CONSERVATION

ARCHITECTURE
CHOWK BAZAR

Raju Venkata Chandana - 2019BARC018

K. Ashrithavathsala - 2019BARC020
Sreejita Verma Nishi - 2019BARC028
T. Rishitha Lakshmi - 2019BARC038
Arshiya Srishti - 2019BARC054
G. Sandeep Kumar - 2019BARC090
Pavneet Singh - 2018BARC050
 ANCIENT MONUMENTS PRESERVATION ACT 1904
An act to provide for the preservation of ancient monuments and objects of archaeological, historical, or artistic interests.

1. Short title and extent. Article 2: Traffic in Antiquities

2. Definitions. 17. Power to Central Government to control traffic in antiquities.
3. Protected monuments. Protection of Sculptures, Carvings, Images, Bas-reliefs,
Inscriptions or like objects
Article 1: Ancient Monuments 18. Power to Central Government to control moving of
4. Acquisition of rights in or guardianship of an ancient sculptures, carvings or like objects.
monument. 19. Purchase of sculptures, carvings or like objects by the
5. Preservation of ancient monument by agreement. Government.
6. Owners under disability or not in possession.
7. Enforcement of agreement.Ancient Monuments Article 3: Archeological Excavation
8. Purchasers at certain sales and persons claiming through 20. Power of Central Government to notify areas as protected.
owner bound by instrument executed by 20A. Power to enter upon and make excavations in a protected
owner. area.
9. Application of endowment to repair of an ancient monument. 20B. Power of Central Government to make rules regulating
10. Compulsory purchase of ancient monument Archaeological excavation in protected
10A. Power Central Government to control mining, etc., near areas.
ancient monument. 20C. Power to acquire a protected area.
11. Maintenance of certain protected monuments.
12. Voluntary contributions.
13. Protection of place of worship from misuse, pollution or
desecration.
14. Relinquishment of Government rights in a monument.
15. Right of access to certain protected monuments.
16. Penalties.
 ARTICLE 1
“The Act defined what qualified as an "ancient monument," encompassing various archaeological and historical sites and structures. It introduced the
concept of "guardianship" by which the state could take responsibility for the maintenance and preservation of certain ancient monuments.”

Scindia educational society proposed for construction of a hostel building

at Gwalior Fort within the location. It submitted an application to the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

It was mentioned in the application that the proposed construction of Hostel

Building shall be located within 200 to 300 mtr.from the protected
monument Ek Patthar Ki Baori, Gwalior, hence, sanction be granted.
Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal granted
permission for construction of Double Storied hostel building at a distance
of 243 meters from the protected area of monument on the following
conditions:-

a. License non-transferable.
b. Valid for one year from issuance.
c. No demolition of historical structures over 75 years old.
d. Report findings during excavation.
e. Total construction area ≤ 33,522 sq. ft.
f. No facade design changes.
g. Max hostel height: 9.50 meters.
GWALIOR FORT h. Replace sloping roofs with flat ones.
https://www.courtkutchehry.com/Judgement/Search/AdvancedV2?refine_search=Ancient%20Monuments%20preservation%20act%20s
ection%2020&pref=all_word&post_type=judgement&near_search=&from_date=&to_date=08-09-2023&s=&citation=&s_party1st=&s_par i. Obtain land ownership/lease permission.
ty2nd=&s_judges=&s_advocatename=&s_acts=Ancient%20Monuments%20Preservation%20Act,%201904&multi_acts=&section_art=s
ection&s_article_val=15&acts_order=&acts_rule=&courts=&sort_field=date&sort_type=DESC&acttype=&page=1&pagesize=10&statena j. Pending local authority approval/NOC.
me=&districtname=
k. Violations cancel license.
 ARTICLE 2
“If the Central Government considers that any sculptures, carvings, images, bas-reliefs, inscriptions or other like objects ought not to be moved from
the place where they are without the sanction of the Central Government, the Central Government] may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct
that any such object or any class of such objects shall not be moved unless with the written permission of the Collector.”

The 'Bade Baba' idol is subject to the 1964 Act.

Section 19 of this Act requires State Government permission for

construction, mining, or other activities within State Protected Areas.

The respondent-Trust can't proceed with construction without State

Government permission.

Argument that construction is only for preservation is invalid because the

original temple doesn't exist, and only the 'Bade Baba' idol remains.

To protect the idol, the Trust must apply for construction permission from
the State Government.

The State Government must decide on the application within two months to
safeguard the idol.

If the State Government denies permission, the Trust must revert the
construction to its state on May 20, 2006, per a court order
BADE BABA IDOL
https://www.courtkutchehry.com/Judgement/Search/AdvancedV2?refine_search=Ancient%20Monuments%20preservation%20act%20s
ection%2020&pref=all_word&post_type=judgement&near_search=&from_date=&to_date=08-09-2023&s=&citation=&s_party1st=&s_par
ty2nd=&s_judges=&s_advocatename=&s_acts=Ancient%20Monuments%20Preservation%20Act,%201904&multi_acts=&section_art=s
ection&s_article_val=15&acts_order=&acts_rule=&courts=&sort_field=date&sort_type=DESC&acttype=&page=1&pagesize=10&statena
me=&districtname=
 ARTICLE 3
“If the Central Government is of opinion that excavation for archeological purposes in any area should be restricted and regulated in the interests of
archeological research, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette specifying the boundaries of the area, declare it to be a
protected area.”

● Khokra Kot archaeological site unveiled Pre-Harappan and early

historical pottery, providing insights into coin minting processes.
● The Mauryan Period peasant-pastoral PGW culture featured iron
use, horses, cattle, and grey painted pottery. It spanned from Sutlej
to the Ganges and was related to the Vedic culture.
● Khokra Kot mounds were linked to the Yaudheyas in the early
Christian Period, yielding Indo-Greek coins during excavation.
● Literary tradition cites, Rohidya's association with Lord Mahavira
visits, with Jain sculptures found in various places, including Khokra
Kot.
● The 1904 Act aimed to preserve ancient monuments, while the 1958
Act repealed the 1951 Act and Section 126 of the State Reorganization
Act. The 1904 Act's actions remain valid under the 1958 Act.
● These sources and historical findings shed light on the rich
archaeological and cultural heritage of the Khokra Kot region
and its connections to various historical periods and civilizations.
KHOKRA KOT Additionally, the legal transition from the 1904 Act to the 1958 Act is
https://www.courtkutchehry.com/Judgement/Search/AdvancedV2?refine_search=Ancient%20Monuments%20preservation%20act%20s outlined, emphasizing the importance of preserving ancient
monuments and archaeological sites.
ection%2020&pref=all_word&post_type=judgement&near_search=&from_date=&to_date=08-09-2023&s=&citation=&s_party1st=&s_par
ty2nd=&s_judges=&s_advocatename=&s_acts=Ancient%20Monuments%20Preservation%20Act,%201904&multi_acts=&section_art=s
ection&s_article_val=15&acts_order=&acts_rule=&courts=&sort_field=date&sort_type=DESC&acttype=&page=1&pagesize=10&statena
me=&districtname=
 Nara Document on Authenticity - 1994
“The Nara Document on Authenticity is conceived in the spirit of the Charter of Venice, 1964, and builds on it and extends it in response to the expanding
scope of cultural heritage concerns and interests in our contemporary world.”

The document describes authenticity concerning cultural heritage.

It articulates that authenticity represents the faithfulness of
cultural heritage concerning its initial state and includes several
elements: the way it looks and is designed, the materials and
substances used, how it is used and its purpose, the traditions and
techniques involved, its location and surroundings, and the
emotions and atmosphere it conveys.

Source:https://www.nippon.com/
 ARTICLE 1
“In a world that is increasingly subject to the forces of globalization and homogenization, and in a world in which the search for cultural identity is sometimes
pursued through aggressive nationalism and the suppression of the cultures of minorities, the essential contribution made by the consideration of authenticity
in conservation practice is to clarify and illuminate the collective memory of humanity. ”

The Tokyo Station Marunouchi Building is a railway station located in

Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

The original station is located in Chiyoda Marunouchi business

district near the Imperial Palace grounds.

The building is an example of heritage conservation-based urban

regeneration, where the authenticity of the building was carefully
considered and preserved during the regeneration process

The building frame was rebuilt with reinforced concrete, and the
exterior face of the wall was restored using face bricks for the third
floor.

The existing brick building frames on the first and second floors were
preserved, while their exterior wall claddings were rebuilt with face
bricks that restored the original appearance

Tokyo Station Marunouchi

Source:http://www.tokyostationcity.com/en/learning/station_building/
 Article 2
“The diversity of cultures and heritage in our world is an irreplaceable source of spiritual and intellectual richness for all humankind. The protection and
enhancement of cultural and heritage diversity in our world should be actively promoted as an essential aspect of human development.”

Humayun’s Tomb is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Delhi,

India.
It was built in 1570 and is the first garden-tomb on the Indian
subcontinent.

It inspired several major architectural innovations, culminating in the

construction of the Taj Mahal.

The conservation of this monument was completed in 2013 by the Aga

Khan Trust for Culture, a Switzerland-based non-profit group, in
partnership with the government, local communities, donors, and
foreign embassies.

The conservation project aimed to preserve the authenticity of the

building while also improving the well-being of local communities by
building inclusive facilities for those living around the heritage site.

Humayun’s Tomb ,Delhi

Source:UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Hagia Sophia interior

 Article 3
“Cultural heritage diversity exists in time and space, and demands respect for other cultures and all aspects of their belief systems. In cases where cultural
values appear to be in conflict, respect for cultural diversity demands acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the cultural values of all parties.”

The Hagia Sophia is a mosque and a major cultural and

historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.

It was originally built as a cathedral in 537 AD and later

converted into a mosque in 1453 after the Ottoman Empire
conquered Constantinople.

In 1935, it was turned into a museum by the Republic of Turkey.

The building has been a symbol of religious tolerance and
coexistence, with Christian mosaics and Islamic calligraphy
displayed side by side.

The Hagia Sophia is an example of how cultural heritage can

exist in time and space, and how respect for other cultures and
their belief systems can be demonstrated through the
conservation and management of a building.

Hagia Sophia , Istanbul Turkey

Source:UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Document - Hagia Sophia interior

 Article 4
“All cultures and societies are rooted in the particular forms and means of tangible and intangible expression which constitute their heritage, and these should
be respected.”

The Royal Opera House is an opera house located in Muscat,

Oman.

It was designed to reflect the rich cultural heritage of Oman,

incorporating traditional Omani architectural elements and
motifs while also incorporating modern technology and design.

The Royal Opera House is not only a physical structure, but also a
cultural institution that promotes the performing arts and
provides a platform for the expression of Omani culture.

The building and its programs respect both the tangible and
intangible expressions of heritage, providing a space for the
preservation and promotion of Oman’s cultural traditions.

Royal Opera House ,Muscat

Source:Tangible and Intangible Heritage - intangible heritage - Culture
Sector - UNESCO
 Article 5
“Conservation of cultural heritage in all its forms and historical periods is rooted in the values attributed to the heritage. Knowledge and understanding of
these sources of information, in relation to original and subsequent characteristics of the cultural heritage, and their meaning, is a requisite basis for
assessing all aspects of authenticity.”

The Rijksmuseum is the national museum of the Netherlands and

houses a collection of art and history from the Middle Ages to the
present day.

The museum underwent a major renovation from 2003 to 2013,

during which the authenticity of the building and its collections
were carefully considered and preserved.

The renovation project aimed to restore the original 19th-century

architecture of the building while also updating its facilities to
meet modern standards.

This is an example of how conservation can be rooted in the

values attributed to cultural heritage, with knowledge and
understanding of the sources of information and their meaning
being used to assess all aspects of authenticity.

Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands

Source:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rijksmuseum
 Article 6
“Authenticity, considered in this way and affirmed in the Charter of Venice, appears as the essential qualifying factor concerning values. The understanding of
authenticity plays a fundamental role in all scientific studies of the cultural heritage, in conservation and restoration planning, as well as within the inscription
procedures used for the World Heritage Convention and other cultural heritage inventories.”

The Notre-Dame Cathedral is a medieval Catholic cathedral and a

UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2019, a fire severely damaged the
cathedral, and restoration efforts are currently underway to restore
the building to its former glory.

The restoration project is being carried out in accordance with the

principles of the Nara Document on Authenticity and the Venice
Charter, with a focus on preserving the authenticity of the building
and its historical and cultural values.

This is an example of how authenticity plays a fundamental role in

conservation and restoration planning, as well as within the
inscription procedures used for the World Heritage Convention and
other cultural heritage inventories.

Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, France

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris
 Article 7
“All judgements about values attributed to cultural properties as well as the credibility of related information sources may differ from culture to culture, and
even within the same culture. It is thus not possible to base judgements of values and authenticity within fixed criteria. On the contrary, the respect due to all
cultures requires that heritage properties must considered and judged within the cultural contexts to which they belong.”

The Borobudur Temple is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple and a

UNESCO World Heritage Site.

It is the world’s largest Buddhist temple and one of the greatest Buddhist
monuments in the world.

The temple underwent a major restoration project from 1975 to 1982,

during which the authenticity of the building and its cultural values were
carefully considered and preserved.

The restoration project was carried out in accordance with the principles of
the Nara Document on Authenticity, with a focus on respecting the cultural
context to which the temple belongs.

This is an example of how judgements about values and authenticity can

differ from culture to culture, and how heritage properties must be
considered and judged within their cultural contexts.

Borobudur Temple in Indonesia.

Source:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592/
 Article 8
“The highest importance and urgency that, within each culture, recognition be accorded to the specific nature of its heritage values and the credibility and
truthfulness of related information sources.”

Angkor Wat is a temple complex and the largest religious monument in the
world, originally constructed as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god
Vishnu for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist
temple towards the end of the 12th century.

The temple complex underwent a major restoration project from 1986 to

1992, during which the authenticity of the building and its cultural values
were carefully considered and preserved.

The restoration project was carried out in accordance with the principles of
the Nara Document on Authenticity, with a focus on respecting the specific
nature of its heritage values and the credibility and truthfulness of related
information sources.

This is an example of how recognition can be accorded to the specific

nature of heritage values and the credibility and truthfulness of related
information sources within each culture.

Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia

Source:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668/
 Article 9
“ Depending on the nature of the cultural heritage, its cultural context, and its evolution through time, authenticity judgements may be linked to the worth of a
great variety of sources of information. Aspects of the sources may include form and design, materials and substance, use and function, traditions and
techniques, location and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other internal and external factors. The use of these sources permits elaboration of the specific
artistic, historic, social, and scientific dimensions of the cultural heritage being examined.”

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts center and a

UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is one of the 20th century’s most famous and
distinctive buildings.

The building underwent a major renovation project from 2012 to 2019,

during which the authenticity of the building and its cultural values were
carefully considered and preserved.

The renovation project was carried out in accordance with the principles of
the Nara Document on Authenticity, with a focus on respecting the specific
nature of its heritage values and the credibility and truthfulness of related
information sources.

This is an example of how authenticity judgements can be linked to the

worth of a great variety of sources of information, including form and design,
materials and substance, use and function, traditions and techniques,
Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia. location and setting, and spirit and feeling, as well as other internal and
external factors
Source:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/166/
THANK
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