0-3 dy er one ca UNIT IUD = Mass “Traufayt Analysis & afecin Dansfort Br heat ty awe Gane deal Wade ore Cavour t phares wlew & Ayseaa cotati tiie Or. nese Loumponents We has ¢ Conc vany from eure powiit & Onither thie to 0 nalivinl 7 berdowcy 4, anacs A be dravafened quned gern Uhr LOC wolefferceces rdhair fer Ayy . The brats pore fnte Coivfonenr frousa vegan of baghur conceulraliain & Loat u a ltwee tore dr called wrast Arvaunftr, : apply : alrorplim, Abi ppur clr ten , Solvent - “ eee bit, eke Meebrnrauun of ward dvausf[a dwe awoeles Y eg werlinie a ly qe leeulale mas ara 4 ned fom diacunfer tandeons annke 0 mew dup as uly ain C mars Tivo far edt a nee pastel, see, pur ie cower nr Be qari eseenk WA “hei 3 ee ds 4 Ape aeleabie avele qoue ty condi tae i Ane 66 Ce lR nls vient a ® peso yneonvcn lars ravage vot Bendasenctele nf tas leeceho e Dafention % pon cent a Carr , ve loculria plcoig abe murelbispectes Aapte « | He hi argh ane ttn nulls Corey ore suet | Aanivg pug pears (0d, og'd 00 gar) + fee y i" ‘ q yer | aa easly 1k Bao nbn ~ wecifore conceals alo Yn ze act } #,0,°,— > A feces hy tare A) i “ae puedti component aysl 1 : I The Cone s4 Of diffiticct avo le clas Ma Apecd er 028 wolefperense , Concerialiay 3/ u-3 @ con Lu expressed in may bongs ! cbraider an elewertal wel. Av _arpunel free webreh -eoudaina avi ebtas af rupeneat , aiclacleiiy apes A+ Since each nbleuk of cach Afecita oe a mats, a mass conceutialin for eae Apecta an wellan 4et th. mixta, COU ht chefrred o Fo 7 speci» ross COKE p:(?) ia a oe. anan & pe A feos pew wis vel. of Ble) = Bae ; AV etal man Cone (os density. ) Total mass tone, P(P) — aa Loo thal werss of the nic Cantautd 24a tek vellum |e alana w i ce) 0] 27.00) = FP Cott nant ee ay oy “th apectes 1 leo! a he ol Of alin - Yi miplar, baettivel i. E & ae volt “ | Aperes av A yy she Apectes overall A fect wrolar- Chit. Of ie aca pot tc elhli mea at de = cal d= © Crd eth “scanned witn vaOe j @ ' Rela lrrel bry mars and usole a(e)= he/m Ari/ny fan Cone OM = Ce) [l= HP m a ov a (p= Fle) M' Mans fraction - wily wre) = Pole) amara conc: Af Apes P Cp) felt rags COUC malt fraclarn x, CP) ~ oto) nw ep Ste) = 2280 . JOP = aa FCP) 5ep) ~ + Sep) = GW ~ OP ~ = ep) ley rho dealag wrth Joe phanre, COic's are. . o 4 Eby of “edictask_ p's Url fect nea mo ysl ef peony, per gaaceaue pilin Cheat ebeye tt. ccleok gue tuo gene -” fe C= Bett = ay Vv wtare Pi is Lin Artet pro Scanned with Ca{ ; 6) Concerbiatinu sino Buiany nixtine af AL Mass concenilratirin (solid , Lqud ov ger) 7 co ee Dy = way conc (, Wars dawarly ) ¥ Apes : eon diss ima practetr 4 Apecies Kh o& n/p Wa = “ " jee B= Sa) p SF = Prt Sg WatWge d- b) Malar vomeswbr olin Ligucd on soli waitin Gran nix (Celont) . _ fm tele py c= milan my ite My | em Bege on Species A dn wire eth= Cert neater ee % ne ne Ces » oe we Dp Can pe Be : = moh an heG ‘ 4 Xp bese Ya Cafe My, = bad, Ay = CO/e = My, Yn= 4/, = Mf: Pa. ¢,+G =¢ CHAtG = fay pe oh Ang tg eh0 Yad pelo aT RT me Scanned with Cau-3 J pexte wet i ee e Velo eiticag i Qe a mult ae Austen Abe, vantoun apes url ae rh mally wide at def forewt Volocwkes ; acenrcingly ak ~ wwaluslori o o velocity, for th» gar nvicliae vegnvines £0 auinaginy Of Mts veloihts Of each a feekec present Meader veda fer 6 nucllicowforont rvxline wo dofrned im 4 the man dousite, and veloutés ¥ ouounrt by yu at Cours us i ig ative _ oy ifs ZS: & ; SZ we te nati = arse eee sos vee whine Up dentte the alvolats velaeitiglhl open | Alelimrany coosclrinala deer » Thin Hho velocity wrth woeld ta weeaused ty fstet dads ee een = awvage valle Ly. = for o. multi comps ‘da cae Pr cmt of all componints doped sin bys Y nolar lou - fe | v= cM 26 c Bice é i { ey slates As | the veloule of o arti Apetis ¥s & was — nee ete lag timed ho dfurcrn | er | Tp = the daffusion veloctly of apeoctr b'yelelinae & | A anars - wersge velouG « | 5 oe aepiuten veh Len nrtrtar - ai hs yu ios jn a vedor ween 2 Mass (or veeplar) flux 6f 0 giver apenes kr 0 YEO, ths - tm ye an but bf pada Apert es Lae | S acceding & Forks law, aaperrss Com bane a Affiscen veloci ly only | oe aadiat ooo by Fe) 4 Apeciest eli velo , i t canned witn va/ u-2 ; / af © ctl lamans or weilar wuts , kat passes ja une a ance pew duit lame ~ q A Flutes are defied with vefertuce As covrclnates which are ! @ fixed iu apace 6 muny with Hu max —-w velouty | * Bocce seta Litter ” Ue . lias de Abate | 1 -@mass [lux of bbs i species Leone nit ant ad ; @ elas x vss eur vebaty Ec SLED) | coe eee velalite & nutlar 00 volouily =F J te ppetires velatnn & Ajalan umdivals } r-@Molar flux 4 tt 1 AP re am ond | © » velation de Ways aw velodby, Fp =0:(G 9) Sur of enn fleas oe { eeu 4 yon e BMH spe ? zacve= US SO ist i — 7 % W 4 Br, -200(% -Y Pe i teh pew =e SW me wy, nifte S Spa - 7 Ee - jorvs = | wet. gtr? : 2 Eph BN 4 AN GR o. F = 97 - VS 1 = fh = yek 2 pa eV) VALS!eee we é a ene MMO eee Esa, qe TM EME ZN duili— pelation aw Ju T: = ¢;-10 Ce SU: [ie mY blar feu Ley 7 Sk Teoh ~VUGIIGU WHIT £2]VUeGINICU withh vaU-3 / Fick Laws of deffo avonmenttne peux bu related bx eG ay we Geeks Yeovil Fie Heat flax a velatd de aa weal Te eat o Now, muss flux will he velelel 8 cerscelialary Grok dur The Lawes of wan Heat phowea olin Yh, prx cliffuaisy | bulbilancs . Aud conc: gradiout tn hater aso Fa Lar & sien ° Malrenlar bvanepine of onathey, (02 we ca. oP as cliffs on) ean le cleatrt hed ee Fucks ey” th stale (Bor moss {use of Covafrent fhe proposlanat Ait Uuctn eosttilsoctcin Grodin’ a 7 v- UR eee - \ 4 I; © (Geursl eo: At > mays flux of aa mM . of} woene des mado ur anerage mds é aa a 7 Ps foiak mass cone ‘(oman heuity) a = aman fraction or dking force. 3 Proportion ality Couatanwk Bintan a Yyot@s 2s An _deff wsivey Han “ O com be wreltia “a, Aye ID BD du az bes Liat of turlar fur , wt Com wrk eg "@ Tp 5 6D Fy, Ke 7 nek fraction L met Wa 11 oliffurrts ar Ye, Cow oe cn ie) Aa jae -— cd uni D5 ptt yk * CP] [dee ae ree ms ne OCdIMeU WILTI UL=~ Ky mm i" A dw orelroug be PY Cbinewale viacosly) awe KX ( thermal ohiffuaivly ) Too Burang Aipton (Lowfesed yf components 28) , Fick's Law” tan te wrilin ar - , / 7, = —~ Den Foy G7 Oe me ds Miwa of neler flux -CD, TX -(4 th Ayiw nuvig arlh molar 1. / df és achutes, in dub Bon be be abate Aarve everyerbenre an EK Ey vill he = -P Dp FZ meciar ~ Dee) SP, ; f gs fe i Ltn = —Yrg Yi,(—© Clb biquid j Cs lak Ctoust pr gen ) @. 10- ae C00 TG pou a — pe a be [haba Gl @ “OMA ae One of bon tinfprtant forrs f Tihs Lave to oi Athi Nn, wurlas flu elativi be sebems ery cade: . h =~ CUS Xp Ow . a Fj Tae nitlar flax YK wink mele average veloculy hk? Gl-7) -@ veainicu witt)vuau-3 @ Equalieg cy @ LG we hawe Cy (R-7) = CD Xn QT — th = — CPG % Ca¥y = BO Dra 7% ne Total wrolar flay 7 pla fla s i nats ade 8a die fs : coc Ya wire Aalem try Lepr dinate, v NEE CY, = €ceUp = : 2 oe Mn = 9G (NxtNp) ~ Dag’! X% oe EC, cifentus A Tete, ie far flux YA - werk be Mabatary . 6 A resulbiy resulbig few 7 #Ny- Lr Avvake, pow bl doftrrgur tommBeved flict wsolun ¥f Auferunposed on thr wd hind Lilh flo The Ll flew Ebi ie ee nd a ths. Aamme drtekon Jar species 4 (because A is with the Curr(eet) and art Oppesed for apectes B(, Bb Aa lifurscing against ths curred grt pinay Molecalar Diffesiale (1 at) * peas NH3 = Aca or 02198 Gur/g ¢ Crage) iene 6026 7 2st ° 0 Cur®y A Sere 4 ODES ant we oer | oes mB NH, - ets Inte 1-64 x05 ce nm Y Li Pees 12? KGS (Mi Nickee {acer bet 6 KIO 8 cwty, a decd sore ) s -30 AC- Cue. 093% 13 a X17? Om fi Sold Sty ay a VUGLIIGU wit!4 Thus we share, Gennrally \ : : vigkly p tes 7 fl qe - J differ vty = higher (an 2th range 4 cnioeb 1xib) qro- Laywid > Low for Lopes aie the meege oie ian Cold - Lig, - lowe : cs Aced —Asled 2 Lowes (1a fhe vange of 10 Mee ny) Pafpearen coeff « velefevds Uftn Ltr presune, iat 2 Comp erctan of Bu yt? ; an, ~ Byge F (Tepe, p Comp) Scanned with Caan la we een le th a1 TM) = a ain | et aa , (lity ett Addition of these two equations gives Mud 4) Pardes? ys AN veloed, ap ny +Ng= oy * a tT Vpr) =0 atYy=o (lity nixture. It is thes ed ing Eq. 18.1-8, we (Eq. J in Table 16.1-3) an tM r4 + ry =0. Finally, which is the equation of continuity for-them a pure fluid given in Eq. 3.1-4. In obtaini of the relation n4+ ny = pv conservation of mass in the foi 18.1-8 becomes @ have Made yy 1b also the lan {ero ¢ We note thay & (V+) =0 (184 fal desin a prause E for a fluid of constant mass density p. ite analy The foregoing development could equally well have been made in mie aa mS molar units. If R, is the molar rate of production of A per unit volume tas sini the molar analog of Eq. 18.1-6 is Np > wdan deux A | Cu rates Cone: ; th 4 ND =R stay | ay TW N= Ra For this « Similarly, for component B, we have /¥ U = nplan y \(18.1-1) Fea N= Ry N,tNgs CW Vev" ve get Addition of these two equations gives ry Tan Wome felon ne he tty © ft chew, . noe cancamtdh | nawee 2 Oy cit) = (Ry + Re) eS eo WY 02 | ar oP yy vio {S90 | . ed the re Si for the equation of continuity for the mixture. Here we have use yt ]oNTatur . ; eral conserved Thi Ny + Ny =cv*. However, since moles are not in Ee rosucsalice“] the ann cannot set Ra + Ry equal to zero unless one mole of Fis Pee) ig Ph days mole of A disappearing (or vice versa). Finally, we note 8 becomes a 1 (18.29) | Maury (V+ et) = (Ra + Ra) Fe this id of constant molar density c. a a for a ftuidse! 18.1-6 and 10 are not in useful form for obtaining corr sina | Fes. Tn order to get the equations generally used for desc profiles. AES. d 2 CinicU WILIT Udo“RAT je sean oF Camere vor & eiary eunture ‘7 goion, we replace the MUxes Mand Ny by the appropriate expressions 4 seas the concentration gradients, When Eq, 4 of Table 162-1 is (thy, J “Shnued into Eq. 18.1-6 and when Eq, B of Table 16.2-1 is substituted into fy 161-10, we get the Following completely equivalent binary diffusion Fi eqotions a a + (Fs pat) = (V+ pPyVog) + ry (181-14) ‘Ai, a Same as ys FEE (Tr eget) = (VF Ve) + Ry (18.1-15) © have a father one of these equations describes the concentration profiles in a binary: avfwsing system. The only restriction is the absence of thermal, pressure, and foreddiflusion, Equations 18.1-14 and 15 are valid for systems with variable (815) J aut density (p of c) and variable diffusivity 7. Because Eqs. 18.1-14 and 15 are fairly general, they are also fairly unwieldy. made intemsg f € analysis of diffusing systems one can often legitimately assume either iit volume ha f ©'4HE Mass density or constant molar density and thereby effect some : d A sinplifeation: Astumption of Constar 2 ins imption of Constant p and Py For this assumption, Eq. 18.1-14 becomes 20 pO oa) + (0°V pd = PanWpa tra (18116) et But according to Eq. 18.1-9, (V * «) is zero. When Eq. 18.1-16 is divided by Ma we get Bea 4 (y- Vey) = PasW%eu + Ra (8.1-17), a li ‘ This - used for difusion in dilute liquid solutions at constant temperature and peers, “The left side can be written as De/Dt. Equation 1.1-17isofthesemeformas Eq, 10.1-25if R 4 = O: thissimilarty is the basis ‘or the analogies that are frequently drawn flowing uids with constant p. Setween heat and mass transport Assumption of Constant ¢ and Pui 18.115 becomes For this assumption, Eq- R, (181-18) dea 4 cy ot) +O Ved = DaPea + Ra a . Scanned with CamSAe tueray Useunies ~ trang 4p + Be 4 (0 Veg) = PysVieg + Ry — Ae, Ry) i cr c. 4 a7 tay, sg This equation is usually used for low-density u ! so, BASe5 at constant tems ay and pressure. The left side of this equation cannot be written oon ale because of the appearance of v* instead of v. cay i 2 Assumption of Zero Velocity There is one more simplified form of Eqs. 18,1-14 and 15 ther 2 mentioned. If there are no chemical changes occurring, then ta teh and Rp are all zero. ‘If, in addition, v is zero in Eq. 18.1-17 or it ‘seme Eq. 18.1-18, then we get which is called Fick's second law of diffusion or sometimes simply the difsring equation. This equation is usually used for diffusion in solids of Statimary liguids (v = 0 in Eq. 18.1-17) and for equimolar, counter-diffusion in goat (e* =0 in Eg. 18.1-19). Note that Eq. 18.1-20 is similar to the hee conduction equation given in Eq. 10.1-26; this similarity is the bass for t= analogous treatment of many heat-conduction and diffusion problens iz solids. Keep in mind that many hundreds of problems described by Fits: second law have been solved; the solutions may be found in the moss ——— graphs of Crank? and of Carsiaw and Jaeger.« saga cx EQUA §182 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY OF 4 IN CURVILINEAR COORDINATES In this section the most im in rectangular, cylindrical, for ready reference in setti equation of continuity in Portant equations given in §18.1 are summarize tien 0, and spherical Coordinates. They are tabu x "g up problems. In Table 182-1 we et terms of Na, and in Table 18.2-2, the difwsts * {In the absence of chemical reactions, Eq. 18.1-19 can be written in terms of ero: marr aght SSTEOR sen nye pain oo aM + (Vina) = 2 win ay in which M = 24M, +2,M,y. This Telation ox. ted by CE Bedingfield, Jr., and T. B. Drew, Ind MS to have been first suggested by | Es. Chem, 42, 1164 (1950), ; + (: *By equimolar counter-diffusion, we mean gh, ; ; e stationary coordinates is zero. ' the total molar flux with resp 1 14. Crank, The Markematcs of Diffusion, Ontora tp a ‘H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Hear Cont, versity Press (1956). (1959), Second Edition. ‘ction in Solids, Oxford Universi) aeons “ Scanned with CamSSHELL MASS BALANCES AND CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION 129 diffusion problems with heterogeneous reactio n. Thi instantaneous reaction or slow reaction, Section 12.4 deals with diteson wit homogeneous reaction. Diffusion from a spherical droplet through a stagnant gas film is discussed in Section 12.5. All these problems are solved fo steady-state conditions. ™ 12.1. DIFFUSION THROUGH A STAGNANT GAS FILM Let us consider that a liquid A (e.g. benzene) is being evaporated into a gas B (eg. air). This diffusion system is shown in Figure 12.1 Gas(A +B) Liquid A (Benzene)| PA Liquid 4 Shell Concentration profile evaporates into gas B Figure 12.1 Steady-state diffusion of liquid A into stagnant gas 8. ‘The following assumptions are made: 1. The level of liquid A is maintained throughout during evaporation. 2. Vapours of A and B form an ideal gas mixture. => tae Ye 3. The solubility of B in A is negligible, i.e. air is not soluble in benzene. 4, After the evaporation of A, it flows only in the z-direction (i.e. unidirectional flow). 5. Steady-state conditions prevail. 6. As soon as A evaporates, it is carried away by the B gas stream. 7. As the pressure and temperature are assumed constant, so diffusivity Dag is independent of composition. 8. No radial flow of A, ie. the flows at the centre and near the wall, affect the diffusion process. Let x4, be the concentration of A at the liquid-gas interface. Then, (12.4 ovaimrecnwitirrcams:130_ INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA—Momentum, Heat and Mag, where ¢ = concentration, assumed constant T = temperature, in K R = gas constant. Let us consider a shell at a distance z and of thickness Az as th Figure 12.1. As assumed above, diffusion of A takes place in the z only, Let the combined flux be Nj. Applying a mass balance at the ie have Rate of “mass in” of A at z — Rate of “mass out” of B at z+ Avs (3) “area of cross section of the vessel in which evaporation tay place. Substituting the rate of mass in Eq. (12.2), we get : S = cowrt SN az le — SNaz leds = 9 * (23 Dividing both sides of Eq. (12.3) by S and Az and taking the limit Az — 0, Let _S_be we get (124) We can write the equation for the combined flux Ng, from the previously developed Eq, (11.14), which is dx, Ngg =~CDyg FB 54 ae +N) au When B is not diffusing into A, Ng, = 0. Nyg = CD yy E+ 24M pz (25) dz ‘ Pn ds 2.6) a 4x) de ae : Substituting this value of N4, in Eq. (12.4), we get : A[ Dp dey @ d:|(—x,) a2 = For ideal gas * We know that p=ckT : where c is the concentration (assumed constant, also we have assumed Dag to be constant). Therefore, Eq. (12.7) becomes 4 atg|° cae) dz| (1-x,)dz. 7SHELL MASS. BALANCES AND CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION _131 , we get og Ba (128) We 8 , is a constant of integration. where rategrating this equation again, we get Ain(1 = x4) = Cz + + is a constant (12.9) (12.10) . Stas into the pattern of Eq, (12.10) and in order to evaluate C, and Cz, assume: = C,=-nky C, =n Ky where K, and Kp are constants. We obtain Eq. (12.10) as: * In(1 — x4) = In(Kf-Ky) ce Lay = KK Boundary condition 1: Atz=Zp a = XA, Boundary condition 2: Atz= 2 X= 1-x,, =Ki'K 1x4, = Ki Ke Dividing Eq. (12.17) by Eq. (12.16), we obtain 8 Ky 1%, 1 1-x,, 2-4 7 K,= ix |? I-xX4, Substituting this value of K, in Eq. (12.16), we get a 1-x,, 2-4 tex, =|—— a (=) a u a d-x,)"3 or K,= (=x) aay 2.12) 412.13) @219 412.16) a2 x (12.19) OULAHINICU WILT vans_ Sood ON TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA—Momentum, Heat and Mag 132 INTRODUCTI Eq. (12. Substituting the values of K, and Kz ), we get 2 z ox, ara I-44)? 1-x,=/— —a, -% (1229) or (12.21) For component B wy =1—% (12.22) The concentration profile is shown in Figure 12.1. The slope dr,/dz is not constant. The flux can be obtained from Eq. (12.6). Once the concentration profiles are known, then the average concentration and mass flux can be easily calculated. Average concentration Let Z- (12.23) 2-4 where Z is the dimensionless distance. Let us write the average concentration for B: 2 a E (xp /xp, dz » Se = 12: a fea ‘ zy Boundary condition 1: Atz= 2, z=0 = 12.25) Boundary condition 2; ‘ Atz= 2, Z=1 Now Ba. (12.24) becomes 279 (12.27) oud witll éamSevk |. | ws TRIBUTION 133 SHELL MASS BALANCES AND CONCENTRATION DIS: UTI q Anan _[ Ola) 12.28) Xm | Inxa,/*0,) Jy xp ee (12.29) In (xp, /%5,) ‘Thus, the average value of xy is the logarithmic mean, (xa) of the terminal concentrations. enerintnet uieru A WETERAGENEOUS CHEMICAL Scanned with CamS: v3 - : Exe at e Equi noler oul difpurion = NpglatP2_b7 PE! ee exch» bag tae be rie b ‘ = ; | Pa pare Pe at *L. ie 7 ye } c V an 42 thom necting fin Lange resus bata, W chal el gen mu of apt AaB. The apetin conten = : pealans are mrawdowded Constant in onal bbb ot pare be~ a pea? pe, yi Hie pa chawhea 2 » wave ia Pee ia en aoe a B dxf Lewarde C Scanned with CamSU-5 McCabe Thole 7 Sanilac / renee ee Set ap i bn fs water Lateut heals of vapor es xf trvaay & epudin ses; the protis frit YA” na lwveks & So, Le. iit etn pete ot frown a obi garcons Coit Nay = Neg eye, | — oS i, eke a tat ants quar > yntharut plaowicrl yx". <4 edie Oe oe : aS m Ww. vf / . a cfs Law “O is i aw nyip oP — “8 We jee Wiad Nag oN Nag = wh MY aeu-3 J a) we -W) mye ¢) OT FM eek, © Fal = 63,44 1 pe yr3r, ae a fe, Anan = 613, -Fx) a . = Z-%a2] Suge Cte Kay ~ Ci 2 7 EumZax) 3, Hn = (Haya = ( %airHon Ce Gena nm ay -Fr. (3-3) + Hoy Biba oy Xn—-Ln) = Xn Aer + (3-3,) | BBe Bee | ez Bee conceubzalinn prpl vy a 4 Heate Nay CE Nag = -COng, . oe ] a =~oRs 7 fad | | “be eA un oa obayed , mn” eax press } of pelt pe “wai bP C Dolhows Aw) RTS 2-CPas w(mactes) FL F Dan (painted) GQes')>e7 ALON ab(12.29) 12.2 DIFFUSION WITH A Hi REACTION (natantaneous Resencoue CHEMICAL 24 + B (2 cant me We again assume an “idealized model” for the system. Reactant A di through the gas film surrounded by the catalyst. At the catalyst sattece reaction takes place instantaneously. After the Feaction, the product B di back in the mainstream. * Pr iffuses yee _I Gas B — GsA—~ Catalyst (sphere) = —> (A+B) @- pars ~] ° Oo N ‘ 8 Po a chin L Catalyst Reactor Figure 12.2 Catalytic reactor and a catalyst. As the reaction takes place at the surface of the catalyst, the gas film and the surface of the catalyst are as shown in Figure 12.3. Two moles of A are x i Zo typ 7 Bdge ofastagan a lm we model for a catalytic reaction, concentration profile and a mass balance, Ae J. TA te ety ovanmieéG wittt cansre. BS eee an 134 INTRODUCTION 70 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA—Momentum, Heat and Mass diffusing through the gas film and the reaction takes place at the surface ote catalyst. Then, the product B formed diffuses back to the main sty Reactant A is diffusing in the positive direction of z, while the product gy diffusing in the negative direction of z. Although some heat is produced in ine catalytic reaction, we assume it to be very small and negligible. The following assumptions are made: 1, Gas film surrounding the catalyst is isothermal, i.e. the temperature remains constant. Therefore, D4g is constant. 2. Steady-state conditions prevail 3. Diffusion of A and B takes place only in the z-direction, Let us consider a shell at a distance z and of thickness Az. Ng, is the combined flux operating in the system. Let us take, W as the width and L as the length of the shell for consideration. Now applying a mass balance on the shell, we have Wx Laz |p - WX LN as kerae = 0 (12.30) Dividing both sides of Eq. (12.30) by WLAz and taking the limit as Az > 0, we get Nas dz The general Fick's law can be written as 0 (1231) N, ar SCD ay TE + t4(Naz + Na.) ~ (12.32) As discussed above, of B, and B is movin can be written as 2 moles of A penetrate the gas film and produce 1 mole ng in the negative direction of z. So, the flux for B, Nan Nae 12.33) Substituting this value of Np, in Eq, (12.32), we get ee ar, 1 Daa tts (He -}¥x)SHELL MASS BALANCES AND CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION _ 135 this value of Naz in Eg. (1231), we obtain gubsttutin d 1 dk cDyg—|\ > —* |= 9 “Pde 1 1 dz “3% (12.35) 12.36) where C, is a constant of integration. | Integrating again Eq. (12.36), we get i 2(! ~hr) 004 237 i where Cy is constant, For mathematical similarity, we may assume: | C= -2In Ky (12.38) : C,=-2 In Ky (42.39) | where K,, Kz are constants. | Now, | -ao(1-4)= -2(z1n K, +n Kz) | ; | or sage KEK (12.40) Let 5 be the gas film thickness as shown in Figure 12.3. Boundary condition 1: Atz=0, A= hy (1241) Boundary condition 2: Atz= 6 xy =0 (1242) Substituting these values and solving for the concentration of A, we obtain 1 (3%) 0343) or (1-0)=K5-K, (32.44) Svannen wre camSae 136 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA—Momenturn, Heat and Mass 1 =e or 1 (Ky) 1 v5 1 (\-3+) Substituting the values of K, and K in Eq. (12.40), we get fred 1 1) 7 (1-2}-(1-d24] (12.46) This is the concentration of A which is shown in Figure 12.3, The molar flux at the catalyst surface can be calculated as cyte) 247 or Ky= (12.45) 1 dz ara lend Differentiating Eq. (12.46) w.r-t. z and taking the value at z = 5, we obtain 7 ; Naz hes = SMI (2.48) From the above, we can conclude: 1. noi chemical reaction occurs instantaneously at the surface of the catalyst, it appears as if no reacti diffusion takes place. fon term appears at enly 2. Itis a series process. First, diffusion 0 eS resenorialee pes takes place and then the chemical 3. Ato B formation, we can say, is a « case of an instantaneous reaction, iffusion” controlled one ‘for the 3 DIFFUSION WITH A HETERO 12.3 TEACTION (Slow Reaction) CeNEOUS CHEMICAL is yne comes across catalytic che, Many a time, 01 Bs "Mical reactioy - Frstantancous. Mostly, reactions Uke pace ar hey RACtiONs which { a { OUAIIIT uamS