CONTEMPORARY SITUATION IN

TOWN PLANNING - INDIA

 Urban development
Urban – Relating to, or characteristic of a town or city.

Urban Growth - Natural growth / Suburbanization

• when inner cities become too crowded, residents started migrating to
the suburbs, which are communities that are adjacent to but outside of
the city. This is also called urban sprawl

Urban Development - The development or improvement of an urban area.

Urban Planning –
• A process concerned with the use of land, planning permission,
protection.
• Public welfare
• the design of urban environment - air, water, and the infrastructure
passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation,
Communications, and distribution networks
 Aspects to be taken into
Main objectives of Planning are-

1. Health:
consideration
• To create while
and promote healthy conditions
live, to play and to relax
for all- rich and poor, to

2. Convenience:
planning
• To meet the various needs of community- social, economical and
recreational
• Public amenities – water supply, sanitation, electricity, gas, etc
• Sites for business and Industrial development
• Recreational amenities – Parks, Play grounds, town halls, stadiums,
open spaces

3. Beauty:
• To preserve the individuality of the town
• To preserve the aesthetics in the design of all elements of town-
trees, natural greeneries, buildings,, ancient buildings, temples, etc

4. Environment:
• Environment should be module - Man can go about his normal
activities with the least amount of strain
• Better relation between man and his environment
 Planning Concepts in
1. Indus Valley civilization –

• Settlements following a
hierarchy of cities,Ancient India
villages and outposts.

• Size - 1 sq. kms

• Population -23000 and 40000,
• Density - 90 to 160 people per acre
• Zoning- Residential , Commercial,
recreational
• Streets- north south orientation
• A central market place and a small
wall surrounded the city.

Housing –
• Linked to a main drain, with regular
inspection holes for maintenance.
• Two storey were built on plinths
• Brick stairs leading to upper floors or
the roof
• Open to sky court with entrance from
side lanes
• No windows and opening on to main
 Planning Concepts in
2. Vedic Civilizations-

1. New Ancient India

trade
routes
2. Knowledge
guilds
3. New coastal
cities
Nandvatra
Each of these types differs from the other in their shape, method of street
planning and location of activities based on size and principal purpose of
settlement.

• Fortified kingdoms - the nucleus with subgroups based on occupation

and caste

• Framework of strict rules and regulations - Hindu Shastras and Puranas.

• Zones - political and religious hierarchy

• Sites - Royal Palaces, the council hall, market places, streets and lanes,
 Planning Concepts in
Ancient
2. Vedic Civilizations-
India
• Minimum plot size and height of the
buildings were
• Front yard as wide as 1/3rd of the plot.

• Fixed measurements of lengths and heights

• Houses - verandahs and stairs Prastara

• Faced the royal roads

• Rear narrow lanes for services were provided.

• A footpath both sides of the street was provided.

• Drains of sufficient slope and length were constructed from each house
to the main drain.
 Town Planning in India
3. Mughal Period -
1. Administrative (Delhi, Lahore),
2. Religious (Varanasi, Mathura),
3. Military/ Strategic (Asirgarh)
4. Trade (Patna, Ahmedabad).
• A separate department existed for the
construction and development work

• Sensibility and symmetry to planning by

introducing gardens, courtyards and water
channels into the planning of public and
private spaces.

• Well-fortified capital cities.

• Narrow streets

• The fort and city walls dominated the

skyline of towns
 Town Planning in India
4. British Period
Planning approach: to serve the economic needs of their mother land
Towns in three categories-

1. Cantonments – Permanent army camps

• Wide roads in a grid pattern,
• Low density housing laid out strictly according to ranks,
• Parade grounds and other facilities for the use of army personnel.
• Bangalore, Dehradun, Kasauli, Firozpur

2. Provincial capitals- Administrative and commercial centers

• Separated residential area of the Britishers - better with regard to the
layout and amenities.
• Chennai , Mumbai, Kolkatta, Allahabad, Lahore and Nagpur

3. Hill stations- British officials spend their summer months

• Spacious bungalows, gardens and wide roads and avenues.
• The residential areas for the native population were at the lower levels
with very little amount of planning and infrastructural services.
• Simla, Dalhousie, Nainital, Darjeeling, Kodaikanal
 Evolution of Planning Legislation

PRE INDEPENDENCE- SCENARIO

➢ Planning Legislation confined to Building Bylaws, & Building Regulation
• Need for Town Planning Legislation
• Preparation of Comprehensive Plan
Provisions for preparation of town planning schemes by the Urban Local Bodies
(ULB) in both private and municipal lands for providing housing with secured
sanitary conditions

POST INDEPENDENCE- SCENARIO

➢ TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACTS

 Town planning and urban development Acts

• Comprehensive legislative act

• Responded to the local challenges of growth
• An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the making of DP &TPS
in state
• Extends to whole of the state

• The act awards power to the Area/ Urban Development Authority

constituted under it
• To prepare DP /TPS for its area of jurisdiction
• Control the development of city as well as fringe area
 Urban Development
• The state Town Planning Acts mandates the creation of a special
planning authority— Urban Development Authority /Area
Development Authority

• Task of undertaking planning within the delineated Development Area

• Urban planning in Gujarat is a two-step process and is prescribed in

the act and its Rules.

• The first step is to prepare a “Development Plan” (DP) for the entire city
or development area.

• The second step is to prepare “Town Planning Schemes” (TPSs) for

smaller portions of the development area for which the Development
Plan is prepared.
 Need & rationale of building regulations
Planning falls broadly into two categories:

1. Development plan –
The process in which the future of the area is mapped out. The plans will be
concerned not only with building but also with job opportunities, manpower,
education, and transport.

2. Development control –
Ensures that the construction of buildings, and the use to which land and buildings
are put conforms to established policies.

Main professionals involved in a team

• Town Planners
• Engineers
• Municipal Commissioner of the municipal corporation
• Surveyors
• Draft men
• Administrative staff
 Development Plan /
Definition:
Development Plan is a plan for development or re-development or

Master Plan
improvement of the development area.

Objectives :

• DP defines the direction of growth and envisions the city wide

infrastructure for the entire development area.

• It is a comprehensive document that looks at all components of

development and makes specific proposals with respect to each.

These include the following:

• Land development—land use zoning, areas to be opened up for

new growth, development control regulations (which determine the
built form), and allocation for public uses
• Road network and transportation • Storm water drainage
• Water supply • Open spaces, green areas
• Sewerage • Environment and pollution control
• Reclamation of areas
 Development Plan /
Data required for Development Plan:

Master
be regulatedPlan
A development plan indicates the manner in which the use of land in the
area covered shall and the manner in which the
development shall be carried out.

Following data is required for the preparation of DP:

1. Population trends-
Data regarding existing population i.e. population growth, male-
female ratio, Age group, literacy rate, etc.

2. Existing use of land in the development area-

Residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural and recreational
purposes; reservation of land for public purposes, such as schools,
colleges, and other educational institutions, medical and public
health institutions, markets, social welfare and cultural institutions,
theatres and places for public entertainment, public assembly,
museums, art galleries, religious buildings, play-grounds, stadium,
open spaces, dairies; gardens, green belts, natural reserves and
sanctuaries; community facilities and services
 Development Plan /
Data required for Development Plan:

Master
3. Existing facilities Plan
of Transport and communications and the future
needs-
Roads, highways, parkways, railways, waterways, canals and airport,
including their extension and development.

4. Existing services and their future needs –

Water supply, drainage, sewage disposal, other public utility
amenities and services including supply of electricity and gas

5. Economic development of area-

Trends of service industries, industrial estates and any other industrial
development on an extensive scale

6. Existing structures –
Places of historical, natural, architectural or scientific interest and of
educational value

After analyzing above data the proposals of DP are made.

 Town
Definition: planning Scheme
A Town Planning Scheme includes plans with the descriptive matter.

It is a complex system used to reorganize land parcels or plots, provide

access to each land parcel or plot, set aside land for public uses by
taking a portion from each landholding, and appropriate increments in
land values for infrastructure development.

The process involves intensive public participation and consultation at

several stages.
 Town planning Scheme
The main objective of the Scheme - Interest of General public is more
important than interest of individual. Includes:

(1) Socio-Economic Planning , (2) Physical Planning, (3) Public health

& safety
Objectives / Importance of Town Planning
Scheme:
1) Self sufficient development of an area around one sq.km.
2) Orderly planned development as per planning
4) To implement proposals of Development plan.

5) To provide accessibility to all plots including plots allotted to the Appropriate

Authority.

6) To reconstitute the land in proper shape for optimum use.

7) To provide primary facilities like water-supply, Drainage, Street light, Roads etc.
to all plots.
 Town planning Scheme
Data required for preparation of Town Planning scheme:

1. Revenue records showing ownership and land holding

2. Land records

3. Land survey as per site conditions including existing road

network

4. Development Plan proposals

5. The road network and scheme proposals of the adjacent

scheme prepared
 Important surveys in
1. Preliminary survey: Data – Fairly general in nature
contemporary town
To decide the boundary of area to be planned.
Includes –
planning
• General amenities, Electric power, Housing, Highways, Industries
• Railways, Waterways, Land use
• Water supply and sewerage

2. National survey: National resources and potentialities

• Fixing railway alignment

• Major irrigation scheme
• National highways, Expressways
• Heavy industries
 important surveys in
3. Regional survey: Consist of no. of towns helps to develop the whole

contemporary town
region in coordinate manner

planning
• Social, Physical and economic conditions of region
• Regional highways, regional transport, regional water supply

4. Civic survey: Socio – Economic survey

• Physical features
• Communications
• Traffic problems
• Open spaces
• Industrial survey
• Housing
• Population
• Health condition
• Landscape
• Public services
1. What is urban development?
Assignment - Submission
2. Discuss the process of town planning in India with the help of suitable
examples.
date: 27/03/2018
3. Mention any three important surveys in contemporary town planning.
Explaining each in one or two sentences.

4. List down various aspects or issues to be taken into consideration

while planning for a town/city in today’s times.

5. What are the various ‘tools’ used by a local body to exercise an

effective control over development. Explain briefly each of them.

6. Who are the main professionals involved in a team which does town
planning.

7. Define master plan. Discuss aims and objectives of the master plan.
Enumerate the data required for the preparation of the master plan.

8. What are the components of a master plan/ development plan.

9. What is TP scheme? Wrote down advantages of a ‘T.P scheme’?