PMT

Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2021

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

In Economics (4EC1)
Paper 01 Microeconomics and Business
Economics
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Summer 2021
Question Paper Log Number P65896A
Publications Code 4EC1_01_2106_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2021
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General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners

must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they
mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must
be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather
than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries
may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to
the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the
mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader
must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate
has replaced it with an alternative response.
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Question Which one of the following does a point on a production Mark

Number possibility curve (PPC) represent?

Answer
1(a) AO1 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

D A given amount of resources being fully employed

A is not correct because this cannot be determined on a PPC

B is not correct because a PPC cannot show how production can
increase
C is not correct because a PPC does not show government (1)
revenue

Question Which one of the following describes this economic Mark

Number assumption?

Answer
1(b) AO2 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

A Businesses aim to maximise their profit

B is not correct because there is no indication of any charitable

work taking place
C is not correct because consumer behaviour is not described
D is not correct because it is not linked to government actions (1)

Question What is meant by the term economies of scale? Mark

Number
Answer
1(c) AO1 2 marks

Award 1 mark for reference to reduced average cost and 1 mark

for reference to increased output

Average costs of production fall (1) as the level of output rises

(1)

Accept any other appropriate response (2)

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Question State one example of a factor of production that can be Mark

Number classified as land.

Answer
1(d) AO1 1 mark

Award 1 mark for correct example

• Forest
• Rainwater
• Coal
• Oil

Accept any other appropriate response (1)

Question Define the term monopoly. Mark

Number
Answer
1(e) AO1 1 mark

Award 1 mark for a correct definition

One dominant seller in a market

Accept any other appropriate response (1)

Question Calculate, to two decimal places, the price elasticity of Mark

Number demand (PED) for Alfie’s dog‑walking service. You are advised
to show your working.

Answer
1(f) AO2 2 marks

Award 1 mark for showing correct calculation

-1.1/1.5 (1)

Award 1 mark for correct PED

= -0.73 (1)

Award 2 marks if PED is correctly calculated as -0.73, even if no

calculations are shown

Do not award marks for a formula (2)

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Question Using the diagram below, draw the likely effects on the market Mark
Number for cars of the introduction of more effective technology in
production. Label the new curve, the new equilibrium price and
the new equilibrium quantity.

Answer
1(g) AO2 3 marks

Award 1 mark for rightward shift of supply, labelled

Award 1 mark for lower equilibrium price, labelled
Award 1 mark for higher equilibrium quantity, labelled

(3)

Question Explain one possible effect on the supply of labour of the Mark
Number school‑leaving age being raised.

Answer
1(h) AO2 3 marks

Award 1 mark for identifying an effect

Award 1 mark for developing the response
Award 1 mark for the response being in context

• One effect would be a decrease in the supply of labour (1)

because young people would not be able to be employed
full-time until they reached the school-leaving age (1) which
means only people over 18 in England could contribute to
the supply of labour (1)

Accept any other appropriate response (3)

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Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, analyse
Number why Bupa may have decided to operate in a wider range of markets.

Indicative content
1(i) AO2 (3 marks)/AO3 (3 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• There are several factors that can affect the growth of firms. One of these is
the desire to spread risks
• By expanding its product range, Bupa can reduce the risk because it is
trading in different markets
• This means that if there is a problem in one market (such as health
insurance) it has other areas in which it can continue to trade
• Therefore the range of services, such as hospital and dental treatment,
could help to finance the firm and allow it to continue to be successful, if
there are problems in other markets
• As Bupa operates in 190 countries, it is likely to encounter uncertainty in the
different markets and therefore having a range of services means it is
reducing the overall risk to the firm

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1 1–2 • Demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding by developing relevant

points. Limited application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation. Interpretation
of economic information will be limited, with a lack of analysis of issues
(AO3).
Level 2 3–4 • Demonstrates partial knowledge and understanding by developing
relevant points. Partial application of economic terms, concepts, theories
and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and organisation.
Interpretation of economic information will be good, with some analysis of
issues (AO3).
Level 3 5–6 • Demonstrates clear knowledge and understanding by developing relevant
points. Appropriate application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be excellent, with
a thorough analysis of issues (AO3).
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Question Which one of the following products has a price inelastic Mark
Number demand?

Answer
2(a) AO2 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

C Y -0.5

A is not correct because it shows elastic demand

B is not correct because this shows unitary elasticity
D is not correct because the responsiveness is equal (1)

Question Which one of the following is the formula for calculating average Mark
Number cost?

Answer
2(b) AO1 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

Total cost
C ------------------------
Quantity produced

A is not correct because not only fixed cost is included

B is not correct because revenue is not used in this calculation
D is not correct because not only variable cost is included (1)

Question State one reason why governments intervene in the economy. Mark
Number
Answer
2(c) AO1 1 mark
Award 1 mark for a suitable reason

• To correct market failure

• Lack of competition
• Lack of information

Accept any other appropriate response (1)

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Question Calculate the profit or loss for the firm for each pair of shoes. Mark
Number You are advised to show your working.

Answer
2(d) AO2 2 marks

Award 1 mark for showing correct calculation

$89 - ($17 + $35) (1)

Award 1 mark for correct profit

= $37 (1)

Award 2 marks if profit is correctly calculated as $37, even if no

calculations are shown

Award 1 mark if the answer given is 37 with or without

calculations shown

Do not award marks for a formula (2)

Question Define the term fine. Mark

Number
Answer
2(e) AO1 1 mark

Award 1 mark for a correct definition

A financial penalty

Accept any other appropriate response (1)

Question Describe one benefit to consumers of privatisation. Mark

Number
Answer
2(f) AO1 2 marks

Award 1 mark for reference to the benefit and 1 mark for

development of the benefit

Firms are likely to offer lower prices (1) because they are trying
to attract custom away from competitors (1)

Accept any other appropriate response (2)

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Question Explain one reason why Microsoft might have patents on its Mark
Number designs.

Answer
2(g) AO2 3 marks

Award 1 mark for identifying a relevant reason

Award 1 mark for developing the reason
Award 1 mark for the response being in context

• One reason is that it would prevent competitors copying the

designs (1) meaning Microsoft could charge higher prices to
help recover the cost of research and development (1)
needed to create the new computer software (1)

Accept any other appropriate response

(3)
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Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, assess
Number whether a firm, such as a fast food restaurant, always benefits from using
division of labour.

Indicative content
2(h) AO2 (3 marks)/AO3 (3 marks)/AO4 (3 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• Division of labour is where the production process is split into small tasks
• It means that each worker can specialise on a single part of the production
process, such as chopping lettuce to put in burgers or peeling potatoes to
make the fries
• This means they can become more skilled at that particular task and
removes the need to move around the kitchen as much
• Employees are therefore much faster, increasing efficiency and reducing
cost per unit for firms
• Employees may also enjoy their job more because they are better at it,
making them more motivated and increasing productivity
• Therefore customers at the fast food restaurants can be served more
quickly, in-keeping with the concept of ‘fast food’ and leading to higher
profits for the firm

AO4

• However, employees may find repeating the same task boring, especially if it
is something straightforward such as frying burgers
• Therefore they may actually become demotivated instead and this could
increase staff turnover
• This could lead to a decrease in productivity and/or higher costs for the
restaurant if it needs to replace employees
• Mistakes or slow production at one stage (such as chopping lettuce) may
hold up a later stage and therefore customers would still need to wait for
their orders
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Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1 1–3 • Demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding by

developing relevant points. Limited application of economic
terms, concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation.
Interpretation of economic information will be limited, with a
lack of analysis of issues (AO3).
• Only offers one viewpoint, meaning there is an unbalanced and
incomplete evaluation, showing limited understanding and
awareness (AO4).
Level 2 4–6 • Demonstrates partial knowledge and understanding by
developing relevant points. Partial application of economic
terms, concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be
good, with some analysis of issues (AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint but the argument may lack
balance, leading to an evaluation that may not demonstrate full
understanding and awareness (AO4).
Level 3 7–9 • Demonstrates clear knowledge and understanding by
developing relevant points. Appropriate application of economic
terms, concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be
excellent, with a thorough analysis of issues (AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint. The argument is well balanced
and coherent, leading to an evaluation that demonstrates full
understanding and awareness (AO4).
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Question Which one of the following factors may cause a shift of the demand Mark
Number curve?

Answer
3(a) AO1 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

B Demographic changes

A is not correct because this would affect the supply curve

C is not correct because this would affect the costs of production
D is not correct because this would cause a movement along (1)

Question Which one of the following is an example of an external cost? Mark

Number
Answer
3(b) AO1 1 mark

The only correct answer is:

B Litter

A is not correct because this is an external benefit

C is not correct because it is a private cost
D is not correct because it is not an external cost (1)

Question On the blank pie chart below, draw and label the appropriate sizes Mark
Number of the primary (P), secondary (S) and tertiary (T) sectors for a
developing economy such as Haiti.

Answer
3(c) AO2 3 marks

Award 1 mark for the Primary sector (P) being the biggest (1)
Award 1 mark for the Primary sector (P) being greater than 50% (1)
Award 1 mark for the remaining smaller portion being divided
between the Tertiary (T) and the Secondary (S) sectors (1)

T
P

(3)
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Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, analyse how
Number market forces can remove excess supply.

Indicative content
3(d) AO2 (3 marks)/AO3 (3 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• Excess supply is where supply is greater than demand and there are unsold
products in the market
• Market forces refer to supply and demand, as well as how they determine the
allocation of scarce resources and price
• Where there is excess supply at 10 000 Kip, price will fall as a result of supply
being greater than demand
• Therefore, at 10 000 Kip, eight LOCA drivers wanted to offer journeys but only
four passengers wanted to buy
• If drivers lowered their price to 8 000 Kip the excess supply would be removed
• Demand rises as the price falls, until the equilibrium price of 8 000 Kip and the
equilibrium quantity of six journeys is reached

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1–2 • Demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding by developing relevant

1 points. Limited application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation. Interpretation
of economic information will be limited, with a lack of analysis of issues
(AO3).
Level 3–4 • Demonstrates partial knowledge and understanding by developing relevant
2 points. Partial application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and organisation.
Interpretation of economic information will be good, with some analysis of
issues (AO3).
Level 5–6 • Demonstrates clear knowledge and understanding by developing relevant
3 points. Appropriate application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be excellent, with
a thorough analysis of issues (AO3).
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Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, assess the
Number benefits to Norway of the government funding all education.

Indicative content
3(e) AO2 (3 marks)/AO3 (3 marks)/AO4 (3 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• Private benefits + external benefits = social benefits
• Education is an external benefit because it has a positive spillover effect
• This means that the students who gain education at universities in Norway
can benefit third parties in the future
• This is because the students can obtain more highly skilled jobs as a result
of the education, which can be beneficial to the wider society
• As a result, the standard of living in a country, such as Norway, may be
better and productivity may be higher
• Unemployment may therefore be reduced, as shown by the low rate in
Norway, meaning there would be fewer costs to the government, and so it
may be cheaper to pay for the education instead of welfare benefits

AO4

• There could be an opportunity cost. The money spent on education could be

used for other needs such as healthcare
• It will take time for the benefits of education to be enjoyed by others in the
country
• The students may not stay in Norway, meaning the benefits are enjoyed
elsewhere and the cost is not offset by future social benefits
• It is sometimes difficult to quantify and to give a monetary value to external
benefits
• It depends on other factors whether students become employed in
successful jobs which can benefit society
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Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1 1–3 • Demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding by developing relevant

points. Limited application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation. Interpretation
of economic information will be limited, with a lack of analysis of issues
(AO3).
• Only offers one viewpoint, meaning there is an unbalanced and
incomplete evaluation, showing limited understanding and awareness
(AO4).
Level 2 4–6 • Demonstrates partial knowledge and understanding by developing
relevant points. Partial application of economic terms, concepts, theories
and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and organisation.
Interpretation of economic information will be good, with some analysis of
issues (AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint but the argument may lack balance,
leading to an evaluation that may not demonstrate full understanding and
awareness (AO4).
Level 3 7–9 • Demonstrates clear knowledge and understanding by developing relevant
points. Appropriate application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be excellent, with
a thorough analysis of issues (AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint. The argument is well balanced and
coherent, leading to an evaluation that demonstrates full understanding
and awareness (AO4).
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Question Calculate, to two decimal places, the percentage change in the Mark
Number population in Austria between 2000 and 2018. You are advised to
show your working.

Answer
4(a) AO2 2 marks

Award 1 mark for showing correct calculation

8,891,388 – 8,069,276 = 822,112 (1)

Award 1 mark for correct percentage change

822,112 x 100 = 10.19% (1)

8,069,276

Award 2 marks if percentage change is accurately calculated as

10.19%, even if no calculations are shown

Award 1 mark if the answer given is 10.19 with or without

calculations shown

Do not award marks for a formula (2)

Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, analyse
Number how the quantity supplied of bananas might be affected by an increase in price.

Indicative content
4(b) AO2 (3 marks)/AO3 (3 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• The diagram shows that the PES of bananas is inelastic

• This means that the quantity of bananas supplied is not very responsive to a
change in price
• The PES of bananas is inelastic because farmers cannot easily increase the
production level even with a change in price
• Bananas take time to grow and are primary/agricultural products. The supply
is therefore dependent on factors such as the weather/climate. It cannot
therefore be easily increased, even if there is an increase in the price
consumers are willing and able to pay
• It is also not possible to store bananas for a long period because they are
perishable and therefore stock cannot be used to increase the quantity of
supply, this also makes the PES of bananas inelastic
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Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1 1–2 • Demonstrates basic knowledge and understanding by developing relevant

points. Limited application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation. Interpretation
of economic information will be limited, with a lack of analysis of issues
(AO3).
Level 2 3–4 • Demonstrates partial knowledge and understanding by developing
relevant points. Partial application of economic terms, concepts, theories
and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and organisation.
Interpretation of economic information will be good, with some analysis of
issues (AO3).
Level 3 5–6 • Demonstrates clear knowledge and understanding by developing relevant
points. Appropriate application of economic terms, concepts, theories and
calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Interpretation of economic information will be excellent, with
a thorough analysis of issues (AO3).
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Question With reference to the data above and your knowledge of economics, evaluate whether
Number an increase in the minimum wage would benefit an economy such as Spain.

Indicative content
4(c) AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)

AO2 and AO3

• The minimum wage is the lowest amount that a firm is legally allowed to pay its
employees
• The minimum wage in Spain rose from €735.90 to €900 per month in 2019
• This means that the income of employees would increase significantly and should
lead to a better standard of living
• It may mean employees are more motivated and could therefore lead to higher
levels of productivity and so increased output for the firm
• This increase in productivity may allow firms to offset the increase in wage costs
• Employees would have more disposable income and so be able to spend more in
the economy, allowing the revenue of firms to increase
• The rise in incomes would also lead to more tax being paid and so greater revenue
for the government
• This could be used as part of a wider plan to help ‘make Spain great again’

AO4
• However, if firms cannot afford the increase in wage costs, they may not be able to
employ as many people and this may increase unemployment
• Possible use of a diagram:

• If unemployment increases there may be less spending in the economy and less tax
revenue for the government
• This could mean that not only the firms directly affected by the minimum wage
increase are worse off, but also other firms and their employees if there is less
demand for goods and services
• It may depend on elasticity of demand for goods sold, whether firms can increase
prices and/or whether an increase in productivity results
• It may depend on the number of low paid workers affected by the minimum wage
increase and/ or the size of the increase in minimum wage
• As there has only been a small increase in the minimum wage in each of the
previous nine years [from €633.30 to €735.90 (16.2%) in total] firms may not be able
to afford a larger increase
• In the short term it may be more difficult for firms to cover the higher wage costs
but this may be easier in the long term if the economy has been boosted by the
overall effects of the increase
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Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material.

Level 1 1–4 • Demonstrates isolated elements of relevant knowledge and understanding;

may lack development of relevant points. Limited application of economic
terms, concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will lack selectivity and organisation. Chain of
reasoning may be attempted. Interpretation of economic information will
be limited, with a lack of analysis of issues (AO3).
• Only offers one viewpoint, meaning there is an unbalanced and incomplete
evaluation, showing limited understanding and awareness. A judgement or
conclusion is unlikely to be attempted (AO4).
Level 2 5–8 • Demonstrates partial selectivity and some accurate knowledge and
understanding by developing some relevant points. Partial application of
economic terms, concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate some selectivity and organisation.
Chain of reasoning will be present but may be limited. Interpretation of
economic information will be good, with some analysis of issues (AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint but the argument may lack balance, leading
to an evaluation that may not demonstrate full understanding and
awareness. A judgement or conclusion is attempted, but may not be fully
supported (AO4).
Level 3 9–12 • Demonstrates specific and accurate knowledge and understanding by
developing relevant points. Appropriate application of economic terms,
concepts, theories and calculations (AO2).
• Information presented will demonstrate excellent selectivity and
organisation. Chain of reasoning will be coherent and logical. Interpretation
of economic information will be excellent with a thorough analysis of issues
(AO3).
• Offers more than one viewpoint. The argument is well balanced and
coherent, leading to an evaluation that demonstrates full understanding
and awareness. A supported judgement or conclusion is present (AO4).

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