Add 1 and 2 .
10 – 3x2 ! x – 5 9x = 6
3x2 + x – 5 " 0 2 1
x= and y = −
−1 ± 1 + 60 −1 ± 61 3 4
3x2 + x – 5 = 0 when x = =
6 6
5 x + y = 50 1
−1 + 61
The higher value is x − 1 = 15(y − 1)
6
x − 15y = −14 2
49 < 61 < 64
Subtract 2 from 1 .
−1 + 49 −1 + 7 6 16y = 64
Consider = = =1
6 6 6 y = 4 and x = 46. Helen was 42 when her
−1 + 61 daughter was born.
∴ >1
6
No, the solution set for – 3x2 ! x – 5 is not a
subset of x ! 1.
7
1 QUADRATICS
6 2x − y = −14 1 1h + 1m = 33.9 C
3y − 2z = 16 2 Multiply A by 2
z−x=3 3 4m + 2p = 67.2 2A
Multiply 1 by 3. 2h + 2p = 42.6 B
6x − 3y = −42 4 Work out 2A – B
3y − 2z = 16 2 4m – 2h = 24.6 D
Add 4 and 2 . Multiply C by 2
6x − 2z = −26 5 2h + 2m = 67.8 2C
Multiply 3 by 2.
Work out D + 2C
2z − 2x = 6 6
Add 5 and 6 . 6m = 92.4
4x = −20 92.4
m= = 15.4
x = −5 6
Substitute x into 3: z = −2 1 maths textbook costs $15.40 (remember
Substitute x into 1: y = 4 to add the ‘0’ to make the money notation
7 A sketch diagram helps see what is required. correct).
y = 2x + 8 Exercise 1.5B
y = 7 – 3x y
1 a x+y=3 1
2x2 − y = 25 2
Required area
Add 1 and 2 .
2x2 + x − 28 = 0
0 x
x-axis has equation y = 0 (2x − 7)(x + 4) = 0
7
Find the coordinates of the point of x= or −4
2
intersection of the lines y = 2x + 8 and y = 7 – 3x
1
7 – 3x = 2x + 8, so x = –0.2, y = 7.6 y=− or 7
2
The intersections of the lines with the line y = 0 b 2x − y = 20 1
7 x2
are when 0 = 2x + 8, x = –4 and 0 = 7 – 3x, x = + xy = −12 2
3
From 1 .
1
Area of the triangle = × base × height
2 2x − 20 = y
=
1
2 ( )
× 4+
7
3
× 7.6 = 24
1
15
square units Substitute into 2 .
x2 + x(2x − 20) = −12
8 y = 4 – 5x meets y = 7 – 3x when 4 – 5x = 7 – 3x, so, 3x2 − 20x + 12 = 0
x = –1.5, y = 11.5 (–1.5, 11.5)
(3x − 2)(x − 6) = 0
y = 4 – 5x meets y = x + 2 when 4 – 5x = x + 2, so,
( )
2
1 7 1 7 x= or 6
x = ,y = , 3
3 3 3 3
−56
y = 7 – 3x meets y = x + 2 when 7 – 3x = x + 2, so y= or −8
3
x = 1.25, y = 3.25
c y = 4x 1
The coordinates of the vertices are (–1.5, 11.5),
( )
5 − x2 = y 2
1 7
, , and (1.25, 3.25).
3 3 1 = 2
9 Use the information to make 3 equations. 5 − x2 = 4x
Let m be the cost of a maths textbook, h the x2 + 4x − 5 = 0
cost of a history textbook, p the cost of a pen. (x + 5)(x − 1) = 0
2m + 1p = 33.6 A x = −5 or 1
2h + 2p = 42.6 B y = −20 or 4
8
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 a Substitution or elimination: for elimination the 2x − 3(x2 − 7) = 13

first equation would need to be multiplied by 2 3x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
so that y can subsequently be eliminated. (3x + 4)(x − 2) = 0
b Substitution only: neither addition or −4
x= or 2
3
subtraction of the equations will eliminate
a variable. −47 or −3
y=
9
c Substitution only: neither addition or
subtraction of the equations will eliminate So the coordinates of the points of intersection of
3 a
a variable.
2x2 + y = 14 1
(
4 47
)
this line and this curve are − 3 , − 9 and (2, −3)
5 y−x=1 1
x − 2y = 11 2
x2 + y2 = 64 2
Multiply 1 by 2.
From 1 .
4x2 + 2y = 28 3 y=x+1
Add 2 and 3 . Substitute into 2 .
4x2 + x − 39 = 0 x2 + (x + 1)2 = 64
(4x + 13)(x − 3) = 0 2x2 + 2x − 63 = 0
−2 ± 4 − (4)(2)(−63)
−13 x=
x= or 3 4
4
x = 5.135 or −6.135
−57 y = 6.135 or −5.135
y= or −4
8
So the coordinates of the points of intersection
b xy − x = −4 1 of this line and this circle are (5.135, 6.135) and
x+y=1 2 (−6.135, −5.135).
From 2 . 6 y − x = 10 1
y=1−x x2 + y2 = 50 2
Substitute into 1 . From 1 .
x(1 − x) − x = −4 y = x + 10
Substitute into 2 .
x − x2 − x = −4
x2 + (x + 10)2 = 50
x = ±2, y = −1 or 3 2x2 + 20x + 50 = 0
c x − y = 10 1 x2 + 10x + 25 = 0
xy = 140 2 (x + 5)2 = 0
x = −5, y = 5
From 1 .
The line is a tangent to the circle at (−5, 5).
x = y + 10
Substitute into 2 . 7 Let the numbers be x and y.
y(y + 10) = 140 Then x + y = 129, x2 + y2 = 8433
y2 + 10y − 140 = 0 The two numbers must satisfy both equations.

x + y = 129 so y = 129 – x
−10 ± 100 − (4)(1)(−140)
y= Substitute into x2 + y2 = 8433
2
x2 + (129 – x)2 = 8433
y = −10 ± 660
2 x2 + 16 641 – 258x + x2 = 8433
y = −5 ± 165 x = 5 ± 165 2x2 – 258x + 8208 = 0

x2 – 129x + 4104 = 0
4 2x − 3y = 13 1 (x – 57)(x – 72) = 0
x2 − y = 7 2 x = 57, x = 72
From 2 .
The two numbers are 57 and 72.
x2 − 7 = y
Substitute into 1 .
9
1 QUADRATICS
8 The line y = 9 – 2x meets the circle x = −5 square root sign missed

(x – 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25 No real solutions.
when (x – 3)2 + (9 – 2x + 2)2 = 25
3 x4 – 7x2 + 1 = 0
(x – 3)2 + (11 – 2x)2 = 25
Let y = x2
x2 – 6x + 9 + 121 – 44x + 4x2 = 25
y2 – 7y + 1 = 0
5x2 – 50x + 105 = 0
7 ± 49 − 4
x2 – 10x + 21 = 0 y=
2
(x – 3)(x – 7) = 0
7 ± 45 7 ± 3 5
x = 3, x = 7 y= =
2 2
y = 3, y = –5
y = x2
There are two intersections, and their
coordinates are (3, 3) and (7, –5). 7+3 5 7+3 5 7−3 5 7−3 5
∴x = − , ,− ,
2 2 2 2
9 3x2 − 7x + 2 > 5x – 6
4 102x + 10x − 2 = 0
3x2 – 12x + 8 > 0 Let y = 10x
3x2 – 12x + 8 = 0 when y2 + y − 2 = 0
12 ± 144 − 96 12 ± 48 2 3 (y + 2)(y − 1) = 0
x= = =2±
6 6 3 So y = −2 or 1
When x = 2, 3x2 – 12x + 8 = –4, So 10x = −2 or 10x = 1
∴ the solution set of 3x2 − 7x + 2 > 5x – 6 is So 10x = 1
x <2−
2 3
,2+
2 3
<x 5 2x8 = 5x4 – 1
3 3
2x8 – 5x4 + 1 = 0
7 − 2x Let y = x4
10 2x + 3y = 7, so y =
3
2y2 – 5y + 1 = 0
Substitute into x2 + y2 = 8
( 7 −32x ) = 8 5 ± 25 − 8 5 ± 17
2
x2 + y= =
4 4
9x2 + (7 – 2x)2 = 72 y = x4 = 2.280776406, x = ± 1.22891… = ± 1.23

(3 s.f.)
9x2 + 49 – 28x + 4x2 = 72
y = x4 = 0.21922359…, x = ± 0.684261… = ± 0.684
13x2 – 28x – 23 = 0
(3 s.f.)
2
x = 28 ± 28 + 4 × 13 × 23 = 28 ± 1980 p 3
26 26 6 p+ =
2 2
x = 2.788, or x = – 0.6345
2p + p − 3 = 0
y = 0.474, y = 2.756
The points of intersection are (2.79, 0.474) and Let q = p
(–0.635, 2.76). 2q2 + q − 3 = 0
Exercise 1.6A (2q + 3)(q − 1) = 0
3
So q = − or 1
3 2
1 x2 − 1 = 0
3
x2 – 1 = 0 So p = − or 1
2
x2 = 1
p = 1 so p = 1
x=±1
7 (52x + 5x + 4)3 = 343
2 x + 10 x = −25
52x + 5x + 4 = 7
x + 10 x + 25 = 0 52x + 5x − 3 = 0
( x +5 )( x + 5) = 0 square root sign missed 2

Let y = 5x
y +y−3=0
( x + 5) = 0 square root sign missed
2 a = 1, b = 1, c = −3
10
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
−1 ± 1 − 4.1. − 3 3 x2 − 9x − 10 " 0
y= (x − 10)(x + 1) = 0
2
x = 10 or −1
−1 ± 13
=
2 x ! −1 or x " 10
−1 + 13 −1 − 13 3 13
5x =
2
or 5x =
2 4 f ( x ) = 2x 2 + 3x + 13 = 2  x 2 + x + 
 2 2 
−1 + 13
So 5x = 
( ) − 169 + 132 
2
3
2 = 2 x +
 4
8 x4 − 19x2 + 16 = 0
( 34 ) − 89 + 13
2
Let y = x2 =2 x+
y2 − 19y + 16 = 0
= 2 ( x + ) + 11
a = 1, b = −19, c = 16 3
2
7
19 ± 361 − 4.1.16 4 8
y=
2
7
19 ± 297 Minimum value is 11 and always greater than 0,
= 8
2
i.e. f(x) has no real roots.
19 + 297 19 − 297
x2 = or x 2 = So, if f(x) = p has no real roots, then
2 2
( ) + 11 78 = p
2
3
x = ± 4.26 or ± 0.940 2 x+
4
9 2x6 + x3 – 1 = 0
and 2 ( x + ) + 11 − p = 0 has no roots.
2
3 7
Let y = x3 4 8
2y2 + y – 1 = 0
7
So p < 11
−1 ± 12 + 8 −1 ± 3 8
y= =
4 4 5 a y = 4x2 − 7x − 2
y=
1
2
, y = −1
(
= 4 x2 −
7x 1
−
4 2 )
1
So, x =
( ) − 6449 − 12 
or x = – 1
3
2  7
2
= 4 x −
 8
Exam-style questions
( ) − 1681
2
1 a y = 2x2 – 3x − 7 7
=4 x−
8
b2 − 4ac = 9 − (4)(2)(−7) = 65 > 0 two distinct
real roots. b At the stationary point y will have a
7
b 2x2 − 3x − 7 = 0 minimum value i.e. when x = .
8
a = 2, b = −3, c = −7 7
When x = .
3 ± 9 − (4)(2)(−7) 8
x=
( ) − 1681
4 2
7
y=4 x−
3 ± 65 8
=
4
81
x = 2.77 or x = −1.27 =−
16
2 a x=
3 ± 9 − (4)(3)(−11)
6
So coordinates of stationary point are ( 78 ,− 1681 ).
3 ± 141 6 a 3x − 2y = 7 1
=
6 x2 − y2 = 8 2
x = −1.48 or x = 2.48 Rearrange 1 .
b 3x2 − 3x − 11 > 0 7 + 2y
x=
3
x < −1.48 or x > 2.48
Substitute into 2 .
11
1 QUADRATICS
2
 7 + 2y  − y 2 = 8 2
9 4 x = 1 + 21− 2x = 1 + 21 × 2−2x = 1 +
 3  22x
49 + 28y +4y2 − 9y2 = 72 4x = 22x
5y2 − 28y + 23 = 0 2
22x = 1 +
(5y − 23)(y − 1) = 0 22x
(27 23
,
5 5 )
and ( 3,1)
24x
22x × 22x = 22x + 2
– 22x – 2 = 0
3x − 7
b 3x – 2y = 7, so y = ∴ 42x – 4x – 2 = 0
2
Substitute into x2 – y2 = c Let y = 22x
( 3x2− 7 ) = c
2 y2 –y–2=0
x2 −
(y + 1) (y – 2) = 0
4x2 – (3x – 7)2 = 4c y = –1, y = 2
4x2 – (9x2 – 42x + 49) = 4c 22x = – 1 not possible, so 22x = 2
– 5x2 + 42x – 49 – 4c = 0 1
2x = 1, so x =
2
5x2 – 42x + 49 + 4c = 0
b2 – 4ac 10 3x2 + 5x − 2 > 7x + 15
3x2 − 2x − 17 > 0
= 1764 – 4 × 5 × (49 + 4c)
2 ± 4 − (4)(3)(−17)
= 1764 – 980 – 80c x=
6
= 784 – 80c 2 ± 208
=
= 8(98 – 10c) 6
For no intersection b2 – 4ac < 0 x = −2.070 or x = 2.737
8(98 – 10c) < 0 x < −2.07 or x > 2.74 (3 s.f.)
98 – 10c < 0 11 a px2 + 5x – 6 = 0

98 < 10c b2 – 4ac < 0
c > 9.8 25 – 4 × p × (–6) < 0
7 6x2 > 3 − 7x 25 + 24p < 0
6x2 + 7x − 3 > 0
25
(2x + 3)(3x − 1) > 0 p<−
24
3 or x > 1 b f(x + p) = p3
x<− 3
2
p(x + p)2 + 5(x + p) – q = p3
8 a x2 + 10x + 21 > 0
px2 + (2p2 + 5)x + 5p – q = 0
(x + 3)(x + 7) > 0
One repeated root when b2 – 4ac = 0
x < −7 or x > −3 and 3x − 5 > 0
b2 – 4ac = (2p2 + 5)2 – 4p(5p – q)
5
x> 4p4 + 20p2 + 25 – 20p2 + 4pq = 0
3
5 4p4 + 4pq + 25 = 0 as required.
So x >
3
b y = gf (x) = 3(x2 + 10x + 21) – a 12 a a 2x 2 + 3bx + c = 0
= 3x2 + 30x + 63 – a  3bx c
a2  x 2 + 2 + 2  = 0
= 3(x2 + 10x) + 63 – a  a a 
= 3 ( x + 5) − 75 + 63 − a
2 2
 x + 3b  − 9b 2 + c = 0
 
= 3 ( x + 5) − (12 + a )
2 2a 2  4a 4 a 2
y = gf(x) has 2 real roots when 12 + a > 0,

i.e. a > –12
12
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2
 x + 3b  = 9b 2 − c 16 hA = t + 4, t " 0
 
2a 2  4a 4 a 2 hB = 8 + 3t – t2
9b 2 4a 2 c hB > hA
= −
4a 4 4a 4 8 + 3t – t2 > t + 4
9b 2 − 4a 2 c 4 + 2t – t2 > 0
=
4a 4 0 > t2 – 2t – 4
x+
3b
2 =
± 9b 2 − 4a 2 c t = 2 ± 4 + 16 = 2 ± 20 = 1 ± 5
2a 2a 2 2 2
When t = 0 hB > hA ∴ 0 ! t ! 1 + 5 seconds.
−3b ± 9b 2 − 4a 2 c
x=
2a 2 17 A sketch diagram often helps, it doesn’t need to be
drawn accurately.
b y = a2x2 + 3bx + c has a repeated root when c = 1 A x B
i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0
9b2 – 4a2 = 0 a + 4x
2
i.e. a 2 = 9b D C
4
b 2 − 4ac = −3b = − 3b × 4 = − 2 Area = x(a + 4x) = 4x2 + ax

x = −3b ±
2a 2 2a 2 2 9b 2 3b When a = 3, Area " 45 m2
13 a Pythagoras’ theorem AB2 = BD2 – AD2 4x2 + 3x " 45
AB2 = (5x2 + 14xy + 10y2) – (2x + 3y)2 4x2 + 3x – 45 " 0
AB2 = 5x2 + 14xy + 10y2 – (4x2 + 12xy + 9y2) Consider 4x2 + 3x – 45 = 0
AB2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 −3 ± 32 − 4 × 4 × (−45)
x=
AB2 = (x + y)2 2×4
AB = x + y −3 ± 27 −30 24
x= = or
b So length = 19 + −12 = 7 or −1 + 3 = 2. 8 8 8
24
14 13πr ! 260 As x > 0, x = = 3 is the only solution.
8
r ! 6.4
The values of x for which the area is at least
πr2 > 60
45 m2 are x " 3 m
r > 4.4
4.4 < r ! 6.4 18 6574t2 + 776t + 100 > 1 000 000
6574t2 + 776t – 9 99 900 > 0
( )
3
15 a p + p −1 = 125
Consider 6574t2 + 776t – 999 900 = 0
p + p −1 = 5
−776 ± 776 2 + 4 × 6574 × 9 99 900
t=
p +p−6=0 2 × 6574
−776 ± 162154.163
p+ p −6=0 t=
13148
b Let y = p Reject the negative value, as t " 0.
y2 +y−6=0 t = 12.27°C
(y + 3)(y − 2) = 0 The values of t for which the number of bacteria
is great than 1 000 000 is t > 12.3° C (3 s.f.).
So y = −3 or y = 2.
p = −3 or p = 2
So p = 4. (No solution from p = −3.)
13
1 QUADRATICS
Mathematics in life and work
3
1 2x2 − 3x − =0
2
3
a = 2, b = −3, c = −
2
3± 9+ 4×2×3
x= 2
4
3 ± 21
x=
4
3 + 21 3 − 21
So x = or .
4 4
3 − 21 3 + 21
2 <x<
4 4
3 3 3
3 2x 2 − 3x − = 2 x 2 − x − 
2  2 4 

( ) − 169 − 34 
2
= 2 x − 3
 4

( ) − 1621 
2
3
= 2 x −
 4
3 −21
So coordinates of turning point are x = , y = .
4 8
3
Line of symmetry x = .
4
21
4 units
8
14
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 Functions
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge e This is an ellipse where an input value can

map to two output values. Consequently,
1 a f(0) = 2 − 0 = 2
this is not a function.
b f(1) = 2 − 1 = 1
f This is not a function because some input
c f(−3) = 2 + 3 = 5 values do not map to any output value because
d f ( 12 ) = 2 − 12 = 32 2
there is a discontinuity at these values.
a f(−3) = −17
2 a 3x − 5 = 1
f(−2) = −12
x=2
f(−1) = −7
b 3x − 5 = −17
f(0) = −2
x = −4
f(1) = 3
c 3x − 5 = 0
f(2) = 8
5
x= So the range of f(x) is {−17, −12, −7, −2, 3, 8}.
3
d 3x − 5 = 6 b This is a linear relationship whereby every
input value is related to only one output value
11
x= and every output value is related to only one
3
input value. This is a one–one function.
3 2 − x = 3x − 5
3 a f(x) = 2 − x for x ∈ !
4x − 7 = 0
y
x=7 4
4
3
4 g(2) = 1 2
fg(2) = 2 − 1 = 1 1
f(2) = 0
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
gf(2) = 0 − 5 = −5 –1
–2
Exercise 2.1A –3
1 a f(x) = 5 – 3x is a linear relationship whereby

every input value is related to only one output f(x) ∈ !
value and every output value is related to only f(x) can have any real number value.
one input value. This is a one–one function. b g(x) = x3 for {x: x ! 1, x ∈ !}
b g(x) = x2 + x is a quadratic relationship y
whereby every input value is related to only 4
one output value. As an output value may be 3
related to more than one input value, this is 2
a many–one function. 1
c h(x) = (x + 1) is not a function because it is
–11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 x
not defined for x < –1. –1
d This is not a function because an input value –2
of x = 0 does not map to any output value –3
because there is a discontinuity at x = 0.
15
2 FUNCTIONS
g(x) {g(x): g(x) ⩽ 1, g(x) ∈ !} c 3 – 5b – 2b2 = 6

All the values of g(x) are less than or equal to 1 2b2 + 5b + 3 = 0
c h(x) = (x − 1)2 for x ∈ ! (2b + 3)(b + 1) = 0
y 3
b=− or b = −1
5
2
4
d This is a quadratic relationship whereby
every input value is related to only one
3
output value. As an output value may be
2
related to more than one input value, this is
1 a many–one function.
1
–4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 5 a f(x) = for {x: x ⩾ 1, x ∈ !}
–1
x
y
5
h(x) {h(x): h(x) ⩾ 0, h(x) ∈ !} 4
All the values of h(x) are greater than or 3

equal to zero (when you square a number it 2
is either zero or a positive number).
1
d j(x) = 1 for {x: x ≠ 0, x ∈ !} 0 x

x –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
y
4
Range {f(x): 0 < f(x) ⩽ 1, f(x) ∈ !}
3
b g(x) = x2 for x ∈ !
2
1
y
0 x 6
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 5
–2 4
–3 3
2
j(x){j(x): j(x) ≠ 0, j(x) ∈ !} 1
j(x) can have any value except 0.
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
4 a g(−2) = 3 + 10 − 8 = 5 –1
b y Range {g(x): g(x) ⩾ 0, g(x) ∈ !}

–30 –20 –10
0
10 20 30 40
x c h(x) = (x − 1)3 for x ∈ !
–10
10
y
–20
20 4
–30
30 3
g(−5) = 3 + 25 – 50 = −22 2
1
Turning point:
( ) − 1649  = 0
 5
2
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
−2  x + –1
 4
–2
x = − , g (− ) =
5 5 49 –3
4 4 8
49 Range {h(x): h(x) ∈ !}

Range of g(x) is −22 ! g(x) ! 8 .
16
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 for {x: x > −2, x ∈ !} Exercise 2.2A

d j(x) =
x+2
y 1 a g(1) = 12 = 1
4 f(1) = (4 × 1) + 3 = 7
3 b f(1) = (4 × 1) + 3 = 7
2 g(7) = 72 = 49
1 c g(−2) = (−2)2 = 4
g(4) = 42 = 16
–1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x
–1 d f(−2) = (4 × −2) + 3 = −5
–2 f(−5) = (4 × −5) + 3 = −17
–3
2 a Cannot be found as the range of g(x){x : x " – 1} is
Range {f(x): f(x) ⩾ 0, f(x) ∈ !} not fully included in the domain of f(x){x : x ≠ 0}.
( 1x ) − 1 = 1 −x x
2 2
6 h(2) = d − 2 b gf(x) = 2
j(2) = 2 + 2 = 1
4 c gg(x) = (x2 − 1)2 − 1 = x4 − 2x2
d–2=1 1
d ff(x) = 1 = x
d=3 x
1
7 The relationship y = isn’t currently a 3 fg(a) = 4
(x + a)2
(a − 5)2 = 4
function because there is a discontinuity at x = −a.
a2 − 10a + 25 = 4
The relationship could become a function if the
domain was limited to either a2 − 10a + 21 = 0
{x < −a, x ∈ − !} or {x > −a, x ∈ + !} (a − 3)(a − 7) = 0
8 a {x: x > 3, x ∈ !} As the curve continuous for x > 3. So a = 3 or a = 7.
4 fg(x) = 5(x2 + 3) – 2 = 5x2 + 13
b {x: x < 0, x ∈ !} Although the curve is gf(x) = (5x − 2)2 + 3 = 25x2 − 20x + 7
continuous for x < 3, the question specifies So fg ≠ gf.
{ x ∈ − !} 5 a x + 2 = ff(x)
( ) − 94 − 15 = (2x + 32 )
2 2
69
9 4x2 + 6x – 15 = 2x + 3 – 4 b x2 + 2x − 6 = gf(x)
2
1
3
This has a minimum value of – 69 when x = − . 6 f(x) = 2x − 3, g(x) = x3 and h(x) =
4 4 x +1
3
f(x) is one-one for x ! − . hg(x) =
1
4
x3 + 1
Hence f(x) is one-one for the set of values
{
2
x: x ∈ ! , x ! − 3 .
4 } fhg(x) =
x3 + 1
−3
px5 qx3 4
10 f(x) = + +2 ffhg(x) = −6−3
x3 + 1
f(–1) = – p – q + 2 = 7
4
–p–q–5=0 A f 2hg = −9
x3 + 1
f(2) = 32p + 8q + 2 = 10 32p + 8q – 8 = 0
7 fg(x) = 2x − 3
4p + q – 1 = 0 B
gf(x) = 2x − 3
Work out A + B fg = gf
3p – 6 = 0, so p = 2, q = – 7 2x – 3 = 2x − 3
11 2x2 – 4x + 13 = 2(x2 – 2x) + 13 = 2(x – 1)2 – 2 + 2x
= 2x − 3
13 = 2(x – 1)2 + 11 23
2x = (8)(2x) − 24
This is a one-one function for values
24 = (7)(2x)
{x: x ∈ !, x ! 1} , so p = 1.
17
2 FUNCTIONS
x=
( )
ln 24
7 6
ln 2 5
= 1.78 (3 s.f.) 4
fg(x) can be found as the range of g is included in 3
the domain of f, but gf(x) cannot be found as f(x) > 0 2

for all x and the domain of g is x: x < 0. 1
2 x
8 f(x) = 0
x −1 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2
ff(x) = f ( f(x)) = = –2
2 −1 2 − x −1
x −1 x −1 x −1 –3
2 2( x − 1)
= =
3− x (3 − x) b This is one-one for the given domain.
x −1 f(x) = (x − 3)2 {x ∈ !, x ⩾ 3}
The domain is { x : x ∈ ! , x > 3} . y = (x − 3)2
9 f(x) = 4x3 – 2x2 + 7, g(x) = x2 – 1 x=3+ y
fg(x) = f(g(x)) = 4(x2 – 1)3 – 2(x2 – 1)2 + 7 f−1 (x) = 3 + x {x ⩾ 0, x ∈ !}

= 4(x6 – 3x4 + 3x2 – 1) – 2(x4 – 2x2 + 1) + 7 y
= 4x6 – 14x4 + 16x2 + 1 6
10 f(x) = 4x – 5, for fg(x) = x ; g(x) must involve 1 x in 5

4
1 4
order for 4 × x = x .
4 3
5 5
It must also involve in order for 4 × = +5 . 2
4 4
1
Check: If g(x) = x + 5 :
4 4
( )
0 x
x 5 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
fg(x) = 4 × + –5=x+5–5=x –1
4 4
c The cube of any number is unique so the
g(x) = x + 5 , or g(x) = x + 5
4 4 4 function is one-one.
f(x) = x3 {x ∈ !}
Exercise 2.3A
y = x3
1 a This is a linear function so it is one-one. x= 3 y
f(x) = 5 − 4x {x ∈ !} f−1 (x) = 3 x {x ∈ !}
y = 5 − 4x y
5− y 4
x=
4
3
5−x
f−1(x) = {x ∈ !} 2
4
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5
x
––1
–2
–3
–4
18
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 f(x) = 7x − 2 2
5 a f(x) = + 5 , where {x ∈ !, x > 1}.
Let y = 7x − 2. x −1
y+2
=x Let y =
2
+ 5.
7 x −1
x+2
f −1(x) =
7
2
−1 2+2 4 y−5=
f (2) = = x −1
7 7
2
x= +1
3 a f−1(x) = 5 − 4x {x ∈ !} y−5
Let y = 5 − 4x. 2
f−1(x) = + 1, where {x ∈ !, x > 5}.
x−5
5− y
x= b
4
y
5−x y = f(x)
f(x) = {x ∈ !} 7
4
y 6
6 5
y = f (x) 4 4
2 3
0 x 2 y = f –1(x)
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2 1
–4
y = f –1(x) –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
–6 –1
–8
c f(x) = f−1(x)
b f−1(x) = x + 4 {x ∈ !, x ⩾ 0} 2 2
+5= +1
x −1 x−5
Let y = x + 4.
2(x − 5) + 5(x − 1)(x − 5) = 2(x − 1) + (x − 1)(x − 5)
x = (y − 4)2 4x2 − 24x + 12 = 0
f(x) = (x − 4)2 {x ∈ !, x ⩾ 4} x2 − 6x + 3 = 0
y x=3± 6
25
20 (Only 3 + 6 is valid as 3 − 6 is not included
15
y = f (x) in the domain of either function.)
10 6 f(x) = 2x2 + 5x − 13
5 y = f –1(x) Let y = 2x2 + 5x − 13.

( ) − 129 2
–6 –4 –2 0 x 5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 y = 2 x +
–5
 4 16 
–10
4 x2
f(x) = + 7x − 11 8y + 129 5
x= −
Let y = x2 + 7x − 11. 16 4

( ) − 494 − 11 8x + 129 5
2
y= x+7 f −1(x) =
16
−
4
 2
2
 8x + 129 5   8x + 129 5 
y = ( x + 7 ) − 93 
 2
 ff −1(x) = 2  −  + 5 −  − 13
 16 4  16 4
 2 4 
8x + 129 8x + 129 25 8x + 129 25 52
x= y + 93 − 7 ff −1(x) = −5 + +5 − −
4 2 8 16 8 16 4 4
129 25 50 104
ff −1(x) = x + + − −
f −1(x) = x + 93 − 7 8 8 8 8
4 2
{
The domain is x : x ∈ ! , x > −93 .
4 } ff−1(x) = x
19
2 FUNCTIONS
3x − 1
f(x) = 3x − 1 Let y =
3
7 = 4 x + 1 − 2x + 5
x−2 x−2
Then (x – 2) y = 3x – 1 The domain is { x : x ∈ ! , x > −1}.
xy – 2y = 3x – 1 10 f(x) = x6 – 2x3 – 7
xy – 3x = 2y – 1 Let y = x6 – 2x3 – 7
x(y – 3) = 2y – 1 Then y = (x3 – 1)2 – 1 – 7
2y − 1 y = (x3 – 1)2 – 8
x=
y−3
y + 8 = (x3 – 1)2
f −1(x) = 2x − 1 x3 − 1 = y+8
x−3
The domain is { x : x ∈ ! , x > 3}. x3 = y + 8 +1

8 f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 13
x= 3 y + 8 +1
Let y = 2x2 – 4x + 13
Then y = 2(x2 – 2x) + 13 f −1(x) = 3
x + 8 +1
y = 2[(x – 1)2 – 1] + 13
The domain is { x : x ∈ !, x ! −8} .
y = 2(x – 1)2 + 11
y − 11 Exercise 2.4A
= (x − 1)2
2
1 a f(x + 3) one solution
y − 11
x= +1 y
2
25
x − 11 + 1 20
f −1(x) =
2 15
2 10
   
ff −1(x) = 2 ×  x − 11 + 1 − 4  x − 11 + 1 + 13 5
 2   2 
–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 x
 x − 11 x − 11   x − 11 
= 2 +2 + 1 − 4  + 1 + 13
 2 2   2  b f(x) + 3 no solutions
y
x − 11 x − 11
= x − 11 + 4 +2−4 +9 25
2 2
20
=x 15
2 10
2x − 4x + 13 − 11
f −1f ( x ) = +1
2 5
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 x
2x 2 − 4x + 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
= +1
2
c f(x − 4) one solution
= x 2 − 2x + 1 + 1 y
25
= ( x − 1 )2 + 1 20
15
=x–1+1=x 10
ff–1(x) = f–1f(x) = x as required. 5
9 f(x) = 4x3 – 2x2 + 7, g(x) = x2 – 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x

Let y = x2 – 1; then x = y + 1 , i.e. g −1
(x ) = x + 1,
( )
3 2
fg −1(x) = 4 x + 1 − 2 x +1 +7
3
= 4 x + 1 − 2x − 2 + 7
20
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
d f(x + 4) one solution d

y
y 3
25
20 2
15 1
10
5 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
–1
–11–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–2
y –3
2 a
3 –4
2 One solution
1
3
0 x y
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1 14
–2 12
–3 10
–4 8
One solution 6
4
b P (0, 3)
y P (0, 2) 2
3
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 –2
1 –4
–6
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
–1 f(x + 1) = f(x) + 1 has one solution
–2
4 a, b f(x − 180), where −180° ⩽ x ⩽ 180°; asymptotes
–3 at x = −90 and 90.
–4 Axis intercepts at (−180, 0), (0, 0) and (180, 0).
One solution y
c
y
3
2 0 x
–90° 90°
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
–1
–2
c, d f(x) + 2; asymptotes at x = −90 and 90
–3
3
y
–4
4
One solution
–90°
90
0
90°
90
x
21
2 FUNCTIONS
5 a, b f(x + 2) = 2x + 3 1 
Translation, vector  
f(x) + 2 = 2x + 1 + 2  2
f(x + 2) 9 f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 3 drawn in blue,
y
g(x) = (x – 1)2 – 2 in red
25
y
20
6
15 f(x)+ 2 4
10
2
5
–8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5
x –2
–4
–6
c i If g(x) = 2x, then g(x + 3) = 2x + 3 = f(x + 2).
 3
ii If g(x) = 2x, then g(x + 1) + 2 = 2x+1 + 2 a Translation vector  
1
= f(x) + 2.
6 f(x) = x2 + 6x – 15 = (x + 3)2 – 24  −3 
b Translation vector  
 − 3  −1 
f(x) is a translation of y = x2 with vector 
 −24
 −2
So, the transformation which maps f(x) to x2 is a c Translation vector  
 −3
 3
translation with vector   . 1 
 24 d Translation vector  
 −2
7 f(x) = x2 – 2, g(x) = x – 1, ∴ g–1(x) = x + 1
fg–1(x) – 3 = (x + 1)2 – 2 – 3 = (x + 1)2 – 5
10 f(x) = x3, ∴ f −1 ( x ) = 3
x
y
8 f(x + 2) = (x + 2)3, drawn in blue ∴ f −1 ( x ) = 3 ( x + 2)
6 drawn in red
4 y
2 6
4
–8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6
x
–2 2
–4
–8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6
x
–6 –2
–4
8 f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1, g(x) = x – 1, h(x) = x + 2
–6
hfg(x) = hf(x – 1) = (x – 1)2 –2(x – 1) + 1 + 2
= x2 – 2x + 1 – 2x + 2 + 3 Exercise 2.4B
= x2 – 4x + 6 = (x – 2)2 – 4 + 6
1 a f(3x)
= (x – 2)2 + 2
one solution
y
10 y
8
8 7
6 6
5
4
4
2 3
2
–8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6
x
1
–2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1 = (x – 1)2 –1
22
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b 3f(x) b 2f(x)
one solution y
y 10
8
8
7
6
6
5 4
4 2
3
2 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
1
–4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x –6
–1
–8
c f(2x)
c f(−x)
one solution y
y 3
8
2
7
6 1
5
4 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
–1
3
2 –2
1 –3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x –8
–1
d −f(x − 2)
1 y
d − f(x)
2 10
one solution 8
6
y
1 4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 2
–1
–2
–4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5
x
–3 –2
–4
–4
–5
–6
–6
–7 –8
2 a f(2x) 3
1
2 ( )
f(−2x); P (1, 0), R − ,0 , Q (0, −2)
y f(−2x) = 0 has two solutions.
10
y
8 4
3
6
2
4
1
2
0 x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 x –1
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
–4 –3
–6 −2f(x); P (−2, 0), R (1, 0), Q (0, 4)

–8 −2f(x) = 0 has two solutions.
23
2 FUNCTIONS
y 6 a, b, d f(2x) = 22x + 1 no solutions and

5 2f(x) = (2)(2x + 1) no solutions
4 y
3 7
2 6
1
5
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x 4
–1
3
–2
y = 2f(x)
2
4 y = f(−x) and y = −f(x) in both cases asymptote at y = f(2x)
y = 0. 1
For y = f(−x) P is at (0, 1). 0 x

–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
For y = −f(x) P is at (0, −1). –1
f(−x) = −f(x) has no solutions (they do not
intersect).
c i If g(x) = 2x, g(2x + 1) = 22x + 1 and
y ii 2g(x + 1) = (2)(2x+1)
4
y = f(–x) 3 7 f(x) = x2 – 2, g(x) = x – 5, ∴ g–1(x) = x + 5
2 g–1(–x) = – x + 5
1
2fg–1(– x) = 2[(5 – x)2 – 2] = 2(5 – x)2 – 4
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x This is the most useful form to use to produce
–1
a sketch graph.
–2
y = –f(x) y
–3
10
–4
5 a, b y = f(2x), where −180° ! x ! 180°; asymptotes at 5

x = −135°, −45°, 45° and 135°.
Axes intercepts at (−180°, 0), (−90°, 0), (0, 0),
–5
0
5
x
(90°, 0) and (180°, 0).
y –5
8 f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1, or f(x) = (x – 1)2

g(x) = 2x,
–180 –90 0 90 180 x h(x) = – x
hfg(x) = – [(2x)2 – 2(2x) + 1] = – 4x2 + 4x – 1
Or, using f(x) = (x – 1)2
hfg(x) = – (2x – 1)2
c, d y = −2f(x), where −180° ! x ! 180°; Horizontal stretch with scale factor 1 and a
2
asymptotes at x = −90° and 90°. reflection in the x-axis
y
Axes intercepts at (−180°, 0), (0, 0) and (180°, 0).
2
–2
0
2
x
–2
–180 –90
0
90 180 x
–4
–6
24
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
9 y = f(x) drawn in red, y = g(x) drawn in green.

y 3 a {f(x) ∈ !, f(x) < 17 }
4 y
3 0.15
2 0.1
1 0.05
0 x 5
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –0.05
–2 –0.1
–3 –0.15
–4 1
b Let y = .
x+2
–5
–6 1
x+2=
y
a One-way stretch vertically with scale factor − 4
3
1
x= −2
b One-way stretch vertically with scale factor − 3 y
4
c One-way stretch vertically with scale factor −3 1 − 2y
=
d One-way stretch vertically with scale factor 4 y
10 f(x) = x3, so f −1(x) = 3 1 − 2x

x f(−1)(x) =
x
f(2x) = (2x)3 (red), f −1(2x) = 3 (2x) (green)
4 a g2(x) = 1 = x
y 1
x
4
1
3
g −1(x) =
x
2
1
1 gg−1(x) = =x
1
0 x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 g2(x) = gg−1(x)
–2 The inverse of g(x) is the same as g(x).
–3 Consequently g2(x) = gg−1(x) become the same
composition of functions.
–4
( 1x ) + x5 − 13 range of g(x) included

2
b fg(x) =
1 a {f(x) : f(x) " –11.75, f(x) ∈ !} within domain of f(x)
b y = 3(x2 – x) – 11 1
gf(x) = range of f(x) not all included
x 2 + 5x − 13
( ) − 474
2
1
y=3 x− within domain of g(x) so not an appropriate
2
composition of functions.
= 3( x − )
2
47 1
y+ 1 1 1
4 2 5 Let y = ; then 3 − x = and x = 3 −
3−x y y
1 y 47
x= + + 1
2 3 12 f −1 ( x ) = 3 −
x
1 x 47
f −1(x) = + + 6 a fg(x) = 2(x − 3) − (x − 3)2
2 3 12
= 2x − 6 − (x2 − 6x + 9)
 −2
2 a Translation with vector   = 2x − 6 − x2 + 6x − 9
0
b Reflection in the y-axis = −x2 + 8x −15
 0
c Translation with vector  
1 
25
2 FUNCTIONS
b y 10 a x + 7 = h2fg(x)
1
−1
0.5 b x 2 + 7 = ghf(x)
–6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 10
x 1
–0.5 c x 2 + 7 = gh 2f(x)
–1
2x 2 + 7x + 6
11 a Let y =
7 a f(x) = x2 − 4x + 7 x2 + x − 2
x2 − 4x + 7 = (x − 2)2 + 3 (2x + 3)(x + 2)
=
When x > 2, (x − 2)2 + 3 > 0. (x + 2)(x − 1)
b y 2x + 3
=
8 x −1
6 y (x − 1) = 2x + 3
4 yx – 2x = y + 3
2 x (y – 2) = y + 3
2 x y+3
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 x=
y−2
{f(x) ∈ !, f(x) > 3}
x+3
f −1(x) =
c Let y = (x − 2)2 + 3. x−2
x = 2+ y−3 b f −1(x) = 7
f −1(x) = 2 + x − 3 x+3
=7
x−2
8 a f(x) = 2x2 + 8x – 14 = 2(x2 + 4x) – 14
x + 3 = 7x − 14
= 2[(x + 2)2 – 4] – 14 = 2(x + 2)2 – 22
f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 – 22 6x − 17 = 0
17
b f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 – 22 x=
6
y + 22
Let y = 2(x + 2)2 – 22. Then (x + 2)2 = 12 a f(x) = 3x2 + 15x – 10 = 3(x2 + 5x) – 10
2
( ) − 754 − 10
2
y + 22 = 3 x+5
x= −2 2
2
115
Minimum value of − 4 .
x + 22 − 2
f −1 ( x ) = b f(5) = 75 + 75 – 10 = 140, so range is f(x) " 140.
2
2
c One-way stretch scale factor 2, translation 22x 2
13 a = 22x − x = gf(x)
 − 2 2x
with vector  .
 −22 b 2x(2x + 1 – 1) = 2x(2 × 2x – 1) = 2 × 2x × 2x – 2x
9 a y Let y = 2x.
30 2 × 2x × 2x – 2x = 2y2 – y = fg(x)
25 c 8x4 – 8x3 + x = 8x4 – 8x3 + 2x2 – 2x2 + x
20 = 8x4 – 8x3 + 2x2 – (2x2 – x)
15 = 2(4x4 – 4x3 + x2) – (2x2 – x)
10 = 2(2x2 – x)2 – (2x2 – x)
5 = ff(x)
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 8 x
–5
b f(−x) reflection in y-axis
26
2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 1 1 c y = g(x) in red, y = h(x) in blue

14 a gf(x) = = =
1 − 3(2x − 5) 1 − 6x + 15 16 − 6x y
10
b 2g(x) = f(x)
2
= 2x − 5
1 − 3x 5
2 = (2x – 5)(1 – 3x)
= 2x – 5 – 6x2 + 15x
–10 –5
0
5
x
0 = – 6x2 + 17x – 7
x = −17 ± 121 = 1 or 2 1
–5
−12 2 3
15 a f(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1  −1
d Translation vector  
g(x) = (x – 1)3 + (x – 1)2 + (x – 1) + 1 – 3 0
g(x) = (x –
b h(x) = – 2x3
1)3
+
+ (x –
2x2
1)2
– 2x + 1
+x–3
18 a f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = a x 2 + ( b
a )
x +c

( ) − 4ba  + c
2 2
= 2(–x)3 + 2(–x)2 + 2(–x) + 1 b
= a x +
 2a 2
= 2[(–x)3 + (–x)2 + (–x) + 1] – 1
( ) − 4ba + c
2 2
One-way stretch vertically scale factor 2, b
=a x+
2a
0
reflection in y-axis, translation with vector   .
 −1 b2
x q !c −
16 a Let y = 4a
5−x
b f(–1) = –9, f(1) = 1, f(2) = 15
y(5 – x) = x
a – b + c = –9 A
5y = x + xy = x(1 + y)
a+b+c=1 B
5y
x= 4a + 2b + c = 15 C
1+ y
A+B
f −1(x) = 5x 2a + 2c = –8, ie a + c = –4 D
1+ x
2A + C
b ff(x) = f(x),
x x 6a + 3c = –3, ie 2a + c = –1 E
5− x
5− x = 5− x = x × E–D
5− x 5(5 − x) − x 5 − x 25 − 6x
5−x 5− x a=3
x x c = –7
=
25 − 6x 5 − x
b=5
x(5 – x) = x(25 – 6x)
c y
5x – x2 = 25x – 6x2
5
5x2 – 20x = 0
5x(x – 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4 –5
0
5
x
17 a x2 + 6x + 4 = (x + 3)2 – 9 + 4 = (x + 3)2 – 5 –5
 −3
b Translation vector  
 −5 –10
27
2 FUNCTIONS
19 296 – 20x 296 – 20x

10x 10x
10x
10x 214 – 20x
214 – 20x
10x 10x
a v(x) = (296 – 20x)(214 – 20x)10x

= 40(148 – 10x)(107 – 10x)x
b Domain is {x: x ∈ ! ,0 < x < 10.7}. Range is
{v(x): v(x) ∈! , 0 ! v(x) < 1158}.
c x = 3 cm
v = 236 × 154 × 30 = 1 090 320 mm3, or 1090 cm3
(3 s.f.)
1 {t ⩾ 0, t ∈ !}
2 f(t)
14 000
12 000
10 000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t
3 As the car ages its value depreciates.

 t 
4 fg(t ) = 15 000 − 1500  210 
 
5 Car Model A has the greater rate of depreciation, as
illustrated on the following graph.
f(t)
14 000
12 000
10 000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t
28
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 Coordinate geometry
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge 3 a Multiply by 3: 3y = x − 21, and rearrange.
x − 3y − 21 = 0
9−5 4 −2
1 Gradient = = = .
( −2) − 8 −10 5 b Multiply by 5: 5y = − 2x + 30, and rearrange.
2 Gradient of first line = −3. 2x + 5y − 30 = 0
1 21
Perpendicular gradient = . c Multiply by 3: 3y = 4x + .
3 2
Equation of perpendicular line through (5, 8) is Multiply by 2: 6y = 8x + 21, and rearrange.
given by y − 8 = 13 (x − 5).
8x – 6y + 21 = 0
3y − 24 = x − 5
4 Rearrange: 8x + 3 = 2y
x − 3y + 19 = 0 3
Rearrange and divide by 2: y = 4x +
3 Substitute y = 2 x − 2 into x + 2y = 17. 2
3 gradient = 4 and the y-intercept
(
2
)
x + 2 x − 2 = 17
3 ( 32 )
has coordinates 0,
4 5 The line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and

x+ x − 4 = 17 c are integers is:
3
5y
7 =x−4
x = 21 3
3
5y = 3(x – 4)
7x = 63 = 3x − 12
x=9 3x − 5y − 12 = 0
2 6 When the line intersects the x-axis, y = 0.
When x = 9, y = 3 × 9 − 2 = 4.
Substituting y = 0
Hence point of intersection = (9, 4).
−3x + 2 = 0
4 Complete square on x2 − 14x + 23. 2 = 3x
x2 − 14x + 23 = (x − 7)2 − 49 + 23
2
x=
(x − 7)2 − 26 3
Exercise 3.1A 3 ( )
So the coordinates of the x-intercept are 2 , 0 .
When the line intersects the y-axis, x = 0.
1 The lines not in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b
Substituting x = 0
and c are integers are:
−5y + 2 = 0
c, because it does not equal zero
2 = 5y
d, because it does not equal zero 2
y=
( )
e, because c is not an integer 5
So the coordinates of the y-intercept are 0, 2 .
f, because a, b and c are not integers. 5
y 1
2 a Rearrange y = 4 + 5x. 7 x + − = 0.
3 2
5x − y + 4 = 0, where a = 5, b = −1 and c = 4 Multiply by 6: 6x + 2y – 3 = 0, a = 6, b = 2, c = –3
b Rearrange y = 3 − 2x.
2x + y – 3 = 0, where a = 2, b = 1 and c = −3
29
3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
4x 7 5y Numerator and denominator confused. Should be:

8 + =
5 3 4
−8 − 2 −10 −5
Multiply by 60: 48x + 140 = 75y, m= = =
5−1 4 2
so 48x – 75y + 140 = 0
y 2 − y1
5 1 4 a m=
9 = − , 5 × 4y = – 1 × 7x, 20y = – 7x, x 2 − x1
7x 4y
(x1, y1) = (1, 1)
20y + 7x = 0, a = 7, b = 20, c = 0
(x2, y2) = (4, −8)
1 5
10 To write − 3n = in the required form
2x 3y −8 − 1 = −9
m= = −3
multiply by the denominators, 2x, 3y. 4 −1 3
This gives a term 2x × 3y × ( – 3n) = – 18nxy, which Lie on a straight line with a gradient of −3.
is non-zero if n ≠ 0. y 2 − y1
b m=
x 2 − x1
n = 0 is the only value.
(x1, y1) = (1, 3)
Exercise 3.1B
(x2, y2) = (4, 9)
y − y1
1 a m= 2 9−3 6 =2
x 2 − x1 m= =
4 −1 3
(x1, y1) = (2, 3) Do not lie on a straight line with a gradient
(x2, y2) = (7, 8) of −3.
8−3 5 y 2 − y1
m= = =1 c m=
7−2 5 x 2 − x1
y − y1 (x1, y1) = (1, −7)
b m= 2
x 2 − x1
(x2, y2) = (4, −16)
(x1, y1) = (3, 3)
−16 − −7 = −9 = −3
(x2, y2) = (5, 9) m=
4 −1 3
9−3 6 Lie on a straight line with a gradient of −3.
m= = =3
5−3 2
y 2 − y1
y − y1 d m=
x 2 − x1
c m= 2
x 2 − x1
(x1, y1) = (1, 7)
(x1, y1) = (1, −3)
(x2, y2) = (3, 1)
(x2, y2) = (3, −9)
1 − 7 −6 = −3
−9 − −3 −6 m= =
m= = = −3 3−1 2
3−1 2
Lie on a straight line with a gradient of −3.
y − y1
2 a m= 2
x 2 − x1 5 Ascent:
y − y1
(x1, y1) = (3a, 3a) m= 2
x 2 − x1
(x2, y2) = (8a, 5a)
(x1, y1) = (−10, 0)
( )
5a − 3a 2a 2
m= = =
8a − 3a 5a 5 ( x2, y 2 ) = 0, 12
y − y1
b m= 2
x 2 − x1 1 −0 1
1
m= 2
= 2 =
(x1, y1) = (a, a) 0 + 10 10 20
(x2, y2) = (3a, −5a) Descent:
y − y1
−5a − a −6a m= 2
m= = = −3 x 2 − x1
3a − a 2a
3
y − y1
Should be m = 2
x 2 − x1
. ( 12 )
(x1, y1) = 0,
y-coordinate incorrect in (x2, y2). It should be (5, −8).

( x , y ) = ( 2, 83 )
2 2
30
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 − 2
3 1
−1 1 Exercise 3.1C
m= = 8 =−
2−0 2 16
1 a m = 2 and (x1, y1) = (3, 0)
The descent is the steepest because 1 > 1 .
16 20 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y 2 − y1 y − 0 = 2(x − 3)
6 m=
x 2 − x1 y = 2x − 6
( 12 , 13 )
( x1, y1 ) = b m = 3 and (x1, y1) = (0, 3)
y − y1 = m(x – x1)
( x , y ) = ( 34 , − 32 )
2 2
y − 3 = 3(x − 0)
= 3x
−2 − 1 y = 3x + 3
m= 3 3 = −1 = −4
3−1 1 c m = 2 and (x1, y1) = (3, 4)
4 2 4
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
1 5
7 − 3n = y − 4 = 2(x − 3)
2x 3y
= 2x − 6
Multiply by 3y × 2x.
y = 2x − 2
3y – 3n × 2x × 3y = 5 × 2x
d m = −5 and (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
For this to be a straight line n = 0.
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
1
3y = 10x. Gradient = 3 . y − 3 = −5(x − 2)
3
1 1 = −5x + 10
8
y1 − y 2 a + 5 a + 5
=
x1 − x 2 1 − 1
3 2
=
−1
6
= −6 a +
1
5 ( )
= −6a − 1.2 y = −5x + 13
2 a m = −4 and (x1, y1) = (−2, −5)
Gradient = –2 ∴ – 6a – 1.2 = – 2, 6a = 0.8, y − y1 = m(x − x1)
0.8 8 2 y − −5 = −4(x + 2)
a= = =
6 60 15 y + 5 = −4x − 8
4x 7 5y y = −4x − 13
9 + = . Multiply by 60 : 48x + 140 = 75y,
5 3 4
48x 140 b m = −1 and (x1, y1) = (2, −2)
so y = +
75 75 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
48 48 y − − 2 = −1(x – 2)
Gradient = , and 0 < < 1 as required.
75 75 y + 2 = −x + 2
10 For AB: y = −x
1+1 5
y1 − y 2 5 40 200 3 m = −2 and (x1, y1) = (0, 3)
= 6 9 = 18 = − × =−
x1 − x 2 − 1 − 7 − 43 18 43 774 y − y1 = m(x − x1)
5 8 40 y − 3 = −2(x − 0)
200 = −2x
−1 < − <0
774
2x + y − 3 = 0
For CD:
7 1 27 4 First find the point of intersection.
y1 − y 2 8 − 5 = 40 = − 27 × 18 = − 486
= 2x + 4 = 7 − x
x1 − x 2 1 − 1 − 1 40 1 40
9 6 18 3x = 3
486 x=1
− < −12 y=2+4=6
40
m = 3 and (x1, y1) = (1, 6)
AB is shallowest, as it has a gradient closer to 0.
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 6 = 3(x – 1)
= 3x − 3
y = 3x + 3
31
5 Find the equation of the first line. 9 Line A: y + 7 =

1
(x – 1), 3y + 21 = x – 1, 3y = x – 22
3
m = 3 and (x1, y1) = (1, 1)
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 1 = 3(x − 1)
2
(
1
) 10
Line B: y − 5 = −2 x + 4 , 5y − 2 = −10x − 4 ,
1
= 3x − 3 y = −2x −
10
( )
y = 3x − 2
1
Find the equation of the second line. A and B meet when 3 −2x − 10 = x − 22 ,
m = −1 and (x1, y1) = (4, 6) 3 3
−6x − = x − 22, 22 − = 7x, x = 3.1, y = −6.3
y − y1 = m(x − x1) 10 10
y − 6 = −1(x − 4) Line with gradient 3 passing through (3.1, –6.3) has
= −x + 4 equation y + 6.3 = 3 (x – 3.1).
y = −x + 10 y + 6.3 = 3x – 9.3
Find the point of intersection. y = 3x – 15.6
3x − 2 = −x + 10 1+1 5
4x = 12 10 y1 − y 2 = 6 9 = 18 = 5 × − 40 = − 100
x1 − x 2 − 1 − 7 − 43 18 43 387
x=3 5 8 40
y = −3 + 10 = 7 Exercise 3.2A
Point of intersection is (3, 7).
1 a m = 2 in both equations so the lines are parallel.
5 and (x , y ) = (2, 3)
6 m= 1 1 b m = −3 in both equations so the lines are parallel.
2
y − y1 = m(x − x1) 2 Line A:
5
y − 3 = ( x − 2) (x1, y1) = (1, 7)
2
(x2, y2) = (3, 11)
When you substitute in x = 0, y will equal 0 if the
line goes through the origin. y 2 − y1 11 − 7
m= = =2
x 2 − x1 3−1
5
2(
y−3= 0 − 2) Line B:
5 (x1, y1) = (2, −3)
2( )
= −2
(x2, y2) = (5, 3)
= −5
y 2 − y1 3 − −3
m= = =2
y = −2 x 2 − x1 5−2
The line does not go through the origin.
m = 2 for both lines so the lines are parallel.
7 (
3 1
Line with gradient −2 passing through − ,
2 3 ) 3 a Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c:
1
has equation y − = −2 x + .
3 (3
2 ) y = 4x + 2, y = −4x − 3
m is not equal so the lines are not parallel.
Intersects the y-axis when x = 0. b Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c:
1 3 y = 3x + 1, y = 3x − 3
y − = −2 ×
3 2
m = 3 in both equations so the lines are parallel.
1 8
y = −3=− 4 From −4x + y + 7 = 0, y = 4x − 7, so m = 4.
3 3
8 Line with gradient

1
2
passing through(4 1
,
5 10 )
has
The y-intercept of 2x – y + 3 = 0 is when x = 0, so is
at (0, 3).
equation y −
1
10 2
1
( 4
= x− .
5 ) (x1, y1) = (0, 3)
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
Passes through point with x-coordinate 2 when y − 3 = 4(x − 0)
y−
1 1 4
= 2− .
10 2 5 ( ) y = 4x + 3
y = 0.7 ≠ 3, ∴ the line does not pass through (2, 3).

32
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5 a Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c: Exercise 3.2B

5 7 5 1
y = x − ,y = x + 1
3 3 3 2 1 a m1 = 2 and m2 = so m1m2 ≠ −1, so the lines are
2
5
m = in both equations so the lines are parallel. not perpendicular.
3
b Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c: b m1 = −3 and m2 = 1 so m1 m2 = −1, so the
3
8 7 4 1
y= x− ,y= x− . lines are perpendicular.
3 3 3 3
1
m is not equal so the lines are not parallel. 2 m1 = − for the given line but the gradient of a line
2
6 Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c: perpendicular to this will be m2 = 2.
2x − y + 6 = 0, y = 2x + 6, m = 2 Let (x1, y1) = (1, 0).
1 1
2x + 4y − 44 = 0, 4y = 44 − 2x, y = 11 − x, m = − y – y1 = m(x – x1)
2 2
2x − y − 4 = 0, y = 2x − 4, m = 2 (x1, y1) incorrectly substituted. Correcting this and
1 1
2x + 4y − 24 = 0, 4y = 24 − 2x, y = 6 − x, m = − using correct value of m2 gives:
2 2
y – 0 = 2(x – 1)
So 2x − y + 6 = 0 and 2x − y − 4 = 0 are parallel lines
as m = 2 for both lines. So y = 2x − 2
And 2x + 4y − 44 =0 and 2x + 4y − 24 = 0 are parallel 3 Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c:
1
lines as m = − for both lines. 2x – y + 6 = 0, y = 2x + 6, m = 2
2
x 5y 5y x 3x 42 1 1
7 − + 7 = 0, = + 7, y = + 2x + 4y − 44 = 0, 4y = 44 − 2x, y = 11 − x, m = −
4 6 6 4 10 5 2 2
3 2x – y – 4 = 0, y = 2x − 4, m = 2
Gradient =
10
1 1
Line with gradient 0.3 passing through (1, 3) has 2x + 4y − 24 = 0, 4y = 24 − 2x, y = 6 − x, m = −
2 2
equation
So 2x − y + 6 = 0 and 2x + 4y – 44 = 0 are
y – 3 = 0.3(x – 1) perpendicular lines as m1 m2 = −1.
y – 3 = 0.3x – 0.3 And 2x − y + 6 = 0 and 2x + 4y − 24 = 0 are
y = 0.3x + 2.7 perpendicular lines as m1 m2 = −1.
10y = 3x + 27 And 2x − y − 4 = 0 and 2x + 4y − 44 = 0 are
4x 7 5y 16x 28 16 perpendicular lines as m1 m2 = −1.
8 + = ,y = + , gradient =
5 3 4 25 15 25 And 2x – y – 4 = 0 and 2x + 4y − 24 = 0 are
25y 25y perpendicular lines as m1 m2 = −1.
8x − − 7 = 0, = 8x − 7,
2 2
2 2 16x 14 , gradient = 16 7
y= × 8x − 7 × , y = − 4 From 8x − 2y − 7 = 0, 8x − 7 = 2y, 4x − = y, m1 = 4.
25 25 25 25 25 2
As the two lines have the same gradient they are m1 m2 = −1
parallel. 1
So m2 = − .
4
4
= − 1 , 16y = −11x , y = − 11
x The y-intercept of 4x − 2y + 5 = 0 is when x = 0 so is
9
11x 4y 16
Line with gradient −
11
16
passing through (0, 1) has ( )
5
at 0, .
2
equation
y −1= −
11
16
( x − 0) ( x1, y1 ) = (0, 52 )
16y + 11x – 16 = 0 y − y1 = m(x – x1)
10
2x 8
+
3 11
=
7y
2,
y= ×
2
7 (2x 8
+
3 11 )
, gradient =
4
21
y−
5
2
1
= − ( x − 0)
4
15y 15y 2 5 1
2x − − 9 = 0, = 2x − 9, y = × (2x − 9), y= − x
2 2 15 2 4
4 x + 4y = 10
gradient =
15
4 4
As ≠ the lines are not parallel.
21 15
33
5 3 As the two lines have the same gradient they are

5 a m1 = 3 and m2 = − so m1 m2 = −1 and the lines
5 parallel, so cannot be perpendicular.
are perpendicular. 11y
4 1
9 =− , 16y = −11x, y = −
9 10 11x 4y 16
b m1 = and m2 = so m1 m2 ≠ −1 and the
10 9 16
Perpendicular line has gradient .
lines are not perpendicular. 11
16
6 Describe as line A Line with gradient passing through (0, 1) has
11
equation
(x1, y1) = (0, 6)
16
(x2, y2) = (4, 4) y −1= (x − 0)
11
y − y1 4 − 6 2 1
m= 2 = =− =− 11y – 11 = 16x
x 2 − x1 4 − 0 4 2
Describe as line B 10
2x 8
+
3 11
=
7y
2
2
, y= ×
7
2x 8
+
3 11 (
, gradient =
4
21 )
(x1, y1) = (0, 6) 2y 2y 15 ( 2
2x + − 9 = 0, = −2x + 9, y = × − x + 9),
(x2, y2) = (2, 10) 15 15 2
y 2 − y1 10 − 6 4 gradient = – 15
m= = = =2
x 2 − x1 2−0 2 4 20
As × −15 = − ≠ −1 the lines are not
Describe as line C 21 7
perpendicular.
(x1, y1) = (6, 8)
(x2, y2) = (2, 10) Exercise 3.2C
y − y1 10 − 8 2 1
m= 2 = = =− x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
x 2 − x1 2−6 −4 2 1 a mid-point =  1 ,
 2 2 
Describe as line D
(x1, y1) = (2, 3)
(x1, y1) = (4, 4)
(x2, y2) = (7, 8)
(x2, y2) = (6, 8)
m= 2
y − y1 8 − 4 4
= = =2
x 2 − x1 6 − 4 2
( 2 +2 7 , 3 +2 8 )
= (4.5, 5.5)
So A is parallel to C, B is parallel to D, A is
perpendicular to B and D and C is perpendicular length = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
to B and D.
= ( 7 − 2 )2 + ( 8 − 3 )2
So the quadrilateral can only be a square or a
rectangle. = 25 + 25 = 5 2
x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
b mid-point =  1 ,
7
x 5y
− + 7 = 0,
5y x
= + 7, y =
3x 42
+  2 2 
4 6 6 4 10 5
3 (x1, y1) = (5, 9)
Gradient = .
10 (x2, y2) = (3, 3)
10
( 5 +2 3 , 9 +2 3 )
Perpendicular line has gradient − .
3
10
Line with gradient − passing through (1, 3) has
3
equation = (4, 6)
10 length = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
y−3=−
3
( x − 1)
(3 − 5)2 + (3 − 9)2
3y – 9 = – 10x + 10 =
= 4 + 36
3y + 10x – 19 = 0
4x 7 5y 16x 28 16 = 2 10
8 + = ,y = + , gradient =
5 3
25y
4 25 15
25y
25
2 Gradient of line through (2, 2), 5, 1
2 ( )
8x − − 7 = 0, = 8x − 7, 2− 1
2 2 m= 2 = −1
2 2 16x 14 , gradient = 16 2−5 2
y=
25
× 8x − 7 × , y =
25
−
25 25 25 Equation of line through (2, 2), 5,
1
2 ( )
34
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 4 Line A length:
2(
y−2=− x − 2)
1 d= (5 − 2)2 + (16 − 7)2 

y =− x+3  
2
(11, −25 ) on line? Substitute into equation. =

= 90
[9 + 81]
x = 11
Line B length:
11 6 5
y=− + =−
2 2 2 d= ( 7 − 5)2 + (−6 − −4)2 
 
So all points on a straight line.
length = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 = [4 + 4]
(x1, y1) = (2, 2)
= 8
(
(x2, y2) = 11, −
5
2 ) Line A is the longest.
( )
2 5 Line A:
(11 − 2)2 + −5 −2
2 9−5
y−5= (x − 3)
4−3
9 + (− 9 )
2
2
= y = 4x − 7
2
Mid-point of A:
= 81 + 81
4
= 101.25
( 3 +2 4 , 5 +2 9 )
= ( , 7)
7
≈ 10.1
2
3 Mid-point of A:
( )
Line B:
−1 + 3 3 + −1
, −31 − −3
2 2 y − −3 = (x − 1)
5−1
= (1, 1)
y = −7x + 4
Gradient of A:
Point of intersection:
3 − −1 4
m= = = −1
−1 − 3 −4 4x − 7 = −7x + 4
Mid-point of B: x = 1, y = −3
( −22− 3 , 2 +2 3 ) The point of intersection is not the mid-point of A.
(− 52 , 52 ) 6
 2 + p −1 + q
 
1 1
a  7 2 , 52  = − 3 , − 2 ( )
Gradient of B: 2+p
3−2 7 1
m= =
1
= −1 =−
−3 − −2 −1 2 3
20
Line through the mid-points: p=−
21
 5 −1  1
− +q
y − 1 =  25 (x − 1) 5 1
 − 2 − 1  2
=−
2
3 10 4
y=− x+ q=−
7 7 5
Gradient of line through mid-points is −3 . This is
not perpendicular to A or B (m = −1).
7 (
20 4
So B = − 21 , − 5 .)
Note: The coords of B are the values of p and q,
(
20 4
So B = − 21 , − 5 .)
35
Length of AB:
9 (119 , − 18 ) and (− 15 , − 27 ) have mid-point.
(
 20 2
) + (− 45 + 15 ) 
2 2
d=  − 21 − 7
  11 1 1 2
(
 9 − 5 − 8 − 7  ie 23 , − 23 )
( ) ( )
 26 2
3 
2
 2 , 45 112
=  2 
 − 21 + −
5 
 y
20869 11 1 64
= + =
11025 9 5 45
63 0 x
b Gradient of AB = , so the gradient of 2 1 9
130 – =
the perpendicular is − 130 . The equation 7 8 56 11 –1
63 ,
9 8
of the perpendicular through M is
–1 –2
1
y+ =−
2
130
63
x+
3 ( )
1 from which ,
5 7
( 6445 ) + ( 569 )
378y + 780x + 449 = 0. 2 2
Length = = 1.43 3 s.f.
7
3 1
(
Gradient −3, through − 4 , − 3 , x-intercept has )
coordinates (x, 0). Exercise 3.3A
1
y − y2 0 + 3 1 a centre = (−5, 8), radius = 6
Gradient = 1 = = −3
x1 − x 2 x + 3
4 b centre = (19, 33), radius = 20
1
− = −3 x +
3 ( 3
4 ) c centre = (0, −4), radius = 3 5
d centre = (−3, −10), radius = 2 7
1 3 31
x=− − =−
9 4 36 2 a (x + 5)2 + (y − 9)2 = 49 and
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + 10x − 18y + 57 = 0
Length =  1  +  31 − 27  = 1 +  1  b (x + 11)2 + (y + 1)2 = 169 and
 3   36  9  9
x2 + y2 + 22x + 2y − 47 = 0
= 10 = 0.351 (3 s.f.) c (x − 3)2 + y2 = 48 and x2 + y2 − 6x − 39 = 0
81
8 a Consider the y-coordinates of the points. d (x − 14)2 + (y − 6)2 = 44 and
x2 + y2 − 28x − 12y + 188 = 0
1 1 5 1
> as >
2 10 10 10 3 a (x − 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16
1 1 3 2 b (x + 4)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9
> as >
2 3 6 6
( )
c (x + 1)2 + (y − 4)2 = 20
3 1
Therefore, the point , is not the mid-point
5 2 4 a (x − 9)2 − 81 + (y + 7)2 − 49 − 14 = 0
of AB.
b Gradient of AB is − 7 (x − 9)2 + (y + 7)2 = 144
9
( )
1 7 1 centre = (9, −7), radius = 12
Equation is y − = − x −
3 9 2 b (x + 4)2 − 16 + y2 = 9
18y − 6 = −14x + 7
(x + 4)2 + y2 = 25
14x + 18y − 13 = 0.
centre = (−4, 0), radius = 5
c Gradient of perpendicular is 9
7
( )
c x2 + y2 + 10x + 18y + 79 = 0
13 13
Midpoint of AB is , (x + 5)2 − 25 + (y + 9)2 − 81 + 79 = 0
20 60
Equation of perpendicular bisector is (x + 5)2 + (y + 9)2 = 27
y−
13 9
60 7
= x− (
13
20 ) centre = (−5, −9), radius = 3 3
855
420y − 91 = 540x − 351 d x2 + y2 + 30x − 6y + =0
4
540x − 420y = 260. 855
(x + 15)2 − 225 + (y − 3)2 − 9 + =0
4
36
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
81
( x + 76 ) + ( y − 65 ) = 366 + ( 76 ) + ( 65 )
2 2 2 2
(x + 15)2 + (y − 3)2 = 4
9
centre = (−15, 3), radius = 6 49 25 80
2 = + + =
36 36 36 36
5 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 2 80
Area = π r = 36 π
r2 = (−4 − 1)2 + (7 − 3)2
= (−5)2 + (4)2 = 41 10 Smaller circle radius 3 units centre (7, 3) has
equation (x – 7)2 + (y – 3)2 = 9
The circle has the equation (x + 4)2 + (y − 7)2 = 41.
Larger circle radius 7 units centre (7, 3) has
6 (x − 9)2 + (y − 2)2 = 81 equation (x – 7)2 + (y – 3)2 = 49
7 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 Area of path = area of larger circle – area smaller circle
= (4 − 1)2 + (7 − 3)2 = 49π – 9π = 40π
= (3)2 + (4)2 = 25
Exercise 3.3B
The circle has the equation (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25.
The locations on the x-axis will lie on the 1 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
circumference of the circle. = (−17 − 27)2 + (25 − (−8))2
When y = 0, (x − 1)2 + (−3)2 = 25 = (−44)2 + (33)2 = 3025
(x − 1)2 + 9 = 25 d = 3025 = 55
(x − 1)2 = 16 2 a The centre is the midpoint between D and E.
( 2 +214 , 9 −2 7 ) = (8, 1)
x − 1 = ±4
Centre =
x = 1 ± 4 = 5 or −3
The required coordinates are (5, 0) and (−3, 0). b The radius is the distance between the
8 Rewrite the equation of the circle by completing centre and a point on the circumference.
the square. Let the centre (8, 1) = (x1, y1) and D(2, 9) = (x2, y2).
( x + 12 p) − 14 p + (y + 3) − 9 = 96
2
2 2 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
r2 = (8 − 2)2 + (1 − 9)2
( x + 12 p) + (y + 3) = 14 p + 9 + 96
2
2 2 = (6)2 + (−8)2 = 100
r = 100 = 10
1
Since r2 = 121, p 2 + 9 + 96 = 121 c The circle has the equation
4
(x − 8)2 + (y − 1)2 = 100.
1 2
p + 9 + 96 = 121
4 3 a The student has correctly worked out that
1 2 AB2 = 1369, but the equation of the circle needs
p = 16
4 the square of the radius, not the square of the
2
p = 64
diameter. The diameter is 1369 = 37, so the
Since p is a positive constant, p = 64 = 8 .
The centre of the circle has the coordinates radius is 37 .
( )
2
1
( 372 )
− p, − 3 . 2
2 b (x + 0.5)2 + (y − 17)2 =
Since p = 8, the centre has the coordinates (−4, −3).
x + 9 y + 11 
4 a i  , = (5, −3)
This is a distance of 5 units from the origin.  2 2 
1 x + 9 = 2 × 5 = 10
9 3x2 + 3y2 + 7x – 5y =
2
x=1
7 5 1
x2 + y2 + x − y =
3 3 6 y + 11 = 2 × −3 = −6
( x + 76 ) − ( 76 ) + ( y − 65 ) − ( 65 ) = 366
2 2 2 2
y = −17
G = (1, −17)
37
ii d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 7 Centre of circle is the mid-point of AB and has
 1 5 1 3
( )
r2 = (9 − 5)2 + (5 − (−3))2
3 −1
coordinates  2 + 2 2 − 2  i.e. ,
= (4)2
+ (8)2
= 80  2 , 2  2 2
r = 80 = 4 5
Radius is distance from centre to one of the points
iii (x − 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 80
( 52 − 32 ) + ( 32 − 12 ) = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2
b Substitute the coordinates of H into the =
Equation of circle is ( x − ) + ( y + ) = 2
equation of the circle. 3 1
2 2
(−3 − 5)2 + (1 + 3)2 = (−8)2 + (4)2 = 80 2 2

Since both sides of the equation are 2
Substitute x = 2, y = − into the LHS of the
5
satisfied, H lies on C. equation
( x − 32 ) + ( y + 12 ) = (2 − 32 ) + (− 52 + 12 )
2 2 2 2
5 a The centre of the circle is the mid-point of
ST =
2(
−9 + 5 4 + 10
,
2
= (−2, 7).) =
1
+
1
= 0.26 ≠ 2
The midpoint of UV will also be the centre of 4 100
2
the circle, (−2, 7). The point with coordinates x = 2, y = − does not
5
1 + p 14 + q  lie on the circle.
Hence  , = (−2, 7).
 2 2  8 x2 – 10x + y2 – 14y + 73 = 0 meets y = x + 2 when
1 + p = 2 × −2 = −4 x2 – 10x + (x + 2)2 – 14(x + 2) + 73 = 0
p = −5 x2 – 10x + x2 + 4x + 4 – 14x – 28 + 73 = 0
14 + q = 2 × 7 = 14 2x2 – 20x + 49 = 0
q=0
20 ± 400 − 392 20 ± 8 2
x= = =5±
b r2 = (−9 − (−2))2 + (4 − 7)2 4 4 2
= (−7)2 + (−3)2 = 58 2 2
x =5− , y =7−
The circle has the equation (x + 2)2 + (y − 7)2 = 58. 2 2
6 The equation of the circle can be rewritten as 2 2

x =5+ , y =7+
2 2
(x + 3)2 + (y − 8)2 = 125, so (−3, 8) is the centre of the
circle. A sketch diagram helps:
Substitute y = 2x + 14 into x2 + y2 + 6x − 16y = 52. 5 + √ 2 , 7 + √2
2 2
x2 + (2x + 14)2 + 6x − 16(2x + 14) = 52
Expand and simplify. y =x+2
x2 + 4x2 + 56x + 196 + 6x − 32x − 224 = 52 √2 =
2× √2
2
5x2 + 30x − 80 = 0
x2 + 6x − 16 = 0 √2 , √2
5– 7–
Solve. 2 2 √2 =
2× √2
(x + 8)(x − 2) = 0 2
x = −8 or 2 Use Pythagoras:
M and N are the two intersection points, it doesn’t
( 2) + ( 2)
2 2
matter which is which. Diameter = = 2 units.
When x = −8, y = 2 × −8 + 14 = −2, so M = (−8, −2).
9 A sketch diagram helps:
When x = 2, y = 2 × 2 + 14 = 18, so N = (2, 18).
( )
–5 , 3
−8 + 2 −2 + 18
The midpoint of MN = , = (−3, 8). 2 5
2 2
Since the midpoint of M and N is the centre of the
circle, MN is a diameter of the circle. 3 1 17
+ = 3 , –1
5 4 20 5 3
+ =4 2 4
2 2
38
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2

( )
2
17
Diameter + 4 2 = 4.0893 , r2 = (3 − 11)2 + (2 − 8)2
20
= (−8)2 + (−6)2 = 100
radius = 2.04466.
1 1
Area of triangle = bh = × 360 × 40 = 60.
Area = πr2 = 13.1 square units (3 s. f.) 2 2
1  Area of circle = πr2 = π × 102 = 100π.
10 Centre of the circle has coordinates  3 + 2 −1  Green area = (100π − 60) m2
 2 , 2
( )
7 1   c 100π − 60 = 254.16 m2
i.e. , −
6 2 254.16 ÷ 5 = 50.8, so 51 tins required.
() ()
2 2
1 7 51 × 4 = $204
Distance of centre from the origin is +
2 6
= 1.27 units (3 s.f.) 3 Since AB is a diameter, ACB = 90° and the lengths
of the sides satisfy Pythagoras’ theorem.
Exercise 3.4A AC 2 + BC 2 = AB2
1 a d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 (4x − 9)2 + (14 − x)2 = (2x + 5)2
DE 2 = (−1 − 1)2 + (11 − 5)2 16x2 − 72x + 81 + 196 − 28x + x2 = 4x2 + 20x + 25
= (−2)2 + (6)2 = 40 13x2 − 120x + 252 = 0
EF 2 = (1 − 13)2 + (5 − 9)2 (13x − 42)(x − 6) = 0
(−12)2 (−4)2 42
= + = 160 x= or 6
13
DF 2 = (−1 − 13)2 + (11 − 9)2
42 42 149
When x = ,d = 2× +5=
= (−14)2 + (2)2 = 200 13 13 13
Since 40 + 160 = 200, DE 2 + EF 2 = DF 2. Radius =
1 149 149
× =
2 13 26
b Gradient of DE = 11 − 5 = −3. When x = 6, d = 2 × 6 + 5 = 17
−1 − 1
Radius = 1 × 17 = 17
9−5 1 2 2
Gradient of EF = = .
13 − 1 3
4 a Substitute x = 1 and y = 0 into (x + 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = r2
Since m1 × m2 = −1, DE and EF are
(1 + 2)2 + (0 − 1)2 = r2
perpendicular.
(3)2 + (−1)2 = r2
c DF is a diameter of the circle. r2 = 10
Centre = ( −1 2+ 13 ,112+ 9 ) = (6, 10). b Substitute x = −3 and y = q into (x + 2)2
+ (y − 1)2 = 10
For the radius. (−3 + 2)2 + (q − 1)2 = 10
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 (−1)2 + (q − 1)2 = 10
r2 = (6 − 1)2 + (10 − 5)2 (q − 1)2 = 9
= (5)2 + (5)2 = 50 q − 1 = ±3
The equation of the circle is q=1±3
(x − 6)2 + ( y − 10)2 = 50.
q = −2 or 4
2 a Proof using Pythagoras’ theorem (could Since q > 0, q = 4
compare gradients). 2−0 1
c Gradient of AB = =− .
PQ 2 = (−5 − 11)2 + (−4 − 8)2 = (−16)2 + (−12)2 = 400 −5 − 1 3
PR2 = (−5 − 13)2 + (−4 − 2)2 = (−18)2 + (−6)2 = 360 2−4
Gradient of AC = = 1.
−5 − (−3)
QR2 = (11 − 13)2 + (8 − 2)2 = (−2)2 + (6)2 = 40
PR2 QR2 PQ2, 0−4
Since + = Pythagoras’ theorem is Gradient of BC = = −1 .
1 − (−3)
satisfied and the triangle PQR is right-angled.
d m1 × m2 = −1 so AC and BC are perpendicular.
b Centre = ( −5 + 11 −4 + 8
2
,
2 )
= (3, 2). Since the angle in a semicircle is a right
angle, AB is a diameter of the circle.
For the radius.
39
6 −1 1 For the radius.

5 a Gradient of L1 = 5 − (−10) = 3.
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
4 − (−2) r2 = (8 − 1)2 + (4 − 5)2
Gradient of L2 = = −3.
9 − 11
= (7)2 + (−1)2 = 50
m1 × m2 = −1 so L1 and L2 are perpendicular. The equation of C is given by
1 (x − 8)2 + (y − 4)2 = 50.
b Equation of L1 is given by y – 6 = (x − 5),
3
b JL2 = JK 2 + KL2
1 JL2 = (−11 − 7)2 + (6 − 22)2 = (−18)2 + (−16)2 = 580
from which y = (x − 5)+ 6.
3
JK 2 = (−11 − (−1))2 + (6 − (p − 8))2 = (−10)2 +
Equation of L2 is given by y − 4 = −3(x − 9),
(14 − p)2 = p2 − 28p + 296
from which y = −3(x − 9) + 4.
KL2 = (−1 − 7)2 + ((p − 8) − 22)2 = (−8)2 +
At W, 1 (x − 5) + 6 = −3(x − 9) + 4. (p − 30)2 = p2 − 60p + 964
3
Hence 580 = p2 − 28p + 296 + p2 − 60p + 964.
x − 5 + 18 = −9(x − 9) + 12
0 = 2p2 − 88p + 680
x + 13 = −9x + 81 + 12
= p2 − 44p + 340
10x = 80
= (p − 10)(p − 34)
x=8
p = 10 or 34
When x = 8, y = −3(8 − 9) + 4 = 7.
y1 − y 2 2 − 1 1
Because L1 and L2 are perpendicular and 7 Gradient of AB = = =
x1 − x 2 6 + 1 7
intersect at point W on the circumference, SV is
23 − 13
a diameter. y1 − y 2 2 − 5
Gradient AC = = = 5
( 5 +211 , 6 −2 2 ) = (8, 2).
x1 − x 2 6− 4 26
Centre = 5 5
13 5 1
=− × =−
For the radius. 5 26 2
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 23 − 1 18
y − y2 18 5
Gradient BC = 1 = 5 = 5 = × =2
r2 = (5 − 8)2 + (6 − 2)2 x1 − x 2 4 +1 9 5 9
5 5
= (−3)2 + (4)2 = 25
AC is perpendicular to BC (product of gradients
The equation of C is given by is −1).
(x − 8)2 + (y − 2)2 = 25.
∴ AB is the diameter.
Expanding and simplifying:
x2 + y2 − 16x − 4y + 43 = 0.
Mid-point of AB has coordinates ( 6 2− 1 , 2 2+ 1 )
i.e. (2.5, 1.5)
6 a PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
PR2 = (1 − (t + 17))2 + ((t + 7) − 3)2
Length AB = ( 6 + 1 )2 + ( 2 − 1 )2 = 49 + 1 = 50
= (−16 − t)2 + (t + 4)2 = 2t2 + 40t + 272
50
PQ 2 = (1 − 3)2 + ((t + 7) − (t + 11))2 Radius of circle =
2
= (−2)2 + (−4)2 = 20 Equation of circle is
QR2 = (3 − (t + 17))2 + ((t + 11) − 3)2 50
= (−14 − t)2 + (t + 8)2 = 2t2 +44t + 260 (x – 2.5)2 + (y – 1.5)2 =
4
Hence 2t2 + 40t + 272 = 2t2 + 44t + 260 + 20. x2 – 5x + 6.25 + y2 – 3y + 2.25 – 12.5 = 0
−8 = 4t x2 + y2 – 5x – 3y – 4 = 0
t = −2
8 If PR is diameter and Q lies on the circle then PQ
Hence the coordinates of P and R are (1, 5) and QR must be perpendicular to each other.
and (15, 3).
Centre of circle = (
1 + 15 5 + 3
2
,
2 )
= (8, 4).
40
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
6 − 17 1 Exercise 3.4B
y −y 3 = 3 =1
Gradient PQ = x1 − x 2 =
1 2 −1 + 4 1
3 3 1 a ( 9 +2 7 , 5 −2 3 ) = (8, 1)
17 + 3 26 5 − (−3)
y −y 26 3 13 b Gradient of DE = 9 − 7 = 4 .
Gradient QR = x1 − x 2 = 34 = 3 =−
4 3
× =−
4 2
1 2 − −0 −
3 3 c Gradient of FG = − 1 .
4
13
As − × 1 ≠ −1 PQ is not perpendicular to QR d Equation is given by y − 1 = −
1
(x − 8)
2 4
9 A sketch diagram helps. from which 4y + x = 12
1
x=– 1 y = 3x + 7 e When x = 4, y – 1 = − (4 − 8).
4
2
y
y = 1 − 1 + 2 = 2 as required.
A f For the radius.

d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
C r2 = (9 − 4)2 + (5 − 2)2
x = (5)2 + (3)2 = 34
B
The equation is given by (x − 4)2 + (y − 2)2 = 34.
3y = – x – 3 7−2 5
2 Gradient of JK = =− .
3 − 10 7
The diagram shows the intersection of the line 7
1 Gradient of perpendicular bisector = .
x = − with the two lines, these are labelled as 5
( 3 +210 , 7 +2 2 ) = (132 , 92 ) .
2
A and B. AB is the diameter of the circle. C, the Mid-point =
centre of the circle, is the mid-point of AB.
( )
Equation of bisector is given by
1 1 11
Coordinates of A are x = − , y = 3 × − + 7 =
2 2 2
2 5 (
y − 9 = 7 x − 13 .
2 )
Coordinates of B are x = − , y = − × ( − ) − 1 = −
1 1 1 5
11 5 38
2
1
3 2 6 When y = 8, 8 −
9 7
= x−
2 5
13
2(. )
Distance AB = + = =6
2 6 6 3 7 7 91
= x−
1 1 2 5 10
Radius = AB = 3
2 6 63 7
= x
5 5
y-coordinate of C is 11 − 3 1 = 7
2 6 3 x=9
(
1 7
) 1
Equation of the circle with centre − , , r = 3 is
2 3 6 Centre of circle = (9, 8).
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 For the radius.
1 7 19
x+ + y− =
2 3 6 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
10 If one of the line segments is a diameter then the r2 = (9 − 3)2 + (8 − 7)2
other two line segments must be perpendicular to = (6)2 + (1)2 = 37
each other. The equation is given by (x − 9)2 + (y − 8)2 = 37.
y − y 2 −23 + 19 4 1
Gradient AB = 1 = =− =−
x1 − x 2 −5 + 17 12 3 10 + x 11 +
a Mid-point = 
y
3 ,  = (6, 3).
 2 2
y1 − y 2 −3 + 19 16
Gradient BC = = = =1
x1 − x 2 −1 + 17 16 10 + x = 2 × 6
y1 − y 2 −3 + 23 20 x=2
Gradient AC = = = =5
x1 − x 2 −1 + 5 4 11 + y = 2 × 3
As none of the gradients multiply to give −1 none y = −5
of the lines are perpendicular to each other.
Coordinates of V are (2, −5).
41
11 − 3 d The quadrilateral MCNX has ∠XMC = ∠XNC

b Gradient of UV = 10 − 6 = 2 .
= 90° because MX and NX are perpendicular
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = − 1 . bisectors. ∠MXN = 90° from c. Hence ∠ABC
2
= ∠MBN = 360° − (3 × 90°) = 90°.
1
Equation of bisector is given by y − 3 = − (x − 6). e AC is a diameter.
2
1 6 A(12, 8), B(11, 1) and C(20, 4)
When x = 8, y − 3 = − (8 − 6).
2
y=2 Mid-point of AB = (
12 + 11 8 + 1
2
,
2
= ) ( )
23 9
, .
2 2
Centre of circle = (8, 2).
8 −1
For the radius. Gradient of AB = = 7.
12 − 11
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 1
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = − .
7
r2 = (8 − 10)2 + (2 − 11)2
= (−2)2 + (−9)2 = 85
9
Equation of bisector is given by y − = − x −
2
1
7 (
23
2
. )
1 43
The equation is given by (x − 8)2 + (y − 2)2 = 85. y=− x+
7 7
4 a Equation of circle can be rewritten as
(x + 3)2 + (y + 5)2 = 185.
Mid-point of AC = (
12 + 20 8 + 4
2
,
2 )
= (16, 6).
8−4 1
Hence centre of circle = (−3, −5). Gradient of AC = =− .
12 − 20 2
b When y = 6, (x + 3)2 + (6 + 5)2 = 185. Gradient of perpendicular bisector = 2.
(x + 3)2 + 121 = 185 Equation of bisector is given by y − 6 = 2(x − 16).
(x + 3)2 = 64 y = 2x − 26
1 43
x + 3 = ±8 For point of intersection, − x + = 2x − 26 .
7 7
x = 5 or −11 225 15
= x
7 7
Length of chord = 5 − (−11) = 16.
x = 15
c Height of triangle = 6 − (−5) = 11. When x = 15, y = 2 × 15 − 26 = 4.
Base of triangle = PQ = 16. Centre of circle = (15, 4).
For the radius:
Area of triangle = 1 bh = 1 × 16 × 11 = 88 .
2 2 d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
5
2 ( 2 )
a Mid-point of AB = −4 + 2 , 3 + 7 = (−1, 5).
r2
= (15 − 12)2 + (4 − 8)2
= (3)2 + (−4)2 = 25
7−3 2 Final answer is x2 – 30x + 225 + y2 – 8y + 16 = 25
Gradient of AB = = .
2 − (−4) 3
x2 + y2 – 30x – 8y + 216 = 0
3
2 7 a (x + 6)2 + (y – 6)2 = 145 (x – 8)2 + (y + 1)2 = 40
3 Multiply out the brackets and collect terms.
Equation of bisector is given by y − 5 = − (x + 1).
2
x2 + 12x + 36 + y2 – 12y + 36 = 145
2y − 10 = −3x − 3
x2 + 12x + y2 – 12y = 73 A
3x + 2y = 7
( 2 +210 , 7 −2 5 ) = (6, 1).

x2 – 16x + 64 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 40
b Mid-point of BC = x2 – 16x + y2 + 2y = – 25 B
7 − (−5) 3 Find A – B
Gradient of BC = =− .
2 − 10 2 28x – 14y = 98
2 2x – y = 7
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = .
3
y = 2x – 7
2
Equation of bisector is given by y − 1 = (x − 6).
3 Substitute this into equation B.
3y − 3 = 2x − 12 x2 – 16x + (2x – 7)2 + 2(2x – 7) = – 25
2x = 3y + 9 x2 – 16x + 4x2 – 28x + 49 + 4x – 14 = – 25
c 90° because gradients are perpendicular.
42
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5x2 – 40x + 60 = 0
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0
Mid-point of AC = (192+ 4 , 4 2− 1 ) = ( 232 , 32 ).
(x – 6) (x – 2) = 0 4 − (−1) 1
Gradient of AC = = .
19 − 4 3
x = 2, y = – 3 i.e. (2, –3)
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = −3.
x = 6, y = 5 i.e. (6, 5)
Equation of bisector is given by
8
b Length = 4 2 + 8 2 = 16 + 64 = 80 = 4 5
A(3, 8), B(1, 4) and C(−6, 5)

3
y − = −3 x −
2 ( 23
2
. )
( 3 2+ 1 , 8 +2 4 ) = (2, 6).
y = −3x + 36
Mid-point of AB = 1
For point of intersection, − x + 11 = −3x + 36.
2
8−4 5
Gradient of AB = = 2. x = 25
3−1 2
1
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = − . x = 10
2
1 When x = 10, y = −3 × 10 + 36 = 6.
Equation of bisector is given by y − 6 = − (x − 2).
2 Centre of circle = (10, 6).
1 For the radius:
y =− x+7
2
(
3−6 8+5
Mid-point of AC = 2 , 2 = − 2 , 2 . ) (
3 13
) d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
r2 = (10 − 17)2 + (6 − 0)2
8−5 1
Gradient of AC = = . = (−7)2 + (6)2 = 85
3 − (−6) 3
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = −3. The equation is given by (x − 10)2 + (y − 6)2 = 85.
Equation of bisector is given by Exercise 3.4C
y−
13
2  ( )
= −3  x − −  .
3
2  1 Gradient of radius = 6 − 8 = 2 .
4−7 3
y = −3x + 2
3
For point of intersection, − 1 x + 7 = −3x + 2. Gradient of the tangent = − .
2
2
5 The equation of the tangent is given by
x = −5
2
x = −2 y − 8 = − 3 (x − 7).
2
When x = −2, y = −3 × −2 + 2 = 8. 2y − 16 = −3x + 21
Centre of circle = (−2, 8). 3x + 2y = 37
For the radius:
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 2 a 22 + (−2 − 1)2 = 4 + 9 = 13
r2 = (−2 − 1)2 + (8 − 4)2 Since both sides of the equation agree, T lies
= (−3)2 + (4)2 = 25 on the circle.
As all three points lie on a circle with centre (−2, 8) b Centre of circle = (0, 1).
with radius 5 none of the line segments could be a
1 − (−2) 3
radius, but all three line segments are chords. Gradient of radius = =− .
0−2 2
9 A(19, 4), B(17, 0) and C(4, −1) 2
Gradient of the tangent = .
Mid-point of AB =
2(
19 + 17 4 + 0
,
2 )
= (18, 2).
3
The equation of the tangent is given by
4−0 2
Gradient of AB = = 2. y + 2 = (x − 2).
19 − 17 3
1 3y + 6 = 2x − 4
2 Hence 2x = 3y + 10.
Equation of bisector is given by 3 a Centre = (3, 6).
1
y − 2 = − (x − 18). b Radius = 8.
2
1 Let centre = X, point P = (15, 7) and point
y = − x + 11
2 where tangent meets circle = T.
43
c The length of PT is required, where b AXBQ is a kite. Split into congruent triangles
PT 2 + XT 2 = PX 2. AXQ and BXQ.
For PX: 19 25
Base of triangle AXQ = 11 − = .
4 4
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
Perpendicular height of triangle AXQ = 3.
PX 2 = (3 − 15)2 + (6 − 7)2
1 25 75
PX 2 = (−12)2 + (−1)2 = 145 Area of triangle AXQ = × ×3= .
2 4 8
PT 2 + XT 2 = PX 2 75 75
Area of AXBQ = 2 × = .
PT 2 + 82 = 145 8 4
PT 2 = 81 5 Rewrite the equation of the circle as
PT = 81 = 9 m (x + 4)2 + (y − 1)2 = 81.
4 a For A: Centre = (−4, 1); radius = 9.
11 − 7 4 Let centre = X and point where tangent meets

Gradient of radius = = . circle = T.
7−4 3
PT 2 + XT 2 = PX 2.
3
Gradient of the tangent = − .
4 For PX:
The equation of the tangent is given by d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
3 PX2 = (7 − (−4))2 + (4 − 1)2
y − 7 = − (x − 4).
4
Hence y = − 3 (x − 4) + 7. = (11)2 + (3)2 = 130
4
PT 2 + XT 2 = PX 2
For B:
PT 2 + 92 = 130
11 − 7 4
Gradient of radius = =− . PT 2 = 49
7 − 10 3
PT = 49 = 7
3
4 6 a Rewrite the equation of the circle as
The equation of the tangent is given by (x − 15)2 + (y − 23)2 = 400.
3 Centre = (15, 23), radius = 20.
y − 7 = (x − 10).
4
35 − 23 3
3 Gradient of radius = = .
Hence y = (x − 10) + 7. 31 − 15 4
4
4
Put tangents equal. Gradient of the tangent = − .
3
3 3
− (x − 4) + 7 = (x − 10) + 7 The equation of the tangent is given by
4 4
4
y − 35 = − (x − 31).
3 3 3
− (x − 4) = (x − 10)
4 4 3y − 105 = −4x + 124
−(x − 4) = x − 10 4x + 3y = 229
−x + 4 = x − 10 When x = 10, y = q.
14 = 2x 40 + 3q = 229
x = 7 (this could also be deduced by 3q = 189
symmetry since AB is horizontal)
q = 63
3
When x = 7, y = (7 − 10) + 7. b Use d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
4
For PT:
3
y = (−3) + 7 PT 2 = (10 − 31)2 + (63 − 35)2
4
= (−21)2 + (28)2 = 1225
= 19
4 For PX:
19
Hence the coordinates of Q are 7, 4 . ( ) PX 2 = (10 − 15)2 + (63 − 23)2
= (−5)2 + (40)2 = 1625
44
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
TX is the radius, so TX 2 = 400. 3y – 69 = – x – 8

Hence PT 2 + TX 2 = PX 2 because 1225 + 400 = 1625. 3y + x – 61 = 0
This line meets the tangent when
c Since triangle is right-angled, area = 1 × TX × PT.
2 3(3x + 5) + x – 61 = 0
TX = 20
PT = 1225 = 35 9x + 15 + x – 61 = 0
10x – 46 = 0
1
Area = × 20 × 35 = 350. x = 4.6, y = 18.8
2
7 Gradient of tangent = 1. Radius, r = 12.6 2 + 4.22 = 176.4
Gradient of radius = −1. (x + 8)2 + (y – 23)2 = 176.4
Equation of line with gradient −1 through 10 Draw a sketch
(5, 11) is given by y − 11 = −(x − 5). T1
y = 16 − x
r P
Find point of intersection of y = 16 − x and
y = x + 2. X
16 − x = x + 2 r
14 = 2x
x=7 T2
y=7+2=9 Let the tangents from P meet the circle at T1 and T2

Hence the point (7, 9) lies on the and the centre of the circle be X.
circumference. PXT1 is a right angled triangle (tangent meets
For the radius: radius at 90˚)
d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 PXT2 is a right angled triangle (tangent meets
radius at 90˚)
r2 = (7 − 5)2 + (9 − 11)2
PX is common to both triangles and is the
= (2)2 + (−2)2 = 8
hypotenuse in each triangle.
The equation of the circle is given by
T1X = T2X = radius of the circle.
(x − 5)2 + (y − 11)2 = 8.
In triangle PXT1, by Pythagoras’ theorem
y1 − y 2 4 + 6 10 5
8 a Gradient of CT = = = =−
x1 − x 2 −3 − 1 −4 2 PT1 = PX 2 − r 2
Gradient of the tangent at T = 2 In triangle PXT2, by Pythagoras’ theorem

5
PT2 = PX 2 − r 2
2
Equation of tangent is y + 6 = (x − 1) Therefore PT1 = PT2
5
5y + 30 = 2x – 2 In this question, r = 4, PX = 145 ,
– 2x + 5y + 32 = 0 so PT = 145 − 16 = 129 for both T1 and T2.
b Equation of diameter
5 Exercise 3.4D
Gradient − through the point (1, – 6)
2
5 1 a Substitute y = x − 10 into x2 + y2 = 50.
y + 6 = − (x − 1)
2 x2 + (x − 10)2 = 50
2y + 12 = – 5x + 5 x2 + x2 − 20x + 100 = 50
2y + 5x + 7 = 0 2x2 − 20x + 50 = 0
9 Gradient of tangent is 3, so gradient of radius to x2 − 10x + 25 = 0
1 (x − 5)2 = 0
point of contact is − .
3
The equation has repeated roots so y = x − 10
Equation of this radius is
is a tangent of the circle.
1
y − 23 = − (x + 8)
3
45
b Substitute x = 7y − 50 into x2 + y2 = 50. (1 + m2)x2 + (28m − 36)x + 468 = 0

(7y − 50)2 + y2 = 50 b2 − 4ac = 0
(28m − 36)2 − 4 × (1 + m2) × 468 = 0
49y2 − 700y + 2500 + y2 = 50
784m2 − 2016m + 1296 − 1872 − 1872m2 = 0
50y2 − 700y + 2450 = 0 −1088m2 − 2016m − 576 = 0
y2 − 14y + 49 = 0 34m2 + 63m + 18 = 0
(y − 7)2 = 0 (17m + 6)(2m + 3) = 0
6 3
The equation has repeated roots so 7y = x + 50 m=− or −
17 2
is a tangent of the circle. 6
For the tangent y = − x + 24.
2 Substitute y = 4x − 5 into x2 + y2 + 10x − 18y + 38 = 0. 17
x2 + (4x − 5)2 + 10x − 18(4x − 5) + 38 = 0 17y = −6x + 408
x2 + 16x2 − 40x + 25 + 10x − 72x + 90 + 38 = 0 6x + 17y − 408 = 0
17x2 − 102x + 153 = 0
For the tangent y = − 3 x + 24.
x2 − 6x + 9 = 0 2
(x − 3)2 = 0 2y = − 3x + 48
The equation has repeated roots so y = 4x − 5 is 3x + 2y − 48 = 0
a tangent of the circle. 6 Substitute y = 3x – 2 into x2 + y2 + 10x – 18y + 38 = 0.
3 Substitute y = 3x + c into x2 + y2 − 10x − 6y − 6 = 0. x2 + (3x – 2)2 + 10x – 18(3x – 2) + 38 = 0
x2 + (3x + c)2 − 10x − 6(3x + c) − 6 = 0 x2 + 9x2 – 12x + 4 + 10x – 54x + 36 + 38 = 0
x + 9x2 + 6cx + c2 − 10x − 18x − 6c − 6 = 0
2
10x2 – 56x + 78 = 0
10x2 + (6c − 28)x + (c2 − 6c − 6) = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0 5x2 – 28x + 39 = 0
2 2
(6c − 28) − 4 × 10 × (c − 6c − 6) = 0 b2 – 4ac = 784 – 780 = 4
36c2 − 336c + 784 − 40c2 + 240c + 240 = 0 As b2 – 4ac > 0 there are two intersections of the
−4c2 − 96c + 1024 = 0 line with the circle, ∴ the line is not a tangent to
c2 + 24c − 256 = 0 the circle.
(c − 8)(c + 32) = 0 1
c = 8 or −32 7 x2 + y2 – 8x – 4y – 6 = 0 has 2 tangents y = − x + c
2
1 Substitute the equation of the tangent into the circle.
4 Substitute y = − x + c into
2
( ) − 8x − 4(− 12 x + c ) − 6 = 0
2
1
x2 + − x + c
x2 + y2 − 12x − 26y + 125 = 0. 2
1
x2 + ( − 1 x + c)2 − 12x − 26(− x + c) + 125 = 0 x2 +
1 2
x – cx + c2 – 8x + 2x – 4c – 6 = 0
2 2 4
1 2 5 2
x2 + x − cx + c2 − 12x + 13x − 26c + 125 = 0 x – (c + 6)x + c2 – 4c – 6 = 0
4 4
5 2 For the line to be a tangent b2 – 4ac = 0
x + (1 − c)x + (c2 − 26c + 125) = 0
4
5
b2 – 4ac = (c + 6)2 – 4 × × (c2 – 4c –6) = c2 + 12c + 36
5x2 + (4 − 4c)x + (4c2 − 104c + 500) = 0 4
b2 − 4ac = 0 – 5c2 + 20c + 30
2 2
(4 − 4c) − 4 × 5 × (4c − 104c + 500) = 0 = –4c2 + 32c + 66
16 − 32c +16c2 − 80c2 + 2080c – 10 000 = 0 –4c2 + 32c + 66 = 0
−64c2 + 2048c − 9984 = 0
c2 − 32c + 156 = 0 −b ± b 2 − 4ac −32 ± 1024 + 1056
c= =
(c − 6)(c − 26) = 0 2a −8
c = 6 or 26 −32 ± 45.607
=
−8
1 1
The tangents are y = − x + 6 and y = − x + 26.
2 2 The values of c are –1.70 and 9.70.
5 Substitute y = mx + 24 into (x − + (y − 18)2 10)2 = 52. 8 x2 + y2 – 16x – 22y + 115 = 0 or (x – 8)2 + (y – 11)2 = 70
(x − 18)2 + (mx + 24 − 10)2 = 52 Circle has centre (8, 11).
(x − 18)2 + (mx + 14)2 = 52 1
Gradient of tangent(s) isso gradient of the
x − 36x + 324 + m2x2 + 28mx + 196 = 52
2 3
diameter between the points of contact is –3.
46
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Equation of diameter: b
y – 11 = –3(x – 8), so y = – 3x + 35 y
10
Substitute this in the equation of the circle:
8
(x – 8)2 + (–3x + 35 –11)2 = 70 6
Multiply out the brackets and simplify: 4

2
10x2 – 160x + 570 = 0
x2 – 16x + 57 = 0 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–2
x = 5.35, y = 18.9 –4
–6
x = 10.6, y = 3.06
–8
For the tangent through x = 5.35, y = 18.9 (4, –9)
–10
1
y = x + 17.2
3 2 Roots at x = 1 and x = 3 so factors are (x − 1) and
For the tangent through x = 10.6, y = 3.06 (x − 3).
1 (x − 1)(x − 3) = x2 − 4x + 3, so the equation is
y = x – 0.0486
3 y = x2 − 4x + 3
9 (x – 7)2 + (y + 4)2 = 57; tangents have gradient –2,
3 a
and circle has centre (7, –4).
y
Gradient of the diameter joining the points of
9
1
intersection is . 8
2
Equation of diameter 7
1 6
y+4= (x – 7)
2 5
y = 0.5x – 7.5 4
Diameter meets the circle when 3
(x – 7)2 + (0.5x – 7.5 + 4)2 = 57 2
x2 – 14x + 49 + 0.25x2 – 3.5x + 12.25 – 57 = 0 1
1.25x2 – 17.5x + 4.25 = 0 0 x

–1 1 2 3
2
−b ± b − 4ac 17.5 ± 306.25 − 21.25
x= =
2a 2.5
b
17.5 ± 16.882
= y
2.5
3
x = 13.8, y = –0.624, the point is (13.8, –0.624)
2
x = 0.246, y = – 7.38, the point is (0.246, –7.38)
1
Exercise 3.5A
0 x
–1 1 2 3
–1
1 a
y –2
–3
10
–4 3 , –9
8
–5
2 2
6
4
4 The sketch is not correct.
2 x2 − 4x − 21 = (x − 7)(x + 3)
0 x So should cut x-axis at (−3, 0) and (7, 0).
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
–2 a > 0 so graph should be U-shaped.
–4 When x = 0, y = −21 so y-intercept at (0, −21).
(–3, –4) –6 x2 − 4x − 21 = (x − 2)2 − 25
So turning point at (2, −25).
47
5 a 8 Red graph is of y = – 2x2 – 9x + 7.

y Blue graph is of y = 2x2 – 9x + 7.
24
y
20 20
16
12 15
8
4 10
–1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
5
b
y –10 –5
0
5 x
–5 , 51
4 8 5
–5
4
3
9 a y
2
4
1
2
(–6.416, 0) (0.416, 0)
–4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 x 0 x
–1 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2 (0, –1.333)
–4
6 a 4m –6
(–3, –5.833)
b 3s
c Roots at t = −1 and t = 3 so factors are (t + 1) b y
and (t − 3). ∩ – t2 4
(–2.416, 0)
–(t + 1)(t − 3) = –t2 + 2t + 3, the equation is 2
(–6.416, 0) (0.416, 0) (4.416, 0)
h = –t2 + 2t + 3
8 x
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6
( )
2 –2 (0, –1.333)
2 7 49 (–1, –3.883)
7 y = 3x − 7x + 11 = 3 x − − + 11
6 12 –4
(0, –5.333)
( ) + 1283
2 –6
7 (–3, –5.833)
=3 x− (1, –5.833)
6
y 10 Let the equation of the curve be y = a(x – b)2 + c

12
10
Minimum point is at ( 52 , 72 ) so b = 52 , c = 72
( ) + 72
8 2
5
y=a x−
6 2
4 When x = 0, y = 16
( 52 ) + 72
2 2
16 = a 0 −
–2
0
2 4 x
25 7
16 = a × +
4 2
Intersects the y-axis at y = 11.
4
a = 12.5 × =2
25
Turning point is  7 , 83  .
 6 12 
( ) + 72
2
5
∴y=2 x−
2
48
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exercise 3.5B 13
c x+ 4 =−x+
21
4
1 a x2 + x − 2 = x + 2 2x = 2
( )
x2 − 4 = 0 17
x = 1, y = , the point is 1, 17
x = ± 2 so two points of intersection. 4 4
b x2 + x − 2 = x + k 5 2x2 + 5x – 3 = x + k
x2 – 2 – k = 0 2x2 + 4x – (3 + k) = 0
x2 – (2 + k) = 0 b2 – 4ac = 16 – 4.2. – (3 + k) = 0
k=−5
b2 − 4ac = 0 – 4.1. – (2 + k) = 8 + 4k
Tangent: y = x − 5
i intersects: b2 – 4ac > 0 Point where curve meets tangent:
8 + 4k > 0 2x2 + 5x – 3 = x − 5
k > −2 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 0
ii is a tangent to: b2 − 4ac = 0
x = − 1, y = −6
8 + 4k = 0 Equation of perpendicular:
k = −2 y + 6 = −1(x + 1)
iii does not touch: b2 – 4ac < 0 y = −x − 7
Points where curve meets perpendicular to
8 + 4k < 0
tangent:
k < −2 2x2 + 5x – 3 = − x − 7
2 x2 + x − 12 = x − 13 2x2 + 6x + 4 = 0
x2 = −1 x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
No real solutions to this equation consequently the (x + 2)(x + 1) = 0
line and the curve do not intersect. Intersect at x = − 1, y = − 6
and x = − 2, y = − 5
3 a x2 − 2x + 5 = 5 − x
6 a For y = x + k: 3x2 – 2x + 5 = x + k
x2 − x = 0
3x2 – 3x + (5 – k) = 0
b2 − 4ac = 1 − 0 = 1 > 0 so the curve and the
line intersect b2 – 4ac = 9 – 4.3.(5 – k) = −51 + 12k
5 i intersects: b2 – 4ac > 0

b x2 − 2x + 5 = x +
2 −51 + 12k > 0
5
x2 − 3x + = 0 51
2 k>
12
4.1.5
b − 4ac = 9 −
2 = −1 so the curve and the ii is a tangent to: b2 – 4ac = 0
2
line do not intersect −51 + 12k = 0
c x2 − 2x + 5 = x + 3 51
k=
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 12
b2 – 4ac = 9 − 4.1.2 = 1 so the curve and the iii does not touch: b2 – 4ac < 0
line intersect −51 + 12k < 0
4 a −x2 + 2x + 3 = x + k 51
k<
12
−x2 + x + 3 – k = 0
For y = –x + k: 3x2 – 2x + 5 = −x + k
b2 – 4ac = 1 – 4. – 1(3 – k) = 0
3x2 – x + (5 – k) = 0
13
k= b2 – 4ac = 1 – 4.3.(5 – k) = −59 + 12k
4
b −x2 + 2x + 3 = −x + k i intersects: b2 – 4ac > 0
−x2 + 3x + 3 – k = 0 −59 + 12k > 0
b2 – 4ac = 9 – 4. – 1(3 – k) = 0 59
k>
21 12
k=
4
49
ii is a tangent to: b2 – 4ac = 0 8 The line y = 2x + k meets the curve
( ) + 5 when
2
−59 + 12k = 0 7
y = 2x −
3
59
k=
12
(2x − 73 ) + 5 = 2x + k
2
iii does not touch: b2 – 4ac < 0

−59 + 12k < 0
59 4x 2 − 28 x + 49 + 5 = 2x + k
k< 3 9
12
34 94
b For line of symmetry: 0 = 4x 2 − x+ −k
3 9
x+
51
= −x +
59 Tangent when b2 – 4ac = 0
12 12
( 343 ) − 4 × 4 × ( 949 − k )
2
b 2 − 4ac = −
8
2x =
12
1156 1504
1 = − + 16k
x= 9 9
3
348
1 =− + 16k = 0
7 y = 3x 2 − x − 7 meets the line y = x + m when 9
2
348
1 16k =
3x 2 − x −7= x +m 9
2
3 29
3x 2 − x − (7 + m) = 0 k=
2 12
For the line to be a tangent b2 – 4ac = 0 29
Line is not a tangent when k ≠
12
( 32 ) + 4 × 3 × (7 + m) = 94 + 84 + 12m
2
b 2 − 4ac = − 9 2y – 6x – 31 = 0, so y = 3x + 15.5
= 86.25 + 12m = 0 Meets the curve y = – 2x2 – 7x + 3 when
115 – 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 3x + 15.5
m=−
16
– 2x2 – 10x – 12.5 = 0
115
y=x− 2x2 + 10x +12.5 = 0
16
1 A tangent when b2 – 4ac = 0
y = 3x 2 − x − 7 meets the line y = – x + n when
2 b2 – 4ac = 100 – 4 × 2 × 12.5 = 100 – 100 = 0
1
3x 2 − x − 7 = −x + n The line is a tangent to the curve.
2
10 y = 2x2 – 7x + 11 meets the line y = –2x + k
2 1
3x + x − (7 + n) = 0 when 2x2 – 7x + 11 = – 2x + k
2
2x2 – 5x + 11 – k = 0
For the line to be a tangent b 2 − 4ac = 0
Tangent when b2 – 4ac = 0
()
2
1 1
b 2 − 4ac = + 4 × 3 × (7 + n) = + 84 + 12n b2 – 4ac = 25 – 4 × 2 × (11 – k) = – 63 + 8k = 0
2 4
= 84.25 + 12n = 0 63
k=
8
337
n=−
48 To find the coordinates:
y = −x −
337 2x2 – 7x + 11 = –2x + 63
48 8
25
2x2 – 5x + =0
The tangents meet when x − 115 = −x − 337 8
16 48
16x2 – 40x + 25 = 0
337 115 1
−2x = − =− (4x – 5)2 = 0
48 16 6
x=
1
12
,y =−
341
48 (
. Point of intersection is 1 , − 341
12 48 ) x=
5
4
5 63 43
, y = −2 × +
4 8
=
8
5 43
. The point is ,
4 8 ( )
50
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exam-style questions 338

=
4
1 a m = 3, (x1, y1) = (1, 6)
y – y1 = m(x – x1) 169
=
2
y – 6 = 3(x – 1)
13 2
y – 6 = 3x − 3 =
2
y = 3x + 3 4 a Centre of the circle is (9, –8), A(14, 4).
so 3x – y + 3 = 0 AB is a diameter, i.e. from A, through the centre
a = 3, b = –1 to B
1 14 – 9 = 5, and 4 – (–8) = 12
b m = − , (x1, y1) = (1, 6)
3 B has coordinates (9 – 5, –8 – 12), i.e. (4, –20)
y – y1 = m(x – x1) b Although the coordinates of B have been
1 found it is better (safer) to use those given in
y – 6 = − (x – 1)
3 the question.
1 1 y − y 2 4 − (−8) 12
y–6=− x + Gradient AB is = 1 = = .
3 3 x1 − x 2 14 − 9 5
1 19 5
y=− x+ Perpendicular bisector has gradient − and
3 3 12
passes through (9, –8).
1 19
so m = − , c = 5
3 3 y+8=− (x − 9)
y − y2 7 − 3 12
2 a Gradient of AB = 1 = = −2
x1 − x 2 0 − 2 12y + 96 = – 5x + 45
1 y1 − y 2 k − 3 12y + 5x + 51 = 0
Gradient BC = = =
2 x1 − x 2 5 − 2 5 x2 + 6x + y2 – 14y + 22 = 0
3 (x + 3) 2 – 9 + (y – 7) 2 – 49 + 22 = 0
k−3= , k = 4.5
2
(x + 3)2 + (y – 7)2 = 36
b Equation of BC:
The circle has centre (–3, 7) and radius 6.
1 6 a On the x-axis, y = 0.
Gradient through (2, 3)
2
(x + 5)2 + (−7)2 = 50
1
y−3=
2
( x − 2) (x + 5)2 = 1
x + 5 = ±1
2y = x + 4
x = −5 ± 1 = −6 or −4
c Length AB = 4 2 + 22 = 20 = 2 5 Coordinates for A and B are (−6, 0) and (−4, 0).
3 On the y-axis, x = 0
Length BC = 32 + 1.52 = 11.25 = 5
2 (5)2 + (y − 7)2 = 50
Ratio AB : BC is 2 : 1.5 i.e. 4 : 3 (y − 7)2 = 25
3 a m = –1, (x1, y1) = (0, 5) y − 7 = ±5
y – y1 = m(x – x1) y = 7 ± 5 = 2 or 12
Coordinates for D and E are (0, 2) and (0, 12).
y – 5 = –1(x – 0)
b D(0, 2) and E(0, 12)
y = –x + 5, or f(x) = –x + 5
Mid-point (0, 7)
b –x + 5 = x – 8
Perpendicular bisector of AB has equation y = 7.
x = 13 , y = − 3
( )
2 2 7 x2 – 5x + 4 = x + k
Point of intersection at 13 , − 3 . x2 – 6x + (4 – k) = 0
2 2
( )
13 3 b2 – 4ac = 36 – 4.1.(4 – k) = 20 + 4k
c , − and (0, 5) does not touch: b2 – 4ac < 0
2 2
20 + 4k < 0
(132 ) + ( −213 )
2 2
d= k < −5
51
8 a Circle has centre (1, 3) and radius 5. 10 a y = f(x) has gradient 1 and passes through (8, 5)
It meets the line x = 4 when y – 5 = 1(x – 8)
32 + (y – 3)2 = 25 y=x–3
(y – 3)2 = 16
b Gradient of y = f(x) y1 − y 2 = a − 5 = 5 − a = 1,
y=3±4 x1 − x 2 −12 − 8 20
The points of intersection are (4, 7) and (4, –1). ∴ a = – 15
y1 − y 2 7 − 3 4 y = g(x) has gradient = –1,
b Gradient AC = = = .
x1 − x 2 4 − 1 3
y + 15 = –1(x – 0)
3
Gradient of tangent = − .
4 y + x + 15 = 0, y = –x – 15
Equation of tangent: 11 a d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
3
y − 7 = − (x − 4) r2 = (180 − 60)2 + (40 − 130)2
4
4y – 28 = – 3x + 12 = (120)2 + (−90)2 = 22 500
4y = – 3x + 40 Radius = 22500 = 150 cm
y − y 2 3 − (−1) 4 b The circle has the equation
Gradient BC = 1 = =
x1 − x 2 1−4 −3 (x − 60)2 + (y − 130)2 = 22 500.
130 − 40 3
Gradient of tangent = 3 . c Gradient of radius =
60 − 180
=− .
4
4
Equation of tangent: 4
3
3
y +1=
4
( x − 4) The equation of the tangent is given by
4y + 4 = 3x – 12 4
y − 40 = (x − 180).
3
4y = 3x – 16 3y − 120 = 4x − 720
c The tangents meet at D. 4x − 3y − 600 = 0
– 3x + 40 = 3x – 16 d d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2
6x = 56 r2 = (5940 − 180)2 + (4360 − 40)2
3x = 28
= (5760)2 + (4320)2 = 51 840 000
28
x= ,y=3 Radius = 51840000 = 7200 cm = 72 m
3
( 9 +213 ,102− 2 ) = (11, 4).

28 25
CD = 3 − 1 = 3 12 Mid-point of AB =
1
d Area triangle = base × height
2 For the radius, d2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2.
CD = 25 units
3 r2 = (11 − 9)2 + (4 − 10)2
1
Area = × 4 × 25 = 50 square units. = (2)2 + (−6)2 = 40
2 3 3
The circle has the equation
9 a m = – 1 , (x1, y1) = (12, 4) (x − 11)2 + (y − 4)2 = 40.
2
10 − 4
y – y1 = m(x – x1) Gradient of radius = = −3.
9 − 11
1
y – 4 = – (x – 12) 1
2 Gradient of the tangent = .
3
1
=– x+6 The equation of the tangent is given by
2
1 1 1
y = – x + 10, or f(x) = – x + 10 y − 10 = (x − 9).
2 2 3
b When x = 0, y = 10 (0, 10). 3y − 30 = x − 9
When y = 0, x = 20 (20, 0). x − 3y + 21 = 0
1 1 13 Centre of circle, C is (–9, 4)
Area of triangle = bh = × 20 × 10 = 100
2 2
units2. Radius = 49 = 7
AC2 = (8 – ( – 9)) 2 + (21 – 4) 2 = 17 2 + 172 = 578
52
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
AB2 = AD2 = AC2 – r2 = 578 – 49 = 529 2

y–3= ( x − 0)
AB = AD = 23 2 3− 2
Area = r × AB = 7 × 23 = 161 square units
6 +1
y= x+3
14 a −x2 + 6x + 5 = x + k 5
−x2 + 5x + 5 – k = 0 16 a Line AB
b2 – 4ac = 25 – 4 – 1(5 – k) = 0 (x1, y1) = (−2, 8)
45 (x2, y2) = (4, 5)
k=
4 y − y1
m= 2
−x2 + 6x + 5 = −x + l x 2 − x1
−x2 + 7x + 5 – l = 0 5−8
=
4+2
b2 – 4ac = 49 – 4 – 1(5 – l) = 0
m1 = − 1
l = 69 2
4
Line BC
45 69
x+ = −x + (x1, y1) = (−2, 8)
4 4
2x = 6 (x2, y2) = (−10, −8)
x = 3, y =
57
4 ( )
, the point is 3,
57
4
. m=
y 2 − y1
x 2 − x1
b −8 − 8
=
y −10 + 2
20 m2 = 2
15 m1 m2 = − ( 12 )(2) = −1 so AB and BC are

10
perpendicular to each other and ABC is a
5 right-angled triangle.
OR
–3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–5 Length of AB:
–10 d2 = (4 − −2)2 + (5 − 8)2
–15 = 45
–20 Length of BC:
d2 = (−2 − −10)2 + (8 −−8)2
15 (x1, y1) = (2 2, 2)
= 320
(x2, y2) = ( 2, 2 3) Length of AC:
y 2 − y1 d2 = (4 − −10)2 + (5 −−8)2
m=
x 2 − x1 = 365
AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
= 2 3− 2
2−2 2 b Centre of circle has coordinates ( 4 −210 , 5 −2 8 )
= 2 3− 2
(
ie −3, −
3
2 )
− 2
AC 365
Gradient perpendicular to this: Radius = =
2 2
( ) = 3654
2
Circle has equation ( x + 3) + y + 3
2
2 2
m=
2 3− 2
17 x + 4y – 8 = 0
(x1, y1) = (0, 3) x = 8 – 4y
y – y1 = m(x – x1) 3(8 – 4y) + 5y + 15 = 0
53
39 2x2 + 16x − 18 = 0
Solving gives y = 7 .
x2 + 8x − 9 = 0
Substituting this value back into the original
(x + 9)(x − 1) = 0
100
equation gives x = − .
7 x = −9 or 1
Point of intersection (x1, y1) = − ( 100 39

,
7 7 ). When x = −9, y = 7 − (−9) = 16.
When x = 1, y = 7 − 1 = 6.
3x + 5y + 15 = 0
Since the x-coordinate of A is less than the
Rearranging gives m1 = − 3 . x-coordinate of B, A is (−9, 16) and B is (1, 6).
5
5 c Tangent at A:
So m2 = .
3 16 − 11
Gradient of radius = = −1.
y – y1 = m(x – x1) −9 − ( −4 )
y−
39 5
7
= x−−
3 ( 100
7 ) Gradient of the tangent = 1.
(Note that since the centre of the circle
Rearranging gives lies on x + y = 7, AB is a diameter, so the
5 617 tangent is perpendicular to x + y = 7.)
y= x+
3 21
The equation of the tangent is given by
18 x2 + y2 – 8x + 10y + 5 = 0, y − 16 = 1(x + 9).
(x – 4)2 + (y + 5)2 – 16 – 25 + 5 = 0
Hence y = x + 25.
(x – 4)2 + (y + 5)2 = 36
Tangent at P :
Centre (4, −5), radius 6.
18 − 11
Gradient of radius = = 7.
After translation centre has coordinates (1, 2) and −3 − ( −4 )
radius 6 units.
1
19 a r2 = (31 − 7)2 + (12 − 2)2 Gradient of the tangent = − .
7
= (24)2 + (10)2 = 676 The equation of the tangent is given by
Equation is given by (x − 7)2 + (y − 2)2 = 676. 1
y − 18 = − (x + 3).
( 7 +231 , 2 +212 ) = (19, 7).
7
b Mid-point of XA =
1
12 − 2 5 Hence y = − (x + 3) + 18.
Gradient of XA = = . 7
31 − 7 12
12 1
Gradient of the perpendicular = − . From which, x + 25 = − (x + 3) + 18.
5 7
The equation of the perpendicular bisector is 1 3
12 x + 25 = − x − + 18
given by y − 7 = − (x − 19), i.e. 12x + 5y = 263. 7 7
5
7x + 175 = −x − 3 + 126
c Let P equal the midpoint of XA.
8x = −52
XM = XA = AM because XM and XA are radii
and since MN is the bisector of XA it is a line of 13
x=−
symmetry for triangle MAX (hence XM = AM). 2
13 37
MP 2 = MX 2 − XP 2 When x = − 13 , y = − + 25 = .
2 2 2
= 262 − 132 = 507
MP = 507 = 13 3 Coordinates of T = − ( 13 37
,
2 2 . )
MN = 2 ×13 3 = 26 3
21 a Equation is given by (x − 6)2 + (y − 3)2 = 9.
20 a (x + 4)2 + (y − 11)2 = 50
b y=7−x The centre is (6, 3). The radius is 3.
(x + 4)2 + (7 − x − 11)2 = 50 Method one:
XP TX
(x + 4)2 + (−4 − x)2 = 50 Similar triangles: = .
OP OA
x2 + 8x + 16 + x2 + 8x + 16 = 50
54
3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Let length of XP = a. 0 = 92m2 − 120m + 28

a 3 0 = 23m2 − 30m + 7
=
6
62 + (3 + a )
2
b (23m − 7)(m − 1) = 0
7
m = 1 or
2a = 36 + ( 3 + a )2 23
4a2 = 36 + (3 + a)2 When m = 1, the tangent equation is given

by y = x.
= 36 + 9 + 6a + a2
Substitute y = x into the circle equation.
3a2 − 6a − 45 = 0
(x − 5)2 + (x − 3)2 = 2
a2 − 2a − 15 = 0
2x2 − 16x + 32 = 0
(a − 5)(a + 3) = 0
x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
a = 5 (can’t be −3)
(x − 4)2 = 0
Method two:
x=4
Since y = mx at T, (x − 6)2 + (mx − 3)2 = 9.
y=4
x2 − 12x + 36 + m2x2− 6mx + 9 = 9
so coordinates of point where tangent meets the
(1 + m2)x2 + (−12 − 6m)x + 36 = 0 circle are (4, 4)
Since y = mx is a tangent, b2 − 4ac = 0.
(−12 − 6m)2 − 4 × (1 + m2) × 36 = 0
144 + 144m + 36m2 − 144 − 144m2 = 0 1 The equation for tunnel A is:
3
4 + 4m + m2 − 4 − 4m2 = 0 y − 12 = (x − 8)
2
3m2 − 4m = 0 2y − 24 = 3x − 24
m(3m − 4) = 0 3
y= x
2
4 Tunnel B is 10 vertically below, so the y-intercept
m = 0 or
3
will be −10. Therefore, an equation for tunnel B is:
4 AP 4
Since m = , then = .
3 OA 3 3
y= x − 10
2
3 + XP 4
=
6 3 2 The entrance to tunnels A and B are at y = 12.
3(3 + XP) = 24 3
12 = x − 10
3 + XP = 8 2
XP = 5 3
22 = x
2
b Quadrilateral OAXT is made from two
44 2
congruent right-angled triangles each with a x= = 14
3 3
base of 6 and a height of 3. The coordinates of the entrance to tunnel B are
Area of triangle OAX = 1 × 6 × 3 = 9.
2 ( 2
14 , 12 .
3 )
Area of OAXT = 2 × 9 = 18. 2
3 The gradient of tunnel C is − .
3
22 a Substitute y = mx into the equation of the circle C.
(x − 5)2 + (mx − 3)2 = 2 The mid-point of OP is ( 8 +2 0 , 122+ 0 ) = (4, 6).
x2 − 10x + 25 + m2x2 − 6mx + 9 = 2
Therefore, an equation for tunnel C is:
(1 + m2)x2 + (−10 − 6m)x + 32 = 0
y − 6 = − 2 (x − 4)
Given that y = mx is a tangent to the circle C, 3
b2 − 4ac = 0: 3y − 18 = −2x + 8
(−10 − 6m)2− 4 ×(1 + m2) × 32 = 0 2x + 3y − 26 = 0
100 + 120m + 36m2 − 128 − 128m2 = 0
55
4 Rearranging the equations for tunnels B and C, we

can get:
Tunnel B: 9x − 6y − 60 = 0 (1)
Tunnel C: 4x + 6y − 52 = 0 (2)
(1) + (2)
13x − 112 = 0
13x = 112
112
x=
13
Substituting back to get y:
3 112
y= × − 10
2 13
38
y=
13
The point of intersection would be (112

13 13 )
,
38
.
56
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 Circular measure and trigonometry

publication.
Prerequisite knowledge
b 150 × π = 5π
180 6
1 30 sin 35° (or 30 cos 55°) = 17.2 cm
c 270 × π = 3π
8 180 2
2 tan C =
6
8 d 315 × π = 7π
C = tan−1 = 53.1° 180 4
6
Alternatively, sin A = 0.8 or cos C = 0.6 e 720 × π = 4π
180
3 Factorise: (2x − 1)(x + 1) = 0 3 a 180 ÷ 5 = 36°
1
Either 2x − 1 = 0 → x = b 180 + 30 = 210°
2
or x + 1 = 0 → x = −1 13
c × 180 = 292.5°
8
1
x = or −1
2 d 3.5 × 180 = 630°
4 a and b e 0.3 × 180 = 54°
y 4 a 0.644 b 0.454 c 0.0500 d 0.809 e 2.41
y = x2 – 4
CB
5 a = sin 0.85
2 42
CB = 42 × sin 0.85
= 31.6 cm
–5
0
5 x 3.7
b = tan 1.05
XZ
–2 3.7
y = (0.5x)2 – 4 XZ =
tan1.05
–4 = 2.12 cm
6 a i 15 × 1.8 = 27 cm
ii 24 × 2.7 = 64.8 cm
b This is a stretch of y = x2 – 4 from the y-axis
with a factor of 2. iii 6.5 × 4 = 26 cm
b i 27 + 2 × 15 = 57 cm
Exercise 4.1A
ii 64.8 + 2 × 24 = 112.8 cm
1 a 0.5 × 180 = 28.6° iii 26 + 2 × 6.5 = 39 cm
π
b 1.2 × 180 = 68.8° c i
1
× 152 × 1.8 = 202.5 cm2
π 2
1
c 0.1 × 180 = 5.7° ii × 242 × 2.7 = 777.6 cm2
2
π
180 1
d 4× = 229.2° iii × 6.52 × 4 = 84.5 cm2
π 2
1
e 5.5 × 180 = 315.1° 7 π × 202 −
2
× 202 × 0.6 = 1140 cm2 to 3 s.f.
π
π
8 a 2 × 152 × 1.6 – 3π × 102 × 1.6 = 100 cm2
2 a 30 × π = π 4
180 6
b 10 × 1.6 + 15 × 1.6 + 2 × 5 = 50 cm
57
4 CIRCULAR MEASURE AND TRIGONOMETRY
1 2 16 a CD = CE; EBC is an isosceles

9 r θ = 500 and rθ = 20
2 right-angled triangle so EB = r;
1
r × 20 = 500 CE = CB 2 + EB 2 = 2r 2 = 2r = CD
2 π 3π
r = 50 b Angle ECD = π − =
4 4
50θ = 20 c AE = × 10 = 15.71; DE = 3π × 2 × 10 = 33.32;
π
2 4
θ = 0.4
AD = 20 + 2 × 10 = 34.14; the perimeter is
10 a Let r be the radius in metres.
15.71 + 33.32 + 34.14 = 83.2 cm to 3 s.f.
1
Then 100rθ = r 2θ 1
2 d The area of triangle EBC = × 10 × 10 = 50
2
200rθ = r θ
2
Area of shape = 1 × π × 10 2 + 50 + 1 × 3π × 200 =
r = 200 m 2 4 2 4
39.27 + 50 + 235.62 = 325 cm² to 3 s.f.
b Substituting back into the first equation gives
θ = θ, so θ can be any angle from 0 to 2π
Exercise 4.2A
11 The area of sector OCD is 1 × 6 2 × 2 = 36 cm²
2 1 a 0.5 b −0.5 c −0.5
1
The area of sector OAB is × (6 + x)2 × 2 d −0.5 e 0.5
2
= 36 + 12x + x 2 cm² 2 a −0.966 b 0.966 c 0.966
Hence area of ABDC = OAB – OCD = 12x + x2 = 64 d −0.966 e 0.966
Rearrange: x2 + 12x – 64 = 0; (x – 4)(x + 16) = 0 3 a 0.940 b 0.940 c 0.940
The positive solution is x = 4 d 0.940 e −0.940
12 Shaded area = area of sector – area of triangle 4 a i sin−1 0.95 = 71.8° and 180° − 71.8° = 108.2°
= 1 × 6.4 2 × 1.2 − 1 × 6.4 2 sin1.2 = 5.49 cm² to 3 s.f. ii sin−1 (−0.35) = −20.5° which is out of the
2 2 range 0° ⩽ x ⩽ 360°
13 First find the angle θ.
The solutions are 180° + 20.5° = 200.5° and
Area of sector = 1 × 20 2 × θ = 200θ ; 200θ = 164; 360° − 20.5° = 339.5°.
2
164 iii sin−1 (−0.812) = −54.3°
θ= = 0.82
200
The solutions are 180° + 54.3° = 234.3°
1
Area of triangle = × 20 2 × sin 0.82 = 146 cm² and 360° − 54.3° = 305.7°.
2
to 3 s.f.
iv No solution because −1 ⩽ sin x ⩽ 1.
14 a The angle of the sector is 2 radians. b i cos−1 (−0.25) = 1.82 and the other solution is
The area of the segment is 2π – 1.82 = 4.46
1 1
× r 2 × 2 − × r 2 × sin 2 = 24 ii cos−1 0.1 = 1.47 and 2π – 1.47 = 4.81
2 2
2
Hence r (2 – sin 2) = 48 and iii π and 3π
2 2
48 iv π is the only solution.
r2 = = 44.01 and r = 6.63 cm to 3 s.f.
2 − sin 2
5 a i 77.3°, 360° − 77.3° = 282.7°, 360° + 77.3° =
b From triangle OAB, AB = 2r sin 1 = 11.16 cm
437.3°, 720° − 77.3° = 642.7°
The perimeter = 11.16 + 2 × 6.63 = 24.4 cm to 3 s.f.
ii 180° + 12.7° = 192.7°, 360° − 12.7° = 347.3°,
15 a CB = 12 × 0.8 = 9.6 cm 540° + 12.7° = 552.7°, 720° − 12.7° = 707.3°
1 iii 0°, 180°, 360°, 540°, 720°
b Area of sector = × 0.8 × 122 = 57.6;
2
DB = 12 tan 0.8 = 12.36 iv 90°, 450°
1
area of triangle = × 12 × 12.36 = 74.1 b i −2π, 0, 2π
2
area of BCD = 74.1 – 57.6 = 16.5 cm2 π 5π 7π 11π
ii − , − , ,
12 6 6 6 6
c CD = cos 0.8 − 12 = 5.22;
iii −5.49, −0.795, 0.795, −5.49
perimeter = 5.22 + 9.6 + 12.36 5π
iv 3π ,
= 27.2 cm to 3 s.f. 2 4
58
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
6 x = −315°, −135°, 45°, 225° 12 a If θ = sin–1 x = cos–1 0.5 then θ = 60°. This is the
 90 principal value.
7 a For example  
0  Hence x = sin 60° = 0.866 to 3 d.p.
b Rotation of 180° about (−45, 0) b If θ = sin–1 x = cos–1 x then sin θ = cos θ = x
π
8 a π = 60° so one solution is 30° or . The other is If sin θ = cos θ, then θ = 45° and
3 6
π 5π
π− = x = sin 45° = 0.707 to 3 d.p.
6 6
b sin θ = − cos 7π ; cos 7π = cos 2π − 7π
4 4 4 ( ) Exercise 4.3A
= cos π = sin π 1 a tan θ =

−0.5
= −0.577
4 4 0.866
5π sin θ sin θ
The equation is sin θ = − sin π so θ = or 7π b tan θ = → −4.121 = → sin θ =
4 4 4 cosθ −0.236
−4.121 × −0.236 = 0.973
11π
9 4θ = π or 5π or 7π or 3 or … 2 a cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x
3 3 3
= 1 – 0.36
π 5π
Hence θ = or 12 or 7π or 11π . There are four = 0.64
12 12 12
solutions in the interval. cos x = ± 0.8
sin x
10 a and b b tan x =
cos x
y 0.6
=
±0.8
2 = ± 0.75
3 305° − 180° = 125° and 305° − 360° = −55°
0
0.5π π 1.5π 2π x 4 a tan−1 0.05 = 0.050 and π + 0.050 = 3.19
b tan−1 (−0.5) = –0.464 which is outside the interval.
–2
The solutions are π – 0.464 = 2.68 and
2π – 0.464 = 5.82.
–4
c tan−1 5 = 1.373 and π + 1.373 = 4.52
1 1 1 d tan−1 (−50) = –1.551 which is outside the interval.
c 4 (sin x)2 = 1; (sin x ) =
2
; sin x = or − ;
4 2 2
The solutions are π – 1.551 = 1.59 and
x = π , 5π , 7π or 11π
6 6 6 6 2π – 1.551 = 4.73.
sin x
11 5 a = tan x = 4 → x = 76.0° and
1 cos x
180° + 76.0° = 256.0°
π sin x −3
5 b 5 sin x = − 3 cos x → = → tan x = −0.6
cos x 5
π sin π tan−1 (−0.6) = −0.540 so the solutions are
5 5 π – 0.540 = 2.60 and 2π – 0.540 = 5.74
–1 0 1
 180
6 a For example,  .
π  0 
5 b For example, rotation of 180° about the
origin or rotation of 180° about (180, 0)
–1 sin θ
7 a tan θ =
The diagram shows that one possible solution is cos θ
For 0° < θ < 90°, cos θ < 1
θ = π − π = 3π . sin θ
2 5 10 so = tan θ > sin θ
cos θ
Another solution is θ = 2π − 3π = 17π .
10 10
59
b y 12 Write t for tan θ to get t (t – 2) = 3; rearrange as

t2 – 2t – 3 = 0.
1 Factorise: (t – 3) (t + 1) = 0; tan θ = 3 or –1; hence
θ = 1.25 or 2.36.
0.5 Exercise 4.4 A
1
0 1 a
–90 –45 45 90 q 2
b sin 120° = sin 60° = 3
–0.5 2
1
c sin 225° = −sin 45° = −
2
–1
3
d
2
1 1
8 a tan 3θ = ; 3θ = 18.4° or 198.4° or 378.4° or… e cos 135° = −cos 45° = −
3 2
Hence θ = 6.1° or 66.1° or 126.1° or 186.1° …
The only obtuse angle is 126.1° f cos 300° = cos 60° = 1
2
b 4θ + 30° = 78.7° or 258.7 ° or 438.7° or 618.7° 2 a tan 30° =
1
or … 3
Hence θ = 12.2° or 57.2° or 102.2° or 147.2° or … b tan120° = − tan 60° = − 3
The two obtuse solutions are 102.2° and
c tan 225° = tan 45° = 1
147.2°.
a sin 3π = sin π = 1
( ) sin x
2 3
9 = 4; tan x = ± 2 4 4 2
cos x
If tan x = 2, then x = 1.11 or 1.11 − π = −2.03 b cos 3π = − cos π = − 1
4 4 2
If tan x = – 2, then x = −1.11 or −1.11 + π = 2.03.
3π = − tan π = −1
sin x c tan
10 a 2 sin x = tan x ⇒ 2sin x = 4 4
cos x
⇒ 2 sin x cos x – sin x ⇒ sin x (2 cos x – 1) = 0 3
4 a b −1 c − 3
Either sin x = 0 or cos x = 1 . Hence x = 0°, 2 2
2
180° 360°, 60° or 300° π 2π π 7π
5 a θ= , b θ= ,
3 3 6 6
b Either sin (2y + 35°) = 0 or cos ( 2y + 35° ) = 1 .
2
(sin 34π ) + (sin 43π ) + (cos 54π )
2 2 2
Either 2y + 35° = 0° or 180° or 360° or 540° 6 a
or 720°… so y = 72.5° or 162.5° or 252.5° or
2 2 2
342.5° are the values in the interval given.  
=  1  +  − 3  +  − 1 
1 3 1
= + + = 3
 2  2   2 2 4 2 14
Either 2y + 35° = 60° or 300° or 420° or 660° or
780° or … π 2π 4π 5π
b sin − sin + sin π − sin + sin − sin 2π
Possible values are y = 12.5° or 132.5° or 3 3 3 3
192.5° or 312.5° or 372.5°. 3 3  3  3
= − + (0) −  − + − −0 =0
c In this case sin z (cos z – 2) = 0 and hence 2 2  2   2 
either sin z = 0 or cos z = 2.
7 a tan 210° + tan 240° = tan30° + tan60°
The second equation has no solution. Hence
z = 0° or 180° or 360° are the only solutions. 1 3 4 3
= + 3= + 3=
3 3 3
11 a x2 – 2x + 1 = 0; (x – 1)(x – 1) = 0; x = 1 is the only
solution. 3 1 1
b cos30° + cos45° + cos60° = + +
2 2 2
b This factorises to (tan θ – 1)2 = 0 so tan θ = 1
and so θ = 45° or 225°. =
2
3
+
2
2 1 1
(
+ = 1+ 2 + 3
2 2 )
c Now ((tan θ)2 – 1)2 = 0 so (tan θ)2 = 1.
tan θ = 1 or −1 and so θ = 45°, 135°, 225° or 315°.
60
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1+ 3 b
2 = 2 1 + 3  y
c sin 30° + sin60° = 2  2
sin 45° 1 2  10
2
=
1
2 (2+ 2× 3 =
1
2 )
2+ 6 ( ) 0
0.5π
x
5π 9π π
8 2θ + 3π = π or 4 or 4 or … ⇒ 2θ = − or 7π
8 4 8 8 –10
π
or 15π or … ⇒ θ = − 7π 15π
8 16 or 16 or 16 or …
c period = 2π = 4π; amplitude = 2
The two solutions in the interval are 7π or 15π . 0.5
16 16
d
a y
9 BD = a sin 60° = 3a; AB = a cos60° = ;
2 2 6
a 1 a
BC = AB tan 30° = × =
2 3 2 3
4
Hence CD = BD – BC = 3a − a
2 2 3
   
= a  3 − 1  = a  3 − 1 = a × 2 = a
2
2 3 2 3  2 3 3
10 a In triangle ABC, angle BAC is 30°. 0

π 2π 3π 4π x
The length of AC = 2 × AB cos30°
5 It is a sine wave of amplitude 4 and period 360
3
2 × AB cos30° = 2a × = 3a . −45
2 translated by  .
 0 
b The area of triangle ABC is
1 1 1 3 2. y
× AB × AC sin 30° = a × 3a × = a 4
2 2 2 4
The area of triangle ACE is
2
1
× AC × AE sin 60°
2
180 x
0
= 1 × 3a × 3a × 3 = 3 3 a 2 .
–180 –135 –90 –45 45 90 135
2 2 4
–2
The area of the kite is 3 a 2 + 3 3 a 2 = 2

3a .
4 4 –4
Exercise 4.5A
6 a y = 2 + tan (x − 1)
1 a y = 15 sin x b y = tan 2x
2 a y = −2 cos x b y = 10 + 5 sin x b
y
360
3 a period = = 180, amplitude = 4 4
2
2
b
y 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π x
–2
4
–4
0
90 180 270 360 x
–4
4 a period = 2π = π , amplitude = 10
4 2
61
7 a and b Exercise 4.6A

y = 2 – 2cosx y y = 2 – 2cos0.5x 1 Calculator operation
4
2 a cos θ = ± 1 − 0.68 2 = ± 0.733 two possible values

3
sin θ 0.68
b tan θ = =± = ± 0.927
2 cosθ 0.733
1
3 a sin θ = ± 1 − 0.44 2 = ± 0.898
sin θ 0.898
b tan θ = =± ± 2.041
0 x cosθ 0.44
–360 –270 –180 –90 90 180 270 360
5 5 4
4 a sin2 x = so cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x = 1 − = ;
9 9 9
8 a Start with the graph of y = cos x. 2
cos x =
3
Reflect it in the y-axis. The equation is
y = cos (–x) but the graph is symmetrical and The value is positive because x is acute.
unchanged. sin x 5 2 5
b tan x = = ÷ =
Translate by   so that it is now identical
90 cos x 3 3 2
 0 
1
5 One is a reflection of the other in the line y = .
to the graph of y = sin x. 2
6 2 2
(cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) = cos x – 1 = −(1 – cos x) =
The equation is y = cos (–(x – 90°)) or
y = cos (90° – x). −sin2 x
7 1 – sin θ cos θ tan θ = 1 – sin θ × cos θ × sin θ
b cos (90° – x) = 2 cos x ⇒ sin x = 2 cos x ⇒ tan x = 2. cosθ
= 1 – sin θ × sin θ
Hence x = 63.4° or 243.4°.
= 1 – sin2 θ = cos2 θ
9 The amplitude is 30 so start with y = 30 sin x
1 sin x cos x sin 2 x + cos2 x 1
Stretch by 4 parallel to the x-axis to get the correct 8 a tan x + = + = =
tan x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x
1 sin x cos x sin 2 x + cos2 x
period. The equation is y = 30sin x . tan x +
1
= + = =
1
4 tan x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos x sin x
 π
Finally translate by   . 1 1 2 2
 0 b tan x + tan x = sin x cos x = 2sin x cos x = sin 2x .
1
The equation becomes y = 30sin ( x − π ) or
4
( )
The range of values for sin 2x is – 1 ⩽ sin 2x ⩽ 1.
1 π
y = 30sin x − .
4 4 Hence 1 ! 1 or ⩽ – 1 and hence
sin 2x
π
Hence a = 30, b = 1 and c = − .
4 4 tan x + 1 ! 2 or ⩽ −2.
tan x
Another possible value for c is 7π corresponding
4 9 (cos x + sin x)2 + (cos x – sin x)2
 −7π
to a final translation of  . = cos2 x + 2 cos x sin x + sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 cos x sin x +
 0 
sin2 x = 2(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2
π
10 a The period is and so b = 2.
2 10 sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 so(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 = 1
The graph crosses the y-axis at 0.4 and so c = 0.4.
Therefore sin4 x + 2 sin2 x cos2 x + cos4 x = 1 and so
The equation is y = a tan 2x + 0.4. sin4 x + cos4 x = 1 – 2 sin2 x cos2 x.
Substitute the coordinates
π
π
8 (
, 0.5 ; ) 1 sin 2 x cos2 x
0.5 = a tan + 0.4. 11 tan 2 x + 2 + ≡ +2+
4 tan 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x
Hence 0.5 = a + 0.4 and so a = 0.1.
sin 4 x + 2sin 2 x cos2 x + cos4 x
b The curve will look the same but cross the ≡
sin 2 x cos2 x
y-axis at (0, −0.4).
( )
2
The equation is y = 0.1 tan 2x – 0.4. sin 2 x + cos2 x 1
≡ ≡
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x
62
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
sin 4 θ − cos4 θ
≡
( )(
sin 2 θ + cos2 θ sin 2 θ − cos2 θ ) 2x = −0.775, −π + 0.775, π + 0.775, 2π – 0.775 …
π
x = –0.388, − π + 0.388, 2 + 0.388, π – 0.388 …
12
sin θ − cosθ sin θ − cosθ
2
1 × (sin θ + cosθ )(sin θ − cosθ ) The four solutions in the interval –π ⩽ x ⩽ π are
≡ ≡ sin θ + cos θ
sin θ − cosθ
x = –0.388, x = –1.18, 1.96 and 2.75.
13 cos2 A = 1 − sin 2 A = 1 − 9 = 16 ; hence 3 3 cos2 x – 2 cos x = 0 → cos x (3 cos x − 2) = 0
25 25
4 Either cos x = 0 → x = 90° or 270°
cos A = ±
5
2
25 144 or 3 cos x – 2 = 0 → cos x = → x = 48.2° or 311.8°.
cos2 B = 1 − sin 2 B = 1 − = ; hence 3
169 169
12 There are four solutions.
cos A = ±
13
4 cos2 x = 0.25 → cos x = ±0.5
4 12 3 5
Hence cos A cos B + sin A sin B = ± × + ×
5 13 5 13 π 5π
If cos x = 0.5, x = or
3 3
48 15 63 33
= ± + = 65 or − 65 2π
65 65 If cos x= −0.5, x = or 4π . These are the four
3 3
1 sin 2 θ − 1 cos2 θ solutions.
14 sin θ − = =−
sin θ sin θ sin θ
5 (3 sin x − 1)(2 sin x − 1) = 0
1 cos2 θ − 1 sin 2 θ
cosθ − = =− 1
cosθ cosθ cosθ Either 3 sin x – 1 = 0 → sin x = → x = 19.5°, 160.5°
3
1 sin θ cosθ sin 2 θ + cos2 θ
tan θ + = + = or 2 sin x – 1 = 0 → sin x =
1
→ x = 30°, 150°.
tan θ cosθ sin θ cosθ sin θ 2
1
=
cosθ sin θ 6 4 sin2 x – 7 sin x – 2 = 0 → (4 sin x + 1) (sin x − 2) = 0
cos2 θ  sin 2 θ  1
The product is − × − × 1
sin θ  cosθ  cosθ sin θ Either 4 sin x + 1 = 0 → sin x = − → x = –0.253
4
= cosθ sin θ = 1 which is not in the range so x = π + 0.253 and
cosθ sin θ
2π − 0.253 = 3.394and 6.03.
Exercise 4.7A or sin x – 2 = 0 → sin x = 2.
This has no solution.
. One solution is 2x = π . Other
3
1 a sin 2x =
2 3 7 sin x + 1 = 1 – sin2 x → sin x + sin2 x = 0 →
π π π π sin x (1 + sin x) = 0
solutions are π − ,2π + ,3π − ,4π + , etc.
3 3 3 3
Either sin x = 0 → x = 0°, 180°, 360°
π 2π
That is 2x = , , , , 7π 8π 13π etc.
3 3 3 3 3 or 1 + sin x = 0 → sin x = −1 → x = 270°.
There are four solutions.
So x = π , π , 7π and 4π . There are four solutions.
6 3 6 3
8 a Diameter = 67.5 – 67.5 cos180
The next value, 13π is outside the interval. = 67.5 – 67.5(−1)
6
b 4 tan 0.5x = −3 and so tan 0.5x = −0.75 = 135 m
tan−1 (−0.75) = −36.9°. b First solve 67.5 – 67.5 cos θ = 100
Therefore 0.5x = –36.9° , –216.9° , 143.1°, etc. 67.5 cos θ = −32.5
Therefore x = –73.7° or 286.3°. These are the only cos θ = −0.481
values in the interval −360° ⩽ x ⩽ 360°.
θ = 180 – 61.2, 180 + 61.2
2 a cos (x + 75)° = 0.5 and cos−1 0.5 = 60° = 118.8°, 241.2°
So x + 75 = 60, 300, 420, 660, … and x = –15, 225, The wheel is above the ground for
345, 585, …. 122.4° out of 360°.
The solutions in the interval 0° ⩽ x ⩽ 360° are
122.4
x = 225° or 345°. Length of time = × 30 mins
360
b Rearrange as 50 sin 2x = −35 and sin 2x = −0.7; = 10.2 mins
sin−1 (−0.7) = −0.775.
63
9 a The graphs cross twice between 0° and 360° so Exam-style questions

there are 2 solutions.
sin x 1 If θ is the angle of the sector, 16 θ = 36 so θ = 2.25
b cos x = tan x → cos x =
cos x 1
Multiply by cos x: cos2 x = sin x → 1 − sin2 x = sin x. Area = × 2.25 × 162 = 288 cm2.
2
Rearrange: sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
2 a The angle of the sector is 2π – θ so the area is
Use the quadratic formula. 1 a2 (2π − θ) or πa2 − 1 a2 θ.
2 2
−1 ± 1 + 4
sin x = = 0.618 or −1.618
2 b The area of the sector containing the
1
sin x = −1.618 has no solution. triangle is a 2θ and the area of the triangle
2
The smallest solution of sin x = 0.618 is 38.2°. 1 2 1 1
is a sin θ and so a 2θ = 2 × a 2 sin θ and
2 2 2
10 20(1 − sin2 x) + 27 sin x = 29
hence θ = 2 sin θ.
Rearrange as 20 sin2 x − 27 sin x + 9 = 0.
3 a sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 therefore
This can be factorised as (5 sin x − 3)(4 sin x − 3) = 0 2
 3 3 13
Hence sin x = 3 or sin x = 3 sin 2 x = 1 −  − =1− = .
5 4  4  16 16
solutions to 3 s.f. are x = 0.644, 2.50, 0.848 or 2.29. 13

b sin x = ±
4
11 8(1 − cos² x) = 2cos x + 5 sin x 13 3 13
Then tan x = =± ÷− =± .
8cos²x + 2cos x – 3 = 0 cos x 4 4 3
(4cos x + 3)(2cos x – 1) = 0
This could be written as ± 39 .
3
3 1
cos x = − or cos x =
4 2 4 a 2 sin2 x = 3 cos x; 2(1 – cos2 x ) = 3 cos x ; 2 cos2 x
x = −138.6°, 138.6°, −60°, 60° + 3 cos x – 2 = 0
1
(2 cos x – 1)(cos x + 2) = 0; cos x = or −2
12 cos x = 1 − cos² x + 0.3 2
1
cos² x + cos x – 1.3 = 0 cos x = −2 has no solution. If cos x = then
π. 2
−1 ± 1 + 5.2 x=
cos x = = 0.745 or −1.745 3
2
b Use the solution to part a
cos x = −1.745 has no solution.
π π
or 5π ; θ = or 5π
1
x = 0.730, 5.55 cos2θ = so 2θ =
2 3 3 6 6
13 a 6(1 – sin2 x) + sin x = 5 ⇒ 6 sin2 x – sin x – 1 = 0 are the two solutions in the domain 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π.
1 1
⇒ (2 sin x – 1)(3 sin x + 1) = 0 ⇒ sin x = or −
2 3 5 a The amplitude is a = 5; b = 7π as only the
4
Hence x = 30°, 150°, 199.5° or 340.5°. positive value is required.
b If you write sin2 y = sin x then you find 5π
b Again the amplitude is c = 5 ; d = as only
1 1 4
sin 2 y = or −
2 3 the positive value is required.
2 1
sin y = − has no solution.
3 6 a 2 sin2 x − sin x = 0
1 1 1
2
If sin y = then sin y = or − Factorise: sin x (2 sin x − 1) = 0.
2 2 2
Either sin x = 0 or 2 sin x − 1 = 0.
Hence y = 45°, 135°, 225° or 315°
14 a tan2 x + k = 2 tan x; tan2 x – 2 tan x + k = 0 If sin x = 0 then x = 0 or π.
This is a quadratic in tan x and the If 2 sin x − 1 = 0 then sin x = 1 so x = π or 5π .
2 6 6
discriminant is (–2)2 –4 × 1 × k = 4 – 4k.
There are 4 values for x.
There is no solution if 4 – 4k < 0 ⇒ k > 1. θ
b Using the solution to part a, either sin 2 = 0
b tan2 x – 2 tan x – 8 = 0; (tan x – 4)(tan x + 2) = 0
θ 1
or sin =
tan x = 4 or –2; x = 76.0°, –104.0°, –63.4 or 116.6° 2 2
64
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
θ θ b sin θ tan θ = 4 sin θ In the domain, sin θ ≠ 0 so

If sin= 0 , then = 0 and θ = 0 is the only
2 2 tan θ = 4 and θ = 1.33 to 3 s.f.
solution in the domain 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π.
11 a Divide by cos θ: tan θ = 4 → θ = 76.0° or 76.0
θ 1
If sin = , then θ = π or 5π or … and
2 2 2 6 6 − 180 = −104.0°.
the only solution is θ = π . b This is the equation in part a with 2x + 30° = θ.
3
1 2 So tan (2x + 30°) = 4; 2x + 30° = 76° or 256° or
7 Area of triangle = a sin 60° . −104° or −284°.
2
1
Area of sector = a 2θ so θ = sin 60° = 0.866. The solutions are x = 23° or 113° or −67° or −157°.
2
The perimeter of the triangle is 3a and of the sector 12 cos A = 6 = 0.6 ; A = 0.9273 and the reflex angle at
10
is 0.866a + 2a = 2.866a.
A is 2π – 0.9273.
The sector perimeter is 2.866 × 100 = 95.53% of the The length of the major arc on the left is
3
triangle’s, about 4.5% less. 6(2π – 0.9273) = 32.135.
8
8 a 2y + 40 = 30° or 180 − 30 = 150° or 360 + 30 cos B = = 0.8 ; A = 0.6435 and the reflex angle at
10
= 390°, etc
B is 2π – 0.6435.
2y + 40 = 30 → y = − 5° which is outside the
The length of the major arc on the right is
interval.
8(2π – 0.6435) = 45.117
2y + 40 = 150 → y = 55°; 2y + 40 = 390 → y = 175°;
The total length is 77.3 cm.
2y + 40 = 510 → y = 235°; 2y + 40 = 750
→ y = 355°. There are four solutions. sin θ
13 a = 2 sin θ → sin θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cosθ
1
b sin ( 2y + 40° ) = ; cos2 (2y + 40°)
2 Rearrange: 2 sin θ cos θ − sin θ = 0.
1 3
= 1 – sin2 (2y + 40°) = 1 − = sin θ (2cos θ − 1) = 0
4 4
3 Either sin θ = 0 so θ = 0, π or 2π
So cos ( 2y + 40° ) = ±
2 π
or cosθ = 1 so θ = or 5π .
sin ( 2y + 40° ) 1 3 1
2 3 3
c tan ( 2y + 40° ) = = ÷± =±
cos ( 2y + 40° ) 2 2 3 The solutions are 0, π , π, 5π and 2π.
3 3
9 a cos (x + 30°) = − 0.8
b Using the answer to part a, sin (4x – π) = 0 or
x + 30° = 143.1° or 360 − 143.1 = 216.9°
1
cos(4x − π ) =
x = 113.1° or 186.9° 2
If sin(4x – π) = 0 then 4x – π = 0, ± π, ± 2π,
b ± 3π …
y So 4x = π, 0, 2π, −π, 3π, −2π, 4π, …
3π
Hence x = 0, π , π , , π, 5π , 3π , 7π or 2π.
9
4 2 4 4 2 4
5 These are the values in the given domain.
1 π π
If cos(4x − π ) = then 4x – π = − , ,
2 3 3
0 x
–60 –1 60 240 5π , 7π , 11π , …
3 3 3
–5
So 4x = 2π , 4π , 8π , 10π , 14π , …
3 3 3 3 3
π
and x = , , π 2π , 5π , 7π , 4π , 5π
10 a 1 1 − cos2 θ sin 2 θ sin θ 1
− cosθ = = = × = sin θ tan θ 6 3 3 6 6 3 3
cosθ cosθ cosθ cosθ cosθ
or 11π .
1 − cos2 θ sin 2 θ sin θ 6
θ= = = sin θ × = sin θ tan θ
cosθ cosθ = cosθ
65
14 a 17 a The perimeter is 2r + r θ cm and hence

y 2r + r θ = 50.
1 50 − 2r
Rearrange: r θ = 50 – 2r; θ =
r
0.5 b The area is

2 2 ( r )
r θ = 150 ; 1 r 2 50 − 2r = 150 ;
1 2
2 2
25r – r = 150; r – 25r + 150 = 0.
0
90 180 270 360 x
c (r – 10)(r – 15) = 0; Hence r = 10 or 15 and
50 − 2r = 50 − 20 50 − 30 1
θ= = 3 or =1 .
r 10 15 3
θ 2r θ
18 a If angle AOB = θ, then tan = = 2 ; = 1.107
2 r 2
and θ = 2.21 to 3 s.f.
The graphs of y = cos x and y = tan x cross 1
b Area of sector AOB = r 2 × θ = 1.107r 2 ; area
2
twice between 0° and 360°.
of ACBO = r × 2r = 2r 2.
sin x
b tan x = cos x therefore = cos x Area of ACBO outside the circle is
cos x
Therefore sin x = cos2 x
therefore 2r2 – 1.107r 2 = 0.893r2.
sin x = 1 − sin2 x. 0.893r 2
c Percentage = × 100 = 44.6%.
Rearrange: sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0 2r 2
Use the quadratic formula:
19 a 6 cos2 x + sin x = 5; 6(1 – sin2 x) + sin x = 5;
−1 ± 1 + 4 −1 ± 5 6 – 6 sin2 x = – sin x + 5;
sin x = =
2 2
= 0.618 or −1.618 6 sin2 x – sin x – 1 = 0
sinx = −1.618 has no solutions b Factorise: (3 sin x + 1)(2 sin x – 1) = 0;
1 1
x = 38.2° or 141.8° sin x = − or .
3 2
1
15 a tan x + = 5. x = 30°, 150°, 199.5° or 340.5°
tan x
c 6 sin4 y + 5(1 – sin2 x) = 6
Multiply by tan x: tan2 x + 1 = 5 tan x.
6 sin4 y + 5 – 5 sin2 y = 6
Rearrange: tan2 x − 5 tan x + 1 = 0.
6 sin4 y – 5 sin2 y – 1 = 0
b Use the quadratic formula.
d This is a quadratic in sin2 y:
5 ± 25 − 4 = 4.791 or 0.2087. Therefore
tan x = (6 sin2 y + 1)(sin2 y – 1) = 0
2
x = 1.37 or 0.206. 1
sin 2 y = − or 1
1 6
c tan x + = k ; tan2 x − k tan x + 1 = 0. This
tan x 1
sin 2 y = − has no solution.
only has a solution if k2 − 4 ⩾ 0. 6
If sin2 y = 1 then sin y = 1 or −1; y = 90° or 270°.
Hence k2 ⩾ 4 so that k ⩾ 2 or k ⩽ − 2.
20 cos AXY = 0.75; Angle AXB = 2 × 0.7227 = 1.4455
16 a 6(1 − cos2 x ) + cos x = 5; 6 − 6cos2 x + cos x = 5; 1
6cos2 x − cos x − 1 = 0 The area of sector AXB = × 1.4455 × r 2 = 0.7227r2.
2
1 1
b Factorise: (2 cos x − 1)(3 cos x + 1) = 0 so cos x = The area of triangle AXB = × sin AXB × r 2 =
2 2
1 0.4961r2.
or − 3 .
The difference is 0.2267 r2. The area in common is
1 π
If cos x = then x = or 5π ; if cos x = − 1 2 × 0.2267 r² = 0.4533 r2.
2 3 3 3
0.4533
then x = 1.91 or 4.37. The percentage of one circle is × 100 = 14.4%.
π
66
4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 The first oscillation is completed when 512πt = 2π

Hence t = 2 = 1 . There are 256 cycles in one
512 256
second so the frequency is 256 Hz.
3
2 The frequency is 256 × = 384.
2
1
If the equation is y = a sin kt , then kt = 2π when
2
1
t= so k = 2π × 384 = 768π.
384
1
The equation is = a sin 768πt.
2
3
y
a
0.5a
0 1 t
256
–2
67
5 SERIES
5 Series
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge  5  5
c (x + 4)5 = x5 + 5 × x4 × 4 +   × x3 × 42 +   ×
1  2  3
1 a × 5 × 6 = 15
2 x2 × 43 + 5x × 44 + 45
1  5   5 5 × 4
b If n(n + 1) = 54, then n2 + n − 108 = 0. Now   =   = = 10 so (x + 4)5 = x5 +
2
 2  3 2 × 1
This cannot be factorised with whole
20x4 + 160x3 + 640x2 + 1280x + 1024
numbers so 54 is not a triangular number.
4 a (x − y)4 = x4 + 4x3(−y) + 6x2(−y)2 + 4x(−y)3 + (−y)4
2 (x + 1)3 − (x − 1)3 = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 − (x3 − 3x2 +
3x − 1) = x4 − 4x3y + 6x2y2 − 4xy3 + y4
= x3 +3x2 + 3x + 1 − x3 + 3x2 − b (1 − 2y)4 = 1 + 4(−2y) + 6(−2y)2 + 4(−2y)3 + (−2y)4

3x + 1 = 6x2 + 2 or 2(3x2 + 1) = 1 − 8y + 24y2 − 32y3 + 16y4
3 The multiplier for a 5% increase is 1.05. c (2 − y)5 = 25 + 5 × 24(−y) + 10 × 23(−y)2 + 10

$24 000 × 1.055 = $30 630.76. × 22(−y)3 + 5 × 2(−y)4 + (−y)5
= 32 − 80y + 80y2 − 40y3 + 10y4 − y5
Exercise 5.1A
 5
5 a The x3 term is   (3x)3 = 5 × 4 × 27x 3 = 10 × 27x 3 = 270x 3
 6 6! 6 × 5!  3 2×1
1 a  = = =6
 1  5!1! 5!× 1  5 3 5×4 3 3 3  5  5 
 3 (3x) = 2 × 1 × 27x = 10 × 27x = 270x . The value of  3 =  2 could
 10 10! 10 × 9
b  = = = 5 × 9 = 45 also be found directly with a calculator.
 2  2!8! 2×1
 6
 12 12! 12 × 11 b The x3 term is   23(4x)3 = 20 × 8 × 64x3 =
c  = = = 6 × 11 = 66  3
 10 10!2! 2
 6 6 × 5 × 4
10 240x3. Here   = .
 12 12! 12 × 11 × 10  3 3 × 2 × 1
d  = = = 2 × 11 × 10 = 220
 3  3!9! 3× 2×1
(2 + x2 ) = 2 + 3 × 2 × x2 + 3 × 2( x2 ) + ( x2 ) = 8 + 6x + 32 x + 18 x
3 2 3
6 a 3 2 2 3
 8
( ) ( ) + ( x2 ) = 8 + 6x + 32 x + 18 x
8! 8 × 7 × 6 × 53 2 3
e  = = x = 7 3× 2 × 5 =2 70x x
 4 4!4! 4 × 3 2× +2 2× 1 = 2 + 3 × 2 × 2 + 3 × 2 2
2 3
 10  10 10 × 9 × 8 × 7
2 The coefficient is   or   = = 210 b (5x − 4y)4 = (5x)4 + 4(5x)3(−4y) + 6(5x)2(−4y)2 +
 4  6 4 × 3× 2×1
4(5x)(−4y)3 + (−4y)4
0×9×8×7
= 210. This can also be found directly with a = 625x4 − 2000x3y + 2400x2y2 − 1280xy3
4 × 3× 2×1
calculator. + 256y4
3 a (2 + x)4 = 24 + 4 × 23x + 6 × 22x2 + 4 × 2x3 + x4  10
7 a The term involving x3 is   × 27 x 3, where
= 16 + 32x + 24x2 + 8x3 + x4 3 
 10 10! 10 × 9 × 8
b (3 + 5x)3 = 33 + 3 × 32 × 5x + 3 × 3 × (5x)2 + (5x)3  3  = 7!3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 120, so the coefficient
= 27 + 135x + 225x2 + 125x3 is 120 × 27 = 15 360.
68
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
 9 14 (1 + x2)3 (1 – x2)3 = {(1 + x2) (1 – x2)}3 = (1 – x4)3

b The term involving x3 is   × 26(3x)3, where
 3 = 1 – 3x4 + 3x8 – x12
 9 9! 9×8×7 15 a (1 + x)3 + (1 – x)3 = 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3 + 1 – 3x
 3 = 6!3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 84, so the coefficient
+ 3x2 – x3 = 2 + 6x2
is 84 × 64 × 27 = 145 152. b (1 + 3y)3 + (1 – 3y)3 = 2 + 6(3y)2 = 2 + 54y2
 7  7 7 × 6 × 5
8 The x3 term is   × 24(bx)3 and   = = 35 c 2 + 54y2 = 11 ⇒ 54y2 = 9 ⇒ y 2 = 1 and so
 3  3 3 × 2 × 1 1
6
y=±
so the term is 35 × 16 × b3x3 = 560b3x3. Hence 560b3 6
 8
16 The terms in x2 and x3 are   a 6 ( bx ) and
2
= 70 000 and b3 = 125 so b = 3 125 = 5 .  2
 8 5
 3 a ( bx ) .
3
9 a (x2 + 2)4 = (x2)4 + 4 × (x2)3 × 2 + 6(x2)2 × 22 + 4x2 ×
23 + 24
Hence 28a6 b2 = 56a5 b3; hence 28a = 56b and
= x8 + 8x6 +24x4 + 32x2 + 16
a 56 2 and so a : b = 2 : 1.
= =
b (1 − y3)5 = 1 + 5(−y3) + 10(−y3)2 + 10(−y3)3 + b 28 1
5(−y3)4 + (−y3)5 Exercise 5.2A
=1 −5y3 + 10y6 − 10y9 + 5y12 − y15
1 a 58 – 25 = 33; 91 – 58 = 33; 124 – 91 = 33; an
 8  8 arithmetic progression with d = 33.
10 (1 + 2x)8 = 1 + 8(2x) +   (2x)2 +   (2x)3 +…, where
 2  3
b The 15th term is 25 + 14 × 33 = 487.
 8 8 × 7  8 8 × 7 × 6
 2 = 2 = 28 and  3 = 3 × 2 × 1 = 56 . c The 30th term is 25 + 29 × 33 = 982.
2 a d = 57 – 45 = 12; u12 = 45 + 11 × 12 = 177
So (1 + 2x)8 = 1 + 16x + 28 × 4x2 + 56 × 8x3 + …
= 1 + 16x + 112x2 + 448x3 + … b d = 191 – 200 = –9; u14 = 200 – 9 × 13 = 83
So (1 + x)(1 + 2x)8 = (1 + x)(1 + 16x + 112x2 c d = 55.1 – 48.7 = 6.4; u20 = 48.7 + 19 × 6.4 = 170.3
+ 448x3 + …). d d = 192 – 215 = – 23; u15= 215 – 14 × 23 = –107
The x3 term is 1 × 448x3 + x × 112x2 = (448 + 112) x3 10
3 a S10 = (2 × 20 + 9 × 5) = 425
= 560x3. The coefficient is 560. 2
12
11 (x + 1)(x − 1) = x2 − 1 so (x + 1)8(x − 1)8 = (x2 − 1)8 b S12 = (2 × 120 + 11 × (−9)) = 846
2
 8 15
The x10 term is   (x 2)5(−1)3 and c S15 = (2 × 9 + 14 × 2.5) = 397.5
 5 2
 8 8 × 7 × 6 4 a a = 20 and d = 7; 10th term = 20 + 9 × 7 = 83
 5 = 3 × 2 × 1 = 56 .
10
b S10 = {2 × 20 + 9 × 7} = 515.
The x10 term is 56x10 × (−1) = −56x10. 2
180
12 a (1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4 c If 20 + 7(n − 1) = 200 then n − 1 = so n = 26.7.
7
( 2) ( 2) + ( )
2 3 4
b If x = 2 , then (1 + 2)4 = 1 + 4 2 + 6 +4 2 So the term required is the 26th.
20
( 2) ( 2) + ( 2)
2 3 4 5 The series is 2 + 6 + 10 +... (20 terms). S20 = (2 × 2
1 + 2)4 = 1 + 4 2 + 6 +4 2
+ 19 × 4) = 800.
= 1 + 4 2 + 12 + 8 2 + 4 = 17 + 12 2
6 a a = 15, and d = 6 ⇒ un = 6n + 9
Hence a = 17 and b = 12.
On Saturday, n = 7 ⇒ u7 = 6 × 7 + 9 = 51
13 a The constant term is
Alex read 51 pages on Saturday.
 6
( ) = 20 × 8 × 1 = 160
3
( 2x )3 1x b Sn = n (30 + 6(n – 1))
 3 2
S7 = 7 (30 + 6 × 6) = 7 × 66 = 231 pages
 2 ( 2 ) ( x ) = 6 × 4 a hence 2 a
 4 x a 2 2
1 3 2 2 2
b 2
= 96 ;
24
7 a = 50, d = 5 and n = 24; S24 = (2 × 50 + 23 × 5) =
a2 = 64; a = ±8 2
2580. So she will save $2580.
69
5 SERIES
8 u5 = a + 4d = 27.6 and u10 = a + 9d = 24.1. 14 The 10th term is twice the 4th term so
Subtract to get 5d = −3.5 so d = −0.7. a + 9d = 2(a + 3d); a + 9d = 2a + 6d; a = 3d.
Substitute into the first equation: a − 2.8 = 27.6 The 18th term is 50 so a + 17d = 50; 3d + 17d = 50;
so a = 30.4. 20d = 50; d = 2.5.
Therefore u20 = 30.4 − 19 × 0.7 = 17.1. Then the first term a = 3d = 7.5.
9 a The multiples form an arithmetic progression 15 If n = 1, then 1 + 4 = 5 = a.

with a = 6 and d = 6. If n = 2, then 4 + 8 = 12 = a + a + d = 2a + d = 10 + d
10 and so d = 2.
S10 = (2 × 6 + 9 × 6) = 330
2 The nth term is 5 + 2(n – 1) = 2n + 3.
n n Hence the 100th term is 203
b Sn = (12 + (n − 1) × 6) = (12 + 6n − 6)
2 2
n 16 If n = 1, then the first term is 6 + 8 = 14.
= (6n + 6) = 3n(n + 1)
2 If n = 2, then the first + the second term is 24 + 16 = 40
10 a The odd numbers form an arithmetic progression so the second term is 40 – 14 = 26.
with a = 1 and d = 2 so Sn = n (2 + (n − 1) × 2) If an arithmetic sequence starts 14, 26 … , then
2
n n a = 14 and d = 12 and the sum of n terms is
= (2 + 2n − 2) = × 2n = n2.
2 2 1 1
2 {
n 28 + 12(n − 1)} = n(28 + 12n − 12)
2
b Each even number is 1 more than the 1
corresponding odd number so Sn = n2 + n. = n(12n + 16) = 6n2 + 8n, so the sequence is
2
arithmetic.
n
11 Sn = (20 + 4(n − 1)) = 792
2
Exercise 5.3A
n
Therefore (16 + 4n) = 792.
2
0.2
8n + 2n2 = 792 1 a a = 0.04 and = = 5; u8 = 0.04 × 57 = 3125
0.04
n2 + 4n − 396 = 0 24
b a = 20 and r = = 1.2; u6 = 20 × 1.25 = 49.7664
(n + 22)(n − 18) = 0 20
0.01
n = –22 or 18 c a = 0.005 and r = = 2;
0.005
You want the positive root; there are 18 terms.
u15 = 0.005 × 214 = 81.92
12 a The differences between terms are 1, 3, 1, 3, −6
d a = 3 and r = = −2; u10 = 3 × (−2)9 = −1536
1, 3, … They are not constant so it is not an 3
arithmetic sequence.
2 a a = 5 and r = 10 ÷ 5 = 2; u15 = 5 × 214 = 81 920
b Here are two possible methods:
5(215 − 1)
Method 1: Add pairs of terms to get this b S15 = = 163 835
2−1
sequence: 21, 29, 37, …
This is an arithmetic progression with a = 21 2(310 − 1)
3 a S10 = = 59 048
and d = 8. The sum required is 50 terms of 3−1
this sequence. S50 = 25 {42 + 49 × 8} = 10 850. 100(1 − 0.98)
b S8 = = 569.533
570 (3 s.f.)
1 − 0.9
Method 2: Split the sequence into two: 10,
14, 18, … and 11, 15, 19, … 4((−2)12 − 1)
c a = 4 and r = –2 so S12 = = −5460
−2 − 1
Each is an arithmetic progression with d = 4.
Add 50 terms of each one. 20(1.120 − 1)
d a = 20 and r = 1.1 so S20 = = 1150
1145.5
(3 s.f.)
1.1 − 1
Sum = 25 {20 + 49 × 4} + 25 {22 + 49 × 4}
= 5400 + 5450 = 10 850. 4 The total amount is a geometric series with
13 a The difference is y – x and the next term is a = 12 000, r = 1.03 and n = 10.
y + (y – x) = 2y – x. 12 000(1.0310 − 1)
S10 = = $137 566.55 (3 s.f.)
b x = a + 7d and hence x = a + 7(y – x); 0.03
x = a + 7y – 7x; a = 8x – 7y.
70
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 1 b The distance walked is 800 + 400 + 200 + ... m.

5 a a = 1 and r = ; S∞ = =2
2 1− 1
2 This is a geometric series with a = 800 and r = 1 .
2
1 2 800
b a = 2 and r = ; S∞ = =3 S∞ = = 1600 so she walks 1600 m.
3 1− 1
3 1 − 12
1 5 15
c a = 5 and r = − ; S∞ = = c Distance north = 800 + 200 + 50 + …
3 1+ 1 4
3
= 800 = 800 = 3200
3
d a = 1 and r = ; S∞ =
1
=4 1− 1 3 3
4 4 4
1− 3
4 Distance east = 400 + 100 + 25 + …
−4 2 6 18
e a = 6 and r = =− ; S∞ = =
6 3 1+ 2 5 = 400 = 400 = 1600
3 1− 1 3 3
4 4
6 a The amounts are a geometric progression with By Pythagoras, distance from start
( 3200
3 ) ( 3 )
a = 0.01 and r = 2. 2 2
= 1600 = 1193 m
+
The 21st term is 0.01 × 220 = $10 485.76.
0.01(221 − 1) 10 This is a geometric series with a = 0.45 and r = 0.01.

b S21 = = $20 971.51
2−1 0.45 0.45 45 5
S∞ = = = =
1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11
c On his 65th birthday he would receive $0.01 × 264
which is more than $1.8 × 1017. This is an absurdly
a 80
large amount. 11 a = 80 and = 200 so 1 − r = 200.
1−r
7 a The amounts each year are a geometric 80
1−r = = 0.4 and therefore r = 0.6.
200
progression with a = 2000 and r = 1.25.
80(1 − 0.611)
The amount in the third year is $2000 × 1.252 S11 = = 199.27 but
1 − 0.6
= $3125.
80(1 − 0.610)
2000(1.258 − 1) = 39 684 S10 = = 198.79 so 11 terms are needed
b After 8 years she has S8 = $ 1 − 0.6
1.25 − 1
before the total is greater than 199.
$39 684 which is less than $50 000.
12 Split the sum into two separate series: 1 + 2
2000(1.259 − 1)
After 9 years she has S9 = 1.25 − 1
= $51 605 1 1 1 1
+ 3 + 4 + … and + + + +…
2000(1.259 − 1) 2 4 8 16
S9 = = $51 605 so it does take 9 years.
1.25 − 1
( ) = 165
2 The first is an arithmetic series, a = d = 1 and
1 1 1 1 1
8 a + of = + n 1
4 4 4 4 4 Sn = {2 + (n – 1)} = n(n + 1).
2 2
( ) = 6421
3 1
b
5
+
1 The second is a geometric series with a = r =
16 4 n
2
0.5(1 − 0.5 )
and S n = = 1 − 0.5n.
1 1 − 0.5
c This is a geometric series with a = r = so
4 So for the series given Sn = 1 n(n + 1) + 1 − 0.5n .
1 1 2
() ()
2 3
1 1 1 1
S∞ = + + +…= 4 = 4 = . a 20
4 4 4 1− 1 3 3 13 a = 20 and = 200 ; 1 − r = = 0.1 ; r = 0.9
4 4 1−r 200
One-third of the square is shaded. 1% of 200 = 2 so the total must be at least 198.
9 a The distance north is 800 – 400 + 200 – 100 + ... m. S43 =

(
20 1 − 0.943 )
= 197.84;
1 − 0.9
This a geometric series with a = 800 and r = − 1 .
2
S44 =
( )
20 1 − 0.944 = 198.06
So S∞ = 800 2
= 800 × = 1600 1
= 533 m north 1 − 0.9
1 + 12 3 3 3
This shows that the n must be at least 44
of the starting point.
71
5 SERIES
14 The second term is ar and the sum to infinity is 3 The term independent of x, where the x terms
a .  6
( )
4
1−r cancel out is   (x 2)2 × 1 = 6 × 5 x 4 × 1 4 = 15
 2 2x 2×1 16x 16
a
Hence = 4ar ; 1 = 4r(1 – r); 4r2 – 4r + 1 = 0;
1−r 4 a S20 = 10(2a + 19d ) and S30 = 15(2a + 29d )
(2r – 1)(2r – 1) = 0.
Hence 15(2a + 29d ) = 20(2a + 19d );
1
The only solution is r = .
2 3(2a + 29d ) = 4(2a + 19d );
15 a From her aunt she receives amounts in an 6a + 87d = 8a + 76d; 2a = 11d; a = 11d
arithmetic progression, a = 30 and d = 10. 2
b 15(2a + 29d) = 400; substitute to get
On her 10th birthday, n = 6 and she receives
30 + 5 × 10 = $80. 15(11d + 29d) = 400; 15 × 40d = 400;
From her uncle she receives amounts in a d = 10 = 2

15 3
geometric progression, a = 0.1 and r = 2.
Then a = 11 × 2 = 11
On her 10th birthday, n = 6 and she receives 2 3 3
0.1 × 25= $3.20. 5 a An arithmetic sequence with a = 1200 and d = 70.
12
The total is $83.20. S12 = (2 × 1200 + 11 × 70) = 19 020. So he
2
b Anna has had 17 birthday presents so n = 17. earns $19 020.
17
From her aunt 2 {2 × 30 + 16 × 10} = $1870. b In the second month he earns 1200 × 1.05 =
( 17
From her uncle 0.1 2 − 1 = $13107.10.) $1260 which is less than 1200 + 70 = $1270.
2−1 1200(1.0512 − 1)
In the year he earns = $19 100.55,
The total is $14977.10. 1.05 − 1
which is more than $19 020.
16 a S∞ = a = x = 8 ; x = 8(1 – 3x); x = 8 – 24x;
1 − r 1 − 3x 8 32
8 6 a ar 2 = and ar 4 =
25x = 8; x = or 0.32 3 27
25
32 8 32 3 4
b ar2 = 4; r 2 = 4 ; r = 4 ; r = ± 2 Hence r 2 = ÷ = × =
a a 27 3 27 8 9
a
8 4
a a a a and a = ÷ = 6.
S∞ = = = 3 9
1−r 1± 2 a ±2
a 4 2
b If r 2 = , then r = ± .
9 3
Exam-style questions 2 6
If r = , then S∞ = = 18.
3 1− 2
 10 3
1 a (1 + 2x)10 = 110 + 10 × 2x +   × (2x)2 + … 2 3
2  If r = − , then S∞ = 6 = 6 ÷ 5 = 18 or 3 .
3 5
1+ 2 3 5
= 1 + 20x + 45 × 4x2 + … 3
a The term in x3 is   ( 2x )3 ( −k )3
6
= 1 + 20x + 180x2 + … 7
 3
b (3x − 4)(1 + 2x)10 = (3x − 4)(1 + 20x + 180x2 + …) = = – 20 × 8x3 k3 = – 160k3 x3.
The term x2 is 3x × 20x − 4 × 180x2 = 60x2 − 720x2  6
The term in x5 is   ( 2x ) (−k) = – 6 × 32x5 k
5
= −660x2.  5
= – 192k x5.
The coefficient is −660.
The coefficients are equal so – 160k3 = – 192k;
 4
2 a (1 − 3x)4 = 1 + 4(−3x) + (−3x)2 + 4(−3x)3 + (−3x)4 192
 2 hence k 2 =
160
= 1.2 ; k = 1.2 .
= 1 − 12x + 6 × 9x2 − 108x3 + 81x4  6

b The term in x2 is   ( 2x ) ( −k )
2 4
= 1 − 12x + 54x2 − 108x3 + 81x4  2
b (2 + ax2)(1
− 3x)4 = (2 + ax2)(1 −12x + 54x2 − = 15 × 4x2 × 1.22 = 86.4 x2.
108x + 81x4)
3 The coefficient is 86.4.
x3
The coefficient of is 2 × − 108 + a × −12 =
−216 − 12a.
If −216 − 12a = −132 then −12a = 84 and a = −7.
72
5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 a a = 24 and a + d = 18 so d = – 6 If Sk = 504, then 2k2 + 18k = 504; k2 + 9k – 252 = 0;

(k + 21)(k – 12) = 0.
n
2a + ( n − 1) d } = {48 − 6 ( n − 1)}
n
2{
Sn =
2 Hence k = −21 or 12. The value of k is positive.
n Hence k = 12.
= ( 48 − 6n + 6 ) = 27n – 3n2
2
If Sn < – 30 then 27n – 3n2 < – 30; 14 a The total length is 20 + 10 + 5 + ... which is a
3n2 – 27n – 30 > 0; n2 – 9n – 10 > 0 geometric series with a = 20 and r = 0.5 so the
(n – 10)(n + 1) > 0; hence n > 10 or n < – 1. 20
sum S∞ = = 40 .
1 − 0.5
Since n is positive, n > 10.
b The x-coordinate is 20 – 5 + 1.25 − ... which is
b a = 24 and ar = 18; r = 18 = 3 ; a geometric series with a = 20 and r = −0.25
24 4
a 24 = 96 20
S∞ = = so the x-coordinate is S∞ = = 16 .
1−r 1− 3 1 + 0.25
4
The y-coordinate is 10 – 2.5 + 0.625 – ... which is
9 a a + 2d = 51 and a + 10d = 187; hence
a geometric series with a = 10 and r = −0.25 so
8d = 187 – 51 = 136; d = 136 ÷ 8 = 17.
10
Hence a + 34 = 51 and a = 17; the terms of the the y-coordinate is S∞ = = 8.
1 + 0.25
sequence are 17, 34, 51, … the multiples of 17. The coordinates are (16, 8).
b 1000 = 58.8, so there are 58 multiples of 17 15 a The ratios of successive terms are equal so
17
between 0 and 1000. 6p + 2 4p + 4
= .
4p + 4 3p + 3
With a = 17 and d = 17 then
6p + 2 4
S58 = 26(34 + 57 × 17) = 26 078 Hence 4p + 4 = 3 and 3(6p + 2) = 4(4p + 4);
 7
10 a The term in x3 is 3x ×   × 2x 2 × (−b)6 18p + 6 = 16p + 16;
1
2p = 10 and so p = 5.
= 3 × 7 × 2b6 x3 = 42b6 x3.
b The first term is 6 × 5 + 2 = 32, the second is
Hence 42b6 = 2688; b6 = 64; b = ± 2.
24 3
 7 4 × 5 + 4 = 24 and r = = .
b The term in x2 is a ×   × 2x 2 × (−b)6 32 4
1
= 14ab6 x2.
S∞ = 323 = 32
1 = 128
Hence 14ab6 = 2688; a =
2688
= 3. 1− 4 4
14 × 64
16 a If the common difference is d then b = a + 2d
11 a $400 has 1 month’s interest, another $400 has
1
2 month’s interest and so on. and d = (b − a).
2
Total = 400 × 1.005 + 400 × 1.0052 + … + 400 × 5
The sixth term is a + 5d = a + (b − a)
1.00512. 2
5 5 5 3 1
This is a geometric series with a = 400 × = a + b − a = b − a or (5b − 3a).
2 2 2 2 2
1.005 = 402 and r = 1.005. b
b If the common ratio is r, then ar2 = b; r 2 = ;
12 a
b S12 = 402(1.005 − 1) = 4958.90 , she has b
1.005 − 1 r=±
a .
$4960 (3 s.f.).
()
2
b ab 2 b2
12 a (a + 5d) + (a + 6d) + (a + 7d) = 12; hence The fifth term is ar4 = a × = 2 = a .
a a
3a + 18d = 12; a + 6d = 4; a = 4 – 6d
63
b a + 5d = 12; hence (4 – 6d) + 5d = 12; 17 a 64
4 – d = 12; d = –8 n
b The nth term is 2 n− 1 .
Hence a = 4 – 6d = 4 + 48 = 52. 2
n
13 a = 20, a + d = 24, d = 4 c 2 n− 1 = 1 − 1n .
2 2
2{
2a + ( k − 1) d } = {40 + 4 ( k − 1)}
( )( )( )
k k
Sk = Hence Sn = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + ...
2 2 4 8
k
= {4k + 36} = 2k + 18k
2
+… + 1 − n  = n −  1 + 1 + 1 + ... 1n  .
2 1
 2  2 4 8 2 
73
5 SERIES
The terms in the bracket form a geometric Mathematics in life and work
1 and n terms. 5000
sequence with a = r = 1 The value of the first payment after 1 year is $ ,
2 1.02
()
5000
1 1 − 1 
n
the value of the second after 2 years is $ and
  1.022
2 2
()
n
+ + + ... n = 
1 1 1 1  =1− 1 so on.
2 4 8 2 1 2
1− Total value = 5000 + 50002 + … + 5000 .
2
1.02 1.02 1.0215

() ()
n n
1
So Sn = n − 1 − 1  = n − 1 +
 2 
2 This is a geometric progression with a = 5000 ,r = 1
1.02 1.02
5000 1 and n = 15.
a a= ,r =
18 If the common ratio is r, then S∞ = = ka . 1.02 1.02
(( ) = 5000 (( )
1−r
n
5000
)
1 15
−1 )
1 15
−1
= a(r − 1) =
1 1 1 1.02 1.02 1.02
Therefore = k; = 1 − r ; r = 1 − . S15
r −1 −0.02
1−r k k 1
1.02 −1
The second term is ar = a 1 − ( )

1
k
a
=a− .
k
= 64 246. The value is $64 200 (3 s.f.)
R
2 If you write c = 1 + , then in this case it is a
19 a The first term is 12 ; 100
r 5000 1
geometric progression with a = and r = .
12 c c
a 12
S∞ = = r = = 50 Then
( )
1 − r 1 − r r(1 − r )
Hence 12 = 50r(1 – r); 6 = 25r – 25r2;
S15 =
5000
c ( )
1 − c −15 1 − 1 =
c
5000
c
(1 − c −15) ×
c
c −1
25r2 – 25r + 6 = 0
2 3
=
5000
c −1 ( )
× 1 − c −15 =
500000
R
× (1 − c −15) .
b (5r – 2)(5r – 3) = 0; r = or = 0.4 or 0.6
5 5
12 12 12 3 If the annuity is for n years, then
c a= so a = = 30 or = 20
r 0.4 0.6 500 000
Sn = × (1 − c −n).
The 4th term is ar3 = 30 × 0.43 = 1.92 or R
20 × 0.63 = 4.32. Now limn→∞ c−n = 0 so the value of a perpetuity,
20 a If the shortest piece is a then the longest is S∞ =
500 000 .
a + 9d = 4a. R
1
Hence 3a = 9d and d = a
3
The sum is 100 so 10 ( 2a + 9d ) = 100 ;
2
( 1
)
5 2a + 9 × a = 100; 25a = 100 so a = 4.
3
The shortest piece is 4 cm.
b If the shortest piece is a, then the longest is
ar9 = 4a; r9 = 4 ; r = 9 4 = 1.1665
The sum is
(
a r 10 − 1 )
= 100 ; a =
100
=
r −1 22.015
4.54 cm to 3 s.f.
21 The fifth term is r4. The sum of the subsequent
5
terms is ar5 + ar6 + ar7+ ... = ar .
1−r
5
Hence ar = 9ar 4 ; r = 9 ; r = 9(1 – r); 10r = 9;
1−r 1−r
r = 0.9.
a a
Then S∞ = = = 10a .
1 − r 0.1
74
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
6 Differentiation
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge 6 a f(x) = x2 − 6x + 5 so f ′(x) = 2x − 6

b f ′(1) = −4 and f ′(11) = 16
1 a 7 b −0.3
1 c
c d −2 y
2 8
2 a 2x2 − 8x 6
b x3 + 3x2 4
c x2 + 4x − 5x − 20 = x2 − x − 20 2
d 9x2 + 3x + 3x + 1 = 9x2 + 6x + 1 0 x
–4 –2 2 4 6 8
1 −1 –2
3 a x−3 b x2 c x 2
–4
1 3
d x3 e x2 –6
y
Exercise 6.1A 6
1 a 3 b 6x c 6x + 4 4
2 a 2x + 4 b 2x − 4 c 4 − 2x 2
dy
3 a y = x2 + 6x, = 2x + 6 –6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 x
dx –2
dy
b y = x2 − 2x − 3, = 2x −
c2
–4
dx
–6
dy
c y = 4x2 + 12x + 9, = 8x + 12 –8
8
dx
–10
dy
4 a = 2x + 1
dx
dy dy
b i at (0, −6) ii If x = 0, = 1. 7 = 30x − 30
dx dx
dy dy
c At (2, 0) and (−3, 0), the gradients are 5 and −5. a If x = 1, then =0 b If x = 5, then = 120
dx dx
5 a f ′(x) = − 2x 8 y = kx(x − 4) = kx2 − 4kx
b f ′(−1) = 2 and f ′(3) = −6 dy
= 2kx − 4k
c dx
y dy
When x = 4, = 2.
3 dx
2 2k × 4 − 4k = 2
1 8k − 4k = 2
0 x 4k = 2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1 1
k = or 0.5
2
–2
–3
–4
75
6 DIFFERENTIATION
9 a
dy
dx
= 2x − 6 ; where the curve crosses the y-axis 13 a 4+h = 4 1+ ( h4 ) = 4 1+
h
4
=2 1+
h
4
x = 0 and then the gradient is −6.
h
b The curve crosses the x-axis where Using the result given with a = , if h is
4
( h8 ) = 2 + h4 .
x2 – 6x – 16 = 0; (x – 8)(x + 2) = 0; x = 8 or −2.
dy small then 4 + h ≈ 2 1 +
If x = 8, = 16 − 6 = 10;
dx
if x = −2, dy = −4 − 6 = −10.
(
b P and Q are (4, 2) and 4 + h, 4 + h . )
dx The gradient of
(1.1, 1.13) h
10 a P is (1, 1) and A is so the gradient of PA 4+h −2 2+ 4 −2 1
PQ = ≈ = ; the gradient
3
1.1 − 1 4+h−4 h 4
is = 3.31.
1.1 − 1
1
of the curve at P is .
b (1 + h)3 = 1 + 3h + 3h2 + h3 so B is 4
(1 + h, 1 + 3h + 3h2 + h3) dy
14 a = 18 − 4x ; at A 18 – 4x = – 2; 4x = 20; x = 5 and
The gradient of PB is dx
1 + 3h + 3h 2 + h3 − 1 3h + 3h 2 + h3 y = 45; A is (5, 45)
= = 3 + 3h + h 2.
1+h −1 h b At A the equation of the tangent is
c As h approaches 0, 3 + 3h + h2 approaches 3 y – 45 = – 2(x – 5) or y + 2x = 55.
so the gradient = 3. This crosses the y-axis at (0, 55) and the
x-axis at (27.5, 0).
11 a A is (1, 2) and B is (3, 12). The gradient of
12 − 2 The area of the triangle is 55 × 27.5 ÷ 2 = 756.25.
AB = =5
3−1
Exercise 6.2A
b The y-coordinate of Q is (2 – h)2 + (2 – h)
= 4 – 4h + h2 + 2 – h = 6 – 5h + h2. 1 a 2 × 3x2 = 6x2 b 0.5 × 4x3 = 2x3
c 0.1 × 5x4 = 0.5x4 d 50 × 3x2 = 150x2
The y-coordinate of P
is (2 + h)2 + (2 + h) = 4 + 4h + h2 + 2 + h 2 a 3x2 + 8x − 8 b 6x2 − 10x + 6
= 6 + 5h + h2. 3 a 4x3 + 16x b 5x4 − 30x2 + 2
The gradient of PQ =
4 a 3x2 − 4x
(6 + 5h + h ) − (6 − 5h + h ) = 10h = 5.
2 2
b i When x = 2, 3x2 − 4x = 12 − 8 = 4.
(2 + h) − (2 − h) 2h
ii When x = −1, 3x2 − 4x = 3 + 4 = 7.
dy
= 2x + 1 so the gradient at (2, 6) is 2 × 2 + 1 5 a f ′(x) = 0.5 × 4x3 − 2 × 2x + 1 = 2x3 − 4x + 1
dx
= 5 = the gradient of PQ. b i When x = −1, 2x3 − 4x + 1 = −2 + 4 + 1 = 3.
ii When x = 1, 2x3 − 4x + 1 = 2 − 4 + 1 = −1.
12 a If y = 0, then (x + 3)(x – 4) = 0 and so x = −3 or 4
iii When x = 2, 2x3 − 4x + 1 = 16 − 8 + 1 = 9.
dy
y= x2 – x – 12 and so = 2x − 1.
dx 6 a y = 2x3 + 5x2
dy dy
At (−3, 0), = ( 2 × −3) − 1 = −7 ; at (4, 0), = 6x2 + 10x
dx dx
dy b y = x(x2 − 8x + 16) = x3 − 8x2 + 16x
= ( 2 × 4 ) − 1 = 7.
dx
dy
= 3x2 − 16x + 16
dy dx
b At (5, 8) = 2 × 5 − 1 = 9 so the equation of
dx c y = x 3 + x2 + x + 1
the tangent is y – 8 = 9(x – 5) or y = 9x – 37. dy
= 3x2 + 2x + 1
dy 3 dx
c If = 2, then 2x – 1 = 2 and x = = 1.5 ;
dx 2
y = (1.5 + 3)(1.5 – 4) = – 11.25.
The point is (1.5, −11.25).
76
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
7 a f(x) = x3 + 3x2 dy
13 = 3x 2 − 4x − 5 . The gradient of the straight line
f ′(x) = 3x2 + 6x dx
b i f ′(−3) = 27 − 18 = 9 is 10.
dy
ii f ′(−2) = 12 − 12 = 0 If = 10, then 3x2 – 4x – 5 = 10;
dx
iii f ′(1) = 3 + 6 = 9 3x2 – 4x – 15 = 0; (3x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
8 y = x(x2 − 6x + 8) = x3 − 6x2 + 8x 5
So x = − or 3 and the points on the curve are
3
dy
= 3x2 − 12x + 8 (−1.67, 4.15) and (3, 0)
dx
dy The second of these is on the straight line and so
If x = 0, = 8. the line is the tangent at that point.
dx
dy 14 a (x + a)(x – a) = x2 – a2 so f(x) = (x2 – a2)2
If x = 2, = 12 − 24 + 8 = −4.
dx
(x2 – a2)2 = x4 – 2a2 x2 + a4 hence f' (x) = 4x3 – 4a2 x
dy
If x = 4, = 48 − 48 + 8 = 8. b If f' (x) = 0, then 4x3 – 4a2 x = 0; x3 – a2 x = 0;
dx
x(x2 – a2) = 0;
dy dy
9 a = 3x 2 − 4x + 1; at A x = 0, y = 3 and = 1; x(x + a)(x – a) = 0; x = 0, a or –a; then y = a4, 0 or 0
dx dx
the equation of the tangent is y – 3 = x or y = x + 3. The points are (0, a4), (a, 0) and (−a, 0)
b If x = 2, then x3 – 2x2 + x + 3 = 5 and so (2, 5) Exercise 6.3A
is on the curve.
Also if x = 2, then x + 3 = 5 so the point (2, 5) dy 2
1 a y = x−2 and so = −2x−3 = − 3
is also on the tangent. dx x
dy 6
dy b y = 2x−3 and so 2 × (−3)x−4 = − 4
10 a y = 8x2 – x4 ⇒ = 16x − 4x 3 ; if x = −3, then dx x
dx
1
dy 1 − 32
dy c y = x 3; = x
= −48 + 108 = 60 dx 3
dx
dy 5 5 −1 3
b If 16x – 4x3 = 0, then 4x – x3 = 0; x(4 – x2) = 0; d = 4 × x 2 = 10x 2
dx 2
x(2 + x)(2 – x) = 0
1
So x = 0, −2 or 2; The three points are (0, 0), ds 1 −1 5
2 a s = 10t 2 so = 10 × t 2 =
dt 2 t
(−2, 16) and (2, 16)
ds 50
11 a f(x) = x4 – 2cx2 + c2 so f ′(x) = 4x3 – 4cx b s = 50t–1 + 10 so = 50 × −1 × t −2 = − 2
dt t
b If f ′(x) = 0, then 4x3 – 4cx = 0; x(x2 – c) = 0;
ds 20
x = 0 or x2 = c c s = 10t2 – 10t–2 so = 20t + 20t −3 = 20t + 3
dt t
If c ! 0 the only solution is x = 0 and there is
one point where the gradient is 0. 3 a f(x) = 24x−1
If c > 0, there are three solutions, 0, c and 24
f ′(x) = −24x−2 = −
x2
− c and hence there are three points.
b i f ′(6) = − 242 = − 2
12 y = x(x2 – 6x + 9) – 8 = x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 8 6 3
dy 24 3
Hence = 3x 2 − 12x + 9 ii f ′(4) = − 2 = −
dx 4 2
If the gradient is −3, then 3x2 – 12x + 9 = – 3; 3x2 – iii f ′(−2) = − 24 = −6
12x + 12 = 0 (−2)2
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0; (x – 2)2 = 0; x = 2 iv f ′(24) = − 242 = − 1
If x = 2, then y = 2(2 – 3)2 – 8 = – 6 so P is (2, −6) 24 24
The equation of the tangent is y + 6 = – 3(x − 2) c If x ≠ 0, then x² is positive and the gradient
or y = – 3x and this passes through the origin. 24
− 2 is negative.
x
77
6 DIFFERENTIATION
1 5 5
4 a y = x2 b i f ′(2) = − =−
22 4
dy 1 − 12 1 5 1
= x = ii f ′(10) = − 2 = − = −0.05
dx 2 2 x 10 20
dy 1 1
i If x = 4, = = . c f ′(x) = −
5
= −5
dx 2 4 4
x2
dy 1 1
ii If x = 9, = = . x2 = 1
dx 2 9 6
x = 1 or −1
dy 1 1
iii If x = 100, = = . Points are (1, 7) and (−1, −3).
dx 2 100 20
1
b
1
=
1 dy 2 − 32
7 a y = 2x 3 ⇒ = x ; if x = 125 then
2 x 2 dx 3
x = 1 and the coordinates are (1, 1). dy 2 −2 2 1 2
= 125 3 = × 2 =
1 dx 3 3 5 75
c =1
2 x 1 3
b The equation is x = 3 8y ; 8y = x3; y = x
1 8
x = dy 1 3
2 c For the reflection = × 3x 2 = x 2 ; Q is
( )
1 dx 8 8
x= and the coordinates are 1 , 1 .
4 4 2 the point (10, 125).
3 75
5 a y=
1
x + 2x−1 The gradient is × 100 = = reciprocal
2 8 2
2
dy 1 1 2 of .
= − 2x −2 = − 2 75
dx 2 2 x
8 a f(x) = x4 + 6x2 + 9 so f'(x) = 4x3 + 12x
dy 1 2 1 1
If x = 2, = − = − = 0. b h(x) = x3 (x4 + 6x2 + 9) = x7 + 6x5 + 9x3
dx 2 22 2 2
So h'(x) = 7x6 + 30x4 + 27x2
dy 1 2 1 1
If x = −2, = − = − = 0.
dx 2 (−2)2 2 2 x 2 + 2ax + a 2
9 y= = x + 2a + a2 x–1; hence
x
dy 1 2 1 1 dy a2
b If x = 0.5, = − = − 8 = −7 . = 1 − a 2x −2 = 1 − 2 .
dx 2 0.52 2 2 dx x
dy 1 2 1 1 3
= − = − = . a2
If x = 4, If 1 − = 0, then x2 = a2 and x = ±a
dx 2 4 2 2 8 8 x2
(2a)2
dy 1 2 If x = a, then y = = 4a. If x = −a, then y = 0. The
c = − a
dx 2 x 2
points are (a, 4a) and (–a, 0).
If x is large, 22 is a small positive number
( 44 ) = 5 = 25 so (4, 25) is on the
2
x
1 10 a f ( 4 ) = 4 + 2
and the gradient is close to .
2 curve.
1
The larger x is, the closer the gradient is to . b f(x) = x2 + 8 + 16x–2 so
2
32
5 f'(x) = 2x – 32x–3 = 2x −
6 a f(x) = 2 + = 2 + 5x−1 x3
x
32 1 15
5 c f ′ (4) = 8 − =8− =
f ′(x) = −5x−2 = − 2 64 2 2
x
The equation of the tangent is
15
y − 25 = (x − 4) ; 2y – 50 = 15x – 60;
2
2y = 15x – 10.
78
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exercise 6.4A The gradient at x = 4 on the first is the

gradient at x = 4 – 5 = −1 on the second.
dy 1
1 a = 2(4x + 2) × 4 = 8(4x + 2) or 16(2x + 1)
dx 6 a y = (2x + 5)2 so
dy dy 1 −1 1 1
b = 3(4x + 2)2 × 4 = 12(4x + 2)2 = × (2x + 5) 2 × 2 = =
dx dx 2 2x + 5 y
dy b If x = 2, then y = 4 + 5 = 3.
c = 5(4x + 2)4 × 4 = 20(4x + 2)4
dx
dy 1
dy c At (2, 3) = and the equation of the
dx 3
2 a = 10(8 − x)9 × −1 = −10(8 − x)9
dx 1
tangent is y − 3 = (x − 2).
3
dy
b = 10(1 + 3x2)9 × 6x = 60x(1 + 3x2)9 1
dx On the x-axis y = 0 and −3 = (x − 2);
3
dy x – 2 = – 9; x = – 7. The point is (−7, 0).
c = 10(6x − 3x2)9 × (6 − 6x) = 60(6x − 3x2)9(1 − x)
dx
600 600
7 a When x = 10, y = = =4
1
1 −1 1 10 2 + 50 150
3 a f(x) = ( x − 3) so f'(x) =
2
2
( x − 3) 2 = .
2 x−3 so (10, 4) is on the curve.
1
1 2x − 3 − 12 × 2 = 1 b y = 600(x2 + 50)–1
2( )
b f(x) = ( 2x − 3) 2 so f'(x) = .
2x − 3 dy
= –600(x2 + 50)–2 × 2x
−1
dx
( )
1
( 1
) 2 1 2
c f(x) = x 2 − 3 so f'(x) = 2 x − 3 2
× 2x =
x
x2 − 3 =−
1200x
( )
1 2 − x
x − 3 2 × 2x = . (x 2 + 50)2
2 2
x −3
dy 12000 12000 24 8
4 a y = 20(2 + x)−1 c At x = 10, =− =− =− =−
dx 150 2 22500 45 15
dy 20 8
= 20 × −1 × (2 + x)−2 × 1 = − So y − 4 = − (x − 10), 8x + 15y = 140
dx ( 2 + x )2 15
dy 20
If x = 2, the gradient =− = −1.25 8 a f ( −6 ) = 100 − (−6)2 = 64 = 8 so (−6, 8) is on
dx 16
the curve.
b Where the gradient is –0.2, − 20 = −0.2. 1
( 2 + x )2 (
b f ( x ) = 100 − x 2 2 ; )
Therefore (2 + x)2 = 100.
Take the positive root: 2 + x = 10. −1
Therefore x = 8 and y = 2. The point is (8, 2).

f′(x ) =
1
2(100 − x 2 ) 2
× (−2x) =
−x
100 − x 2
5 a f(x) = 20(x – 2)–1 so 6 3
So the gradient of the tangent = f ′ ( −6 ) = = .
8 4
−2 20
f ′ ( x ) = 20 × ( −1)( x − 2) ×1 = − . 8 4
(x − 2)2 The gradient of OP = =−
−6 3
20
f ′ (4) = − = −5 −
4 3
× = −1 so the lines are perpendicular.
22 3 4
b g(x) = 20(x + 3)–1 so dy dy
9 = 3(2x − 3)2 × 2 = 6(2x − 3)2 ; if = 24, then
dx dx
−2 20
g′ ( x ) = 20 × ( −1)( x + 3) ×1 = − 6(2x – 3)2 = 24; (2x – 3)2 = 4;
(x + 3)2
20 2x – 3 = 2 or −2; x = 2.5 or 0.5; then y = 8 or – 8;
g′ ( −1) = − = −5 points (2.5, 8) and (0.5, −8)
22
 −5 1 x +1 1 x +1−1 x
c A translation of y = f(x) by   is 10 a 1 − = − = =
0 x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1
20 20 b f'(x) is the derivative of
= = g(x).
(x + 5) − 2 x − 3 −1 −2 1
1 − ( x + 1) = ( x + 1) = .
(x + 1)2
79
6 DIFFERENTIATION
x 1 dy
c g(x ) = = + 1 and the derivative 2 a = 6 − 4x
x −1 x −1 dx
−2 1
is −1 × ( x − 1) = − . At a stationary point,
dy
= 0.
(x − 1)2 dx
−2x 6 − 4x = 0
11 a f(x) = (x2 + 4)–1; f'(x) = –1 × (x2 + 4)–2 × 2x =
( )
2
x2 + 4
( ) = 9.5.
2
1 1 1
x =1 and y = 5 + 6 × 1 − 2 × 1
2 2 2
x2 x2 + 4 − 4 4
b g(x ) = 2 = =1− 2 = 1 − 4f(x)
x +4 x2 + 4 x +4 Coordinates are (1.5, 9.5).
So g′ ( x ) = −4f ′ ( x ) =
8x
. d 2y
b = −4 which is negative when x = 1.5
(x )
2
2
+4 dx 2
(in fact it is always negative) so the point is a
80
12 a If x = 2, then y = = 5. maximum point.
42
c
b y = 80(x + 2)–2; then
dy −3 160 y
= 80 × ( −2) × ( x + 2) = − .
dx (x + 2)3
9.5
dy 160
If x = 2, then = − 3 = −2.5.
dx 4 5
The equation of the tangent is y – 5 = –2.5(x – 2) 0 1.5 x
or y + 2.5x = 10.
10
If x = 0, y = 10; if y = 0, x = = 4; the area 3 a and b
2.5
1
of the triangle is × 10 × 4 = 20. 10
2
dy 8
Exercise 6.5A = 6 – 2x y = x (6 – x)
dx 6
dy 4
1 a = 2x − 12
dx
2
dy
At a stationary point, = 0.
dx –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2x − 12 = 0 –2
x = 6 and y = 62 − 12 × 6 − 20 = −56 –4
Coordinates are (6, −56). –6
–8
d 2y
b = 2 which is positive when x = 6
dx 2 y = 6x − x2
(in fact it is always positive) so the point is a dy
= 6 − 2x
minimum point. dx
c dy
c Where the graph of crosses the x-axis
dx
y gives the x-coordinate of a turning point.
d 2y
d = −2, a constant value
dx 2
0 6 x y
–20
0 x
–2
–56
80
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 a f ′(x) = 6x2 − 18x + 12 dy

6 = 4x3 − 4x
At a stationary point: f'(x) = 0 dx
At a stationary point:
6x2 − 18x + 12 = 0
4x3 − 4x = 0
Divide by 6 and factorise: x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
4x(x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
(x − 1)(x − 2) = 0;
x = 0, 1 or −1
x = 1 or 2.
The stationary points are (0, 0), (1, −1) and (−1, −1).
f(1) = 2 – 9 + 12 + 8 = 13 and
f(2) = 16 – 36 + 24 + 8 = 12. d 2y
= 12x2 − 4
The stationary points are (1, 13) and (2, 12). dx 2
d 2y
b f ″(x) = 12x − 18 If x = 0, = −4 and is negative so (0, 0) is a
dx 2
f ″(1) = 12 – 18 = −6 maximum point.
(1, 13) is a maximum point. d 2y
If x = 1, = 8 and is positive so (1, −1) is a
f ″(2) = 24 – 18 = 6 dx 2
minimum point.
(2, 12) is a minimum point.
2
c If x = −1, d y2 = 8 and is positive so (−1, −1) is a
y dx
minimum point.
13 7 a f ′(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 3(x2 + 2x + 1) = 3(x + 1)2
12
8 which, because of the square, is " 0 for all
values of x. The function is increasing.
0 x b f ′(x) = 3(x2 + 4)2 × 2x = 6x(x2 + 4)2. This is
1 2
negative if x is negative and positive if x is
positive. The function is neither increasing
nor decreasing.
dy 300
5 a = 3x2 − 12x − 180 c f(x) = 100x−3 so f'(x) = 100 × −3x−4 = − 4 . Now
dx x
dy 300
At a stationary point, = 0. x ≠ 0 so x4 is always positive and so − 4 is
dx x
3x2 − 12x − 180 = 0 always negative. The function is decreasing.
Divide by 3 and factorise. 1

8 y = 10x−1 + x
x2 − 4x − 60 = 0 4
dy 1
(x − 10)(x + 6) = 0 = −10x−2 +
dx 4
x = 10 or −6
At a stationary point:
If x = 10, y = 103 − 6 × 102 − 180 × 10 = −1400. 1
−10x−2 + = 0
(10, −1400) 4
x = −6, y = (−6)3 − 6 × (−6)2 − 180 × (−6) = 648 Rearrange.
The stationary points are (10, −1400) and 1
10x−2 =
4
(− 6, 648).
40 = x2
d 2y
b = 6x − 12 x = 40 = 2 10
dx 2
d 2y
If x = 10, = 48 > 0, so (10, −1400) is a dv
dx 2 9 =6−t
dt
minimum point.
dv
d 2y At a maximum point: = 0.
dt
If x = − 6, = −48 < 0, so (− 6, 648) is a
dx 2 6−t=0
maximum point.
t=6
81
6 DIFFERENTIATION
d 2v Exercise 6.6A
= −1 which is negative for any value of t so
dt 2
1 a This parabola crosses the x-axis at 1 and −3.
this is a maximum point.
y
If t = 6, v = 10 + 6 × 6 − 0.5 × 62 = 10 + 36 − 18 = 28.
The maximum speed is 28 m s−1.
dy
10 a = 23 − 10t
dt
–3
0
1 x
When the height is a maximum:
dy
=0
dt
–3
23 − 10t = 0 –4
4
t = 2.3
b y = x2 + 2x − 3
d 2y
= −10 < 0 so this is a maximum point. dy
dt 2 = 2x + 2
dx
When x = 2.3, y = 23 × 2.3 − 5 × 2.32
dy
= 26.45. c If x = 3, = 2 × 3 + 2 = 8.
dx
The maximum height is 26.45 m. The equation of the tangent is y − 12 = 8(x − 3)
b Air resistance will reduce the maximum y − 12 = 8x − 24
height of the ball.
y = 8x − 12
dy 1
11 a = 3x 2 + 12x − 15 . At a stationary point d The gradient of the normal is −
dx 8
dy The equation of the normal is
= 0 so 3x2 + 12x – 15 = 0;
dx
y − 12 = − 1 (x − 3).
x2 + 4x – 5 = 0; (x + 5)(x – 1) = 0; x = −5 or 1. 8
If x = −5, then y = – 125 + 150 + 75 – 90 = 10 so 8y − 96 = −x + 3
(−5, 10) is a stationary point. x + 8y = 99
2
d y d y 2 dy
= 6x + 12, and if x = −5 then = −18 e If x = −3, = 2 × −3 + 2 = −4, the tangent is
dx 2 dx 2 dx
and so (−5, 10) is a maximum point. y − 0 = −4(x + 3)
y + 4x + 12 = 0
dy
b If y = x3 + ax2 + bx + c, then = 3x 2 + 2ax + b . 1
dx The gradient of the normal is and the
4
There are two stationary points if the equation is y = 1 (x + 3) or 4y = x + 3.
quadratic equation has two distinct roots. 4
That is when the determinant ‘b2 – 4ac’ > 0; 2 a If x = −1, y = (−1)3 − 4 × (−1)2 = −5 so (−1, −5) is
(2a)2 – 4 × 3b > 0; 4a2 – 12b > 0; 4a2 > 12b; a2 > 3b. on the curve.
dy
12 a f′(x) = 3x2 + 2ax, and if f′(x) = 0 then 3x2 + 2ax = 0; b = 3x2 − 8x
dx
x(3x + 2a) = 0; dy
2a c If x = −1, = 3 × (−1)2 − 8 × (−1) = 3 + 8 = 11.
x = 0 or − . There is a stationary point if x = 0. dx
3 The equation of the tangent is y + 5 = 11(x + 1).
b f ″ (x) = 6x + 2a; if x = 0, then f ″ (x) = 2a; if a > 0 y + 5 = 11x + 11
then f ″ (x) > 0 and the point is a minimum point.
y = 11x + 6
c There is another stationary point where
2a 24 d The equation of the normal is y + 5 = − 1 (x + 1).
x=− =− = −8. 11
3 3
11y + 55 = −x − 1
Then f(–8) = (–8)3 + 12 × (–8)2 + 6 = 262; the
point is (−8, 262). 11y +x = −56
82
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 y = 12x−2 The tangent crosses the x-axis at 3.5 and the

dy 1
= −24x−3 area of the triangle is × 14 × 3.5 = 24.5.
dx 2
If x = 1, dy = −24. 6 a
dx
The gradient of the normal is 1 . y
24
The equation of the normal is y − 12 = 1 (x − 1).
2
24
24y − 288 = x − 1
24y = x + 287 –4
0 x
1
4 a y = 12x 2 1
dy 1 −1
dy −1 b y = (x + 4)2 so = (x + 4) 2 .
= 6x 2 = 6 dx 2
dx x dy 1 1 1
6 At P, x = 0 and so y = 2 and = × = .
dy dx 2 2 4
If x = 4, = = 3.
dx 4
1 The equation of the tangent at P is
Gradient of normal = − . 1
3
1 y − 2 = (x − 0) or just y − 2 = 1 x.
Equation of normal is y − 24 = − (x − 4). 4 4
3 At Q, y = 0 and so x = –8 and the coordinates
3y − 72 = −x + 4
of Q are (–8, 0).
x + 3y = 76
dy dy 2 − 13
6 3 7 a = x
b If x = 100, = = . dx 3
dx 100 5
dy 2 −1 2 1 1
3 If x = 8, = ×8 3 = × = .
Gradient of tangent = . dx 3 3 2 3
5
3 1
Equation of tangent is y − 120 = (x − 100). The equation of the tangent is y − 4 = (x − 8).
5 3
5y − 600 = 3x − 300 3y − 12 = x − 8
5y = 3x + 300 3y = x + 4
dy b You need to find the coordinates of the point.
5 a = −2x
dx
dy −1
dy If = 1, 2x 3 = 1.
If x = 2, = −4 and the equation of the dx 6 3 6
dx
tangent is y − 6 = −4(x − 2). −1
4x 3 =1
y − 6 = −4x + 8 1
y + 4x = 14 4 = x3
x = 43 = 64
b Draw a diagram. Only the tangent is required.
2
y y = 64 3 = 42 = 16
1
Equation of tangent is y − 16 = (x − 64).
6
6y − 96 = x − 64
10 6y = x + 32
8 a y = x(10 − x) so it crosses the x-axis at 0 and 10.
y
x
–10 10
0 x
10
10
83
6 DIFFERENTIATION
dy Where it meets the x-axis y = 0

b = 10 − 2x
dx 100 100
dy and − = − 2 × ( x − a ) so a = x – a and x = 2a
a a
If x = 3, = 10 − 2 × 3 = 4.
dx 1 200
The area of the triangle is × × 2a = 200.
Equation of tangent is y − 21 = 4(x − 3). 2 a
y − 21 = 4x − 12 dy dy
11 a = 2x ; at P = 2a and the gradient of the
dx dx
y = 4x + 9
tangent is 2a.
1
Equation of normal is y − 21 = − (x − 3). The equation of the tangent is y – a2 = 2a(x – a);
4
4y − 84 = −x + 3 at the point T, x = 0 and y – a2 = – 2a2; y = – a2;
4y + x = 87 so OT = a²
Sketch the tangent and the normal (the A is the point (0, a²) and so OA = a² = OT.
1
curve is not necessary). b The gradient of the normal is − and the
2a
y 1
equation is y − a 2 = − (x − a)
2a
1
21.75 (3, 21) At N, x = 0 and y − a 2 = − 1 × (−a); y = a 2 + ;
2a 2
1 1
hence ON = a 2 + and AN = ON – OA = .
2 2
9
1 3
12 The normal is y = x − which has a gradient of
2 2
0 x 1
3 so the gradient of the tangent at P is −2
2
dy
If y = x2 + 4x, then = 2x + 4; if 2x + 4 = – 2,
The tangent meets the y-axis at 9. The dx
87 3 then 2x = – 6 and x = –3.
normal meets the y-axis at = 21 .
4 4 Then y = 9 – 12 = – 3; P is (−3, −3).
The area of the triangle is
13 a If x = 16 then y = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 so P is on
1
2( 3
) 1
21 − 9 × 3 = 19 or 19.125.
4 8 the curve.
1
dy 1 −1 1
9 y = a(1 + x2)−1 b y = (x + 9)2 so = (x + 9) 2 = ; if
dx 2 2 x+9
dy dy 1
Using the chain rule, = a × −1(1 + x2)−2 × 2x x = 16, then = .
dx dx 10
−2ax
= . 1
(1 + x 2)2 The equation of the tangent is y − 5 = (x − 16);
10
a dy −2a −a
If x = 1 then y = and = 2 = . at A y = 0 and −5 =
1
(x − 16); – 50 = x – 16; x = −34
2 dx 2 2 10
a a and A is (−34, 0).
The equation of the tangent is y − = − (x − 1).
2 2
The gradient of the normal is −10; The equation
Where this meets the y-axis, x = 0 and then
of the normal is y – 5 = –10(x – 16); at B y = 0 and
a a
y − = so y = a and this is the point where the 1
2 2 – 5 = –10(x – 16); = x − 16; x = 16.5 and A is
2
curve crosses the y-axis. (16.5, 0).
100
10 f(x) = 100x–1 so f ′ ( x ) = −100x −2 = − 2 ; The length of AB is 34 + 16.6 = 50.5.
x
100
f ′ (a ) = − 2 Exercise 6.7A
a
The equation of the tangent is 1 When the depth is h cm, the volume V = π × 302 × h
100 100
y− = − 2 (x − a) = 900πh cm3.
a a
dV dV
Where it meets the y-axis, x = 0 and = −400 cm3 s−1 and = 900π
dt dh
100 100 100 200
y− = − 2 × ( −a ) = so y = .
a a a a
84
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
dV dV dh dh dV dV dx dx dx 50
= × so −400 = 900π × = × so 50 = 3x2 × and =
dt dh dt dt dt dx dt dt dt 3x 2
dh 400 The rate of increase of the surface area is

Therefore =− = −0.141.
dt 900π dA dA dx 50 200
The depth is decreasing at a rate of 0.141 cm s−1. = × = 12x × 2 = .
dt dx dt 3x x
dA dA 200
2 The area is A = πr2 and = 2πr. When x = 5, = = 40 cm2 s−1.
dr dt 5
dr dA dA dr dx
= 0.3 and = × = 2πr × 0.3 = 0.6πr 7 = 0.2 and the volume is x2h = 1000 and
dt dt dr dt dt
dA dh dh dx
a When r = 5, = 0.6π × 5 = 9.42 cm2 s−1. = × .
dt dt dx dt
dA 1000 dh 2000
b When r = 10, = 0.6π × 10 = 18.8 cm2 s−1. h= = 1000x−2 so = −2000x−3 = − 3 .
dt x2 dx x
dA dh = − 2000 × 0.2 = − 400 .
c When r = 15, = 0.6π × 15 = 28.3 cm2 s−1. Therefore
dt dt x3 x3
3 If the radius is r then the surface area A = 4πr2. When the shape is a cube, x = h and x3 = 1000 so
dr dA dh 400
dt
= 0.5 and
dr
= 8πr =− = −0.4.
dt 1000
dA dA dr The height is decreasing at a rate of 0.4 cm s−1
= × = 8πr × 0.5 = 4πr
dt dr dt 2
du 2 − 1 100
dA 8 a u = 150w 3 so = 150 × w 3 = 3 ; if w = 8,
When r = 2.8, = 4π × 2.8 = 35.2 cm2 s−1. dw 3 w
dt
du 100
= 3 = 50
4 3 dV dV dw 8
4 The volume V = πr , = 30 and = 4πr2.
3 dt dr
dw
b = 0.05
dV dV dr dr dt
= × so 30 = 4πr2 × and
dt dr dt dt
du du dw 100 dw 5
dr = 30 = 7.5 . c = × = 3 × = 3 ; when w = 64,
dt dw dt w dt w
dt 4πr 2 πr 2
du 5 5
dr = = = 1.25
a When r = 4, = 7.5 = 0.0746 cm s−1. dt 3
64 4
dt 2π × 16
dV dA dV dV dA
dr 9 a × = ; = 4πr 2 and = 2πr so
b When r = 8, = 7.5 = 0.0187 cm s−1. dA dr dr dr dr
dt 2π × 64
dV
5 When the depth is h the radius of the circle × 2πr = 4πr 2 ; dV = 2r
dA dA
8
is h = 0.4h. 1000
20 b V = = 100; the volume is 100 cm³
1 5+5
The volume of water V = π × (0.4h)2 × h = 0.1676h3 dV
3 c V = 1000(t + 5)–1; = −1000(t + 5)−2 ; when t = 5,
dV dt
and = 0.5027h2.
dh dV 1000
=− = 10 cm³s-1
dV dV dV dh dh dt 10 2
= 25 and = × so 25 = 0.5027h2 ×
dt dt dh dt dt 1
dp −1 0.2
dh 49.74 10 a 10 + 0.4t 2; = 0.2t 2 = ; when t = 100,
and = . dt t
dt h2
dp 0.2
When h = 12,
dh 49.74
= = 0.345 cm s−1. = = 0.02
dt 10
dt 122
dv dv dp 1200 dv 1200
6 If the side of the cube is x cm then the volume b = × ;v= so =− 2
dt dp dt p dp p
V = x3 and the surface area A = 6x2.
dV dA
= 50, dV = 3x2 and = 12x When t = 100 p = 10 + 0.4 100 = 14;
dt dx dx
dv dv dp 1200
= × =− × 0.02 = −0.122 to 3d.p.
dt dp dt 14 2
85
6 DIFFERENTIATION
Exam-style questions 1
5 a y = (a + bx 2)2 and
1 a y = 2x + 8x−1 −1
dy 1 bx
= (a + bx 2) 2 × 2bx =
dy 8 dx 2 1
dx
= 2 − 8x−2 = 2 − 2 (a + bx 2)2
x
1
1 dy .
8 b Since y = (a + bx 2)2 , x = x = ×
b If y = 10, then 2x + = 10; 2x2 + 8 = 10x; y 1 b dx
x (a + bx 2)2
2x2 − 10x + 8 = 0. dy
6 a y = x4 – px2; = 4x 3 − 2px
Divide by 2: x2 − 5x + 4 = 0; dx
factorise: (x − 1)(x − 4) = 0.
dy
b If p = 8, then = 4x 3 − 16x
So x = 1 or 4 dx
If x = 1, then dy = 2 − 8 = −6; if x = 4, then At a stationary point 4x3 − 16x = 0.
dx
dy Divide by 4 and factorise.
= 2 − 0.5 = 1.5.
dx
x(x2 − 4) = 0
2 The gradient is 0 when x = −1 or 4. x(x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
y x = 0, 2 or −2
If x = 0, y = 0.
If x = 2, y = 24 − 8 × 22 = −16.
If x = −2, y = (−24) − 8 × (−22) = −16.
–1
0
4 x
Stationary points are (0, 0), (2, −16) and (−2, −16).
d 2y
c = 12x 2 − 16
3 a y= 3x2 – 3x + ax – a dx 2
dy
= 6x − 3 + a d 2y
dx If x = 2, then = 48 − 16 = 32 > 0 so (2, −16) is
dx 2
b 6x – 3 + a = a
a minimum point.
6x = 3
d 2y
1 If x = – 2, then= 32 > 0 so (−2, −16) is a
x= dx 2
2
minimum point.
y= ( 32 + a )(− 12 ) d 2y
If x = 0, then = 0 and this does not
dx 2
3 a
=− − determine the type of stationary point at (0, 0).
4 2
However the other two stationary points are
( 1 3 a
,− −
2 4 2 ) below (0, 0) so it is a maximum point.
d y
1 3 1
4 a y= x 2(x + 4) = x2 + 4x 2
dy 3 12 −1
= x + 2x 2 0 x
dx 2 –2 2
3 12 −1
b At a stationary point x + 2x 2 = 0. –16
2
1
3 3
Multiply by x2: x + 2 = 0; x = −2;
2 2
4 1
x=− or −1 .
3 3
86
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
dy The roots of the equation p(16p – 15) = 0 are

7 = 6x2 − 12x − 12
dx 15
p = 0 or
16
If the gradient is 6, then 6x2 − 12x − 12 = 6. There are two distinct stationary points if
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 15
p < 0 or p >
16
(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0
b If p = 1 the stationary points are given by
x = 3 or −1 3x2 − 8x + 5 = 0.
If x = 3, y = 2 × 27 − 6 × 9 − 12 × 3 + 4 = −32. x = 1 or 5 .
3
If x = −1, y = − 2 − 6 + 12 + 4 = 8. If x = 1, y = –9 and
if x = 5 , y = – 247 or –9.148.
The points are (3, −32) and (−1, 8). 3 27
The coordinates of the stationary points are
8 a dh = 0.4t − 0.03t2
dt (
(1, –9) and 5 , − 247
3 27 )
1
dh 11 a f(x) = (5x + 4)2 and so using the chain rule
When t = 10, dt = 4 − 3 = 1.
1
1 (5x + 4)− 2 5
f ′(x) = × ×5= .
Speed is 1 m s−1 upwards. 2 2 5x + 4
dh If x ! 0, then 5x + 4 is always positive. So is
b At the highest point, = 0.
dt f ′(x) and this means the function is increasing.
0.4t − 0.03t2 = 0 5 5
b When x = 1, f ′(x) = = The gradient of
t(0.4 − 0.03t) = 0 2×3 6
5
Either t = 0, which is when the drone starts, the tangent is .
6
or 0.4 − 0.03t = 0. Hence the gradient of the normal is − 6 and
5
t=
0.4
= 13
1 the equation is y − 3 = − 6 (x − 1) which can be
0.03 3 5
2 rearranged as 5y − 15 = −6x + 6 or 5y + 6x = 21.
This is of 20 seconds, showing the ascent
3 5 5
c f′(x ) = so f ′ (1) = and the
is twice as long as the descent. 2 5x + 4 6
a y = x2 + 250x−1 5
9 tangent at (1, 3) is y − 3 = (x − 1).
6
dy 5
= 2x − 250x−2 Where it meets the y-axis, x = 0 and y − 3 = − ,
dx 6
b At a stationary point, 2x − 250x−2 = 0. 13 .
y=
2x3 = 250 6
x3 = 125 Where it meets the x-axis, y = 0 and
5 18 13
x=5 −3 = (x − 1), x − 1 = − ; x = − .
6 5 5
d 2y
= 2 + 500x−3 1 13 13 169
dx 2 The area of the triangle is × × =
2 6 5 60
d 2y
If x = 5, = 2 + 500 × 5−3 = 6 > 0 so this is a or 2.82 to 3 s.f.
dx 2
minimum point. 12 a The other side is = 240 − 2x.
250 The area A = x(240 − 2x).
If x = 5, y = 52 + = 75.
5
b A = 240x − 2x2
The minimum is at (5, 75).
dy dA
10 a y = px3 – 4px2 + 5x – 11 so = 3px 2 − 8px + 5 = 240 − 4x
dx dx
At a stationary point 3px2 – 8px + 5 = 0. For maximum area, dA = 240 − 4x = 0.
dx
This quadratic in x has two distinct solutions x = 60
if b2 – 4ac > 0. d2A
= −4 < 0 so this will be a maximum.
That is (– 8p)2 – 4 × 3p × 5 > 0; 64p2 – 60p > 0; dx 2
16p2 – 15p > 0; p(16p – 15) > 0 Maximum area = 60 × 120 = 7200 m².
87
6 DIFFERENTIATION
dy p
13 a = 2x + 4 If x = 0, y = and this is the intercept on the
dx p +1
y-axis.
dy
If x = 2, = 2 × 2 + 4 = 8. If y = 0, x = p and this is the intercept on the x-axis.
dx
1 p p2
The equation of the tangent is y − 7 = 8(x − 2); The area of the triangle is × ×p = .
2 p +1 2(p + 1)
y = 8x − 9.
4
16 When the radius is r, the volume V = πr3 and the
dy dy dy dx 3
b = 2.4; = × so at A, surface area A = 4πr .2
dt dt dx dt
dV dA dV
= 4πr2, = 8πr and = 36
dx dy dy dr dr dt
= ÷ = 2.4 ÷ 8 = 0.3 units s−1.
dt dt dx
dV dV dr dr
dy = × so 36 = 4πr2 × and dr = 9 2
c The gradient is so call this z. dt dr dt dt dt πr
dx
dA dA dr 9 72
Then the rate of change of the gradient is Then = × = 8πr × 2 = .
dt dr dt πr r
dz dz dx 4 1500
= × . 3
When V = 2000, πr 3 = 2000 and r = π and
dt dx dt 3
r = 7.816.
2
dz d y dz
But =
dx dx 2
= 2 and so
dt
= 2 × 0.3 = 0.6 units s−1. Then dA = 72 = 9.21.
dt 7.816
1 2 The area is increasing at a rate of 9.21 cm2 s−1.
14 a Volume of a cone, V = πr h.
3
1 2 17 a f(x) = 10x – x2; f(3) = 21; f(3.1) = 21.39; f(3.5) = 22.75;
h = 60 − r so V = πr (60 − r).
3 f(4) = 24
1 24 − 21
b V= π (60r2 − r3) The gradient of AD is = 3.
3 1
dV = 1 π (120r − 3r2)
22.75 − 21
dr 3 The gradient of AC is = 3.5.
0.5
When the volume is a maximum, dV = 0 . 21.39 − 21
dr The gradient of AB is = 3.9.
1 0.1
π(120r − 3r2) = 0
3 b The answers suggest that f'(3) is greater than
120r − 3r2 = 0
3.9 and could be 4.
Divide by 3 and factorise.
18 a Where the curve crosses the x-axis,
r(40 − r) = 0 x(x + 2)(x – 5) = 0 so x = 0, −2 or 5; at P, x = −2.
dy
r = 0 or 40 y = x3 – 3x2 – 10x and so = 3x 2 − 6x − 10; if
dx
d 2V = 1 π dy
(120 − 6r) x = −2, then = 12 + 12 − 10 = 14.
dr 2 3 dx
d 2V = 1 π The gradient at P is 14.
When r = 40, (120 − 240) < 0 so
dr 2 3 b Where the gradient is 14, 3x2 – 6x – 10 = 14;
this is a maximum point. 3x2 – 6x – 24 = 0; x2 – 2x – 8 = 0;
1 (x – 4)(x + 2) = 0; x = 4 or −2. Q is the point
c The maximum volume is π 402(60 − 40)
3 where x = 4 and then y = 4 × 6 × −1 = −24
= 32 000π cm 3 .
3 Q is (4, −24).
15 y = (x + 1)(x – p) = x2 + x – px – p and hence 19 a The height of the box is x cm, the length is
dy 30 – 2x cm and the width is 20 – 2x cm.
= 2x + 1 − p .
dx dy
At (p, 0), x = p and = 2p + 1 − p = p + 1. Multiply these three to get v = x(30 – 2x)(20 – 2x).
dx
b v = x(600 – 60x – 40x + 4x2) = 600x –100x2 + 4x3
1
The gradient of the normal is − and the
p +1 dv
= 600 − 200x + 12x 2; where the volume
1 dx
equation is y = − (x − p).
p +1 dv
has a maximum value, = 0;
dx
600 – 200x + 12x2 = 0; divide by 4: 3x2 – 50x + 150 = 0
88
6
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 If the side of the triangle is x cm the area is

50 ± 2500 − 1800 50 ± 700
x= = ; 1 x2 sin 60° = 0.433x2.
6 6
2
x = 12.74 or 3.924. The first value is impossible;
Then the volume is 0.433x2l = 1000 and so
it would give a negative volume. The volume is a
2309
maximum when x = 3.92. l= .
x2
d 2v The surface area is A = 2 × 0.433x2 + 3xl
= −200 + 24x = −105.8 < 0 when x = 3.92
dx 2
= 0.866x2 + 6928 .
which confirms that the volume is a maximum. x
a a ; At P, f ′ ( p ) = − a and the
20 f ( x ) = Then dA = 1.732x − 6928
x f′(x ) = − x 2 , and if dA = 0, then
;
p2 dx x2 dx
a a
tangent is y − = − 2 (x − p). x3 = 6928 = 4000.
p p 1.732
a a
At Q, y = 0 and − = − 2 (x − p); p = x – p; x = 2p. Hence x = 3 4000 = 15.9.
p p
a a a a The length is l = 2309 = 9.2 cm.
At R, x = 0 and y − = − 2 × (−p); y − = ; 15.9 × 15.9
p p p p
2a
y= .
p
1 2a
The area of triangle OQR = × 2p × = 2a.
2 p
A is (p, 0) so OA = p; B is  0, a  so OB = ; the area
a
 p p
a
of OAPB is p × = a. This proves the result.
p
1 a Volume = x2h = 1000

1000
Rearrange: h =
x2
b The total surface area is 2x2 + 4xh
1000 4000
= 2x2 + 4x × = 2x2 + .
x2 x
4000
c If a = 2x2 + = 2x2 + 4000x−1, then
x
da
= 4x − 4000x−2 = 4x − 4000 .
dx x2
When the surface area has a minimum value,
da = 0.
dx
4x − 4000 =0
x2
x3 = 1000
x = 10
2
d a
= 4 − 8000x−3
dx 2
2 8000
When x = 10, d a2 = 4 + = 12 which is
dx 103
positive, so the surface area has a minimum
value. In fact, in this case the cuboid is a cube.
89
7 INTEGRATION
7 Integration
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge 2 5 5 2
3 a 2x3 − 2x2 + c b 5 x − 2 x + 10x + c
−1 10 3
1 4x 2 c 4x2 − x +c
3
2 The graph crosses the x-axis at 3 and −5. 1
2 3
2 52 4 5
4 a ∫ x 2 dx = 3 x 2 + c b 2×
5
x + c = x2 + c
5
y 1 1
c 3 × 2x 2 + c = 6x 2 + c
16
−1 1
d ∫ 10x 2 dx = 20x 2 + c or 20 x + c
1 3 − 2x2 + c
∫ (x
5 a 2
− 4x) dx = x
3
1 4 8 3
∫ (x
3
b − 8x 2) dx = x − x +c
4 3
10 −2 5
∫ 10x
−3
c dx = x + c = −5x−2 + c or − 2 + c
−2 x
1
2 32 8 3
–5 –1
0
3 x 6 a ∫ 4x 2 dx = 4 ×
3
x + c = x2 + c
3
2 32 4 3
b ∫ 4x dx = ∫ 2 x dx = 2 ×
3
x + c = x2 + c
3
3 a 12x2 − 6 −1 1 1
1
c ∫ 4x 2 dx = 4 × 2x 2 + c = 8x 2 + c or 8 x + c
b y= x + 2x−1
2
7 f(x) = ∫ (2x 3 − 2x)dx = 2 x 4 − x 2 + c = 1 x 4 − x 2 + c
4 2
dy 1 1 2
= − 2x−2 or − 2
dx 2 2 x 8 a You cannot integrate a product by integrating
1
each term separately and multiplying the results.
c y= 6x 3 b First multiply out the brackets:
dy −2 2 3 1 2
∫ (2x
2
= 2x 3 − x − 1) dx = x − x −x+c
dx 3 2
∫ (4 − 2x
−3
9 a )dx = 4x + x−2 + c
Exercise 7.1A
1 −1 2 32 1
4 3 1
1 a
6 2
x + c = 3x2 + c b 2x2 + 2x + c
b ∫ (2x 2 + 8x 2 )d x = 2×
3
x + 16x 2 + c = x 2 + 16x 2 + c
3
2 1 −1 2 32 1
4 3 1
7 2 ∫ (2x 2 + 8x 2 )d x = 2×
3
x + 16x 2 + c = x 2 + 16x 2 + c
3
c x − 5x + c d 3x − 2x2 + c
2 −3 −1
∫ (4x
−2
c + 2x 2 ) dx= − 4x−1 − 4x 2 +c
2 5 2 −3 2
2 a x +c b x = − x −3 + c 10 The derivatives of f(x) and g(x) are the same so the
5 −3 3
derivative of f(x) − g(x) is 0.
5 −2 5
c 5 x4 + c d x + c = − x −2 + c This means that f(x) − g(x) is ∫ 0 dx = a constant.
4 −2 2
90
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 3 1
∫ ( x − 1) dx = ∫(x 2 − 2x + 1) =
2
x − x2 + x + c ∫(x + 2) dx = ∫(x 2 + 4x + 4) dx = x 3 + 2x 2 + 4x + c
2
11 a 17
3 3
so Ari is correct.
1 3 1 3 2
b 3 (x − 1) + c = 3 x − 3x + 3x − 1 + c ( ) However, (x + 2)3 = x3 + 3x2 × 2 + 3x × 22 + 23
= x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
= 1 x3 − x2 + x − 1 + c
3 3 Hence 1 (x + 2)3 = 1 x 3 + 2x 2 + 4x + 8 and this is the
3 3 3
∫ ( x +1)( x – 3)( x + 5) dx = ∫ ( x )
– 2x – 3 ( x + 5) dx
2
12 same as Ari’s answer except for the constant. This
means that 1 (x + 2)3 + c is the same solution written
=
∫ (x )
3
+ 3x 2 –13x –15 dx 3
in a different way. Both students are correct.
= 1 x 4 + x 3 − 13 x 2 − 15x + c 2 5
1 3
4 2 18 a ∫ x × x 2dx = ∫ x 2dx = x 2 + c
5
x2 − 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x2 − 1  5 −1  8 2
13 a
∫ x −1
dx = ∫
x −1
dx b ∫ 1 dx = ∫  x 3 − x 3  dx = 3 x 3 − 3 x 3 + c
8 2
1  
= ∫ ( x + 1) dx = x + x + c
2 x3
2
4 − x 2 dx = (2 − x)(2 + x) dx
Exercise 7.2A
b ∫ 2+ x ∫ 2+ x
dy
1 a If y = (x + 7)3, then = 3 × (x + 7)2 × 1 = 3(x + 7)2.
= ∫(2 − x)dx = 2x − 1 x2 + c dx
2 1
14 a f!(x) = 3(x2 + 1)2 × 2x = 6x(x2 + 1)2 Hence ∫ (x + 7)2 dx = (x + 7)3 + c .
3
∫6x ( x ) ( )
2 2 3
b + 1 dx = x 2 + 1 + c and hence dy
b If y = (x + 7)4, then = 4 × (x + 7)3 × 1 = 4(x + 7)3.
dx
∫x (x ) ( )
2 1 2 3 1 1
2
+ 1 dx = x + 1 + c or just Hence ∫ (x + 7)3 dx = (x + 7)4 + c .
6 6 4
1 2
( ) 1
3 dy
x + 1 + c , including the in the c If y = (x + 7)6, then = 6 × (x + 7)5 × 1 = 6(x + 7)5.
6 6 dx
arbitrary constant. Hence ∫ (x + 7)5 dx = 1 (x + 7)6 + c .
6
1 2
c (x + 1)6 + c dy
12 2 a If y = (2x − 3)3, then = 3(2x − 3)2 × 2 = 6(2x − 3)2.
dx
1
∫ (1 + x ) dx
x2 + 1 Hence ∫ (2x − 3)2 dx = (2x − 3)3 + c .
dx = ∫  1 + 2  dx =
1
∫
−2
15 a 6
x2  x 
1 −1 dy
=x+ x +c b If y = (6x + 1)4, then = 4(6x + 1)3 × 6 = 24(6x + 1)3.
−1 dx
1
=x− 1 +c Hence ∫ (6x + 1)3 dx =
24
(6x + 1)4 + c .
x
2
 x 2 + 1 2
 1 + 1  dx dy
c If y = (0.5x − 4)5, then = 5(0.5x − 4)4 × 0.5
b ∫  2  dx = ∫ 
x   x 
2  dx
= 2.5(0.5x − 4)4.
(
= ∫ 1 + 2x −2 + x −4 dx = x +
2 −1 1 −3
−1
x +
−3 )
x +c
1
∫ (0.5x − 4 ) dx = 2.5 (0.5x − 4) + c
4 5
Hence
2
=x− − 3 +c 1
x 3x = 0.4(0.5x − 4)5 + c.
1 dy
16 a y = x 2 + a ( 2 2;
) using the chain rule for 3 a y = (10x + 1)−1 thus
dx
= −1 × (10x + 1)−2 × 10
−10
−1 = (10x + 1)2 .
differentiation,
dy 1 2
= x + a2
dx 2 ( ) 2
× 2x
3 3 0.3
∫ (10x + 1)2 dx = −10 (10x + 1)
−1
x b +c =− +c
= . 10x + 1
x 2 + a2
1
b ∫
x
dx = 2
x +a +c 2
4 a ∫ x + 1 dx = ∫ (x + 1)2 dx
x 2 + a2
91
7 INTEGRATION
∫ {( x + 2) }
3
∫ x ( x + 2) − 2 ( x + 2) dx
5 6 5
If y = (x + 1)2 , then d dx =
1 1
dy 3 3
= × (x + 1)2 ×1 = (x + 1)2 = ∫ ( x + 2) dx − 2∫ ( x + 2) dx
6 5
dx 2 2
3
2 1 1
Hence ∫ x + 1 dx =
3
(x + 1)2 + c . = 7 ( x + 2) − 2 × 6 ( x + 2) + c
7 6
1
= 1 ( x + 2)7 − 1 ( x + 2)6 + c
b ∫ 2x + 1 dx = ∫ (2x + 1)2 dx 7 3
3
If y = (2x + 1)2 , then x x +1−1 x +1 1
= = −
1 1
7 a (x + 1)3 (x + 1)3 (x + 1)3 (x + 1)3
dy 3
= × (2x + 1)2 × 2 = 3(2x + 1)2 .
dx 2 1 1
3 = −
1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
Hence ∫ 2x + 1 dx = (2x + 1)2 + c .
3
x 1 1
1 b ∫ (x + 1)3 dx = ∫ (x + 1)2 dx − ∫ (x + 1)3 dx
c ∫3 4x − 2 dx = ∫ 3(4x − 2)2 dx
3
= ∫(x + 1) dx − ∫(x + 1) dx
−2 −3
If y = (4x − 2)2 , then
1 1
dy 3
= × (4x − 2)2 × 4 = 6(4x − 2)2 .
dx 2 = 1 (x + 1)−1 − 1 ( x + 1)−2 + c
−1 −2
3 3
1 1 1 1
Hence ∫3 4x − 2 dx = 3 × (4x − 2)2 + c = (4x − 2)2 + c
6 2 = − x +1 +
2 ( x + 1)
2 +c
3 3
1 1
∫3 4x − 2 dx = 3 × (4x − 2)2 + c = (4x − 2)2 + c .
6 2
1
1
8 a ∫ 10x + 5 dx = ∫(10x + 5)2 dx
5 a ∫ 3 0.6x + 5 dx = ∫ (0.6x + 5)3 dx 3 3
4 = 1 × 2 (10x + 5)2 + c = 1 (10x + 5)2 + c
If y = (0.6x + 5)3 , then 10 3 15
1 1
dy 4 1 −1
= × (0.6x + 5)3 × 0.6 = 0.8(0.6x + 5)3 .
dx 3 b ∫ 10x + 5
dx = ∫(10x + 5) 2 dx
4 4
1
∫ 3 0.6x + 5 dx = 0.8 (0.6x + 5)3 + c = 1.25(0.6x + 5)3 + c
1
Hence 1
= × 2(10x + 5)2 + c
4 4
10
1
∫ 3 0.6x + 5 dx = 0.8 (0.6x + 5)3 + c = 1.25(0.6x + 5)3 + c . =
1
5
10x + 5 + c
1 −1
b ∫ 3 0.6x + 5 dx = ∫ (0.6x + 5) 3 dx 1 10x + 5 − 1
( ) 2
x
c = 10
1
− +1 =
2 10x + 5 10x + 5
3 3 1 1 1
2 = 10x + 5 − ×
10 2 10 x+5
If y = (0.6x + 5) , then
3
Hence
dy 2 −1 −1
= × (0.6x + 5) 3 × 0.6 = 0.4(0.6x + 5) 3 . x 1 1 1
dx 3
2 2
∫ 10 x + 5
dx =
10 ∫ 10x + 5 dx − ∫
2 10x +5
dx
1 1
Hence ∫ 3 dx =
0.4
(0.6x + 5)3 + c = 2.5(0.6x + 5)3 + c 1 1 3
1 1
0.6x + 5 = × (10x + 5)2 − × 10x + 5 + c
2 2 10 15 2 5
1 1
∫ 3 0.6x + 5 dx = 0.4 (0.6x + 5) + c = 2.5(0.6x + 5) + c .
3 3
1 3
1
1 = (10x + 5)2 − 10x + 5 + c
6 a ∫ ( x + 2) dx = ( x + 2) + c
5 6 150 10
6
9 f ′ ( x ) = ∫(ax + b)3 dx = 1 (ax + b)4 + c
b ∫ ( x + 2)6 dx = 1 ( x + 2)7 + c 4a
7 where c is a constant.
1
c (x + 2)6 = (x + 2) (x + 2)5 = x (x + 2)5 + 2 (x + 2)5 f ( x ) = ∫ f'(x)dx = ∫ (ax + b)4 + c
4a
Hence x(x + 2)5 ≡ (x + 2)6 – 2(x + 2)5.
1 1
= × (ax + b)5 + cx + d
4a 5a
92
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
1 x 2 + 10
(ax + b)5 + cx + d, where d is a constant.
=
20a 2
4 ∫ x2
dx = ∫ 1 + 10x −2 dx
There are two arbitrary constants. = x − 10x−1 + c

2 5 10
∫ ( 3 2x + 5 )
2 1 3 2=5− +c
10 a dx = ∫(2x + 5)3 dx = × (2x + 5)3 + c 5
2 5
c = −1
3
5 10
= (2x + 5)3 + c The equation is y = x − − 1.
10 x
2
1 5 a If x ≠ 0, then x2 is positive. This means that is
x2
b ∫ 3
2x + 5 dx = ∫(2x + 5)3 dx always positive.
2
( )
4
3
∫ x2 dx = ∫ 2x −2 dx
4
= 1 × 3 (2x + 5)3 +c= 8
3
2x + 5 +c b y=
2 4
3 4 = −2x−1 + c
= y +c
8 4=−1+c
c=5
Exercise 7.3A The equation is y = − 2 + 5 = 5x − 2 .
x x
1 a y = ∫ (4x − 2) dx
6 a y = ∫ (3x 2 − 3) dx
= 2x2 − 2x + c
= x3 − 3x + c
b When x = 0, y = 3.
2=c
3 = 2 × 02 − 2 × 0 + c
The curve is y = x3 – 3x + 2.
=c
b The turning points are where 3x2 – 3 = 0
The equation is y = 2x2 − 2x + 3.
x2 = 1.
1
2 a y= ∫ x2 dx x = 1 or −1
There are 2 stationary points.
2 32
= x +c If x = 1, y = 1 – 3 + 2 = 0 so one t.p. is (1, 0).
3
b If x = 9, y = 25 If x = −1, y = − 1 + 3 + 2 = 4 so the other t.p. is (−1, 4).

3 20 −3
25 =
2
× 92 + c 7 a f (x ) = ∫ x 3 dx = ∫ 20x dx = −10x −2 + c
3
2 f(2) = 4
= × 27 + c
3 10
4=− +c
4
= 18 + c
c = 4 + 2.5 = 6.5
c=7
10
2 32 f(x) = −10x−2 + 6.5 or f ( x ) = 6.5 −
The equation is y = x + 7. x2
3
b
3 y = ∫ (0.4x + 3)dx y
8
= 0.2x2 + 3x + c
6
a 0=0+c
4
Hence the equation is y = 0.2x2 + 3x.
2
b 5=c
y = 0.2x2 + 3x + 5 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 x
–2
c 0 = 0.2 × 52 + 3 × 5 + c
–4
c = −20
–6
y = 0.2x2 + 3x − 20 –8
93
7 INTEGRATION
∫ 0.03x ( x − 10 ) dx = ∫ 0.03x ( x − 20x + 100 ) dx dy

2 2 2 2
8 a 12 dy = 4 − 100 ; at a stationary point =0
dx x2 dx
= ∫ (0.03x 4 − 0.6x 3 + 3x 2)dx = 0.006x 5 − 0.15x 4 + x 3 + c
so 4 − 100 = 0; a2 = 25; a = 5.
= ∫ (0.03x 4 − 0.6x 3 + 3x 2)dx = 0.006x 5 − 0.15x 4 + x 3 + c a2
When x = 0, y = 100, so c = 100. The equation of the curve is y = ∫  4 − 100  dx

 x2 
5 4 3
y = 0.006x – 0.15x + x + 100
= 4x + 100 + c .
x
b After 10 seconds, x = 10 and
100
(5, 10) is on the curve so 10 = 20 + + c; c = −30.
y = 0.006 × 105 – 0.15 × 104 + 103 + 100 5
= 600 – 1500 + 1000 + 100 = 200 The curve is y = 4x + 100 − 30 .
x
The distance from A is 200 m.
13 f′(x) = mx + c; f′(–2) = – 2m + c = 7
1
9 y = ∫ (3x 2 − 12x + 8)dx = x 3 − 6x 2 + 8x + c f ( x ) = mx 2 + cx + d; f ( 0 ) = d = 18; f(– 2) = 2m – 2c
2
When x = 0, y = 0 so c = 0. + 18 = 8; 2m – 2c = – 10
y = x3 – 6x2 + 8x Add the two equations: –c = – 3 so c = 3
Where the curve crosses the x-axis, x3 – 6x2 + 8x = 0. Then – 2m + 3 = 7 so m = −2.
x(x2 – 6x + 8) = 0; The equation is y = – x2 + 3x + 18.
x(x − 2)(x − 4) = 0 dy k for some k. When x = 4, dy = −0.5

14 a =
dx x 2 dx
x = 0, 2 or 4.
so k
The curve crosses the axes at (0, 0), (2, 0) and (4, 0). = −0.5 and k = −8.
16
dy 8
−2 = − 2 ; y = −∫ 8x −2 dx; y = 8 + c
1
10 a y = ∫ 4x 3dx = 4 × 3x 3 + c dx x x
1
y = 12x 3 + c When x = 4, y = 6 so 6 = 8 + c and c = 4;
4
When x = 8, y = 30. 8
y = + 4.
1 x
30 = 12 × 8 3 + c dy 8
If the gradient is −2, = − 2 = −2; x2 = 4;
dx x
30 = 12 × 2 + c x = 2 or −2.
c=6 8
If x = 2, y = 8 + 4 = 8; if x = −2, y = + 4 = 0.
1 2 −2
y= 12x 3 +6
1
The gradient is −2 at (2, 8) and (−2, 0).
b When x = 20, y = 12 × 20 3 + 6 = 38.57… b y
The radius is 38.6 cm to 3 s.f. 8
11 a f′(2) = a × 22 + b × 2 = 4a + 2b = – 0.8 ---------(1)

6
f′(5) = a × 52 + b × 5 = 25a + 5b = 2.5 ----------(2)
(1) × 5: 20a + 10b = – 4 4
(2) × 2: 50a + 10b = 5
Subtract: 30a = 9 so a = 0.3; then 1.2 + 2b = – 0.8 2
and b = −1.
b f′(x) = 0.3x2 – x so f(x) = 0.1x3 – 0.5x2 + c
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
f(2) = 4 so 0.1 × 8 – 0.5 × 4 + c = 4; c = 5.2
–2
The equation of the curve is y = 0.1x3 – 0.5x2 + 5.2.
94
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Exercise 7.4A 1 1
dy 3 2
= x +9
dx 2 ( ) 2
× 2x = 3x x 2 + 9 ( ) 2
= 3x x 2 + 9 .
2 2 4
∫1 3x dx =  x 3  = 8 − 1 = 7  
2 3
1 a
Hence ∫ x x 2 + 9 dx =  1 x 2 + 9 2  =  125  − [ 9] = 32 2 ( )
4
1
3  3  3
4
0
 0 
b x3  = 64 − 8 = 56
 2 1 3

4
x 2 + 9 dx =  x 2 + 9 2  =  (
125  2
)
4
∫0 x  3  [ ]
− 9 = 32 .
3 3
3
c  x 3  = [ 27 ] −  −1 = 28  0 
−1
2 2
6 Area =
∫−2(2 + 0.1x
4
)dx =  2x + 0.02x 5  = [ 4.64 ] − [ −4.64 ] = 9
2 −2
2 a  1 x 5  =  32  −  1  = 31 = 6.2
 5 1  5   5  5 2 2
∫ (2 + 0.1x 4)dx =  2x + 0.02x 5  = [ 4.64 ] − [ −4.64 ] = 9.28
4 −2 − 2
b  2.5x 4  = [ 640 ] − [ 40 ] = 600
2
4
5 5
 − 10  − −10 ] = −2 + 10 = 8 7 4 1
 16 3 2
∫1 10x dx =  −10x 1 =  5  [ ∫0 (8 + 8x 2 − 6x) dx = 8x + 3 x 2 − 3x 
−2 −1
c Area =
0
dx =  −10x −1  =  − 10  − [ −10 ] = −2 + 10 = 8
−2 5
1  5  = 32 + 42 2 − 48  = 26 2 m 2
 3  3
4
3 a  2x 3 − 2x 2  = [128 − 32] − [ 54 − 18 ] = 96 − 36 = 60
3 8 Suppose the coordinates of P are (a, a ).
4
2x 3 − 2x 2  = [128 − 32] − [ 54 − 18 ] = 96 − 36 = 60
3 a
1
 3
x 2 dx =  2 x 2 
a
2
b  x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x  = [ 8 + 8 + 6 ] − [ 0 ] = 22
Then the area of OPA = ∫0  3 0
0
2 32 2 3
5 5 = a − 0 = a2 .
∫2 3x + 6x dx =  x + 3x 2
2 3 2
c 3 3
1 3
= [125 + 75] − [ 8 + 12] The area of OAPB = OA × OB = a × a = a × a 2 = a 2.
= [ 200 ] − [ 20 ]
= 180 This shows that area of OAP is 2 of the area of OAPB.
3
4
1  3
2x 2 dx =  4 x 2  =  4 × 8  −  4  = 28 or 9 1
4
∫1
3
1
)dx = 9x − x 3  = [ 27 − 9] − [ −27 + 9] = 36
4 a 3
∫−3(9 − x
9 a 2
 3 1  3   3  3 3  3  −3
3
1
)dx = 9x − x 3  = [ 27 − 9] − [ −27 + 9] = 36
4 3
∫−3(9 − x
2
4 −
1  1
b ∫1 20x 2 dx =  40x 2  = [ 80 ] − [ 40 ] = 40  3  −3
 1
6
1
)dx = 3x 2 − x 3  = [108 − 72] − [ 0 ] = 36
6
∫0 (6x − x
2
b
4 1  43 
4
 4  3 0
c ∫1 8x 3dx =   = 6 × 4  − [ 6 ] = 32.10
6x 3
6
1
)dx = 3x 2 − x 3  = [108 − 72] − [ 0 ] = 36
6
1  
∫0 (6x − x
2
4  3 0
4 1  4  4
∫1 8x 3 dx = 6x 3  = 6 × 4 3  − [ 6 ] = 32.10 c
 1  
1
5 a Try y = x2 + 9 = x2 + 9 ( ) 2. y
10
1
dy 1 2
( )
− x 8
Then = x +9 2 × 2x = . y = 9 – x2 y = x(6 – x)
dx 2 x +9 2 6
4
4
4 xdx =  x 2 + 9  =  25  −  9  = 2
Hence ∫0 2
x +9  0 2
4 –4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
4 x dx =  x 2 + 9  =  25  −  9  = 2.
∫0 x2 + 9  0
–2
3 1 1 One graph is a translation of the other and

b Try y = x 2 + 9 ( ) 2 . Then
dy 3 2
= x +9
dx 2 ( ) 2
(
× 2x = 3x x 2 + 9 ) 2
=the x 2 + are
3xareas 9 the same.
95
7 INTEGRATION
1 Sketch of the curve:

10 a If y = 2x − 2 , then y2 = 2x – 2 and x = y 2 + 1 .
2
( )
4 4 1 2 4 v
The area is ∫ x d y = ∫ 1
y + 1 dy =  y3 + y 
0 0 2  6 0
64 2
= + 4 = 14 .
6 3
b The area is the area of OAPB − 14 2 = 36 − 14 2
3 3
= 21 1 .
3
1
1 1
d x =  1 x n +1  =
1
∫0 x –a a
n
11 a −0= t
 n + 1 0 n + 1 n +1
1 1
∫0 x (1 − x)dx = ∫ x n − x n +1 dx
n
b
∫−a ( a )
a a
0
The area is
2
− x 2 d x =  a 2x − 1 x 3 
 3  −a
1
=  1 x n +1 − 1 x n + 2  =  a 3 − 1 a 3  −  −a 3 + 1 a 3 
 n + 1 n+2 0  3   3 
1 1 = n + 2− n −1 1
= −
n + 1 n + 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) = (n + 1)(n + 2) = 2 a3 + 2 a3 = 4 a3.
3 3 3
1 1 14 a Where the curve meets the x-axis,
∫0 x ∫0 x − x n + 2 dx
n
c (1 − x 2)dx = n
3
(2x + 16)4 = 0 so 2x + 16 = 0 and x = −8;
1
=  1 x n +1 − 1 x n + 3  the coordinates are (−8, 0).
 n + 1 n+3 0
Where it meets the y-axis, x = 0 and
= 1 − 1 = n + 3− n −1 =
3
2
n + 1 n + 3 (n + 1)(n + 3) (n + 1)(n + 3) y = 16 4 = 23 = 8 so the coordinates are (0, 8).
3
12 a v = 6t2 – t3; dv = 12t − 3t 2 ; when the speed is a
0
dt b The area is ∫−8(2x + 16)4 dx
0
 7
 2 7

maximum, dv = 0 . =  1 × 4 × (2x + 16)4  =  × 16 4  − [ 0 ]
dt  2 7  −8  7 
12t – 3t2 = 0; 4t – t2 = 0; t(4 – t) = 0; t = 0 or 4 = 2 × 128 = 256 or 36 4 .
7 7 7
When t = 0, v = 0 and that will be a minimum.
When t = 4, v = 32.
Exercise 7.5A
The maximum speed is 32 ms–1.
b v 1 8 4
2
− 2x)dx =  x 3 − x 2  =  − 4  − 0  = −
2
∫0 (x
2
1 a
32  3 0  3  3
4
The area is .
3
3
1 3 8 4
b Area = ∫2 (x − 2x) dx =  3 x − x  = [ 9 − 9] −  3 − 4  = 0 −  − 3 
3 2 2
 2    
0 4 6 t3 1
3
8 4 4
∫2 (x
2
− 2x) dx =  x 3 − x 2  = [ 9 − 9] −  − 4  = 0 −  −  = .
 3  2  3   3  3
6 c Since the curve is symmetrical, this area is
∫0 (6t ) 1
− t 3 dt =  2t 3 − t 4 
6 2
c The distance is  4 0 4
also , the same as part b.
3
= [ 432 − 324 ] − 0 = 108. 1 81
3
1
dx =  x 4  =   − [ 4 ] = 16
3
∫2 x
3
2 a i
 4  2  4  4
The distance is 108 m.
3
1 81 1
dx =  x 4  =   − [ 4 ] = 16
3
13 Where the curve crosses the x-axis, a2 – x2 = 0
∫−2 x
3
ii
so x = ± a.  4  −2  4  4
2
1
dx =  x 4  = [ 4 ] − [ 4 ] = 0
2
∫−2 x
3
iii
 4  −2
96
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b 4
1 6
Area under curve = ∫ (4x − x 2) dx =  2x 2 − x 3  = 32 −
4
y 1  3 1 
40
4
1 64   1
) dx =  2x 2 − x 3  = 32 − − 2− 
4
∫1 (4x − x
30 2
 3 1  3   3 
20
2 2
10 = 10  − 1  = 9 .
 3   3 
–4 –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 x 1 1
–10 Area of triangle = ×3×3= 4 .
2 2
–20 Area between the curve and the straight line
–30 1 1
=9−4 = 4 .
2 2
–40
5 a The graphs look like this and cross at (0, 0)
The integral from −2 to 2 in part iii above is zero and (1, 1).
because the graph is symmetrical and the areas
y
above and below the x-axis are the same.
6
3 a Where they intersect, x2 = 2 – x.
5
x2 + x – 2 = 0 4
(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0 3
x = −2 or 1 2
If x = –2, then y = 4 1
If x = 1, then y = 1
0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The points are (–2, 4) and (1, 1). –1
1
1 2 1 3 –2
b The area between them is ∫ (2 − x) dx − ∫ x dx =  2x − 2 x − 3 x 
1 1 2
−2 −2   −–3
2
1
1 2
 1 2 1 3
(2 − x) dx − ∫ x dx = 2x − x − x
2 −2  2 3  −2 The area between them is
1
1 1
2 3 1 3 2 1 1
=  2 − 1 − 1  −  −4 − 2 + 8  = 7 + 10 = 4 1 . ∫0 (x 2 − x ) dx =  3 x 2 − 3 x  = 3 − 3 = 3 .
2
 2 3   3  6 3 2
0
4 a Where the lines cross, 4 – x = x(4 − x). n +1 1

1 1  n 1  n
4 – x = 4x – x2. b Area = ∫ (x n − x n) dx =  x n − x n +1  = −
0
 n + 1 n +1 0 n + 1
x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 n +1 1
1 1  n 1 n +1  n 1 n −1
Factorise: (x − 1)(x − 4) = 0. ∫0 ( x n − x n ) dx =
n + 1

x n −
n +1
x  = n + 1 − n + 1 = n + 1.
0
x = 1 or 4
c When n is large the area is close to, but less
Points are (1, 3) and (4, 0). than, one.
b
y 6 Where they cross, 4x – x2 = x2 – 4x + 6.
4 Therefore 2x2 – 8x + 6 = 0.
3 A x2 – 4x + 3 = 0.
2 Factorise: (x − 3)(x – 1) = 0.
1 The curves cross where x = 1 or 3.
C B
∫1 (( 4x − x ) − ( x − 4x + 6 )) dx = ∫1 8x − 2x −
3 3
–2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x Area between = 2 2 2
–1
∫1 (( 4x − x ) − ( x − 4x + 6 )) dx = ∫1 8x − 2x − 6)dx
3 2 2 3
2
–2
2
–3
3 3
2
=  4x 2 − x 3 − 6x  = [ 36 − 18 − 18 ]
The area required is the difference between  3 1
the area under the curve between A and B, 2 8 8 2
−  4 − − 6  = [ 0 ] −  −  = or 2 .
and the area of triangle ABC.  3   3  3 3
97
7 INTEGRATION
7 Where the curves cross, (x – 2)2 = (x – 10)(2 – x). 9 a Where they cross 0.5x2 + 6 = 2x2; 1.5x2 = 6; x2 = 4;
Hence x2 – 4x + 4 = − x2 + 12x – 20. x = 2 or −2.
Hence 2x2 – 16x + 24 = 0. If x = 2 or −2, y = 8; the curves cross at (2, 8) and
(−2, 8).
Divide by 2: x2 – 8x + 12 = 0
b y
Factorise: (x – 2)(x – 6) = 0.
Hence x = 2 or 6. 8
The required area is 6
6 10
∫2 ( x − 2) ∫6 ( x − 10 )( 2 − x ) dx .
2
dx +
0 4x
6
1 64 1
∫2 ( x − 2) dx =  3 ( x − 2)  =   − [ 0 ] = 21
6 2 3 –4
 2  3  3
2 2
10 = ∫ (0.5x + 6)d x − ∫ 2x d x
2 2
c Area
10 10
 1 3  −2 −2
∫6 ( x − 10 )( 2 − x ) dx = ∫6 −x + 12x − 20 dx =  − 3 x + 6x − 20x 6
2 2
2 2
=  1 x 3 + 6x  −  2 x 3 
10  6  −2  3  −2
( 2 − x ) dx = ∫6 −x 2 + 12x − 20 dx =  − 13 x 3 + 6x 2 − 20x 
10
1000
 6
2 2
  −  −  −  16  −  − 16  = 16.
40 40
 3   3   3   3  { }
= − + 600 − 200  − [ −72 + 216 − 120 ] = 66  − [ 24 ]10
= 42
   3  a 3If y = 0, then x – 5x2 + 6x = 0; x(x2 – 5x + 6) = 0;
3
3
x(x – 2)(x – 3) = 0;
2 2
+ 216 − 120 ] = 66  − [ 24 ] = 42
 3  3 x = 0, 2 or 3 and the coordinates are (0, 0), (2, 0)
1 2 and (3, 0).
The required area = 21 + 42 = 64.
3 3 b y
8 a Where they cross, x2 + 1 = 2x + 9; x2 – 2x – 8 = 0;
(x – 4)(x + 2) = 0.
x = 4 or −2. If x = 4, then y = 17; if x = −2, then
y = 5. The points are (4, 17) and (−2, 5).
b Here is a sketch:
y 0 2 3 x
c Area between 0 and 2

2
∫0 ( x )
− 5x 2 + 6x dx =  1 x 4 − 5 x 3 + 3x 2 
2 3
=
 4 3 0
–2 0 4 x =  4 − 40 + 12  − [ 0 ] = 8
 3  3
Area under straight line =
∫2 ( x )
3
− 5x 2 + 6x dx =  1 x 4 − 5 x 3 + 3x 2 
3 3
4 4
∫−2 ( 2x + 9) dx =  x + 9x   4  2
2 3
= [52] – [–14] = 66
−2
(Alternatively, this is a trapezium and the area is
1 =  81 − 45 + 27  −  8  = 9 − 8 = − 5
2(
5 + 17 ) × 6 = 66 , the same answer.)  4   3  4 3 12
∫−2 ( x ) 1
The total area is 8 + 5 = 37 or 3 .
4 2
Area under curve = + 1 dx 12
3 12 12
4
=  1 x 3 + x  =  76  −  − 14  = 30.
 3  −2  3   3 
The area between is 66 – 30 = 36.
98
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
11 a y = x(x – 4) is a parabola that crosses the x-axis 7 1 7 5 17

at 0 and 4. At P, x = and y = × + = ; P is
2 2 2 2 4
The straight lines cross where 2x = 8 – 2x; 4x = 8;
x = 2; cross at (2, 4). ( 72 , 174 ) or (3 12 , 4 14 ) .
The lines look like this: c The lines look like this:
y y
4
4
0 2 4 2 x 2
–1 0 1 2 3 4 x
∫0 x(x − 4)dx = ∫0 ( x ) ∫1 ( x − 4x + 6 ) dx
4 4 2 3.5 2
b − 4x dx Area under curve =
3.5
4 =  1 x 3 − 2x 2 + 6x 
=  1 x 3 − 2x 2  =  64 − 32  − [ 0 ] = − 32  3 1
 3 0  3  3
= [10.792] – [4.333] = 6.4583.
The area below the x-axis is 32 . Area of trapezium = 1 × ( 3 + 4.25) × 2.5 = 9.0625
3 2
The area of the triangle above the x-axis is 3.5
1
× 4 × 4 = 8.
(or by integrating, area = ∫1 (0.5x + 2.5) dx
2
3.5
= 0.25x 2 + 2.5x  = [11.8125] – [2.75] = 9.0625
The total area is 8 + 32 = 18 2 .  1
3 3
which is the same answer).
12 a dy = 2x − 4 ; at a stationary point 2x – 4 = 0; Area enclosed = 9.0625 – 6.4583 = 2.60 to 3 s.f.
dx
x = 2 and then y = 4 – 8 + 6 = 2. Exercise 7.6A
d 2y
= 2 > 0 so (2, 2) is a minimum point. 25
dx 2 25 10 25 −1  1

dy 1 Area = ∫0 dx = ∫0 10x 2 dx = 10 × 2x 2  = [100 ] − [ 0 ] = 1
b At (1, 3) = 2 − 4 = −2 ; the gradient of the x  0
dx 25
tangent is −2; the gradient of the normal is 1 . =  20 x  = [100 ] − [ 0 ] = 100 .
2 0
1 ∞ 20 ∞ ∞
The equation of the normal is y − 3 = (x − 1) or
2
2 The area = ∫2x3
dx = ∫ 20x −3 dx =  −10x −2 
2 2
1 5
y= x+ .
2 2 = [ 0 ] − [ −2.5] = 2.5.
Where the curve and the normal meet, ∞ 8 ∞ −2 ∞

−1
1 5
x 2 − 4x + 6 = x + ; 2x2 – 8x + 12 = x + 5;
3 The area = ∫0 (x + 2)2 dx = ∫0 8 ( x + 2) dx =  −8 ( x + 2)  =
0
2 2
∞ 8 ∞ −1 ∞
dx =  −8 ( x + 2)  = [ 0 ] −  − 8  = 4 .
−2
2x2 – 9x + 7 = 0; (x – 1) (2x – 7) = 0; x∫0= (1xor
= 7 2 dx =
+ 2) ∫0 8 ( x + 2) 0  2 
2
99
7 INTEGRATION
4 a b y
y
10
0 2 x
5
The integral is represented by the unshaded
area.
2
c To evaluate  − 502  is impossible because
 x 0
you cannot divide by 0. The area between 0
0 x and 2 is infinite.
2
4 20 4
20 20   20 
11 10 dx = 11 −1 
8 a
1 11

∫2 x 2 dx =  −11x 2 =  − − −
4   2 
b Area = ∫2 x−2 ∫2 10 ( x − 2) 2 dx = 10 × 2 ( x − 2)  =  20 x − 2 

2
2 = – 52 + 10 = 5
11 ∞ 20 ∞
11 −1  1
 11
dx =  − 20  = [ 0 ] −  − 20  = 5
∫2 10 ( x − 2) 2 dx = 10 × 2 ( x − 2) 2  =  20 x − 2 
 2 2
b ∫4 x 2  x  4  4 
=  20 9  − ( 0 ) = 60.
 
c The student calculated the answer like this:
∞ ∞ 2
∞ −3  −1   48   48  2 48 20  20   20   20 
5 The area is = ∫ 24x 2 dx =  −48x 2  =  − x  = [ 0 ] −  − a  ∫=−2 xa2 dx =  − x  −2 =  − 2  −  − −2 
∞
a
 a  0  
∞
 −1   48   48  48 . = – 10 – 10 = – 20
=  −48x 2  =  − = [0 ] −  − =
 a  x 
0  a  a However, the graph looks like this:
48 y
The area is 1 and so = 1.
a
Hence a = 48 and a = 48² = 2304.
∞ x
6 Area = ∫0 dx .
( )
2
1 + x2
–2 0 2 x
( )
1 −1
Try = 1 + x2 .
1 + x2 The area between x = 0 and x = 2 is infinite
2
because  − 20  cannot be evaluated.
dy
( )
−2 2x
Then = −1 × 1 + x 2 × 2x = − 2.  x 0
dx
(1 + x ) 2
∞ 9 a If x = 0, then y = 242 and the point is  0, 242  .

∞ x  1 1  1 1  a 
Hence ∫0 2 dx =  − 2 × = [0 ] −  −  = a
( 1 + x2 )  1 + x 2 0
∞
 2  2
y
∞ x  1 1  1 1
= [0 ] −  −  = .
∫0 2 dx =  − 2 ×
(
1 + x2 )  1 + x 2 0  2  2
∞ ∞
= − 
∞ 100 −2  50
7 a ∫2 100x
−3
dx =  x
 −2  2  x 2  2
= 0 − [ −12.5] = 12.5 x = –a
–a 0 x
100
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
∫−1 πy dx = ∫−1 π ( x ) ∫−1 π ( x )

∞ ∞ 1 1 2 1
∫0 24(x + a)
−2
b The area is dx =  −24(x + a)−1  4 Volume = 2 2
+ 3 dx = 4
+ 6x 2 + 9 dx
0
∞
24
=  − 24  = [ 0 ] −  −  = 24 .
 a  a
∫−1 π ( x ) ∫−1 π ( x )
1 1 2 1
 x + a 0 = ∫ πy 2dx = 2
+ 3 dx = 4
+ 6x 2 + 9 dx
−1
c If a is negative the graph looks like this:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
y =  π 1 x 5 + 2x 3 + 9x  =  π 1 + 2 + 9  −  π − 1 − 2 − 9  = 11
 5  −1  5   5 
=  π ( 1 x + 2x + 9x )  =  π ( 1 + 2 + 9)  −  π ( − 1 − 2 − 9)  = 11.2 π + 11.2π = 22.4π.

1
5 3
 5   5  
−1
5 
5 If y = 0.4x2, then x2 = 2.5y.

x=a
4 4 2 4
∫2 πx ∫2 π × 2.5y d y = 1.25πy 
2
Volume = dy = 2
4 4 4
0 a ∫2 πx
2
d y = x∫ π × 2.5y d y = 1.25πy 2  = [ 20π ] − [ 5π ] = 15π.
2 2
6 The curve is a parabola that looks like this:

In this case the area is infinite because 24 y
x+a
cannot be evaluated when x = – a.
∞ 8 64
10 a Area = ∫4 x d y and x =
y so
x = 2;
y
∞ ∞
∫4 x d y = ∫4 64y
−2
dy 0 x
4
∞
=  − 64  = [0] – [–16] = 16
 y  4
∞ ∞ −1
b If the area if finite, it is ∫4 y dx = ∫4 8x 2 dx
∞
 1 ∞
The curve meets the x-axis at 0 and 4.
= 16x 2  = 16 x 0 .
∫0 π ( x )
2
∫0 πy dx = ∫0 π ( x ( x − 4 ))
4 2 4 2 4 2
0 Volume = dx = − 4x dx
However, this cannot be evaluated because ∞
∫0 π ( x )
2
cannot be found. The area is infinite.∫ πy 2dx = ∫ π ( x ( x − 4 )) dx =
4 4 2 4 2
− 4x dx
0 0
Exercise 7.7A
( )
4 4
4
(  5 3 )
= ∫ π x 4 − 8x 3 + 16x 2 dx =  π 1 x 5 − 2x 4 + 16 x 3 
0
π 0
∫0 πy dx = ∫0 πx dx =  2 x
4 4 2
= [ 8π ] − [ 0 ] = 8π
( )
2
1 Volume =
4
0 =  π 1024 − 512 + 1024  − [ 0 ] = 34 2 π or 34.13π.
 5 3  15
πy dx = ∫ πx dx =  π x 2  = [ 8π ] − [ 0 ] = 8π .
4 2 4
0  2 0
5 5 5 ∞ ∞ ∞
∫2 πy ∫2 π × 0.09x dx = 0.03π x 3 
2 2
2 Volume = dx = 7 a Volume =
∫a πy ∫a πx
−2
2
2
dx = dx =  −πx −1 
a
5 ∞
π × 0.09x 2 dx = 0.03π x 3  = [ 3.75π ] − [ 0.24π ] = 3.51π. π π
= −  = [0] − −  = .
π
2
 x  a  a  a
( 18 x ) dx = ∫ 64π x dx =  64π × x7  b Volume = ∫ πy dx = − xπ  .
2 2 2 2 7 2
∫0 πy dx = ∫0 π
2 3 6 a
3 Volume = a 2
0
0 0
( )
2 2 0
2 1 3 2 π x 6dx =  π × x 7 
∫0 π 8 x dx = ∫0 64  64 7 
 0
π
However, if x → 0, then → ∞ and the
x
 π 128  − 0 = 2π. volume is infinite.
7  [ ] 7
= ×
 64
101
7 INTEGRATION
x2 y2 b The volume formed by the curved line is

8 + = 1.
225 100 4.5 4.5 4.5
∫0 π x 2 dy = ∫ π × 2y d y =  πy 0 = 20.25π.
2
0
y2 x2 4 The volume formed by the straight line is
Hence =1− and y 2 = 100 − x 2 .
100 225 9 4.5
πx 2 d y ∫
( ) ( )
150
15 4 
Volume = ∫ πy dx = ∫ π 100 − x dx =  π 100x −
2 2 4 3  15
x  where y = 0.5x + 3 so 2y = x + 6; x = 2y – 6 and
−15 −15 9  27  −15
hence x2 = 4y2 – 24y + 36.
( ) ( )
15
π 100 − 4 x 2 dx =  π 100x − 4 x 3 
15 4.5
∫−15 9  27  −15
The volume is ∫ π x 2 d y
3
( )
4.5
= [π(1500 − 500)] − [π(−1500 + 500)] = ∫3 π 4y 2 − 24y + 36 d y
= 1000π + 1000π = 2000π. 4.5
= π  4 y 3 − 12y 2 + 36y 
The volume of the ball is 6280 cm³ to 3 s.f.  3 3
9 Where the circle and the ring cross, y = 4 and = 40.5π – 36π = 4.5π
x2 + 42 = 25 hence x2 = 9 and x = ±3. (or use the fact that it is a cone with radius = 3
The volume of the ring is the difference between and height = 1.5 so the volume is 1 πr 2h
3
the volumes of the shapes formed by rotating each = 1 π × 32 × 1.5 = 4.5π).
3
of the lines. The volume of the shape is 20.25π – 4.5π =
∫−3 ( )
3 3
∫−3 πy
2
Volume formed by the arc of the circle = dx = x 2 dx
π 25 − 15.75π
12 a If x = 2 then 1 x 3 = 4 and (x – 4)2 = 4 so both

∫−3 π ( 25 − x ) dx
3 3
∫−3 πy
2 2
= dx = 2
curves pass through (2, 4).
( )
3
=  π 25x − 1 x 3  =  π ( 75 − 9)  −  π ( −75 + 9)  b The volume is in two parts.
 3  −3
For the curve y = 1 x 3 the volume
= 66π + 66π = 132π. 2
2 21 6 2
1
= ∫ πy dx = π ∫ 4 x dx = π  x 7 
2
The volume formed by the straight line is
0 0  28 0
3 3
∫−3 πy ∫−316π dx
2
dx =
= 128 π = 32 π.
28 7
= [16π x ]−3 = [48π] − [−48π] = 96π.
3
The curve y = (x – 4)2 meets the x-axis at 4 so
(Alternatively, as this is a cylinder, the volume is for this part the volume is
πr2 h = π × 42 × 6 = 96π.) 1
4
dx = ∫ π ( x − 4 )4 dx = π  (x − 4)5 
4 4
∫2 πy
2
The volume of the ring is 132π – 96π = 36π. 2 5 2
10 a The cylinder has a radius of 5 and height of 6. = π [ 0 ] − π  − 32  = 32 π .

Volume = πr2h = π × 52 × 6 = 150π  5  5
b When the curve is rotated the volume is 32 π + 32 π = 10 34 π or
6 The total volume is
7 5 35
∫2
2
πy dx .
11.0π (3 s.f.).
( )
2
y2 = 2 x − 2 = 4(x – 2) = 4x – 8
6 6
∫2 π ( 4x − 8 ) dx = π  2x − 8x 
2
Volume =
y = ∫ (8x 3 − 12x 2)dx
2
1
= π[24] – π[–8] = 32π.
= 2x4 – 4x3 + c
The volume of the shape is the difference
When x = 2, y = –3
between these answers = 150π – 32π = 118π.
32 – 32 + c = −3
11 a Where they cross 0.5x2 = 0.5x + 3;
So y = 2x4 – 4x3 – 3.
0.5x2 – 0.5x – 3 = 0; x2 – x – 6 = 0
(x – 3) (x + 2) = 0; x = 3 or −2; the coordinates
are (3, 4.5) and (−2, 2)
102
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
10
(15 − 0.1x dx ) = 15x − 0.1 3 dV
10
Distance = ∫
2 b When t = 20, dt = 0.6 × 20 – 10 = 2.
2 x
0 3 0
10 This is positive and implies that the volume
)
− 0.1x 2dx = 15x − 0.1 x 3  = 150 − 33 1  − [ 0 ] = 116 2 m.
 3 0  3  3 is increasing. This cannot be the case. If
dV
⌠ −3 −1 there is a leak, will be negative.
3 a   5x −2 + x 2  dx = −5x −1 − 2x 2 + c dt
⌡  ∞ 24  ∞ ∞
dx =  −24 ( x + 2)  =  −
 x + 2 0 [ ]
−2 −1
∞5 + x  5 2  = 0 − −5 − =
∞ 7 Area = ∫0 24 ( x + 2) = 0 −
b ∫1 dx =  − x − [ ] [ 2] 7 0
x2  x 1 ∞ ∞
24 
∞
dx =  −24 ( x + 2)  =  − = [ 0 ] − [ −12] = 12 .
−2 −1
∫0 24 ( x + 2 )  x + 2 
0  0
4 y = ∫ −16x −2 dx = 16x −1 + c
8 y = ∫ (2x + 6)dx
16
= +c = x 2 + 6x + c
x
At a turning point, dy = 0
When x = 4, y = 6. dx
16 2x + 6 = 0
6= +c
4 x = −3
c=6−4=2 The turning point is on the x-axis so the
The equation is y = 16 + 2 . coordinates are (−3, 0).
x
Put these into the equation for y.
5 a Find some points on the curve: 0 = 9 – 18 + c
x 0 1 4 9 c=9
y −2 −1 0 1 The equation of the curve is y = x2 + 6x + 9.
3 1
y 9 ( )
a If f ( x ) = 4x 2 + 5 2 , then f ′ ( x ) = 3 4x 2 + 5
2 ( ) 2
× 8x
2
= 12x 4x 2 + 5
1 3 1
0 x
(
b If y = 4x 2 + 5 2 , then ) dy 3
(
= 4x 2 + 5
dx 2 ) 2
× 8x = 12x 4x 2 + 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
( )
–1 dy 3
= 4x 2 + 5 2
× 8x = 12x 4x 2 + 5 .
–2 dx 2
3
4
Hence ∫ x 4x 2 + 5 dx = 1 4x 2 + 5
12 ( ) 2
+ c.
4 1  2 3  16
b
∫ x2 − 2 dx =  3 x 2 − 2x  =  − 8  − [ 0 ] 10 Where the curve crosses the x-axis, x(4 − x) = 0.
0
   0  3 
x = 0 or 4
= − 8 so the area below the x-axis is 8 .
4
∫ ( 4kx − kx ) dx =  2kx − 1 kx 3 
4 2 2
3 3 The area =
0 3 0
9
9  1
2 3  4
( )
∫4  − 2 dx =  3 x 2 − 2x  ∫0 4kx − kx 2 dx =  2kx 2 − 13 kx 3 0 = 32k − 21 13 k  = 10 32 k .
4
x2
4

= [18 − 18 ] − − 8  8 2
= so the area above the 10 k = 32
 3  3 3
x-axis is 8 . k=3
3
Hence the total area is 8 + 8 = 16 or 5 1 . 11 Area beneath the curve between A and B is:
3 3 3 3
a
1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3
∫−a x dx =  3 x −a =  3 a  −  − 3 a  = 3 a
a 2
6 a V = ∫ (0.6t − 10) dt = 0.3t 2 − 10t + c
When t = 0, V = 100 so c = 100. The area of rectangle ABCD = 2a × a2 = 2a3.

V = 0.3t2 – 10t + 100 The area between AB and the curve is
2 4 2
2a 3 − a 3 = a 3 and this is of the area of the
3 3 3
rectangle.
103
7 INTEGRATION
12 a First, find the coordinates of the points where 5

∫2 πy dx.
2
14 Volume =
the lines cross.
Where x2 – x + 4 = 2x + 8 y = 4x + 1
x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
Thus y 2 = 4x + 1.
(x − 4)(x + 1) = 0
∫2 π( 4x + 1) dx =  π ( 2x )
5 5
x = −1 or 4 Volume =
2
+ x 
2
If x = −1, y = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6. = [ 55π ] − [10π ] = 45π .
If x = 4, y = 16 − 4 + 4 = 16. 1 dy
1 −1 2
15 a y = (4x − 8)2; = (4x − 8) 2 × 4 = ;
The points are (−1, 6) and (4, 16). dx 2 4x − 8
y dy 2 1
if x = 6, then = = ; the gradient of
dx 16 2
16 B the normal is −2 and the equation is

y – 4 = – 2(x – 6) or y = –2x + 16.
b y
A
6
A
4
D
C −1 0
4
x
b You want the difference between the area of

the trapezium ABCD and the area under the
curve between A and B.
P 6 R x
∫−1( x )
4
Area under curve = 2
− x + 4 dx
1 1
4 At P 4x – 8 = 0 so x = 2; at R –2x + 16 = 0 so x = 8.
=  x 3 − x 2 + 4x  6
 3  −1 ∫2 πy
2 2
Volume formed by rotating curve = dx
64 1 1 1 5 1
=  − 8 + 16  −  − − − 4  = 29 + 4 = 34 .
6 6
 3   3 2  3 6 6 = π ∫ (4x − 8)dx = π  2x 2 − 8x 
2 2
6 + 16 = [24π] – [– 8π] = 32π.

Area of trapezium = × 5 = 55.
2 Volume formed by rotating the normal is a
1 5 cone with volume 1 π × 4 2 × 2 = 32 π
The required area is 55 − 34 = 20 .
6 6 3 3
8
1
dx = π  − (16 − 2x)3 
8
∫6 π(16 − 2x)
2
1 3 1 (or)
13 Where they cross, x = 2x 2 and either x = 0 or  6 6
16
5
x 2 = 32 so x = 4. = [ 0 ] − π  − 64  = 32 π .
 6  3
1 3
Area between y = x and the x-axis is 32 π = 42 2 π.
16 The total volume is 32π +
4 3 3
1 1
dx =  x 4  = 4 − 0 = 4 .
4
∫0 16 x
3
 64 0 16 a Where the curves cross, x2 – 10x + 25 = 5 + 4x – x2;
2x2 – 14x + 20 = 0;
Area between y = 2 x and the x-axis is
4 (x – 2)(x – 5) = 0; x = 2 or 5.
4 1
4 3  32 2
∫0 2x 2 dx =  3 x 2  = 3 − 0 = 10 3 . When x = 2, y = 9 so A = (2, 9).
0
When x = 5, y = 0 so B = (5, 0).
Area between curves = 10 2 − 4 = 6 2 .
3 3 b The volume is
∫2 π (5 + 4x − x ) ( )
5 2 5 2
2
dx − ∫ π x 2 − 10x + 25 dx
2
= 129.6π – 48.6π = 81π = 254.
104
7
WORKED SOLUTIONS
17 a Where they cross, x4 + 2 = x2 + 14; b The areas are given by the formula in part a
x4 – x2 – 12 = 0; (x2 – 4)(x2 + 3) = 0 with a = 1, 2, 4, 8, etc.
x2 = 4 or −3
Total area = 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + ....
1 2 4 8
x2 = − 3 has no solution; if x2 = 4, then x = 2
1
or −2; in either case, y = 24 + 2 = 18 and the This is a geometric series with a = 50 and r = .
2
coordinates are B (2, 18) and A (−2, 18). a 50
Then S∞ = = = 100 .
b The minimum points are where the curves 1−r 1− 1
2
cross the y-axis. 2
y = x4 + 2 is at (0, 2) and y = x2 + 14 is at (0, 14) 20 a Where it crosses the x-axis, y = 0; x 2 = 1; x2 = a2;
a
c If y = x4 + 2, then y − 2 = x 2 and the volume x = ± a; points (a, 0) and (– a, 0).
18 y2
Where it crosses the y-axis, x = 0; = 1;
generated by y = x4 + 2 is ∫2 πx 2 d y b2
1
 3

18 y2 = b2; y = ± b; points (0, b) and (0, – b).
π( y − 2)2 d y = π  2 ( y − 2)2 
18
= ∫2 3
2 2
dx , where y 2 = 1 − x 2 and
a
2
∫−a πy
2
b Volume =
b a
=  128 π  − [ 0 ] = 128 π.
 3  3  x2 
y 2 = b2 1 − 2  .
 a 
If y = x2 + 14, then y – 14 = x2 and the volume
18 a 2 x2 
generated by y = x2 + 14 is ∫14 πx
2
dy So volume = ∫−a πb  1 − a 2  dx
18
1
∫14 π ( y − 14 ) d y = π  2 y − 14y 
18 2 a
= 2 x3 
14 = πb  x − 2 
 3a  −a
= [–90π] – [–98π] = 8π.
a a
128 104 = πb  a − 3  − πb  −a + 3 
2 2
The volume required = 3 π − 8π = 3 π
   
or 34 2 π.
3 = πb 2 × 2 a + πb 2 × 2 a = 4 πab 2 .
3 3 3
1 −1
18 a f ( x ) = ∫ dx = ∫ ( ax + 3) 2 dx
ax + 3 Mathematics in life and work
1
2
= (ax + 3)2 + c = 2 ax + 3 + c Assume that the segment is from x = −a to x = a.
a a
∫−a π (8 − 0.009x )
a
b f ( 0 ) = 0 → 2 × 3 + c = 0; c = − 2 3 and 2 2
The volume is = dx
a a
2 2 3
f (x ) =
∫−a π (64 − 0.144x )
a
ax + 3 − = 2
+ 0.000 081x 4 dx
a a
2 2 3
f (a ) = 2 2 − 2 → a2 + 3 − = 2 2 − 2; = π 64x − 0.048x 3 + 0.000 016 2x 5 
a
a a −a
From which
= 2π 64a − 0.048a 3 + 0.000 016 2a 5  .
a2 + 3 = a ( 2 − 1) + 3
a2 + 3 = a2 (3 − 2 2 ) + 2a 3 ( 2 −1 + 3 ) If the length is 15.6 cm then a = 7.8 and
a volume of 2996 cm³ is just under 3 litres.
2a − 2a 2 + 2 6 − 2 3 = 0
2 3−2 6
a= = 3
2−2 2
2a 100 2a
19 a ∫a dx =  − 100  =  − 100  −  − 100 
x2
 x  a  2a   a 
= − 50 + 100 = 50
a a a
105
SUMMARY REVIEW
Summary Review
publication.
Warm-up Questions  7
3 For ′x′:   26(ax)1 = 448ax.
1 a i 27, 38  1
ii Add consecutive odd numbers to get the  7

For ′x2′:   25(ax)2 = 672a 2x 2 .
next term.  2
b 1, 5, 9 448a = 672a2
2 5x + 2y = 16 ① 0 = 672a2 − 448a
3x − 4y = 7 ② = 3a2 − 2a
① × 2: = a(3a − 2)
10x + 4y = 32 ③ 2
a=
② + ③: 3
13x = 39 − π
x=3 4 i A translation  2  and a stretch in the
 0 
In ①:
15 + 2y = 16 y-direction, scale factor 3.
2y = 1
y = 0.5
ii The minimum point of f(x) is ( 32π ,−1). After
the translation, this becomes (π, –1). After
3 r = 7.5 cm the stretch, this becomes (π, –3). So the
Area of circle = π × 7.52 = 177 cm2. minimum point of g(x) is (π, –3).
5 tan 2x = 2
A Level Questions 2x = 63.4…, 243.4…
1 f′(x) = 3x2 − 7 x = 31.7°, 121.7°
Integrating: f(x) = x3 − 7x + c 1
6 i Area OAB = × 82a = 32a.
Substitute f(3) = 5 ⇒ 27 − 21 + c = 5 ⇒ c = −1 2
2
∴ f(x) = x3 − 7x − 1 Area OCA = π × 4 = 8π
2
2 i sin ! = k ⇒ sin2 ! = k2
Therefore 64a = 8π
sin2 ! + cos2 ! = 1
α=π
8
k 2 + cos2 θ = 1 ii BA = 8a and OCA = 4π
P = 8a + 4π + 8
cos2 θ = 1 − k 2
P = 8 × π + 4π + 8
cosθ = − 1 − k 2 8
Negative because ! is obtuse. P = 5π + 8
sin θ k dy
ii tan θ = =− 7 = −8x−3 − 1
cosθ 1 − k2 dx
y = 4x−2 − x + c
iii sin (! + π) = −k
Substitute (2, 4) 4 = 1 − 2 + c
c=5
4
y= 2 −x+5
x
106
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 i Let C be the centre of the circle. So A( –7, –7) Substituting into original equation gives y = ±8.
and C( –1, 6). B is at the opposite side of the So the stationary points are (2,8) and (−2, −8).
circle, so you can conclude B(5, 19). d 2y
When x = 2, =2>0 ⇒ minimum.
ii AC is a radius of the circle. By Pythagoras, d 2x
AC = r = 6 2 + 132 = 205 d 2y
When x = −2, = −2 < 0 ⇒ maximum
d 2x
iii Gradient of AC is 13 ⇒ gradient of
6 12 i The centre of the circle is the origin O(0, 0). The
perpendicular bisector is − 6 and it passes line and the circle intersect when
13
x2 + (x + 4)2 = 8
through C.
x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
y − 6 = − 6 (x + 1) (x + 2)2 = 0
13
x = –2 ⇒ y=2
13y – 78 = – 6x – 6
The line and the circle intersect once only at
6x + 13y – 72 = 0 P( –2, 2) so the line is a tangent.
CB ii The second tangent is at the opposite side
9 i tan α = ⇒ CB = 4 tan a
4 of the circle and passes through (2, –2). The
1
Area of triangle = × 4 × 4 tan a = 8 tan a. equation is
2
1 y + 2 = 1 (x – 2) ⇒ y=x–4
Sector area = × 22a = 2a.
2 13 4 sin2 x + 8 cos x − 7 = 0
Shaded area = 8 tan a − 2a. 4(1 − cos2 x) + 8 cos x − 7 = 0
4 AC = 4 4 −2 4 cos2 x − 8 cos x + 3 = 0
ii cosα = DC =
AC cosα cosα (2 cos x − 1)(2 cos x − 3) = 0
Arc length = 2a 3
cos x = ⇒ no solutions
4 2
Perimeter = − 2 + 2a + 2 + 4tan a
cos α cos x =
1
⇒ x = 60°, 300°
2
4
= cos α + 4 tan a + 2a 14 i f(x) = x2 + 1
10 i y − 2t = −2(x − 3t) y = x2 + 1
y = −2x + 8t y − 1 = x2
At A, y = 0 ⇒ x = 4t. x = y −1
At B, x = 0 ⇒ y = 8t.
f−1(x) = x − 1 (x > 1)
4t × 8t
Area of triangle OAB = = 16t 2 .
2 185
ii f(x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1)2 + 1 =
1 16
ii Equation of perpendicular line is y − 2t = (x − 3t ).
2
2y = x + t 169
(x2 + 1)2 =
At C, y = 0 ⇒ x = −t. 16
So C(−t, 0) and P(3t, 2t). 13
x2 + 1 = ±
( 3t 2− t , 22t ) = (t, t), which

4
Mid-point of CP is 3
x=
2
is on the line y = x.
Only one solution, since x ! 0
11 i y = 8x −1 + 2x
dy  6  6  6
= −8x −2 + 2 = − 82 + 2 15 i (2x − x2)6 =   (2x)6 +   (2x)5(−x2) +  
 0 1   2
dx x
d 2y (2x)4(−x2)2 + ... = 64x6 − 192x7 + 240x8 + ...
= 16x −3 = 16
d 2x x −3 ii (2 + x)(2x − x2)6
For ‘x8’:
ii 0 = −82 + 2
x 2 × 240x8 = 480x8 and x × −192x7 = −192x8
= −8 + 2x2 So the coefficient of x8 is 288.
x=±2
107
SUMMARY REVIEW
16 Completing the square: x2 + y2 – 2x – 16y + 40 = 0 20 i f(x) = 4(x – 3)2 + 2

becomes (x – 1)2 + (y – 8)2 = 25 ii y
This is a circle with centre (1, 8) and radius 5. 50
 −6
The translation   moves the centre to ( –5, 3)
 −5
and the radius remains as 5. 40
(0, 38)
17 i −x2+ 6x − 5 = −1(x − 3)2 + 4 by completing the
square
30
ii m = 3
iii y = −(x − 3)2 + 4
(x − 3)2 = 4 − y
x=3+ 4− y 20
f−1(x) = 3 + 4 − x
The domain is x ⩽ 0 10
a a
18 i S = and 3S =
1−r 1 − 2r
3a a 0 5 x
=
1 − r 1 − 2r
The minimum point is (3, 2)
3(1 − 2r) = 1 − r
2 iii f(2x) moves (3, 2) to (1.5, 2)
r=
5 f(2x – 3) moves (3, 2) to (4.5, 2)
77 –f(2x – 3) moves (3, 2) to (4.5, –2)
ii 84 = 7 + (n − 1)d ⇒ d= ①
n −1 So the maximum point of – f(2x – 3) is (4.5, –2)
238
245 = 7 + (3n − 1)d ⇒ d= ② 21 i ar2 = −108 ①
3n − 1
ar5 = 32 ②
Equating ① and ②: ② ÷ ①:
238(n − 1) = 77(3n − 1)
8
238n − 238 = 231n − 77 r3 = −
27
7n = 161
2
r=−
n = 23 3
19 i Perimeter = 400 ⇒ 400 = 2πr + 2x ii Substituting value of r into ① gives:
⇒ 2x = 400 − 2πr ① 4
a = −108
A = πr2 + 2xr 9
Substituting ①: a = −243
A = πr2 + r(400 − 2πr) −243
iii S∞ =
A = πr2 + 400r − 2πr2 1− −2
3
A = 400r − πr2
= −145.8
dA
ii = 400 − 2πr 22 i x = x2 − 4x + 4
dr
0 = 400 − 2πr 0 = x2 − 5x + 4
2πr = 400 0 = (x − 1)(x −4)
Substituting into ①: So x = 1, y = 1 A(1, 1).
2x = 400 − 400 And x = 4, y = 4 B(4, 4).
x=0 Therefore, mid-point of AB is (2.5, 2.5).
Therefore there are no straight sections. dy
ii = 2x − 4
2 dx
d A
= −2π < 0 ⇒ maximum x − 4x + 4 = (2x − 4)x
2
dr 2
x2 = 4
108
WORKED SOLUTIONS
x = ±2 y
ii
x = 2 ⇒ y = 0 ⇒ m = 0 Ignore this 8
solution since m = 0.
x = −2 ⇒ y = 16 ⇒ m = −8
So the tangent meets the curve at (−2, 16).
2
23 i 4x2 − 24x + 11 = 4(x − 3)2 − 25
x
Vertex is at (3, −25). 2π
ii g(1) = 4 − 24 + 11 = −9
iii f has an inverse because it is a one−one
Therefore g(x) ! −9.
function (or it has no turning point).
iii y = 4(x − 3)2 − 25
(x − 3)2 =
y + 25 iv y = 5 + 3 cos
x
2 ()
4
x =3+
y + 25
4
y−5
3
= cos
x
2 ()
y − 5
2 cos−1  =x
 3 
1
=3+ y + 25
2
g−1(x) = 3 +
1
2
x + 25 f−1(x) = 2 cos−1 ( x 3− 5 )
The domain is x ! −9. 27 i y = 8 −2x − x2
dy
24 By Pythagoras: = −2 − 2x
dx
AB = 122 + 10 2 = 244 2 = −2 − 2x
i
x = −2
Similarly, AC = 12 + 112 = 122 and y=8
Therefore
BC = 112 + 12 = 122
8 = −4 + c
Therefore, (AC)2 + (BC)2 = (AB)2 ⇔ ABC is a
c = 12
right-angled triangle.
ii 8 − 2x − x2 = 2x + 11
ii (AC)2 + (BC)2 = (AB)2 ⇒ AB is the hypotenuse 0 = x2 + 4x + 3
⇒ AB is the diameter of the circle = (x + 1)(x + 3)
∴ The centre of the circle is the midpoint x = −1 or x = −3
of AB. The centre is (–4, 2) and the radius is −1 −1
∫−3 (8 − 2x − x ∫−3 (2x + 11)dx .
2
Area = )dx −
244 = 61
2 −1
 x3  −1 4
Area = 8x − x 2 −  −  x + 11x  −3 = 3 .
2
So the equation of the circle is 3
(x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 61   −3
4 − 1.75 = 4.5 and gradient of 28 i Completing the square: x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 21 = 0
25 i Gradient of CE = ⇒ (x – 4)2 + (y – 3)2 = 4.
4 − 3.5
DE = 4 − 3.51 = 4.9 Therefore, the centre is (4, 3).
4 − 3.9
ii The sequence of chords have gradients: 3, ii The radius is 2.
4, 4.5, 4.9. This indicates that as the chords iii When x = 0 ⇒ (y – 3)2 = –12 ⇒ no real
approach E, the gradients are converging solutions ⇒ does not intersect y-axis.
towards 5. It indicates that f’(4) = 5. When y = 0 ⇒ (x – 4)2 = – 5 ⇒ no real
() x
26 i 5 + 3 cos 2 = 7 solutions ⇒ does not intersect x-axis.
iv The diameter lies on the line AB.
cos ( ) =
x 2
2 3 The gradient of the tangent is 1 , so the
3
x gradient of the diameter (and hence AB) is –3.
= 0.841…
2 AB also passes through the centre. So the
x = 1.68 equation is:
109
SUMMARY REVIEW
y – 3 = – 3(x – 4) 1 1
2 2
y – 3 = – 3x + 12 ii Area = ∫ (3 − 2x) dx − ∫ (−24x + 20)dx
3
3x + y – 15 = 0 0 0
29 i 0 = 3u + 3u−1
− 10 1 1
1
0 = 3u2 − 10u + 3 =  − (3 − 2x) 42
−  −12x 2 + 20x  2
 8 0  0
0 = (3u − 1)(u − 3)
= 81 − 9
u=1 x=1 8
3 9
u=3 x=9 =9
8
3 − 12 3 − 32
ii f ′′(x) = x − x
2 2 32 The graphs intersect when 6x – x2 = 8
f ′′ ( 19 ) = −36 < 0 ⇒ maximum So x2 – 6x + 8 = 0

(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0
4 x = 2 or x = 4
f′′(9) = > 0 ⇒ minimum
9 4 4
3 1
V = π∫ (6x − x 2)2 dx − π∫ 8 2 dx
iii f(x) = 2x 2 + 6x 2 − 10x +c
2 2
3 1
4 4
−7 = 2(4)2 + 6(4)2 − 10(4) + c
V = π∫(36x 2 − 12x 3 + x 4) dx − π∫64 dx
c=5
2 2
3 1
f(x) = 2x 2 + 6x 2 − 10x + 5 4
V = π 12x 3 − 3x 4 + 1 x 5  − π [ 64x ]2
4
 5  2
30 i y = 7 ⇒ (x + 2)2 + 9 = 25 ⇒ (x + 2)2 = 16
V = π[[204.8] – [54.4]] – 128π
( )
So x + 2 = ± 4 ⇒ x = 2 or x = – 6 112π
V = 22.4π or
Therefore, P(2, 7). 5
ii Let C be the centre of the circle. The gradient Extension Questions
of CP is 7 − 4 = 3 .
2 − −2 4 1 i Radius and tangent meet at B, so angle ABC is a
The tangent is perpendicular to CP, so it has right-angle and ABC is a right-angled triangle.
4
gradient − .
3 Area of triangle ABD = 3(BD)
2
The equation of the tangent is ⇒ Area of kite ABDC = 3 (BD)
y − 7 = − 4 (x − 2) ⇒ 4x + 3y – 29 = 0 Therefore, 12 = 3 (BD) ⇒ BD = 4 cm
3
By Pythagoras: (AD)2 = 32 + 42 ⇒ AD = 5 cm
iii For the tangent line, y = 0 ⇒ 4x = 29 ⇒
x = 7.25 ⇒ Q(7.25, 0) ii The locus of points is a circle, centre (5, 8) and
radius 5 cm. So the equation of the locus is:
By Pythagoras, PQ = 5.252 + 7 2 = 8.75 (x – 5)2 + (y – 8)2 = 5
So, the area of triangle CPQ is
2 i Sometimes. The result is not valid for a = 0.
5 × 8.75 = 21.875 units2
2 ii Sometimes. The result is only true when
31 i y = (3 − 2x)3 a = b. The circle is in the positive quadrant
dy and touches both the x-axis and the y-axis.
= 3(3 − 2x)2(−2)
dx If a > b, the circle extends beneath the x-axis.
= −6(3 − 2x)2 If a < b, the circle touches the y-axis only and
dy
When = 1 , = −6(3 − 1)2 = −24. does not reach the x-axis.
2 dx
iii Sometimes. Solving the equation:
So the equation of the tangent is:
y − 8 = −24 x −
1
2 ( ) tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = π , 5π , …
4 4
In general, the result is true when
y − 8 = −24x + 12
y = −24x + 20 θ = (4n − 3)π , where n ∈ Z .
4
110
WORKED SOLUTIONS
iv Always. This is an identity and should be  5 4  4

 1  ( x )( 2) ×  2 ( 2x ) ( −3) × ( −4 ) = 70778880x
2 2 6 3
written as sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1.
( ) (−4) = 6 220800x
3 Solving the quadratic: (3x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
 5 4  6 x
2
 1  ( x )( 2) × ( −3) ×  2 2
4 4 3
5
⇒ x = − or x = 2.
3
 1  ( x )( 2) ×  1  ( 2x )( −3) ×  1  ( 2 )( −4 ) = 53084160x
dy  5  4  6 x
For the cubic: = 3x 2 − 8x + 6 . The discriminant 4 3 5 3
dx
is 82 – 4(3)(6) = – 8 ⇒ no turning points.
At the intersection of the two curves: x3 – 4x2 + 6x  4
( 2)5 ×  ( 2x )3 ( −3) × ( −4 )6 = −12582912x 3
+ 5 = 3x2 – x – 10 ⇒ x3 – 7x2 + 7x + 15 = 0  3 
x = – 1 is a root ⇔ (x + 1) is a factor
By inspection: (x + 1)(x2 – 8x + 15) = 0
⇔ (x + 1) (x – 3)(x – 5) = 0
 4
( 2)5 × 
 2
 6
1  ()
( 2x )2 ( −3)2 ×   x2 ( −4 )5 = −21233664x 3
This information allows a sketch to be drawn.  4  6

( ) (−4) = −6635520x
2
( 2)5 ×  ( 2x )( −3)3 ×   x2 4 3
y  1   2
( ) (−4) = −414720x
(5, 60)
 6 x 3
( 2)5 × ( −3)4 ×  3 3
 3 2
Summing: the coefficient of x3 is 11 802 624.
40 5 The errors in this solution include division by

sin2 x (which loses some solutions) and sinx = 1
2
has more solutions in the given range than shown.
The correct solutions is:
20
sin2x – cos2x = 4 sin3x – 1
(3, 14)
sin2x – (1 – sin2x) = 4sin3x – 1
(0,5)
2sin2x – 1 = 4sin3x – 1
(−1.667, 0) 2sin2x = 4sin3x
−5 0 (2, 0) 5 x sin2x = 2sin3x
(−1, −6) 2sin3x – sin2x = 0
sin2x (2sinx – 1) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or sin x =
The area between the curves from (3, 14) to (5, 60) 2
is the area we need to find. x = 0, π, 2π x = π , 5π
6 6
5
∫ ((3x ) ( ))
2
Shaded area = − x − 10 − x 3 − 4x 2 + 6x + 5 dx 6 i ax2 + bx + c = 0
3
x2 + b x + c = 0
5 a a
∫ ( −x )
3
Shaded area = + 7x 2 − 7x − 15 dx
x2 + b x = − c
3 a a
5
=  − 1 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 15x  = 20 units2
( x + 2ba ) − 4ba = − ac
2 2
 4 3 2 3 3 ii 2
( x + 2ba ) = 4ba − ac
4 All of the different combinations that contribute to 2 2
the coefficient of x3 are: 2
 5
 3 ( x ) ( 2) × ( −3) × ( −4 ) = 13271040x
3 2 4 6
( x + 2ba ) = 4ba − 44aca

3
2 2
2 2
 5 3  4
 2 ( x ) ( 2) ×  1  ( 2x )( −3) × ( −4 ) = −70778880x
( x + 2ba ) = b 4−a4ac
2 3 6 3 2 2
2
 5 2 3 4  6 x
()
 2 ( x ) ( 2) × ( −3) ×  1  2 ( −4 ) = −19906560x
5 3
111
SUMMARY REVIEW
2 The gradient either side of zero is negative

iii x + b = ± b − 42ac and the curve is continuous. This suggests
2a 4a
that x = 0 is a point of inflection.
b 2 − 4ac
x+ b = ±
2a 2a iii Not always. A point of inflection occurs when
the sign of the curvature changes. This can
b 2 − 4ac
x=− b ± occur without the need for a stationary point.
2a 2a
2
x = −b ± b − 4ac
2a 2 (  ) 6  2()
10 cosx = sin π − x ⇒ sin  cos π  = sin π − x ( )
7 i gh(x) = g(sin x) = sin2 x, 0 ! x ! π and
2 6 ()
cos π = π − x
2
0 ⩽ gh(x) ⩽1 3 = π−x
2 2
( )
ii fgh ( x ) = f sin 2x = 1 − sin 2x = cos x π
x= − 3
2 2
0 ⩽ x ⩽1 and 0 ⩽ fgh(x) ⩽ cos(1)
x = π− 3
8 i Area of circle 1 is 100π and area of circle 2 is 25π. 2
So a = 100π and r = 1 . The area is reduced by 11
4
a scale factor of 4 for each consecutive circle.
The radius is halved for each consecutive circle. 10 cm 8 cm
Therefore, the 4th circle has area 25π cm2 from
5 cm
16 a b
which its radius is 5 cm.
4
10 cm 8 cm
The distance of the centre of the 4th circle
from O is the radii of circles 1 and 4 and the
diameters of circles 2 and 3 ⇒ 10 + (2 × 5) +
(2 × 2.5) + 1.25 = 26.25.
Use the cosine rule to find α and β.
So the centre of circle 4 is (26.25, 0) with
52 = 102 + 102 – 2(10)(10) cos α
radius 5 cm.
4 25 = 200 – 200 cos α
100 π 400π cm2
ii S∞ = = 175
1− 1 3 cos α =
4 200
iii The total area is found by doubling the sum α = 0.505 radians
to positive infinity and subtracting the area 52 = 82 + 82 – 2(8)(8) cos β
of the original circle as this will have been
25 = 128 – 128 cos β
double-counted.
Total area = 2 ( )
400π
3
− 100π =
500π
3
cm2 2
units cos β =
103
128
dy d 2y β = 0.636 radians
9 i = 4x 3 − 9x 2 = 12x 2 − 18x
dx dx 2 The shaded area can be found in two parts. In each
At stationary points: 0 = 4x3 – 9x2 ⇒ x = 0 or case, subtract the area of the isosceles triangle
from the area of the sector.
x = 9.
4
9 d y 81
2
Shaded area =( 12 × 10 α − 12 × 10 sinα )
2 2
When x = , 2 = > 0 ⇒ minimum

+ ( × 8 β − × 8 sinβ ) = 2.404…
4 dx 4
1 21 2
2 2
d 2y
ii When x = 0, = 0 ⇒ may be a point of
dx 2 The required area is the area of each circle minus
inflection. twice the shaded area.
dy Required area = 100π + 64π − 2 × 2.404 … = 510.41 cm2
When x = – 0.1, = −0.094 and when
dx
dy
x = 0.1, = −0.086
dx
112
WORKED SOLUTIONS
12 i The terms can be written as: 2, 2 + 2d, 2 + 5d.

Consecutive terms in a geometric sequence
⇒ + d = 2 + 5d
2 2
2 2 + 2d
Solving: (2 + 2d)2 = 2(2 + 5d)
4 + 8d + 4d2 = 4 + 10d
4d2 – 2d = 0
2d2 – d = 0
d (2d – 1) = 0
The non-trivial value of d = 1

2
We know that
r = 2 + 2d = 2 + 1 = 3
2 2 2
ii For the arithmetic progressions, the 4th term
is 2 + 3 ()
1 = 7.
2 2
For the geometric progression, the 4th term
( ) = 278 a
3
is a 3
2
Equating the terms:
27 a = 7
8 2
54a = 56
a = 28
27
113

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#A Levels/Math

Helen Ball, Chris Pearce

Consequently b2 – 4ac < 0 because the curve of

Exercise 1.2A b2 – 4ac = 0 so two equal real roots.

b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – (4)(2)(1) a No real roots:

b2 – 4ac > 0 so two distinct real roots. (5)2 – (4)(2)(−c) < 0

b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – (4)(1)(4) 25

3x2 – 9x – 3 = 0 Quadratic formula:

( 52 ) − 534 = 0 Equation factorises so easy to do this.

3 a 6 – 5x – x2 > 0 c 12 + 9x +x2 > 3(x + 1)

2 a Substitution or elimination: for elimination the 2x − 3(x2 − 7) = 13

y(y + 10) = 140 Then x + y = 129, x2 + y2 = 8433

y2 + 10y − 140 = 0 The two numbers must satisfy both equations.

y = −5 ± 165 x = 5 ± 165 2x2 – 258x + 8208 = 0

8 The line y = 9 – 2x meets the circle x = −5 square root sign missed

9x2 + (7 – 2x)2 = 72 y = x4 = 2.280776406, x = ± 1.22891… = ± 1.23

( x +5 )( x + 5) = 0 square root sign missed 2

8(98 – 10c) < 0 x < −2.07 or x > 2.74 (3 s.f.)

98 – 10c < 0 11 a px2 + 5x – 6 = 0

y = gf(x) has 2 real roots when 12 + a > 0,

b 2 − 4ac = −3b = − 3b × 4 = − 2 Area = x(a + 4x) = 4x2 + ax

Mathematics in life and work

Prerequisite knowledge e This is an ellipse where an input value can

1 a f(x) = 5 – 3x is a linear relationship whereby

g(x) {g(x): g(x) ⩽ 1, g(x) ∈ !} c 3 – 5b – 2b2 = 6

All the values of h(x) are greater than or 3

d j(x) = 1 for {x: x ≠ 0, x ∈ !} 0 x

b y Range {g(x): g(x) ⩾ 0, g(x) ∈ !}

49 Range {h(x): h(x) ∈ !}

1 for {x: x > −2, x ∈ !} Exercise 2.2A

fg(x) can be found as the range of g is included in 3

the domain of f, but gf(x) cannot be found as f(x) > 0 2

fg(x) = f(g(x)) = 4(x2 – 1)3 – 2(x2 – 1)2 + 7 f−1 (x) = 3 + x {x ⩾ 0, x ∈ !}

10 f(x) = 4x – 5, for fg(x) = x ; g(x) must involve 1 x in 5

The domain is { x : x ∈ ! , x > 3}. x3 = y + 8 +1

9 f(x) = 4x3 – 2x2 + 7, g(x) = x2 – 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x

d f(x + 4) one solution d

–6 −2f(x); P (−2, 0), R (1, 0), Q (0, 4)

y 6 a, b, d f(2x) = 22x + 1 no solutions and

For y = f(−x) P is at (0, 1). 0 x

5 a, b y = f(2x), where −180° ! x ! 180°; asymptotes at 5

8 f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1, or f(x) = (x – 1)2

9 y = f(x) drawn in red, y = g(x) drawn in green.

10 f(x) = x3, so f −1(x) = 3 1 − 2x

( 1x ) + x5 − 13 range of g(x) included

b f(−x) reflection in y-axis

1 1 1 c y = g(x) in red, y = h(x) in blue

19 296 – 20x 296 – 20x

a v(x) = (296 – 20x)(214 – 20x)10x

Mathematics in life and work

3 As the car ages its value depreciates.

4 5 The line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and

4x 7 5y Numerator and denominator confused. Should be:

y-coordinate incorrect in (x2, y2). It should be (5, −8).

5 Find the equation of the first line. 9 Line A: y + 7 =

8 Line with gradient

y = 0.7 ≠ 3, ∴ the line does not pass through (2, 3).

5 a Arrange the equations in the form y = mx + c: Exercise 3.2B

5 3 As the two lines have the same gradient they are