Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female

Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

Adismara Putri Pradiri and Nurul Hartini

Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga

Keywords: Extraversion, Entertainment-social, Celebrity worship syndrome, Female adolescent, Social media user,
Eysenck personality.

Abstract: This study aims to determine the relationship between extraversion of Eysenck’s personality dimensions and
entertainment-social level of celebrity worship syndrome in female adolescents who use social media. This
study is a replication of previous study (Maltby, et al., 2003) with different context and assumed that
extraversion was related to entertainment-social. Female adolescents use social media massively and
idolizing is commonly found in this development stage. This study was conducted on 587 participants with
age ranged between 12-20 years old. The data were collected by questionnaire. The variables were
measured by Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Abbreviated Version (EPQR-A) and Celebrity
Attitude Scale (CAS). Result shows that social media users tend to be neurotic and experiencing
entertainment-social worship while no significant relationships are found between both extraversion and
psychoticism to entertainment-social. This could be explained by higher tendency of neuroticism in female
adolescents and using social media to interact with peers or so-called pseudo-friends in celebrity fan club.

1 INTRODUCTION adopted by teenagers significantly (Monanda, 2017).

Fans are also often spending quite a sum of money
Indonesia is one of the targeted countries of the to participate or collect idol celebrity goods to get
social media market with 88.1 million active internet the intimacy of the celebrity (Anugrah, 2017).
users and is increasing by about 15% annually Teenagers who spend time and money collecting
(Balea, 2016). Ninety percent of social media users fan-items resulted in decreasing academic
in Indonesia are under 34 years old and 54% are 16 achievement and problems with parents (Willsen,
to 20 years old (RVC, 2016). Easily accessible 2015).
internet brings entertainment as reward for the users. Admiration of the celebrity figure is related with
One of the activities undertaken to seek these the main developmental task of teenagers which is
rewards is by observing the activities of idol the search for identity (Erikson, 1968 cited in
celebrity figures through social media pages. 57% of Santrock, 2011). Figures that affect teenagers are not
celebrity fans are teenagers aged 12-20 years with limited to family and friends but also have a
56% of whom spend about 1-5 hours in social media secondary attachment to popular figures on social
to observe their idol activities (Nurani, 2017). media (Boon and Lomore, 2001). Hermes (1995
Not all celebrities are a figure that is considered cited in Giles and Maltby, 2004) mentions that
positive. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia media figures are the second family for teenagers.
(Indonesia Child Protection Commission) in 2016 75% of young adults report interest in celebrities at
received many reports about parents' concert some stage of their lives (Boon and Lomore, 2001).
regarding their children admiring celebrity figures in Fifty-nine percent of respondents reported that the
social media uploading non-educational content and figures had a positive influence on their lives such as
deviating from community norms (Batubara, 2016). becoming more creative, changing behavior and
Many followers of these celebrities are children up beliefs, as well as social and sporting activities
to adolescence and they idolize the lifestyle shown (Boon and Lomore 2001). Caughey (1994 cited in
by the celebrity. Content uploaded by idol celebrities Boon and Lomore, 2001) explains that idol
is even able to influence the hedonic lifestyle celebrities are an ideal image for their fans so they

19
Pradiri, A. and Hartini, N.
Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia.
DOI: 10.5220/0008584700190025
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings (ICP-HESOS 2018) - Improving Mental Health and Harmony in
Global Community, pages 19-25
ISBN: 978-989-758-435-0
Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

try to imitate their behavior. Fans also form an friend. This shows the worshipping grows in
imaginary relationship with these media figures to adolescence as the emergence of attachment with
encourage personal transformation and personal peers. Entertainment-social factors can be predicted
inspiration. with the presence of a high level of attachment to
These behaviors explained beforehand is similar peers thus interaction with peers is an essential
with the characteristics of celebrity worship feature of this stage. This stage is also encouraged
syndrome. Celebrity worship is an obsessive by the emergence of peer groups in adolescents
behavior that is a form of parasocial and abnormal called "pseudo-friends" which discuss the lives and
interaction with which the patient is virtually activities of popular celebrities (Giles and Maltby,
obsessed with celebrities (Maltby, Houran and 2004).
McCutcheon, 2003). These reactions include The relationship between the level of
stalking celebrities to the unnatural reactions a entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome
person experiences when knowing something with Eysenck's personality dimension has been
happens to an admired celebrity. This theory can be reviewed by Maltby, et al. (2003) with a sample of
explained by the absorption-addiction model of one's British workers. They found that entertainment-
identity structure facilitating the psychological social celebrity worship syndrome variables were
absorption of celebrities who are admired for significantly positively correlated with extraversion,
identity maturation and gets a sense of self- explained through the absorption-addiction theory of
fulfillment (McCutcheon, Lange, and Houran, individuals trying to get pleasure to meet their needs
2002). through celebrity worshiping behavior.
Celebrity worship syndrome has three levels The study of celebrity worship syndrome in
(Maltby, et al., 2003). Entertainment-social is the Indonesia is still limited. Adolescents fluid
lowest level that reflects the passion for celebrities personality (Allik, et al., 2004) may contribute to the
because of their ability to entertain and attract different result from those of Maltby, et al. (2003).
attention. These levels include discussing the lives There is also personality difference between
of celebrities and following the daily news. Behavior collectivist and individualist culture which
at this stage is considered reasonable in a stage of extraversion is perceived different (Triandis and
development, especially adolescents. Intense- Suh, 2002). In collectivist culture extraversion is
personal compulsive feelings towards celebrities perceived as harmony, while in individualist culture
bring up the delusion that idol celebrities are the true extraversion is perceived as excitement (Lucas, et
love of the sufferer. The last level is borderline- al., 2000). These contextual differences are the
pathological which is an extreme expression of reason of the authors to examine the correlation
celibacy worship and contains pathological elements between entertainment-social celebrity worship
(Maltby, et al., 2003). The change to higher levels syndrome and Eysenck's personality dimension
takes a long time, while adolescents under 14 years through replication of Maltby, et al. (2003) using a
generally experience the level of entertainment- sample of Indonesian especially adolescent women
social (Giles and Maltby, 2004). using social media. The hypotheses and research
Giles and Maltby (2004) explained that today the questions in this study are:
influence of celebrities becomes much greater RQ1 How is entertainment-social behavior
because of massive social media invasion. The related to the extraversion personality?
process of individuation in adolescents also causes H1 There is a significant relationship between
them to often spend time to activity alone and access the extraversion personality dimension and the level
social media such as when in a private room. of entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome.
Research showed that the growing autonomy in
adolescents shows a decrease in attachment to
parental figures and actually develops between 2 METHODOLOGY
adolescents with their idol celebrities and slowly
replaces the parent's figures (Giles and Maltby,
2004).
2.1 Subject
Giles and Maltby (2004) found a relationship
Participants in this study were young women aged
between celebrity worship and the attachment of
12-20 years. Data retrieval was conducted online,
close friends and parents. The relationship of
participants filled in a 19-day questionnaire and got
celebrity worship is negative with the parent and is
587 participants.
positively correlated with the attachment of a close

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 Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

2.2 Procedure Table 1: Age profile

% N
Participants were requested to fill out a demographic 12 0.2% 1
questionnaire (age, idol celebrity, reason for 13 1.7% 10
idolizing, use of social media) and a set of 14 7.7% 45
psychological questionnaires consisted of Celebrity 15 16.3% 99
Attitude Scale (CAS) developed by McCutcheon, et 16 30.8% 181
al. (2002) and the Abbreviated Revised Eysenck 17 17.4% 102
Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A) developed by 18 10.4% 61
Francis, Brown, and Philipchalk (1992). 19 7.7% 45
The CAS scale used to measure the degree of 20 7.8% 46
celebrity worship syndrome consists of 22 Likert Total 100% 587
scale items of 1 to 5 based on the latest CAS version
developed by Maltby, et al. (2004). This scale Table 2: Frequency of visiting celebrities’ media-social
consists of 3 dimensions, namely 1) entertainment- page
social measures of admiration level based on the % N
ability of entertaining celebrities (α = 0.82); 2) Only on spare time 45.4% 266
intense-personal measures compulsive feelings Several times a day 29% 170
toward celebrities (α = 0.79); and 3) borderline- Every hour 14.1% 82
pathology measures extreme behavior of 2-4 hours a day 10.4% 61
worshipping and contains pathological elements (α = Other 1.1% 8
0.58). Total 100% 587
The EPQR-A scale is used to measure the value Table 2 presents the frequency of visiting
of each Eysenck personality dimension. It consists favorite celebrity page through social media. A total
of dichotomy items (Yes / No), namely 1) of 266 respondents visited favorite celebrity pages
extraversion (α = 0.68), 2) neuroticism (α = 0.63), 3) only when they have spare time (including answers
psychoticism (α = 0.30), and 4) Lie scale (α = 0.63). "Every phone opens", "Every time I’m not busy"). A
In this study only the scale of entertainment-social total of 170 respondents visited favorite celebrity
dimension, extraversion, neuroticism, and pages several times a day. As many as 82
psychoticism to be analyzed because of its relation respondents visited favorite celebrity pages every
to personality attributes. hour (including "Very often", "Every second", and
"Every time"). A total of 61 respondents visited
2.3 Analysis favorite celebrity pages 2-4 hours a day. A total of 8
respondents answered other (including "If they
The data would be then processed by Spearman's upload new content", "If there is a network", "If
Rho correlation analysis to prove the hypothesis in there is a notification", and "After finishing the
this study. study"). All respondents follow favorite celebrities
through social media Line, Instagram, Twitter, and
YouTube.
3 RESULTS Table 3: Favorite celebrities

Table 1 serves a description of entertainment-social % N

behavior in subjects. International 99.1% 582
Most respondents are 16 years-old as many as National 0.09% 5
Total 100% 587
181 or 30.8% of the total. 17 years-old respondents
came out second(N=102) and the 15-year-old Table 3 shows celebrities idolized by
followed (N=99). 18 years-old respondents reached participants. International celebrities (including
10.4% of a total (N=61). There were also 20 years- Korean, European, American, Japanese) celebrities
old respondents (N=46). 14 years-old and 19 years- are idolized by the majority of respondents as much
old respondents were both equal (N=45). There are as 99.1% or 582 respondents. National celebrities
10 13-year-old respondents as many as 1.7% of the are only idolized by 5 respondents or 0.09% of the
total. Last, there was only a single 12 years-old total respondents only.
respondent.

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ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

Table 4: Primal source of celebrity exposure * p <0.05 ** p <0.01 ES=Entertainment-social;

E=Extraversion; N=Neuroticism; P=Psychoticism
% N
Television 31.5% 185 The data showed that a significant and positive
Social-media 38.6% 226
correlation present between neuroticism and
Siblings/Relatives 5.1% 30
entertainment-social, while the extraversion and
Peers 22.4% 132
Other 2.4% 14
psychoticism did not show significant results. The
Total 100% 587 results also proved that the hypothesis of this study
Table 4 shows where respondents seen their was fully rejected.
favorite celebrities for the first time. A total of 226
respondents answered through social media
(including "YouTube", "Instagram", and "Line"). A 4 DISCUSSION
total of 185 respondents stated through the television
show (including answers "Survival show", "Reality Secondary attachment to popular figures is now
show", "Korean Drama", and "Korean TV Show on greater due to massive social media invasion
the Internet"). A total of 132 respondents knew resulting in greater adolescent exposure to
through peers. A total of 30 respondents heard from celebrities (Giles and Maltby, 2004). It causes
siblings/relatives. A total of 14 respondents had celebrity worship syndrome to be a familiar
varied answers (including "Listening to music at phenomenon especially in adolescents (North, et al.,
random", "Self-search" and "Relatives of the artist 2007). The entertainment-social stage is a common
themselves"). stage in the general population and is done every day
(McCutcheon, et al., 2003).
Table 5: Reason of celebrity worshipping This study took a sample of 587 female
% N adolescents aged 12-20 years. All respondents
Personality 21.63% 127 worship one or more celebrities and follow their
Physical appearance 16.86% 99 daily activities through social media such as Line,
Work and 57.09% 335 YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram fan pages. The
achievement results show that the majority of the samples
Other 4.42% 26 (45.4%) tend to visit social media to seek news of
Total 100% 587 celebrity news only when it happens to open social
Table 5 serves the reason of worshipping. A total media only. Social media is also the largest source
of 335 respondents stated that they love their (38.6%) of the primal exposure with their favorite
celebrities because of the celebrities’ works and celebrities.
achievements. This answer also covers how favorite The result of correlation analysis shows that
celebrities are able to inspire them with their works there is a very weak relationship between the
and achievements. A total of 127 respondents stated extraversion and the level of entertainment-social
that they love the personality of celebrities such as celebrity worship syndrome. Supporting analysis
entertaining and fun. A total of 99 respondents stated shows that the psychoticism is positively correlated
that they are fond of their favorite celebrities with the level of entertainment-social although very
because of the physical appearance like a handsome, weak and insignificant. Supporting analysis also
beautiful, and interesting stage appearance. Other showed a significantly positive correlated
reasons chosen by 26 respondents include answers neuroticism with entertainment-social.
such as "He can make me smile again", "I love him The results of this study differ from the research
with all my heart like I love my family", and "I do Maltby, et al. (2003) which stated that the
not know why I love him". extraversion correlates positively and significantly to
the level of entertainment-social. Maltby, et al.
Table 6: Correlation analysis of variables (2003) used a sample of 617 white participants in the
UK aged 20-60 years and also involved both
ES E N P genders. Differences in the context of the study may
Entertainment- lead to differences from the results of the study.
1.00
social The extraversion of the collectivist countries is
Extraversion -.03 1.00 highly correlated with social interaction and low
Neuroticism .09* -.31** 1.00 correlation with pleasure, whereas in individualist
Psychoticism .08 .02 .06 1.00 countries correlates with rewards earned by

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 Entertainment-social Celebrity Worship Syndrome of Female Adolescents using Social-media in Indonesia

socializing (Lucas, et al., 2000). This difference may 2002). The high level of neuroticism is associated
explain how the extraversion in Western countries is with anxiety, one of which is the anxiety of body
related to entertainment-social because participants appearance that is often experienced in adolescent
tend to seek pleasure from entertainment through the women. The anxiety of body appearance also
process of socializing with others. In Indonesia, this correlates with the tendency of celebrity worship
may not be correlated because entertainment-social syndrome (Aruguete, et al., 2014) so that teenagers
is not something to be gained by socializing. may try to overcome anxiety by admiring their idol
Individuals who rarely socialize are low in celebrities. Anxiety on female represents the
extraversion according to the collectivist country's weakness of the ego's identity. A study conducted by
view, but it also possible that one individual has Maltby, et al. (2006) showed that there is a
high entertainment-social level and fulfil his/her significant and negative correlation between ego
needs in ways other than socializing. This needs identity and celebrity worship syndrome. The study
further research. shows the correlation appears on the dimensions of
Social media can also explain differences in celebrity worship syndrome intense-personal level
research results. McKenna and Bargh (1998 cited in and borderline-pathological, so it needs further
Amichai-Hamburger and Fox, 2002) mentioned 2 research for the entertainment-social level.
main motives of using social media, self-related and Neurotic adolescents also tend to experience
social-related. Self-related motives emphasize self- stressful social situations, especially social rejection
need which cannot be satisfied in the environment (Laceulle, et al., 2015). Rejection in peers in
and strive to fulfill it through social media as a form adolescents correlates with feelings of loneliness and
of personal satisfaction therapy (McKenna and decrease in self-esteem (Santrock, 2011). This
Bargh, 1998 cited in Amichai-Hamburger and Fox, failure is certainly an impact on the self-identity that
2002). Introverts tend to show real self through should be achieved in adolescents. The absorption-
social media and seek appropriate friendships as addiction theory in celebrity worship syndrome
social media facilitates anonymity and do not explains that the individual experiences
necessarily show physical appearance (Amichai- psychological absorption as a form of identity
Hamburger and Fox, 2002). Introverts also tend to fulfilment and increases the tolerance limit of the
succeed in social media interaction and tend to form admiration so that the individual's need for the
extraversion characters in cyberspace (Harbaugh, celebrity is also increased (McCutcheon, et al.,
2010). This is related to the results of research 2002). Individuals who cannot control their
indicating that introverts in this study may actually environment also require external gratification to
tend to discuss and form social friendship with achieve their ideal character (Reeves, et al., 2012).
fellow fans or pseudo-friends through social media This explains why neurotic adolescents admire their
hence contribute to the level of entertainment-social. idol celebrities to fill the identity void of their ideal
This is supported by descriptive data in which as character.
much as 38.6% of participants recognize their idol Stever (2011) expressed a critic on the scale of
celebrities through social media. the celebrity attitude scale. The study explains that
The correlation between neuroticism and the transition from lower to higher levels has no
entertainment-social can be explained by the concrete and tend to be more qualitative. This shows
neurotics’ tendency to be emotional and interaction that individuals who have high values of
complexities. Face-to-face interaction is not entertainment-social celebrity worship syndrome can
preferred thus they channel it by online interactions. also have a quality that belongs to the level of
They also tend to express themselves differently in intense-personal celebrity worship syndrome. These
the internet especially in an anonymous context levels include celebrity worship in the form of
(Amichai-Hamburger and Fox, 2002). Neurotics also loyalty behavior and personal reactions to idol
tend to form a favorable persona in social media to celebrities (Maltby, et al., 2006). This is shown
increase their social support (Michikyan, through their responses such as "I love them as I
Subrahmanyam and Dennis, 2014). This may love my parents" and "They make me happy every
explain how neurotics seek friendships in social time they perform on stage".
media to get the interactions they do not get in the The final explanation of the difference is due to
real world. gender restriction of the sample of female
Neuroticism also increases in adolescent girls adolescents. Maltby, et al. (2003) involved both
aged 12-18 years due to correlation with hormonal male and female participants, whereas this study
changes and decreased self-esteem (McCrae, et al., restricted only to adolescent girls. Entertainment-

23
ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings

social tends to be higher in women based on the Ferguson, C.J., Munoz, M.E., Gaza, A., & Galindo, M.,
study conducted in Malaysia by Swami, et al. 2013. Concurrent and Prospective Analyses of Peer,
(2011). This may explain high levels of Television and Social Media Influences on Body
entertainment-social regardless of the personality Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms and Life
Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls. Journal of Youth
they have. Young women also tend to experience Adolescence, 43(1), pp.1-14.
peer competition (Ferguson, et al., 2013), so there Francis, L.J., Brown, L.B., & Philipchalk, R., 1992. The
may be celebrity worshipping competition that Development of an Abbreviated Form of the Revised
causes extraverts and has a broad friendship tend to Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its Use
avoid discussions about their favorite celebrities in Among Students in England, Canada, The U.S.A. and
peer groups. This is in line with research Frederika, Australia. Personality Individual Differences, 13(4),
Suprapto and Tanojo (2015) that some adolescent pp.443-449.
participants tend to refuse if the celebrity idol also Frederika, E., Suprapto, M.H., & Tanojo, K.L., 2015.
favored by their friends. Hubungan Antara Harga Diri dan Konformitas dengan
Celebrity Worship Pada Remaja di Surabaya. Jurnal
This research has limitation such as the broad Gema Aktualita, 4(1), pp.61-69.
categories of celebrities. Different respondents’ Giles, D.C. and Maltby, J., 2004. Role of Media Figures in
favorite celebrities might lead to different pattern of Adolescent Development. Personality & Individual
celebrity worship so it is advised to specify the Differences, 36, pp.813-822.
favorite celebrities in the next research. This study Harbaugh, E.R., 2010. The Effect of Personality Styles
also implicates that young neurotic women with (Level of Introversion-Extroversion) on Social Media
unstable emotion could lead to celebrity worship Use. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in
behavior so the subjects need to be aware of the Communications, 1(2), pp.70-85.
symptoms. It is also recommended for young Laceulle, O.M., Jeronimus, B.F., vanAken, M.A.G. and
Ormel, J., 2015. Why Not Everyone Gets Their Fair
women to idolize positive figures that could bring Share of Stress: Adolescent's Perceived Relationship
positive impact to one’s life. Affection Mediates Associations Between
Temperament and Subsequent Stressful Social Events.
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