ASSINGMENT QUESTION 5:

DISCUSS THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, PROCESSING AND

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER FIBRE GIVE EXAMPLES OF FABRIC
NAMES.

Polyester fibre is a widely used synthetic fibre known for its durability, versatility,
and easy-care properties. Understanding its morphological structure, processing
methods, and properties provides valuable insights into its characteristics and
applications. In this essay, we will delve into the morphological structure of
polyester fibre, explore its processing stages, and examine its key properties,
including lustre, tenacity, hygroscopic nature, elasticity, elongation, chemical
resistance, thermal properties, physical effects on sunlight, and biological
properties. Throughout the essay, we will provide examples of fabric names that
utilize polyester fibre. Polyester fibres, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
have hydrocarbon backbones primarily because they are derived from petroleum-
based feedstocks. The hydrocarbon backbones in polyester provide several
beneficial properties such as stability, strength, hydrophobicity, and versatility
make it suitable for textile applications.

Body:

Morphological Structure:
Polyester fibre is a synthetic fibre made from polymerized units of ethylene glycol
and terephthalic acid. The polymerization process forms long chains of repeating
units, resulting in a linear polymer structure. Chemically, polyester fibres belong
to the polyester family, which includes polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).

Microscopically, polyester fibres have a smooth surface and a round or oval cross-
section. This smooth surface gives polyester fabrics a lustrous appearance. The
fine structure of the fibres contributes to their durability, strength, and resistance to
pilling.

Processing:
Polyester fibre undergoes several processing stages to transform it into yarns and
fabrics. The key stages in the processing of polyester fibre include:

Polymerization: The first step involves the synthesis of polyester by combining

ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid through a chemical reaction. This process
results in the formation of a molten polymer.
Spinning: The molten polymer is then extruded through spinnerets, which are
small holes or slits, to form continuous filaments. These filaments are rapidly
cooled and solidified, resulting in polyester fibres.

Drawing: To increase the strength and crystallinity of the fibres, they undergo a
drawing process. This involves stretching the fibres to align the polymer chains
and reduce their diameter. Drawing enhances the tenacity and elasticity of the
polyester fibres.

Texturing: Polyester fibres can be further processed through texturing to impart

bulkiness, stretch, and improved aesthetics. Texturing methods include mechanical
crimping, air jet texturing, or heat-setting. These processes create textured yarns
suitable for various fabric applications.

Properties:
Polyester fibre possesses several properties that contribute to its popularity and
widespread use. Let's examine these properties:

Lustre: Polyester fibre has a natural high lustre due to its smooth surface. Fabrics
made from polyester often exhibit a shiny or glossy appearance. Examples of
fabric names utilizing polyester fibre include polyester satin, polyester chiffon, and
polyester silk blends. The shine observed in polyester fibers can be attributed to
their chemical structure and the arrangement of hydrocarbon chains within the
polymer.

Polyester fibers, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have a repeating unit

consisting of an aromatic terephthalate group (An aromatic terephthalate group
refers to a specific chemical group that is part of the chemical structure of
terephthalate compounds. Terephthalate is a common name for the chemical
compound terephthalate ion or terephthalate ester, which is derived from
terephthalic acid.) (C6H4(CO)2) and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2). The terephthalate
group provides rigidity and planarity to the polymer chain, while the ethylene
glycol units contribute flexibility.

The hydrocarbon chains in polyester fibers play a crucial role in light interaction,
resulting in their characteristic shine. When light strikes the surface of a polyester
fiber, it interacts with the hydrocarbon chains in two primary ways:

Reflection: The smooth and regular arrangement of hydrocarbon chains in the

polyester polymer allows for efficient reflection of light. When light hits the
surface of the fiber, a portion of it is reflected back in a regular and organized
manner. This reflection creates a glossy appearance and contributes to the shine
observed in polyester fibers.

Refraction: The refractive index of polyester fibers is relatively high due to the
presence of hydrocarbon chains. Refraction occurs when light passes from one
medium (air) into another medium (polyester fiber) with a different refractive
index. The interaction between light and the hydrocarbon chains causes the light
rays to bend as they enter and exit the fiber. This bending of light rays leads to
internal reflections within the fiber, enhancing the overall shine and luster.

Furthermore, the smooth and uniform surface of polyester fibers, resulting from
the alignment of hydrocarbon chains, contributes to the even distribution of light
reflection and refraction, further enhancing the shine.

It's important to note that the shine observed in polyester fibers can also be
influenced by the manufacturing process and any additional finishing treatments
applied to the fibers. For example, the use of certain additives or coatings during
the fiber production or finishing stages can enhance the shine and improve the
visual appearance of the polyester fabric.

In summary, the shine in polyester fibers is a result of the regular arrangement of

hydrocarbon chains, which enable efficient reflection and refraction of light. This,
combined with the smooth surface of the fibers, contributes to the glossy and
lustrous appearance of polyester textiles.

Tenacity: Polyester has high tenacity, meaning it is exceptionally strong and

resistant to breaking or tearing. Fabrics made from polyester fibres are durable and
can withstand rigorous use. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester fibre for
its strength include polyester canvas, polyester upholstery fabrics, and polyester
outdoor fabrics. Because of the presence of strong carbon-carbon bonds in the
hydrocarbon backbone contributes to the tenacity of of polyester fibres. This
allows them to withstand stretching, pulling, and abrasion, making them durable
and long-lasting

Hygroscopic Nature: Hydrocarbon-based polymers are generally hydrophobic,

meaning they have low affinity for water. This hydrophobic nature of polyester
fibres provides inherent moisture resistance, making them quick-drying and less
prone to absorbing moisture compared to natural fibres like cotton polyester is
hydrophobic, meaning it has low moisture absorption properties. It does not
readily absorb moisture and dries quickly. This property makes polyester fabrics
resistant to mildew and suitable for quick-drying applications. Examples of fabric
names utilizing polyester for its quick-drying properties include polyester
sportswear, polyester swimwear, and polyester outdoor clothing.

Elasticity: Polyester fibres have good elasticity and excellent dimensional stability.
They can stretch and recover their original shape without significant deformation.
Fabrics made from polyester fibres are known for their resistance to wrinkling and
shape retention. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its elasticity
include polyester spandex blends, polyester leggings, and polyester stretch fabrics.

Elongation: Polyester fibres have relatively low elongation, meaning they do not
stretch significantly before breaking. This property contributes to the fabric's
dimensional stability and resistance to sagging or stretching out of shape.
Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its dimensional stability include
polyester suiting fabrics, polyester linings, and polyester home decor fabrics.

Chemical Resistance: Polyester fibres exhibit excellent resistance to most

chemicals, including acids, alkalis, and solvents. This resistance makes polyester
fabrics suitable for applications that involve exposure to various chemicals.
Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its chemical resistance include
polyester lab coats, polyester industrial fabrics, and polyester chemical-resistant
textiles.

Thermal Properties: Polyester has low heat conductivity and is resistant to heat
degradation. It retains its strength and shape even at elevated temperatures.
Polyester fabrics are known for their excellent thermal stability and resistance to
shrinkage. Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its thermal properties
include polyester insulation, polyester thermal underwear, and polyester fire-
resistant fabrics.

Physical Effects on Sunlight: Polyester fibres are resistant to fading and

degradation caused by sunlight exposure. Fabrics made from polyester are often
used in outdoor applications due to their ability to withstand UV radiation.
Examples of fabric names utilizing polyester for its UV resistance include
polyester outdoor fabrics, polyester awnings, and polyester sunshades.

Biological Properties: Polyester fibres are not susceptible to biological degradation

caused by bacteria, fungi, or insects. Fabrics made from polyester are resistant to
mould, mildew, and insect infestation. Examples of fabric names utilizing
polyester for its resistance to biological degradation include polyester outdoor
cushions, polyester outdoor rugs, and polyester bedding.

Conclusion:
Polyester fibre, with its unique morphological structure, versatile processing
methods, and advantageous properties, has become a widely used synthetic fibre in
the textile industry. Its smooth surface provides a lustrous appearance, while its
tenacity and durability make it suitable for various applications. Polyester fibres
hydrophobic nature, elasticity, low elongation, chemical resistance, thermal
stability, UV resistance, and resistance to biological degradation contribute to its
popularity. Fabrics made from polyester, such as polyester satin, polyester canvas,
and polyester sportswear, demonstrate the diverse range of applications and the
favourable properties of polyester fibre. Understanding the morphological
structure, processing techniques, and properties of polyester fibre allows us to
make informed choices when selecting fabrics and appreciate the benefits it offers
in terms of performance and functionality. Polyester fibre- has revolutionized the
textile industry and continues to be a preferred choice for a wide range of
applications due to its exceptional properties and versatility.