PHY2 - Chapter 26. Current and Resistance

Contents
Electricity and Magnetism

Chapter 22 Electric Fields
Chapter 23 Continuous Charge Distributions and Gauss’s Law
Chapter 24 Electric Potential
Chapter 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics
Chapter 26 Current and Resistance
Chapter 28 Magnetic Fields
Chapter 29 Sources of the Magnetic Field
Chapter 30 Faraday’s Law
Chapter 31 Inductance
Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Waves
Contents
26.1 Electric Current
26.2 Resistance
26.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
26.4 Resistance and Temperature
26.5 Superconductors
26.6 Electrical Power
STORYLINES
Stationary electric charge distributions

Electric fields and electric forces
Potential differences
Capacitance associated with a pair of conductors
Electric charges are in motion???

Electric current: the rate of flow of charge.
Applications – home appliances
Current exists inside/outside a conductor such as a copper wire
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
The average current is equal to the charge that

passes through A per unit time :
The instantaneous current as the limit of the

average current as ∆𝑡 → 0
SI unit: 𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐀
1A = 1C/s
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
Microscopic Model of Current

The number of carriers in the segment: 𝒏𝑨∆𝒙
The total charge
∆𝑸 = 𝒏𝑨∆𝒙 𝒒
The displacement of carries in a time interval
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒅 ∆𝒕
Then ∆𝑸 = 𝒏𝑨𝒗𝒅 ∆𝒕 𝒒
The segment of a uniform conductor The average current in the conductor
Cross-sectional area A
q: charge on each carrier, move with ∆𝑸 𝒗𝒅 : drift velocity
velocity 𝒗𝒅 𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝒏𝑨𝒗𝒅 𝒒
n: charge carrier density
∆𝒕
Microscopic Model of Current 1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
Drift velocity
Example: Motion of 2 charge carries in a conductor (free electrons)
Absence of electric field Presence of electric field

random
Drift velocity 𝒗𝒅 = 0 Paths: parabolic

𝒗𝒅 ≪ 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 : not visible in parabolic shape
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
2. RESITANCE
2. RESISTANCE
Ohm’s law
A conductor (ex: a wire)
- Static equilibrium: 𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
- Non-static equilibrium: 𝑬𝒊𝒏 ≠ 𝟎, a current exists ( ex: connected a battery)
A conductor of cross-sectional area A carrying a current I.

- The current density J in the conductor is defined as the current per unit area.
𝑰
𝑱 ≡ = 𝒏𝒒𝒗𝒅
𝑨
Ohm’s law: For many materials (including most metals), the ratio of the current density to the
electric field is a constant 𝜎 that is independent of the electric field producing the current.
𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 𝜎: conductivity of the conductor

2. RESISTANCE
Resistance
Potential difference with uniform electric field
ℓ𝑱
∆𝑽 = 𝑽𝒃 − 𝑽𝒂 = 𝑬ℓ =
𝝈
ℓ
∆𝑽 = 𝑰 = 𝑹𝑰
𝝈𝑨
𝑰
ℓ 𝑱≡
𝑹= : Resistance of the conductor. 𝑨
𝝈𝑨
The resistance : ratio of the potential difference across a

conductor to the current in the conductor:
∆𝑽
𝑹≡ SI units of resistance: Ohm
𝑰 1Ω = 1𝑉/𝐴
2. RESISTANCE
Conductivity
The inverse of conductivity is resistivity
𝟏
𝝆=
𝝈
Units of 𝜌 : 𝛺 . 𝑚
ℓ
Because 𝑅 = then
𝜎𝐴
ℓ
𝑹=𝝆
𝑨
2. RESISTANCE
2. RESISTANCE
The current potential difference curve
An ohmic material
not obey Ohm’s law
A junction diode
2. RESISTANCE
A junction diode
2. RESISTANCE
3. A MODEL FOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
The Drude model for electrical conduction

leads to Ohm’s law and shows that resistivity can be related to the motion of electrons in metals
1. Physical components
System : Atoms + conduction electrons
2. Conduction electron’s motions

(a) No electric field: random
(b) An applied electric field: drift slowly vd (opposite
direction of field)
(c) After collision: independent of its initial motion
Drift velocity
A free electron of mass me and charge q = -e is subjected to an electric field E
Experience force: 𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬
With acceleration ∑𝑭 𝒒𝑬
𝒂= =
Constant acceleration
𝒎 𝒎𝒆 Uniform electric field
Average value is Zero

The velocity of the electron
𝒒𝑬
𝐯𝐟 = 𝒗𝐢 + 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒕
𝒎𝒆
With the average time interval 𝝉 between successive collisions, the average value of vf is
equal to the drift velocity
𝒒𝑬
𝐯𝐟,𝐚𝐯𝐠 = 𝒗𝒅 = 𝝉
𝒎𝒆
Conductivity and resistivity

The average current in the conductor is given by
𝒒𝑬 𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉𝑨
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝒏𝒒 𝝉 𝑨= 𝑬
𝒎𝒆 𝒎𝒆
The current density J is the current divided by the area A
𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉
𝑱= 𝑬
𝒎𝒆
Since Ohm’s law 𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 then conductivity and resistivity of a conductor
𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉 𝟏 𝒎𝒆
𝝈= 𝝆= =
𝒎𝒆 𝝈 𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉
Between collisions ℓ𝑎𝑣𝑔 (the mean free path) and the average speed 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 through the expression
ℓ𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝝉=
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈
4. RESISTANCE AND TEMPERATURE
Temperature coefficient
Over a limited temperature range, the resistivity of a conductor
𝝆 = 𝝆𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎
𝜌 is the resistivity at some temperature
𝜌0 : at temperature T0 (~20℃)
𝛼: temperature coefficient of resistivity
The temperature coefficient of resistivity can be expressed as
∆𝝆/𝝆𝟎
𝜶=
∆𝑻
The variation of resistance of a sample
𝑹 = 𝑹𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎
5. SUPERCONDUCTORS
5. SUPERCONDUCTORS
Superconductor: metals/compounds R → 0 below critical temperature Tc.
Magnet
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen.

5. SUPERCONDUCTORS
Superconductor: metals/compounds R → 0 below critical temperature Tc.
The resistance–temperature
graph for mercury Hg
6. ELECTRICAL POWER
6. ELECTRICAL POWER
Energy transfer
A charge moves along 𝒂 → 𝒃 → 𝒄 → 𝒅 → 𝒂
𝒂 → 𝒃 : through battery: increase energy 𝑼𝑬 = 𝑸. ∆𝑽
𝒄 → 𝒅 : through resistor: decrease energy by collisions with atoms
𝒃 → 𝒄 and 𝒅 → 𝒂 : neglect
• The resistor as system
The resistor increase temperature as :
+ TET receives energy from the battery
+ TER radiates energy into the surroundings
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑸 + 𝑻𝑬𝑻 + 𝑻𝑬𝑹 Circuit of a battery + a resistor
• The entire circuit as the system
∆𝑼𝑪 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑸 + 𝑻𝑬𝑹

6. ELECTRICAL POWER
Electrical power
The rate of energy transfer: system decreases as the
charge Q passes through the resistor
𝒅𝑼𝑬 𝒅 𝒅𝑸
= 𝑸∆𝑽 = ∆𝑽 = 𝑰∆𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The power P: the rate of energy delivered to the resistor
𝑷 = 𝑰∆𝑽
∆𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 then the power delivered to the resistor in the

alternative forms
Circuit of a battery + a resistor
𝟐
𝟐
∆𝑽
𝑷=𝑰 𝑹=
𝑹
6. ELECTRICAL POWER
Summary
The electric current 𝑰
Current density 𝑱 ≡ = 𝒏𝒒𝒗𝒅
𝑨
The average current in the conductor
∆𝑸 Current density 𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 𝒗𝒅 : drift speed
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝒏𝑨𝒗𝒅 𝒒
∆𝒕
Resistance Units : Ohm, 1Ω = 1𝑉/𝐴
∆𝑽
𝑹≡ ℓ
𝑰 Uniform block material 𝑹 = 𝝆
𝑨
Drude model
𝒒𝑬 𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉 𝟏 𝒎𝒆 ℓ𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝒗𝒅 = 𝝉 𝝈= 𝝆= = 𝝉=
𝒎𝒆 𝒎𝒆 𝝈 𝒏𝒒𝟐 𝝉 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈
Conductivity Resistivity
Resistivity ∆𝝆/𝝆𝟎
𝑹 = 𝑹𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶 𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎 𝜶=
∆𝑻
∆𝑽 𝟐
Electrical power 𝟐
𝑷 = 𝑰 ∆𝑽 𝑰 𝑹 =
𝑹

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Contents

Electricity and Magnetism

Stationary electric charge distributions

Electric charges are in motion???

The average current is equal to the charge that

The instantaneous current as the limit of the

Microscopic Model of Current

Absence of electric field Presence of electric field

Drift velocity 𝒗𝒅 = 0 Paths: parabolic

A conductor of cross-sectional area A carrying a current I.

𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 𝜎: conductivity of the conductor

The resistance : ratio of the potential difference across a

The inverse of conductivity is resistivity

The current potential difference curve

not obey Ohm’s law

The Drude model for electrical conduction

2. Conduction electron’s motions

Average value is Zero

Conductivity and resistivity

The temperature coefficient of resistivity can be expressed as

Superconductor: metals/compounds R → 0 below critical temperature Tc.

A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen.

Superconductor: metals/compounds R → 0 below critical temperature Tc.

∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑸 + 𝑻𝑬𝑻 + 𝑻𝑬𝑹 Circuit of a battery + a resistor

• The entire circuit as the system

∆𝑼𝑪 + ∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑸 + 𝑻𝑬𝑹

∆𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 then the power delivered to the resistor in the

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