AP Biology Transcription & Translation

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1. What is tran- DNA to RNA, in the nucleus

scription and
where does it oc-
cur?

2. Composition of Ribose sugar, N-Base, single stranded... Less stable than

RNA? DNA

3. Template Strand Transcribed DNA strand, has directions

4. Coding Strand un-transcribed DNA strand, identical in sequence but T's

are U's

5. Which direction 5' to 3'

is RNA built?

6. What direction 3' to 5'

does RNA poly-
merase move?

7. RNA Polymerase makes rRNA (ribosomes)

1

8. RNA Polymerase makes mRNA

2

9. RNA Polymerase makes tRNA

3

10. What do RNA Each has a specific promoter sequence it recognizes

polyermerase 1,
2, and 3 all have
in common?

11. Initiation (Tran- First step of transcription. RNA polymerase binds to pro-
scription) moter of template strand of DNA

12. Promoter binding site before beginning of gene

13.
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Transcription proteins that bind too promoter region of DNA, turned ON
Factors or OFF by controlling RNA polymerase (binding or not)

14. Elongation (Tran- Second step in transcription. RNA polymerase adds com-
scription) plimentary RNA nuclotides in 5' to 3' direction

15. Termination Third step in transcription. Termination sequence cause

(Transcription) polymerase to detach from DNA, mRNA is released

16. Exons the real gene

17. Introns "junk", doesn't code for proteins... viruses & proteins

18. Post Transcrip- 1.) mRNA splicing: cut out introns, paste together exons
tional Process- (can't have errors)
ing 2.) Protect mature mRNA, add cap and tail

19. Primary Tran- pre-mRNA

script

20. Spilceosome Enzyme, made of snRNPs... recognize sequence, cut and

paste exons together

21. Protecting ma- Enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA. Add 5' GTP cap &
ture mRNA poly-A tail on 3' end

22. mRNA survival Longer tail > Longer mRNA survial = produce more protein

23. Codon 3 nucleotides (3 bases) = 1 polypeptide protein

3rd base isn't too important, "wobble"

Codes for all life

24. How does mRNA 4 different nucleotides can code for 20 different amino
code for pro- acids
teins?

25. tRNA = transfer RNA, attached amino acid on 3'

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How do codons
match to amino
acids?

26. Aminoacytl tRNA Enzyme that bonds amino acid to tRNA, very unstable
synthase bond, requires ATP

27. Ribosomes Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

28. A Site Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain
(3rd)

29. P Site holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain (2nd)

30. E Site exit site, empty tRNA leaves ribosomes from exit site

31. Initiation (Trans- mRNA, small and large ribosome sub-unit and tRNA come
lation) together

32. Elongation Polypeptide increases in length, tRNA enters A site &

(Translation) bonds form between amino acids

33. Termination Release factor binds to stop codon on mRNA, polypeptide

(Translation) set free and forms 3D shape, ribosomes dissociate (aren't
specific, ribsomes are general)

34. Polysomes Many ribosomes are translating at the same time

35. Prokaryote Pro- DNA in cytoplasm, not compartmentalized, transcription

tein Synthesis and translation occur simultaneously, circular chromo-
some, no introns

36. Eukaryotic Pro- DNA in nucleus, compartmentalized, transcription and

tein Synthesis translation happen separate, linear chromosomes, DNA
wound on histone proteins, introns and exons

37. Translation Pro- Proteins begin to fold into primary, secondary, and tertiary
tein Modification structure. Additional proteins, sugars, lipids, phosphate
groups, ect... are added to make it functional

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38. Free ribosomes Proteins that stay in the cytoplasm

39. Bound ribo- (bound to ER) make proteins for golgi, ER, lysosomes, and
somes secreted out of cell

40. Signal Recogni- Brings complex to "address", similar to zip code

tion Protein

41. Why do eukaryot- Control gene expression to maintain homeostasis, can

ic genes regulate occur in any step in the pathway from gene to functional
themselves? protein

42. Chromatin struc- Chromatin (loosely coiled DNA) wrapped around histones
ture (1) (proteins)

43. Heterochromatin Tightly wrapped around histones, NO transcription, genes

turned OFF

44. Acetylation of hi- Unwinds DNA, adds actyl group- changes shape = genes
stones turned ON

45. Methylation of Blocks transcription factors (add methyl group), no tran-

DNA scription = genes turned OFF, almost permanent inactiva-
tion of genes

46. Epigenetic Inher- inheritance of traits not directly involving nucleotide se-
itance quence

47. Transcriptional Most critical control of DNA, promoter, binding of RNA

Control (2) polymerase and transcriptional factors

48. Enhancer/Activa- Distant control sequences on DNA... binding of activator

tor proteins

49. Transposons Specific DNA sequences that can move w/ in and between
chromosomes - can alter gene expression (usually de-
crease)

50. Post Transcrip- Alternate RNA splicing- variable processing of exons cre-
tional Control (3) ates a variety of mature mRNA and therefore proteins

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51. RNA interference RNAi or small interferring RNA (siRNA) - short segments
of double stranded RNA... death tag

52. Translational Blocks initiation of translation stage

Control (4)

53. Post Translation- Final opportunity to control gene expression

al Control (5)

54. Bacteria Metabo- Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their new
lism environment... if they have enough of a product they need
to stop production

55. Feedback inhibi- Product acts as an allosteric inhibitor of 1st enzyme in

tion pathway (binds, change activation site) still wasteful pro-
duction

56. Prokaryotic Gene Block transcription of genes for all enzymes in pathway...
Regulation genes turned ON or OFF

57. Operon Genes grouped together w/ related functions

58. Operator DNA binding site that controls access of RNA polymerase
to the genes

59. How do you turn Repressor protein (negative control), block transcription
genes OFF?

60. trp Operon Repressible Operon. Makes tryptophan (amino acid),

turned on when needed

61. What happens Binds to trp repressor protein and triggers repressor to
when excess bind to operator
tryptophan is
present?

62. Lac operon Inducible operon. Normally turned off until needed. Di-
gests lactose.

63.
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What happens Binds to lac repressor protein and triggers repressor to
when lactose is release DNA (induces transcription of enzymes for lactose
present? metabolism)

64. Positive Regula- Bacteria prefers to break down glucose, must make sure
tion (Activators) lac operon is turned on ONLY when glucose is absent

65. What happens Cyclic AMP accumulates, binds to CAP which then binds
when glucose is to DNA
absent?

66. Is lac on or OFF because glucose is chosen before lactose. No cAMP,

off when... lac- cant bind to CAP, stops RNA polymerase from binding
tose and glucose
is present?

67. Lac on or OFF because repressor is on

off when... lac-
tose and glucose
aren't present?

68. Lac on or off OFF because it wants glucose, less cAMP = no cap... poly.
when... No lac- can't bind
tose, but glu-
cose?

69. Lac on or off ON because repressor is off... cAMP > CAP > poly. can
when... lactose, bind
no glucose?

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