2072 Paris 1984 (10 Pages)

THE STEREOPHONIC ZOOM = A PRACTI-
CAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE PREPRINT N* 2072 (Dt)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPACED PAIR
OF MICROPHONES
M. WILLIAMS
CONSULTANT
NOGENT SUR MARNE
FRANCE
Presented at A U D ' O
the 75th Convention

1984 March 27-30
Paris ®
This preprint has been reproduced from the author's advance

manuscript, without editing, corrections or consideration by
the Review Board. The AES takes no responsibility for the
contents.
Additional preprints may be obtained by sending request

and remittance to the Audio Engineering Society, 60 East
42nd Street, New York, New York 10165 USA.
All rights reserved. Reproduction of this preprint, or any

portion thereof, is not permitted without direct permission
from the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society.
AN AUDIO ENGINEERINGSOCIETY PREPRINT

THE STEREOPHONIC "ZOOM"
- A practical approach to determining the characteristics

of a spaced pair of directional microphones -
The intensity and time differences for a spaced pair of cardioide

microphones can be calculated as a function of sound source position
and, various spacing and angles between the microphones. This infor-
mation, together with the physiological limits of the stereophonic
listening situation, enables a usable angle for coherent stereophonic
recording (recording angle) to be determined. For the same recording
angle, different values of spacing and mic angle enable the sound
engineer to choose the subjective stereophonic quality desired.
In the field of monophonic sound recording, the sound engineer has

considerable freedom to choose the microphone position according to
the sound quality desired. The relationship between the distance of
the microphone from the sound source, its frequency response curve,
and the amount of "presence" required is easily appreciated; and the
different microphone directional characteristics available, also en-
able the ratio of direct to indirect sound to be easily optimized.
This is unfortunately not the case in stereophonic sound recording.

Microphone position is generally a compromise between a good coherent
_tereophonic image and the required amount of presence. My aim in
presenting this paper is to try and restore a certain amount of free-
dom of choice to the sound engineer by showing a way of varying the
characteristics of a spaced pair of cardioide microphones to suit
different recording situations and to show the way in which subjec-
tive stereophonic quality can also be varied independently of other
factors.
Using a spaced pair of high quality condenser microphones with cardiolde

polar diagrams, it is possible to calculate the Intensity Difference
[_I) and Time Difference (_) for various positions of the sound
source, as a function of the angle between the microphones and the
distance between them. The relationship between intensity difference,
sound source position, and microphone angle for a coincident pair of
cardiotde microphones is given in the following diagram (Fig. 1).
Using a spaced [Jair of omnidirectional microphones the relation-

ship between time difference and sound source position can also
be determined as a function of different spacing between the
microphones (Fig. 2).
if One now combines these two functions in a spaced pair of cardioide

micrQphones, with intensity difference and time difference as a func-
tion of spacing and microphone angle, one obtains a whole series of
functions. A few examples of different microphone spacings (12cm,
17cm, 22cm, 30cm and 40cm) are illustrated in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
.. _'_!...x-'_:.'.:_.!!i.i.??'i}i_:-:-?/?i".:i_}_','/_,_?!i?.._': q
':''-'/'!I';_._,_.?,_.',-.',:
........ ,
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I
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/
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L :
'i't.! ,__----____
eououelJ!(I JCl!_uelUl
o
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The dotted line in each graph represents the physiological limits of
the listening situation considered (Fig. 8) i.e. the time and/or inten-
sity difference necessary to give the impression that the sound is
coming completely from one loudspeaker or the other. The complete
relationship between A I and A_ for 30 ° right, 30 ° left and mid
position 0 ° is given in Fig. 9.
Az
Oe
cmwr__ \ _ Xmsr
_o' Rs4# T \
- Fig. 8 - - Fi{r.9 -
It is now possible to use Figs. 3 to 7 to determine the usable angle
for coherent stereophonic recording (recording angle) for a spaced
pair of cardioide microphones for different distances and angles
between microphones.
For instance in Fig. 4, one can see that with spacing of 17cm and
110 ° angle between microphones, the half recording angle is about 55 ° .
However, the same recording angle can be obtained with 12cm 130 °
(Fig. 3), 22cm 80 ° (Fig. 5), 30cm 60 ° (Fig. 6), 40cm 40 ° (Fig. 7), etc.
The relationship between this "recording angle" and the values of
spacing and mic angles produces the following graphical representation
(Fig. 10).
One can deduce from this graph that the "recording angle" can be varied
by keeping one of the axes (_or_) constant and varying the other, or
by gradually varying both. This situation is somewhat similar to the
zoom lens of a television or film camera. For instance, starting with
15 cm 45 ° and gradually changing to 60 cm 175 ° one "zooms" from a total
recording angle of 200 ° (wide angle lens) to a recording angle of 40 °
(narrow angle lens).
11
o
....
I
A whole series of combinations of distance and mic angles are possible
for a given recording angle. For instance, for a total recording
angle of 90", the following combinations are possible : 12cm 160",
17cm 140 °, 22cm 120 ° , 30cm 90 ° (NOS), 40cm 60 ° and 50cm 40 _. For
adjacent "equivalents" the difference in subjective quality is quite
difficult to determine. However, if extreme equivalents (12cm 160 °
as against 40cm 60 °) are compared, the listener can begin to feel the
subjective contribution of intensity differences as against time
differences. The final choice is of course a personal one and long
may it remain so!
It is common practice in recording a symphony orchestra to place an

additional stereophonic pair well behind the main recording micro-
phone pair in order to "open up the sound". It is obvious that the
recording angle of this additional pair must be carefully determined
so as not to mix up the main stereophonic image or create a double
image. For instance if a 17cm 110 ° pair is used (total recording
angle of 100 °) in its normal position in front of the orchestra and
another pair is placed 8 metres further away,,it must cover a recording
angle of only 60 o (from Fig. 10 the values of spacing and mic angle
can be determined for a recording angle of 60°), i.e. 25cm 180 ° ,
30cm 165 °, 40cm 130 ° or 50cm 100 °.
Conclusion
In a given situation, a microphone pair can be placed at the

optimum distance from the sound source. The values of spacing and
mic angle can then be determined in relation to the stereophonic
image to be reproduced. Desired subjective recording quality is
then just a question of comparing various constant recording angle
equivalents.
MICHAEL WILLIAMS

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THE STEREOPHONIC ZOOM = A PRACTI-

CAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE PREPRINT N* 2072 (Dt)

the 75th Convention

This preprint has been reproduced from the author's advance

Additional preprints may be obtained by sending request

All rights reserved. Reproduction of this preprint, or any

AN AUDIO ENGINEERINGSOCIETY PREPRINT

- A practical approach to determining the characteristics

The intensity and time differences for a spaced pair of cardioide

In the field of monophonic sound recording, the sound engineer has

This is unfortunately not the case in stereophonic sound recording.

Using a spaced pair of high quality condenser microphones with cardiolde

Using a spaced [Jair of omnidirectional microphones the relation-

if One now combines these two functions in a spaced pair of cardioide

It is common practice in recording a symphony orchestra to place an

In a given situation, a microphone pair can be placed at the

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