CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The used of organic fertilizer in agricultural purposes has been practice by many
farmers. It contributes to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients,
such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In order for a plant to grows, it needs a
number of different chemical elements that can be find in organic fertilizer. The common
form of organic fertilizer is manure. Manure from different animals has different qualities
and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. This enriches the soil,
which in turn helps the plant to grow better. The most important benefits of using manure
is its ability to condition the soil. Manure produces increased soil carbon, which is an
important source of energy that makes nutrients available for plants. It is considered a
slow release plant fertilizer that provides small amounts of nutrients over an extended
period. This makes it an acceptable for mulch for plants.

One of the common agricultural crops here in the Philippines is Pechay (Brassica
Rapa). It is commonly found in household backyard because it's easy to plant and to
harvest. It is cultivated in temperate regions and has the largest terminal bud known to
any plants. Shifting from conventional farming to organic farming has many benefits to
human, protecting the environment, adding soil fertility through improving its physical,
chemical and quality of produced crops. By recycling, composting and using local inputs,
it can help further improve the sustainability of the crops.

Generally, the main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness and
use of fertilizers:

1. to isolate the differences of every treatments

2. observe the features of the set-ups
3. determine if there is a difference on the set-ups and observe the soil fertility if
the plant grow
4. discuss the result of each treatments

1
Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study was about the growth and yield performance of pechay plant
fertilized with cow manure and urea.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the growth and yield performance of pechay in

terms of:
a) Height
b) Number of leaves
c) Color of leaves
d) Width of leaves
e) Weight
2. Which treatment gives a good result on the growth and yield performance of
pechay plant?
3. How effective is the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer?

Significance of the Study

The result of this was significance to the following:

Future researchers and students. The result of this study served as valuable reference
for future study.

Farmers. The outcome of this study provided additional knowledge and skills on the
choice of farming technology, cropping system and fertilizer used in order to improve the
production of pechay.

Academicians and teachers. This study gave them additional information that can be
extended to their target beneficiaries or clienteles for pechay.

Community. This study served as guide or reference for the people to have a proper
knowledge on using organic fertilizer for agricultural purposes and it was beneficial to
the community.

2
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study mainly focused on assessing the effect and manifesting the impact of
the cow manure and urea in the growth and yield performance of pechay plant. Growth
and yield performance of pechay plant fertilized with cow manure and urea was
conducted to test the efficacy of organic fertilizer such as the cow manure that was used
through collecting the data such that of the height, number of leaves, width of leaves,
weight and vegetative appearance of the pechay that was planted. Researchers used
different treatments to clearly discern the differences of impact on plants and serve for
comparison as well.

The field experiment that was conducted by the researchers started on January
2020 for planting of pechay seeds into bags. Pechay seeds were planted first on the
polyethylene bags for proper production and grow before the direct planting into the
field. After 14 days, the pechay was transferred to the field for transplanting and the
proper experimentation.

This study was delimited to the use of other organic fertilizer. The research study
will run for long period of time for approximately 2 months. Proper planting and
maintenance of care to plants is the necessary action to perform to properly gather the
data needed for the study.

3
 END NOTES

 Ajayi, O.C. (2007) User Acceptability of Sustainable Soil Fertility Technologies:

Lessons from Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Southern Africa.

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 30: 21-40.

 Akhtar, M. and Malik, A., 2000 Roles of organic soil amendments and soil

organisms in the biological control of plant – parasitic nematodes, a review.

Bioresource Technology 74: 35-47.

 Alvarez, R., 2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage. Effects

on soil organic storage. Soil Use Manage, 21: 38-52.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

To fully understand this study, the researcher reviewed several literatures, studies,
and readings related literature.

RELATED LITERATURE

Pechay is a shallow – rooted plant which grows in a loosely high fertile, well–
drained soil, friable and rich in organic matter. At present there are notable source of
organic matter which contribute much to the attainment of higher level of organic fertility
of the soil like farm manures which are highly recommended for crop production because
of their nutrients contents which ensures good field to crops especially vegetable crops.

The agriculture sector is deemed unsustainable by various studies as the

main focus of the current development agenda is feeding the ever-expanding population.
It loses sight of the negative environmental consequences it creates, particularly on soil
health. Land use is optimized through technologies and management practices that
fall short of requirements for sustainability. The current practice in agriculture is
basically chemical-based farming that makes a considerable contribution to the
degradation of our natural resources especially soils. Heavy application of fertilizers
has polluted surface and groundwater resources (dela Cruz, 2006). Growing vegetables
has been a practice for centuries in civilized countries.

Vegetables are a very important food commodity. Aside from playing a major
role in meeting our vitamin, mineral and protein requirements, they also serve as a
reliable source of income of farmers (Chauburg, 1984 as cited by Torrefiel, 2006). The
income derived from growing vegetables is relatively higher than other crops, because
growers can produce more crops from a small area in a very short period of time.

Fertilizer application using either inorganic or organic fertilizer sources is

one of the most common cultural management practices in vegetable production.
According to Lampkin (1990) as cited by Masarirambi, (2010) that the commercial
and subsistence farming has been and is still relying on the use of inorganic fertilizers

5
for growing crops. This is because they are easy to use, quickly absorbed and utilized
by crops. However, these fertilizers are believed to contribute substantially to
human, animal food intoxication and environmental instability or degradation
(Masarirambi, 2010). Inorganic fertilizers are the most common fertilizers used by the
farmers. However, its use incurs a high cost and its supply is sometimes limited that
many farmers now are still adapting the idea of using organic fertilizers no matter how
long and laborious is the preparation. Brady (1974) reported that organic matter
increases the caution exchange capacity of the soil. Aside from its ability to supply
nutrients, organic fertilizers are also capable of improving the physical, chemical and
biological properties of the soil which could significantly improve the growth and
development of plants.

Among the potential sources of organic fertilizers is compost. Composts are

a form of organic fertilizer; they are considered low-analysis fertilizers because
they contain about 1% N and P and their organic nitrogen mineralization rate is
about 10% (Sikora and Enkiri, 2001 as cited by Espiritu, 2011). Organic fertilizer has
been defined as any product of plant and/or animal origin that has undergone. There is
increased demand of organically produced vegetables in view of its health and nutritional
benefits. There is paucity of information on the use of organic fertilizers for
vegetable production and therefore this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different
levels of compost as a source of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield performance
of pechay.

Abbey et al. (2001) reported that animal and plant wastes at various stages of
decomposition constitute soil organic manure. Soil organic manure come from dead plant
roots, crops residues, green manure, dead soil microorganisms and farmyard manure
(Abbey et al., 2001).Dunn (1994) identified compost; plant materials (straw and dry
leaves), garden waste and green manure as forms of organic manure that are commonly
used by farmers to improve soil fertility. He further pointed out that green manure is
derived from leguminous crops, which are grown as cover crops and ploughed into the
soil.

6
 The potential of composting to turn on-farm waste materials into a farm
resource makes it an attractive proposition. Composting offers several benefits such as
enhanced soil fertility and soil health, thereby contributing to increased agricultural
productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a sound
environment. While traditional composting procedures take as long as 4-8 months to
produce compost, rapid composting methods using fungus to hasten decomposition
period offer possibilities of reducing the processing period up to three months, which is a
great advantage over the conventional method of composting.

Animal manure had been used as a source of local fertilizer in the many
developing countries across the globe for many centuries. Proper use of manure and
compost is essential for both a production and environmental standpoint. Applying rates
that are too low can lead to nutrient deficiency and low yields. On the other hand, too
high a rate can lead to nitrate leaching, phosphorus runoff, accelerated eutrophication of
lakes, and excessive vegetative growth of some crops. Thus, understanding how to
manage manure is important for any farming operation with livestock that relies on
manure as a major source of nutrients, as well as for vegetable producers who have
access to an economical supply of manure, compost, or other organic nutrient sources.

The use of inorganic fertilizers has drastically declined due to the energy crisis,
which has immensely affected most of the developing countries (Hauck, 1982). Nutrients
contained in manures are released more slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil
ensuring longer residual effects, improved root development and higher crop yields
(Sharma and Mittra, 2011; Abou El Magd et al., 2008). Manures are usually applied at
higher rates, relative to inorganic fertilizers. When applied at higher rates, they give
residual effects on the growth and yield of succeeding crops (Maknde and Ayoola, 2008)
Improvements of environmental conditions as well as the need to reduce cost of fertizing
crops are reasons for advocating use of organic materials (Bayu et al., 2006). Organic
manures improve soil fertility by activating soil microbial biomass (Ayuso et al., 2008).
Application of manures sustains cropping system through better nutrient recycling
(ElShakweer et al., 2008). Manures provide a source of all necessary macro- and micro

7
nutrients in available forms, thereby improving the physical and biological properties of
the soil (Abou El Magd et al., 2006).

Cow manure has a soft texture and tends to be deposited in a circular shape,
which gives dung patches their alternate names of cow pies and cow pats. The manure is
used as a rich fertilizer, an efficient fuel and biogas producer, a useful building material, a
raw material for paper making, and an insect repellent. Cow dung "chips" are used in
throwing contests and cow pie bingo is played as a game. The manure also plays an
essential role in the lives of various animals, plants, and microbes, including dung beetles
and the Pilobolus fungus.

Cow Manure as a Fertilizer

Removing cow dung from fields is important because the dried pats reduce the
grazing area. In addition, the cow pats give off methane, which acts as a greenhouse gas
in the atmosphere. Water runoff can carry some of the dung into rivers and other bodies
of water, polluting them with excess nutrients.

Many people are aware that cow manure can make a good fertilizer and are
reminded of this every time they pass a fertilized and odoriferous field. Cow manure is
rich in minerals, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It can support the
growth of beneficial microorganisms when it's mixed with soil. Manure can also improve
the texture of the soil and help it to maintain moisture. Often, however, manure is too rich
in certain chemicals and needs to be diluted or left to sit in the soil for a while before
crops are planted.

That, in addition to supplying plant nutrients, manure generally improves soil tilt,
aeration, and water holding capacity of the soil and promotes growth of beneficial soil
organisms. The application of cow dung manure and vermicompost increases soil organic
matter content, and this leads to improved water infiltration and water holding capacity as
well as an increased caution exchange capacity.

A review of literature showed that a very little has been accomplished on the use
of cow manure vermicompost as potting material in Saudi Arabia. The main objective of

8
study was to evaluate the available vermicompost by mixing with sandy soil on the
growth and performance of alfalfa and vinca rosa plants to determine the optimum
potting mixture for landscape and nursery plants.

VALUE OF MANURE

The fundamental reason for input of nutrients into agro ecosystems is the need to
produce high crop yields, whether or not the crop have relatively low value and low
marginal return. In modern cropping systems crop nutrient needs are achieved through
addition of inorganic and organic nutrient sources. Inorganic nutrient sources, such as
fertilizers, are excellent sources of crop nutrients and are usually readily available.
Organic nutrient sources such as animal manures, biosolids and various agricultural and
industrial byproducts, also can effectively supply crop nutrients. Essential elements in
manure have been shown to contribute to the effects of commercial ammonium-nitrate on
corn yield (Durieux, et al., 1995). Manure nutrient effects on wheat and corn yield are
comparable to commercial fertilizer (Weidemann, 1943). The value of manure is largely
viewed in terms of its nutrient content. Nutrient value can range widely. The
concentration of nutrients depends on dilution with wash water and barnyard runoff as
well as losses. The biggest influence is probably water content.

As an example, data from survey of poultry manure showed that manure value
ranging from about 5 to 80 dollars per ton for N, P, and K only (Moncrief, et al., 1991).
There are other beneficial effects of manure associated with less tangible economic
returns. Manure can improve soil physical and biological properties improvement
because of its content of humus, and organic constituents. Soil physical and biological
improvement results in a more favorable medium for plant growth and reduced runoff
losses of pollutants.

For decades researchers have noted the benefits of manure additions to soil, from
renovating eroded sites (Latham, 1940) to improving soil physical properties and fertility

9
following centuries of manuring (DeLuca and DeLuca, 1997; Sandor and Eash, 1991).
Manure additions to sandy soil improves water holding capacity and improves structure
(Hornick, 1988). Other researchers indicated that manure additions can tolerance to corn
rootworm, possibly by maintaining higher soil nutrient levels (Allee and Davis, 1996).
These have been more thoroughly discussed in the Soil Literature Review the cost
associated with manure is the storage, handling, and application costs. Generally these
costs are smallest closer to the source, with economical storage construction, and when
manure is applied without soil injection. If animal manure is concentrated and relatively
dry it can be economically transported greater distances.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Manure can have a positive or negative impact on the environment depending on

the management. If applied at too high a rate, too far in advance of plant recovery of
nutrients, on an environmentally sensitive area, using an improper application method, or
without regard to soil levels environmental damage can result. The main constituents of
manure that are important from an environmental standpoint are nitrogen, phosphorus,
and oxygen demanding materials. Nitrate nitrogen can result in “Blue Baby” syndrome
or be toxic to livestock in high enough concentrations. Ammonium-ammonia nitrogen
will be partitioned into both species depending largely on water pH. Ammonia is a very
toxic biocide and in high enough concentrations is lethal to aquatic and terrestrial plants
and animals. Oxygen demanding materials are reduced compounds that consume oxygen
that is dissolved in water when they are converted to oxidized states, largely by
microorganisms which derive energy from the conversion. This can be organic
compounds or inorganic compounds such as ammonium. When dissolved oxygen levels
are reduced fish become stressed and/or die and unpleasant odors develop.

Phosphorus is important because algae growth in most freshwater lakes is limited

by this essential nutrient. When algae are allowed to grow they convert carbon dioxide to
reduced organic carbon with energy from the Sun. When they die and decompose this
carbon becomes a source of dissolved oxygen demand. When manure is applied to the
soil and its constituents are not lost by runoff or leached to groundwater these same
characteristics have a positive impact on soil quality as a growth medium for plants.

10
Besides nutrients essential for plant growth, Animal manure also contains certain metals
(trace elements), pathogens, small quantities of biocides and growth hormones (Eck and
Stewart, 1995; Edwards and Daniel, 1992; Hansen, 1996; Sims and D.C. Wolf, 1994).

Related Studies

Compost contains plant nutrients including N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu,
and B. The uptake of which has positive effects on plant nutrition, photosynthesis, the
chlorophyll content of the leaves and improves the nutrient content of the different plant
components (roots, shoots and the fruits). The high percentage of humid acids in
compost contributes to plant health, as it promotes the synthesis of phenolic
compounds such as anthocyanin and flavonoids which may improve plant quality and act
as a deterrent to pest and diseases (Theunissen et al 2010).

Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer and used in many developing
countries for generating energy. It is very effective's alternatives to chemical fertilizers by
enhancing productivity in long term with maintaining the soil health and enhances the
microbial population. Cow dung manure and vermin compost increases soil organic
matter content, and this leads to improved water infiltration and water holding capacity as
well as an increased cation exchange capacity. It is one of the renewable and sustainable
energy resources through dung cakes or biogas which replace the dependence upon
charcoal, fuel wood, firewood and fossil fuel etc. Beside it, application of cow dung in
proper and sustainable way can enhance not only productivity of yield but also
minimizing the chances bacterial and fungal pathogenic disease. Therefore, improper use
of cow dung should be stopped and use as organic manure for maintaining productive and
sustainable farming system. Cows dung is a most important source of bio-fertilizer but at
the same time cow's urine, cow's horn and a dead body of a cow can be used for
preparing effective bio-fertilizer (Aranico et. al, 2014).

11
 According to Prado's research, effect of organic fertilizer on the growth
performance of Brassica rapa under La union, Philippines, it is recommended to organic
farmers and gardening enthusiast that the used of organic inputs preferred due to its
economic and environmental friendly attributes. at, in addition to supplying plant
nutrients, manure generally improves soil tilt, aeration, and water holding capacity of the
soil and promotes growth of beneficial soil organisms. The application of cow dung
manure and vermin compost increases soil organic matter content, and this leads to
improved water interaction and water holding capacity as well as an increased cation
exchange capacity. It maintains soil health and can improve crop productivity by
increasing soil fertility. Using cow dung effectively can contribute to reduce
environmental degradation and reduce greenhouse gas concentration (Raj et al., 2014).

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The review of related literature and studies gave emphasis to the previous study
regarding the application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer to vegetative crops.

Researches on related literature and studies present the used of cow manure as an
organic fertilizer in different agricultural crops. A gap is discern that no study which
mainly focused to the effectiveness of cow manure on field experiment on pechay had
been conducted. Based from the related materials found, no study has found out, to study
the same topic except for the related literature.

According to Aranico ET. Al, 2014, vermicomposting of organic fertilizer increases

soil organic, matter content, and this leads to improved water infiltration and water
holding capacity. Generally, the aimed of their study mainly focused to the proper way of
using cow manure that is also tackled in this study to attain the desirable result of the
pechay.

Studying the reviewed literature and studies there was no study conducted on the
use of cow manure in the filled experiment as organic fertilizer on the growth and yield
performance of the pechay. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of the organic fertilizer on the pechay under the experimental research study.

12
Theoretical Framework

THE NUTRIENTIONAL AND AGRO ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW

H.P. Rush and H. Müller are considered the pioneers of Biological Organic
Agriculture and the basic concepts that guide the production of organic and biodynamic
food crops (Scheller 2000) were first formulated by them. Scheller 2000 also mentions
Rush's book on Soil Fertility ("Bodenfrucht Barkeit") as a major contribution in the field
of organic and biodynamic agriculture. Nonetheless, Hans Müller was the first to apply
the theoretical ideas of Rudolph Steiner (firstly published in 1924, Apud Scheller 2000),
who is considered the real mentor of biodynamic and organic agricultural practices. To
understand the role that nutrients play on Organic and Biodynamic Agriculture, it
becomes recommendable to consider sulfur as key element and try to understand the role
of this element when it combines with others constitutive elements such as carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. To understand this phenomenon, the following basic
aspects must be considered:

 Plants do not need only absorb dissolved soils nutrients following previous
nutritional cycles, but they must also do tedious biological and functional work to
make possible the use of fixed soils nutrients.

 By means of external mechanisms, plants choose their nutrients by using vital and
completely highly organized processes following natural determinism. Without
these mechanisms which lead to plasma maturity, plants do not develop. This
plant development can be measured by observing the microbial population of the
rizosphere (microbial flora) which rises proportionately to the plant’s capability in
synthesizing nutrients, or when the vegetal is able to transport light to chlorophyll
carriers, thus "maintaining itself green in color".

Rush and Müller suggested that, "there is a great amount of nutrient stored in the form of
strongly fixed low solubility minerals which plants are unable to get by mean of
dissolution and hence plants try to dissolve these fixed nutrients by using rizosphere

13
exudates". In order to understand these phenomena of plant intake of nutrient through
rizosphere exudates, other basic aspects must come into play. These include the fact that:

 Among various types of bacteria present in the soil, plants always prefer a certain
kind. The choice is done as a function of nutrients selection taken on the basis of
symbiosis, and plant give preferences to non- alkalinizing lactic acid formers.
This phenomenon can also be proven by observing the population growth of the
rizosphere flora which is expected to increase proportionately to the ability and
capacity of plants to synthesize their selected nutrients and, as mentioned above,
to the ability of the vegetal to transport light chlorophyll carriers or in other
words, the ability to "stay green in color".

In conclusion thereof, the supplies of inorganic synthetic and soluble nitrogen are the
major causes of nutritional disequilibrium and food quality degradation. Hence, any
replenishment of soil nutrients must be done in such a way that plants interact with soil
microorganisms.

Following the ideas of Rush and Müller, "plant and the soil microorganisms must
transform the nutrients supplied to be absorbed and assimilated".

So, at least few soluble soil minerals must be considered as major sources of nutrients in
the production of foodstuff and in extreme cases of real necessity, rocks powder can be
applied in quantities equivalent to the needs for reposition". It is thus worth stating that:

 Under conditions of severe necessity of potash (exhausted and poor soils), farmers
are recommended to use K2SO4 while in severe cases of phosphorus necessity, the
recommendable choice is the use of rock powder.

 These resources should not, however, be considered as "replenishment of

nutrients", but only as an extra input in extreme cases of long term failure of the
process of biological mobilization of nutrients.

14
  Fertilizers derived from inorganic synthetic and soluble nitrogen are not
recommended. Under Agro-ecological practices, farmers are advised to take
maximum advantage of stored nutrients deposited in the soil and hence any other
non-renewable resources must be considered only in conditions of emergency.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework was presented in Figure 2. The first box consists of the
manpower and farm input such as tools and equipment used in cultivating Pechay. The
second box includes the cultural management practices, using of cow manure fertilizer
and application of different treatments. The last box contains the output which is Pechay
“Brassica rapa” Plant with varying qualities.

Input Process Output

Manpower Pechay “Brassica

Land rapa” Plant with
Tools and equipment varying qualities
Farm Inputs
Water Cultural Management Practices
UREA (46-0-0) Preparation of the Experimental
Decomposed Cow Manure Area
Experimental Field Preparation of Treatments
Procurement of Pechay Seeds.
Water Management
Harvesting
15
Production Practices
Planting of Pechay
Transplanting of Pechay Plants
 Fertilizer
Application of UREA (46-0-0)
Fertilizer

Feedback

Figure 2: Conceptual framework of the study showed the relationship between the
inputs, process and output in the cultivating Pechay plant.

Statement of Hypotheses

Directional Hypothesis (DH)

 Pechay plant with 50% decomposed cow manure fertilizer and 50% UREA will gain

higher quality than those Pechay which has lower percentage of organic fertilizer and

inorganic fertilizer.

Non-Directional Hypothesis (NDH)

 A relationship exists between the cow manure fertilizer and the growth and yield of

Pechay plant.

Definition of Terms

16
In order to have a better understanding on the study that was conducted, some

terminologies were defined conceptually and operationally as follows:

Pechay. It is the material that was used to test the study. Pechay have an immense
contribution for the experiment that was conducted.

Transplanting. Transplanting was done in this study after pechay plant that was
planted in pots grown already. This was an act of transferring plant from one place to
another for the better growth.

Organic Fertilizer. It was the material that was used in a treatment that came in
the natural decayed materials, the manure. Organic fertilizer is was used to test its effect
into certain plants that was planted.

Manure. There is different types of manure. In this study, the researchers used
the cow manure as organic fertilizer. It serve as an organic fertilizer in the experiment
that was conducted.

Inorganic Fertilizer. This kind of fertilizer was often used by the farmers. It
comprises of different elements and chemicals that also helps the plant to have a better
growth. This fertilizer was used in this study to secure the compatibility and good effect
of the fertilizer in the pechay that was conducted.

Treatment. It was used to know the differences in the study and to have a
comparison between setups that was created. Treatment signifies a clearer view on which
is much applicable in the experiment.

Replication. Replication was used to replicate certain treatment into another

number. This can help in determining the difference between replicates that was made.
Replication is also beneficial because treatment must not only a single replicate but it
should be tested in other replicates.

Field. In the phase of this study, field was the place that the researchers conducted
the experiment. This place that the study held can also attest the effect of planting plants
in the particular place.

17
 END NOTES

 Aremu, M.O. and Agarry, S.E (2012). Comparison of Biogas production from

Cow dung and Pig dung under Mesophilic condition. International Refereed

Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) 1(4): 16-21.

 Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D. and Shuster,

W. (2000b) Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in

horticulture container media and soil. Pedobiologia 44: 579–590.

 Bargali, S.S. (2004) Cow Dung Burning is a Threat to Sustainable Agriculture.

National Seminar on Ecology and Environment Management: Issues and

Research Needs, Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.

18
  Obour, A.K., M.L. Silveira, M.B. Adjei, J.M. Vendramini and J.E. Rechcigi,

2009. Cattle manure applications strategies. Effects on Bahiagrass yield, nutritive

value and phosphorus recovery. Am. Soc. Agron. J., 101: 1099-1107.

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cattle-

manure

 https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=ajar.2010.148.154&org=12

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, materials to be used, data gathering
procedure, data analysis, and statistical analysis used to solve the chosen problem.

Materials

The materials used are the following:

 Cow manure
 Inorganic fertilizer (urea)
 Pechay seeds

19
  Tape Measure
 Stakes
 Weighing Scale
 Ruler
 Straw

Research Design

The researchers used Experimental Design to conduct the study. Experimental

Research Design establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a situation. It
is a casual design where one observes the impact caused by the independent variable on
the dependent variable. The independent variables are manipulated to monitor the change
it has on the dependent variable.

The researchers conducted an experiment using 5 x 3 factorial experiment in

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment was replicated 3 times.

The experimental layout composes of 5 treatments and 3 replications:

Treatment 1 (T1) – 100% Organic Fertilizer (Cow Manure)

Treatment 2 (T2) – 50% Urea + 50% Cow Manure

Treatment 3 (T3) – 75% Cow Manure + 25% Urea

Treatment 4 (T4) - 75% Urea + 25% Cow Manure

Treatment 5 (T5) – 100% Inorganic Fertilizer (Urea)

20
 R1 R2 R3

1meter

T1 T2 T3

T2 T3 T4

10 meters
T3 T4 T5

T4 T5 T1

21
 T5 T1 T2

Size of plot per treatment: 2 meters

Number of treatments: 5 treatments

Number of Replications: 3 replicates

Figure 2. Experimental Field Layout

25 cm 25 cm

20 cm 20 cm

2 meters Sample
2 meters
plants

22
 Distance of planting: 30 cm x 30 cm Distance of planting: 30 cm x 30 cm
Number of plants per treatment: 18 plants Number of plants per treatment: 18 plants
Total number of plants: 270 plants Total number of plants: 270 plants
fF

Figure 3. Plot per Treatment

In every treatment, the distance of planting is 30 cm x 30 cm. The researchers

planted 18 seeds of pechay in each treatment. The researchers had a total number of 270
pechay plants. As shown in the figure above, only the 4 plants in the middle was used by
the researchers as the sample plants that were observed and gathered.

Research Instruments

The researchers used the following instruments to gather data that was needed.

Effect of the Cow Manure and Urea in the Growth and Yield Performance of
Pechay in Replicate 1. This was the collected data in each treatments in replicate 1 in
terms of height, number of leaves, color of leaves, and width of leaves.

Effect of the Cow Manure and Urea in the Growth and Yield Performance of
Pechay in Replicate 2. This was the collected data in each treatments in replicate 2 in
terms of height, number of leaves, color of leaves, and width of leaves.

23
 Effect of the Cow Manure and Urea in the Growth and Yield Performance of
Pechay in Replicate 3. This was the collected data in each treatments in replicate 3 in
terms of height, number of leaves, color of leaves, and width of leaves.

Weight of Harvested Pechay. This was the collected weight of the harvested
pechay.

Cultural Management Practices

Preparation of the Experimental Area. The chosen area was prepared by the
researchers by cleaning and removing all the weeds and obstructions such as dirt, woods
and rocks. The experimental area was prepared using bolo and hoe. Labels were printed
in a tarpaulin as well as the title and names of group members. Sticks and placards were
also prepared where the labels were attached. See Figure B for documentations.

Preparation of Treatments. The researchers prepared three replications with five

treatments in each replications to conduct the research study. The proponent was assigned

to conduct the study in experimental field. Eighteen seeds were planted per treatment

with a planting distance of 30 cm x 30 cm.

First treatment was one hundred percent (100%) Organic Fertilizer (Cow Manure). The
second treatment was fifty percent (50%) UREA and fifty percent (50%) Cow Manure.
The third treatment was treated with seventy-five percent (75%) Cow Manure and
twenty-five percent 25% UREA. The fourth treatment was the seventy-five (75%) UREA
and twenty-five (25%) Cow Manure. And the last treatment was the one hundred percent
(100%) of inorganic fertilizer, the UREA.

Procurement of Pechay Seeds. Seeds of Pechay plant were purchased at JL

Farm Station, Pili, Camarines Sur.

24
 Water Management. Application of water was done early in the morning and

afternoon everyday using container to make sure that the water was distributed equally to

each sample plant.

Production Practices

Planting of Pechay. The seeds of pechay was planted first on polyethylene bags
before planting directly on field.

Transplanting of Pechay. Fourteen day (14) old seedlings were transplanted at a

distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between plants with a total of 18 seeds of pechay in each
treatment.

Application of Cow Manure Fertilizer. One week after transplanting, the

decomposed organic fertilizer was applied to the selected pots with varying amounts. The

application of cow manure was measured using a half-cut plastic bottle to properly divide

the exact amount needed.

Application of UREA Fertilizer. One week after applying the cow manure

fertilizer, the UREA was applied to the selected pots with varying amounts. The

application of UREA was measured using a bottle cap to properly divide.

Harvesting of Pechay. Harvesting is not just picking and gathering your crops
and putting in the basket. There’s an effective way, good time for maximum benefit for
the vegetable to grow well. Water it every day so that it will produce bigger and healthy
leaves. When it is already 45 days old, the researchers can now harvest it. In this time the
leaves and the stem of the pechay is already attain it is fully growth. The vegetable can
get by uprooting it and remove the roots on each piece of vegetable and put in basket.
The good quality is more green leafy vegetable with healthy leaves and no holes created

25
by the pest. It is also best to harvest in the morning. Early in the morning, the sun not
shines brightly and plants doesn’t hit by the sunlight. In this time it is better to harvest. In
this study, the harvesting of pechay plant was done on March 5, 2020 in the morning at
the Senior High School place. The harvested pechay was then sold to those interested to
buy the product of the researcher's conducted study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Four representative samples of pechay plant per treatment were selected for the
observation and measurement of the growth performance of pechay. These four
representatives sample per treatment were selected inside the 25 cm harvest area.

For pechay plant, the following growth characteristics was gathered:

a) Height of plants. This was done by the used of ruler from the base of plant up to
the tallest leaf.
b) Weight of plants. This was done by the used of weighing scale.
c) Width of the leaves. This was done by the used of ruler from the other side of the
plant leaf up to the other side of the plant leaf.
d) Color of the leaves. This was done by the used of the indicated legend such as 1
as poor, 2 as fair, and 3 as good which states that the plant had a good vegetative
appearance.
e) Number of leaves. This was done by simply counting the leaves.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Animal manure had been used as a source of local fertilizer in the many
developing countries across the globe for many centuries. Proper use of manure and

26
compost is essential for both a production and environmental standpoint. Cow manure
has a soft texture and tends to be deposited in a circular shape, which gives dung patches
their alternate names of cow pies and cow pats. The manure is used as a rich fertilizer, an
efficient fuel and biogas producer, a useful building material, a raw material for paper
making, and an insect repellent. Many people are aware that cow manure can make a
good fertilizer and are reminded of this every time they pass a fertilized and odoriferous
field. The research question of this study is: Which treatment gives a good result with
varying amounts on the growth and yield performance in planting Pechay? In this study,
the proponents tried to identify the effects of cow manure fertilizer by analyzing the
qualities of the planted Pechay subjected to the different treatments with different
amounts of fertilizer.

The following was the treatments:

Treatment 1 (T1) – 100% cow manure

Treatment 2 (T2) – 50% cow manure + 50% UREA

Treatment 3 (T3) – 75% cow manure + 25% UREA

Treatment 4 (T4) – 75% UREA + 75% cow manure

Treatment 5 (T5) – 100% cow manure

Table 1. Plant Height (cm) at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Average of Plant Height of Pechay (cm)

Treatments
7th DAT 14th DAT 21st DAT 28th DAT

27
 1
( 100% cow 61.5 79.5 112.5 370
manure)

2
(50% cow
56.33 88.25 164.16 359.16
manure + 50%
urea)

3
(75% cow
46.33 78.58 143.75 184.66
manure + 25%
urea)

4
(75% urea +
46.16 74 127.91 226.66
25% cow
manure)

5
40.91 77.58 131.25 207.92
(100% urea)

Table 2. Number of Leaves of the Plant at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th Days after Transplanting
(DAT)

Treatments Average Number of Leaves of Pechay

28
 7th DAT 14th DAT 21st DAT 28th DAT

1
( 100% cow 4.08 4.25 8.33 11.58
manure)

2
(50% cow
3.91 4.5 8.16 12.58
manure + 50%
urea)

3
(75% cow
3.75 4.83 8.16 12.75
manure + 25%
urea)

4
(75% urea +
3.75 4.5 8.6 11.67
25% cow
manure)

5
2.75 3.91 8 11.33
(100% urea)

Table 3. Color of Leaves of the Plant at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th Days after Transplanting
(DAT)

29
 Average Color of Leaves of Pechay
Treatments
7th DAT 14th DAT 21st DAT 28th DAT

1
( 100% cow 1 2.5 2.3 2.6
manure)

2
(50% cow
1 2.5 2.3 2.6
manure + 50%
urea)

3
(75% cow
1 2.5 2.6 3
manure + 25%
urea)

4
(75% urea +
1 1.3 2.3 3
25% cow
manure)

5
1 1.3 2.6 3
(100% urea)

Table 4. Width of Leaves of the Plant (cm) at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th Days after
Transplanting (DAT)

30
 Average Width of Leaves of Pechay (cm)
Treatments
7th DAT 14th DAT 21st DAT 28th DAT

1
( 100% cow 25.75 49.25 98.75 133.08
manure)

2
(50% cow
30.66 43.83 116.67 156.92
manure + 50%
urea)

3
(75% cow
32.5 48.58 106.25 138.33
manure + 25%
urea)

4
(75% urea +
23.5 43.33 86.25 130
25% cow
manure)

5
23.83 47.75 104.58 148.33
(100% urea)

Table 5. Weight of the Plant (g) in Replicate 1, 2, and 3 at 28 th Days after Transplanting
(DAT)

31
 Average Weight of Pechay (g) at 28th Days
Treatments
1st Replicate 2nd Replicate 3rd Replicate

1
( 100% cow 144.53 164.06 128.91
manure)

2
(50% cow manure + 375 62.5 531.25
50% urea)

3
(75% cow manure + 195.31 132.81 109.38
25% urea)

4
(75% urea + 25% 203.125 250 19.54
cow manure)

5
54.69 250 101.56
(100% urea)

Table 1 shows the plant height of the plant at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after
transplanting. The tallest plant has an average of 166.98 cm in treatment 2 with an
application of 50% cow manure and 50% UREA. Treatment 1 has an average of 155.88

32
cm, treatment 4 has 118.51 cm, and treatment 5 has 114.42 cm. The shortest plant has an
average height of 113.33 cm in treatment 3 with an application of 75% cow manure and
25% UREA.

Table 2 shows the number of leaves of the plant at 7 th, 14th,21st,and 28th days after
transplanting, the plant that has the highest number of leaves has an average of 7.37 in
treatment 3 with an application of 75% cow manure and 25% UREA. Treatment 1 has
7.05 average number of leaves, treatment has 7.29, and treatment 4 has 7.13 average
number of leaves. The plant that has the least number of leaves has an average of 6.50 in
treatment 5 with an application of 100% UREA.

Table 3 shows the colour of leaves of the plant at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after
transplanting. Based on the given scale the colour gradient, 3 as pine, 2 as green and 1 as
pear. Treatment 3 with an application of 75% cow manure and 25% UREA has an
average of 2.28 which means has pine colour. Treatment 1 and 2 has 2.1 which means
has a green colour as well as treatment 5 that has 1.98 and treatment 4 that has 1.9
average.

Table 4 shows the width of the leaves at 7 th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after
transplanting. The plant that has the widest leaves has an average of 81.42 cm wide in
treatment 3 with an application of 75% cow manure and 25% urea. Treatment 1 has 76.71
cm, treatment 4 has 70.77 cm and treatment 5 has an average of 81.1 cm wide, and
treatment 2 has 61.77 cm wide.

Table 5 shows the weight of the plant at 28 th days after transplanting, the plants
that weigh the highest has an average weight of 322.91 grams in treatment 2 with an
application of 50% cow manure and 50% UREA. Treatment 1 and 3 has the same
average weight of 145.83 grams, treatment 4 has 154.95 grams and treatment 5 weigh the
lowest with an average of 135.42 grams.

According to Brady (2010), reported that organic matter increases the caution
exchange capacity of the soil. Aside from its ability to supply nutrients, organic
fertilizers are also capable of improving the physical, chemical and biological properties
of the soil which could significantly improve the growth and development of plants.

33
 Maknde and Ayoola, 2008, stated that manures are usually applied at higher rates,
relative to inorganic fertilizers. When applied at higher rates, they give residual effects on
the growth and yield of succeeding crops.

ElShakweer et al., 2008, also stated that application of manures sustains cropping
system through better nutrient recycling.

Sharma and Mittra, 2011; Abou El Magd et al., 2012, nutrients contained in
manures are released more slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil ensuring
longer residual effects, improved root development and higher crop yields.

FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS

34
 In this study, the researchers found out that the combination of cow manure and

UREA is a potential fertilizer. Based from the results obtained, the plant height, number

of leaves, color of leaves and weight of pechay treated with 50% UREA to 50% cow

manure fertilizer attained good results. On the other hand, the width of leaves of Pechay

plant with 50% Cow manure and 50% UREA acquired lower results compared to other

test plants with high percentage of inorganic fertilizer.

The researchers ranked the treatments according to its overall growth and yield of

Pechay from highest to lowest. Plants applied with treatment 2 that had 50% UREA and

50% cow manure got the highest overall performance of Pechay. Inorganic fertilizers and

organic fertilizers are commercially manufactured to produce good crops when applied to

soil.

Based on the results, the researchers found out that Treatment 2 with an

application of 50% Cow manure and 50% UREA have the best growth and yield

performance of pechay. Treatment 2 are the tallest plant with an average of 166.98 cm in

height, has an average of 7.37 in number of leaves, has 2.1 average in colour which

means has a green colour, has a 61.77 cm width of the leaves, and has the highest weight

with average of 322.91 grams.

Treatment 1 with an application of 100% Cow manure has better growth and yield
performance of pechay. Treatment 1 has an average of 155.88 cm in height, average of
7.05 in number of leaves, 2.1 in colour which means has a green colour, has a 76.71 cm
width of the leaves , and has average weight of 145.83 grams.

Treatment 4 with an application of 75% UREA and 25% Cow manure has good
growth and yield performance of pechay. Treatment 4 has an average of 118.51 cm in
height, has an average of 7.13 in number of leaves, and has a 1.9 in colour which means
35
has a green colour, has a 70.77 cm width of the leaves, and has an average weight of
154.95 grams.

Treatment 3 with an application of 75% Cow manure and 25% UREA have little
growth and yield performance of pechay. Treatment 3 has a 113.33 cm in height, has an
average of 7.37 in number of leaves, and has a 1.9 in colour which means has a green
colour, has an 81.42 cm width of leaves, and has an average weight of 145.83 grams.

Treatment 5 with an application of 100% UREA have the least growth and yield
performance of pechay. Treatment 5 has a 114.42 cm in height, has an average of 6.50 in
number of leaves, and has a 1.98 in colour which means a green colour, has an 81.1 cm
width of leaves, and has an average weight of 135.42 grams.

The observation of the results of the study agreed with the report of Adebayo and
Akoun (2000) amd Mayin Jesul (2007) stated that manures supported crop growth
performance and increased crop yield. In the study of Xu et.al (2005) revealed that the
yield and quality of leafy vegetables grow with organic fertilizers grew better and
resulted in a higher total yield than those with chemical fertilizer. Also, the researchers
found out that cow manure is very effective as organic fertilizers because it is a good
source of different materials especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It also
support the growth of beneficial microorganisms when it is mixed with soil and can also
improve the texture of the soil and helps to maintain moisture of the soil.

Furthermore, results obtained from this field experiment were considered high

compared to the results gathered from the pot experiments. The Pechay plants in the field

experiment reach vegetative stage. The chosen experimental area is the best place in

producing good crops. According to Brady (2010), reported that organic matter increases

the caution exchange capacity of the soil. Aside from its ability to supply nutrients,

organic fertilizers are also capable of improving the physical, chemical and biological

properties of the soil which could significantly improve the growth and development

of plants.

36
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

37
 This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations

of the study.

SUMMARY

This study focused on the effectiveness of cow manure and UREA as fertilizer on

Brassica rapa plant (Pechay). The two fertilizers were put on different treatments. With

varying amounts in planting Pechay.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the growth and yield performance of pechay in terms

of;

a.) Height

b.) Number not leaves

c.) Colour of leaves

d.) Width of leaves

e.) Weight of leaves

2. Which treatment gives a good result on the growth and yield performance of pechay

plant?

3. How effective is the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer?

The study was experimental research under quantitative method of research study.

To evaluate and discern which treatment is efficient in this study that uses tables in

determining the gathered data in terms of plant height, number of leaves, colour of

38
leaves, width of leaves. The overall performance of the two fertilizers on Pechay was

further discussed on findings of research study.

CONCLUSIONS

Based from the findings, the following conclusions were deduced:

1. Treatment 2 with 100% Cow Manure and 100% UREA was the most effective

fertilizer out of the five different treatments applied. It was closely followed by

treatment 1 with 100 % cow manure fertilizer.

2.1. Treatment 1 or the application of 100% Cow manure has better growth and yield

performance of pechay. It produced a green color of pechay.

2.2. Treatment 2 with an application of 50% Cow manure and 50% Urea have the best

growth and yield performance of pechay. It exhibited the highest results in terms

of plant height, number of leaves per plant and weight of the plant. The NPK

content of the inorganic fertilizer is concluded to be good for green leafy

vegetables. The researchers concluded to be the best fertilizer.

2.3. Treatment 3 with an application of 75% Cow manure and 25% UREA have little

growth and yield performance of pechay in terms of the number of leaves.

2.4. Treatment 4 with an application of 75% UREA and 25% Cow manure has good

growth and yield performance of pechay.

39
2.5. Treatment 5 with an application of 100% UREA have the least growth and yield

performance of pechay. Based from the gathered data, the researchers therefore

conclude that this fertilizer does not produce good qualities of pechay.

40
 RECOMMENDATIONS

The study entitled, “Growth and Yield of Pechay (Brassica rapa) Plant Fertilized

with Cow Manure and UREA” simply implies efficiency of Inorganic and Organic

Fertilizer materials that were used in the conduct of the experiment. As the study

conducted, the gleaned data shows good results on how experiment performed very well

and the materials that were used become prolific and essential in growth of pechay plant.

The fertilizers used in this experiment has an imperative attribution for the desired

results.

This research study recommends different things that could help for

improvements of other researchers that would be conducted, as the following

recommendations;

For planting crops and vegetables, especially pechay plant, it is much necessary to

know the proper way of [planting and farming. It must have the proper care to plants

from watering and maintenance of treatments to pechay. Likewise, the variety of pechay

that will be planted must strictly observed in order to not affect the data and result that

should be gained. Usage of both organic and inorganic fertilizer, with equal percentage of

50%, can give good result to the pechay plants. The combination of 50% cow manure and

50% UREA makes the plants more productive and grow better.

The treatment of equal percentage of the cow manure and Urea can also be used

in other crops nor plants such as Okra, Eggplant and Tomato plant, which can glean good

data and manifest sufficient outcome.

41
 Perhaps, this study could be quiet perfect for others, in terms of researches with

regards to planting pechay. But in spite of that, improvement and innovation are the

necessary thing to do and impose.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cited Related Literature

 Ajayi, O.C. (2007) User Acceptability of Sustainable Soil Fertility Technologies:

Lessons from Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Southern Africa.

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 30: 21-40.

 Akhtar, M. and Malik, A., 2000 Roles of organic soil amendments and soil

organisms in the biological control of plant – parasitic nematodes, a review.

Bioresource Technology 74: 35-47.

 Alvarez, R., 2005. A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage. Effects

on soil organic staorage. Soil Use Manage, 21: 38-52.

 Anonymous, 2000. Fertilizers and their Use. FAO, Rome, pp: 35-38.

 Aremu, M.O. and Agarry, S.E (2012). Comparison of Biogas production from

Cow dung and Pig dung under Mesophilic condition. International Refereed

Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) 1(4): 16-21.

 Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D. and Shuster,

W. (2000b) Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in

horticulture container media and soil. Pedobiologia 44: 579–590.

42
  Bargali, S.S. (2004) Cow Dung Burning is a Threat to Sustainable Agriculture.

National Seminar on Ecology and Environment Management: Issues and

Research Needs, Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.

 Basak, A.B. and Lee, M.W. (2002) In vitro inhibitory activity of cow urine and

cow dung of Fusarium solani f. sp. Cucurbitae. Microbiology 30: 51-54.

 Bekele, K., Hager, H. and Mekonnen, K. (2013) Woody and non-woody biomass

utilization for fuel and implications on plant nutrients availability in the

Mukehantuta watershed in Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal 21(3): 625-

636.

 Obour, A.K., M.L. Silveira, M.B. Adjei, J.M. Vendramini and J.E. Rechcigi,

2009. Cattle manure applications strategies. Effects on Bahiagrass yield, nutritive

value and phosphorus recovery. Am. Soc. Agron. J., 101: 1099-1107.

 Onweremadu, E.U., F.O.R. Akamigbo, E.T. Eshette, G.E. Osuji, C.N. Mbah and

M.C. Chukwuma, 2009. Changes in soil properties and performance of

amaranthus as influenced by promi-humus (R) plus in Owerri Southeastern

Nigeria. Proceedings of 43rd Annual Conference, (AC`09), Agricultural Society

of Nigeria, pp: 839-842.

Websites

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cattle-

manure

 https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=ajar.2010.148.154&org=12

 https://www.google.com/amp/s/scialert.net/fulltext/amp.php

%3fdoi=ajps.2016.81.85
43
 https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Effect-of-Cow-Dung-Foliar-Fertilizer-

P3W47CE36YYS

44
APPENDICES

Appendix A

Data Gathered 7 Days after Transplanting the Pechay plants

Table 1. Plant Height (cm) 7 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 52 66.25 66.5 184.5 61.5
2 59.5 48.75 60.75 169 56.33
3 46 45 48 139 46.33
4 37.5 62.5 38.5 138.5 46.16
5 27.75 47.5 47.5 122.75 40.91

Table 2. Number of Leaves7 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 4.25 3.75 4.25 12.25 4.08
2 4.5 3.5 3.25 11.75 3.91
3 3.25 20 3 11.25 3.75
4 3.75 3.75 3.75 11.25 3.75
5 2.75 4.25 3.75 8.25 2.75

Table 3. Color of Leaves 7 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 3 1
2 1 1 1 3 1

45
 3 1 1 1 3 1
4 1 1 1 3 1
5 1 1 1 3 1
Legend: 1 – pear 2 – green 3 - pickle

Table 4. Width of the Leaves (cm) 7 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 31.5 33.75 12 77.25 26
2 43.75 32.5 15.75 92 31
3 47.5 23.75 26.25 97.5 32.5
4 18.25 31.25 21 70.5 23.5
5 16.25 30 25.5 71.5 24

Appendix B

Data Gathered 14 Days after Transplanting the Pechay plants

Table 5. Plant Height (cm) 14 days after Transplanting

Treatment Replicates
Total Average
s 1 2 3
1 97.5 77.25 63.75 238.5 80
2 129.75 80 55 264.75 88
3 85 78.25 72.5 235.75 79
4 82 66.25 73.75 222 74
5 72.75 80 80 232.75 78

46
Table 6. Number of Leaves 14 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 5.25 3.5 4 12.75 4.25
2 4.25 4.75 4.5 13.5 4.5
3 5.5 4.75 4.5 14.5 4.83
4 4.5 5.75 3.5 13.5 4.6
5 3 5.25 3.5 11.75 3.91

Table 7. Color of Leaves 14 days after Transplanting

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 2 2 1 5 2
2 2 2 1 5 2
3 2 2 1 5 2
4 2 2 1 5 2
5 2 2 1 5 2
Legend: 1 – pear 2 – green 3 - pickle

Table 8. Width of Leaves 14 days after Transplanting

Treatments Replicates Total Average

1 2 3
1 62.5 57.75 27.5 147.75 49
2 87 37 27.5 151.5 51

3 51 44.75 50 145.75 36

4 45.5 38.25 46.25 130 43

5 32.25 69 42 143.25 48

47
Appendix C

Data Gathered 21 Days after Transplanting the Pechay plants.

Table 9: Plant Height (cm) 21 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 153.75 137.5 126.25 337.5 112.5
2 205 147.5 140 492.5 164.16
3 128.75 153.75 148.75 431.75 143.75
4 107.5 180 96.25 393.75 127.91
5 98.75 120 175 393.75 131.25

Table 10: Number of Leaves 21 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 9.5 8 7.5 25 8.33
2 10.5 7.5 6.5 24.5 8.16
3 8.5 8.25 7.75 24.5 8.16
4 7.25 10.5 8.25 26 8.6
5 6.5 9.25 8.25 24 8

Table 11: Color of Leaves 21 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3
1 3 3 1 7 2.3
2 3 3 1 7 2.3
3 3 3 2 8 2.6
4 3 3 3 9 3
5 3 3 2 8 2.6
Legend: 1 – pear 2 – green 3 - pickle

48
Table 12: Width of Leaves 21 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3

1 120 95 81.25 296.25 98.75

2 161.25 96.25 92.5 350 116.67
3 97.5 111.25 110 318.75 106.25
4 65 133.75 60 259.75 86.25
5 78.75 112.5 122.5 313.75 104.58

Appendix D

Data Gathered 28 Days after Transplanting the Pechay plants.

Table 13: Plant Height (cm) 28 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3

1 730 190 190 1110 370

2 251.25 613.75 212.5 1077.5 359.16

3 169 192.5 192.5 554 184.66

4 216.25 237.5 157.5 680 226.66

5 160 231.25 232.5 623.75 207.92

Table 14: Number of Leaves 28 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3

1 11.75 11.5 11.5 34.75 11.58

49
 2 16.5 11 10.25 37.75 12.58

3 13.25 13.75 11,25 38.25 12.75

4 11.5 14.5 9 35 11.67

5 10.5 13 10.5 34 11.33

Table 15: Color of Leaves 28 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3

1 3 3 2 8 2.6

2 3 3 2 8 2.6

3 3 3 3 9 3
4 3 3 3 9 3

5 3 3 3 9 3
Legend: 1 – pear 2 – green 3 – pickle

Table 16: Width of Leaves 28 Days after Transplanting (DAT)

Replicates
Treatments Total Average
1 2 3

1 148 131.25 120 399.25 133.08

2 173.5 133.75 162.5 470.75 156.92

3 117.5 148.75 148.75 415 138.33

4 143.75 143.75 102.5 390 130

5 122.5 162.5 160 445 148.33

50
APPENDIX E

TIME FRAME

TASK/
TIME & DATE PERSON REMARKS
ACTIVITIES
ASSIGNED
Oral Defense 01-10-20(Fri) All members Done
Cleaning the
01-16-20 All members Done
Experimental Area
Seedling Production 01-18-20 Balderrama Done
Preparing the
01-29-20 All members Done
Experimental Area
Revising the
02-01-02 All members Done
Chapter 1-3
Applying Fertilizer
02-04-20 All members Done
( Cow Manure)
Transplanting 02-05-20 All members Done
(Weekdays)
Watering the Plants (Weekend) All members Done
Sat
Sun
02-12-20
Data Gathering 02-19-20 All members Done
02-24-20
03-04-20
Labelling the 02-17-20 All members Done
Experimental Area
Final Gathering 03-04-20 All members Done
Harvesting the Plant 03-05-20 All members Done
03-05-20
Making Chapter 4-5 All members Done
03-12-20
Finalizing the 03-13-20
All members Done
Research Paper 03-14-20

51
 Figures

Figure A

Figure 2. The chosen experimental area where the field experiment was conducted.
(Before preparation of area)

Figure 3.

Preparation of Area

52
 Figure 4. The chosen experimental area where the field experiment was conducted.
(After preparation of area)
Figure B

Figure 5. Final
Preparation of Experimental Area

Figure C

Figure 6. Seedling production

Figure D

Figure 7. Application of cow manure

53
Figure E

Figure 8. Transplanting of pechay plant

Figure F

Figure 9. Data gathering at 7 days after transplanting

54
Figure G

Figure 10. Application of UREA fertilizer

Figure H

Figure 11. Putting labels on each plot and the tarpaulin with the research title and names
of researchers on the experimental area

55
Figure I

Figure 12. Final data collection

Figure J

Figure 13. Harvesting of Pechay

CURRICULUM VITAE

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Joshua D. Ada

56
Date of Birth: January 24, 2001

Address: Zone 6, Fabrica, Bula, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09353297255

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Fabrica High School
Fabrica, Bula, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Fabrica Elementary School 2008 - 2014

Fabrica, Bula, Camarines Sur

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Neil Adrian L. Isorena

Date of Birth: August 31, 2001

Address: Zone 8, San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09669800775

E-mail: [email protected]

57
 II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Bahi National High School
Garchitorena, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Ason Elementary School 2008 - 2014

Ason, Garchitorena, Camarines Sur

58
 I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Joebert G. Tuazon

Date of Birth: August 03, 2001

Address: La Purisima, Pili Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09384088921

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – La Purisima, Elementary School 2008 - 2014

La Purisima, Pili, Camarines Sur

59
 I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Emmie C. Balderrama

Date of Birth: December 10, 2000

Address: Bagumbayan, Bula, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09095503851

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Bagumbayan Elementary School 2008 - 2014

Bagumbayan, Bula, Camarines Sur

60
 I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Quennie C. Dela Rosa

Date of Birth: November 16, 2001

Address: Banasi, Bula, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09070309795

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Romero Elementary School 2008 - 2014

Pawili, Bula, Camarines Sur

61
 I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: April Joy B. Mendioro

Date of Birth: April 23, 2002

Address: Mataoroc, Minalabac, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09452668951

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Pili West Central School 2008 - 2014

San Agustin, Pili, Camarines Sur

62
 I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Angela Menchie G. Sabularse

Date of Birth: September 14, 2002

Address: San Juam, Pili, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09107705000

E-mail: [email protected]

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary – Pili West Central School 2008 - 2014

San Atonio, Pili, Camarines Sur

63
I.PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Laarnie J. Tubale

Date of Birth: March 17, 2002

Address: Zone 3, Pawili, Bula, Camarines Sur

Contact No: 09102307884

E-mail: [email protected]

II.EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
School Year Completed

Secondary - Junior High School 2014 - 2018

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Senior High School

Pili National High School
Pawili, Pili, Camarines Sur

Elementary –Romero Elementary School 2008 - 2014

Pawili, Bula, Camarines Sur

64
65