Transportation

Japan has an efficient public transportation network, especially within metropolitan areas and between the large cities. Japanese public transportation is characterized by its punctuality, its superb service, and the large crowds of people using it.

Trains
links

Japan's four major islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku are covered by an extensive and reliable network of railways. Trains are a very convenient way for visitors to travel around Japan, especially in conjunction with the Japan Rail Pass. About 70 percent of Japan's railway network is owned and operated by the Japan Railways (JR), while the remaining 30 percent belongs to dozens of other private railway companies, especially in and around metropolitan areas. Elsewhere on the site are guides on shinkansen, night trains, tickets, timetables and how to ride the trains. Japan Railways (JR)

Japan Railways (JR Group) is the successor of the national Japanese National Railways (JNR), which was privatized in 1987 due to huge debts and mismanagement. The JR Group is made up of six regional passenger railway companies, which are JR Hokkaido, JR East, JR Central, JR West, JR Shikoku, and JR Kyushu, and one nationwide freight railway company, JR Freight. Together they operate a nationwide network of urban, regional and interregional train lines, night trains and shinkansen (bullet trains).

The operation areas of the regional JR companies and shinkansen lines

Private Railway Companies Dozens of private railway companies exist in Japan. The smaller ones consist of just one line, while others operate quite extensive railway networks. Some of the major private railway companies are listed below: Kanto: Tobu (approx. 460 km) http://www.tobu.co.jp/ Tobu operates an extensive network of railway lines into the suburbs and prefectures north of Tokyo. Interest for Tourists: Access to Nikko. Odakyu (approx. 120 km) http://www.odakyu.jp/ Odakyu operates three lines from central Tokyo to western Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture. Interest for tourists: Access to Hakone. Tokyu (approx. 100 km)

http://www.tokyu.co.jp/ Tokyu operates a network of two main lines and several shorter lines in the south of Tokyo. Interest for tourists: Access to Yokohama. Keisei (approx. 100 km) http://www.keisei.co.jp/ Keisei operates a main line and several branch lines from Tokyo to Chiba Prefecture. Interest for tourists: Access to Narita Airport. Seibu (approx. 180 km) http://www.seibu-group.co.jp/railways/tourist/english/index.html Seibu operates a network of suburban railway lines west of central Tokyo. Keikyu (approx. 90 km) http://www.keikyu.co.jp/ Keikyu connects Tokyo with Yokohama and southern Kanagawa Prefecture. Interest for tourists: Access to Haneda Airport. Keio (approx. 80 km) http://www.keio.co.jp/ Keio operates a network of railway lines west of central Tokyo. Interest for tourists: Access to Takaosan. Chubu: Meitetsu (approx. 500 km) http://www.meitetsu.co.jp/ Meitetsu operates an extensive railway network around Nagoya. Interest for tourists: Access to Inuyama and Central Japan Airport. Kinki: Kintetsu (approx. 570 km) http://www.kintetsu.co.jp/ The largest private railway company. Kintetsu operates an extensive railway network in the southern Kinki region, serving Osaka, Kyoto, Nara, Ise and Nagoya. Nankai (approx. 170 km) http://www.nankai.co.jp/ Nankai operates a network of railway lines in southern Osaka and Wakayama Prefecture. Interest for tourists: Access to Kansai Airport and Koyasan. Hankyu (approx. 150 km) http://rail.hankyu.co.jp/ Hankyu operates several lines in northern Osaka and connects Osaka with Kobe and Kyoto. Keihan (approx. 90 km) http://www.keihan.co.jp/ Keihan operates one main line, connecting Osaka with Kyoto and several shorter lines. Hanshin (approx. 50 km) http://rail.hanshin.co.jp/ Hanshin operates one main line between Osaka and Kobe, and a few short branch lines.

Kyushu: Nishitetsu (approx. 120 km) http://www.nishitetsu.co.jp/ Nishitetsu operates a network of railway lines in Fukuoka Prefecture around the city of Fukuoka. Interest for tourists: Access to Dazaifu.

Shinkansen
tours - links

Japan's main islands of Honshu and Kyushu are served by a network of high speed train lines that connect Tokyo with most of the country's major cities. Japan's high speed trains (bullet trains) are called shinkansen () and are operated by Japan Railways (JR). Running at speeds of up to 300 km/h, the shinkansen is known for punctuality (most trains depart on time to the second), comfort (relatively silent cars with spacious, always forward facing seats), safety (no fatal accidents in its history) and efficiency. Thanks to the Japan Rail Pass, the shinkansen can also be a very cost effective means of travel. Shinkansen Network The shinkansen network consists of multiple lines, among which the Tokaido Shinkansen (Tokyo Nagoya - Kyoto - Osaka) is the oldest and most popular. All shinkansen lines (except the Akita and Yamagata Shinkansen) run on tracks that are exclusively built for and used by shinkansen trains. Most lines are served by multiple train categories, ranging from the fastest category that stops only at major stations to the slowest category that stops at every station along the way.

Shinkansen Tickets Seat Classes Most shinkansen trains in Japan offer seats in two classes, which are typically found it separate cars:

Ordinary Like the name suggests, ordinary seats are the regular seats found on all shinkansen trains. Although the size and foot space of ordinary seats varies between train sets, ordinary seats on shinkansen are generally comfortable and offer a generous amount of foot space. They usually come in rows of 3x2 seats.

Green Car Comparable to business class on airplanes, green cars offer seats that are larger and more comfortable than ordinary seats and offer more foot space. The seats are arranged in rows of 2x2 seats. Green Cars tend to be less crowded than ordinary cars.

In 2011, JR East introduced Gran Class on its newest train sets on the Tohoku Shinkansen. Comparable to first class on airplanes, Gran Class offers seats that are even more spacious and comfortable than Green Car seats (in rows of 2x1 seats) and additional amenities and services. Reserved vs. non-reserved cars Most shinkansen trains offer both non-reserved seats (, jiyseki) and reserved seats (, shiteiseki) in separate cars. Only the Hayabusa, Hayate and Komachi trains along the Tohoku Shinkansen are fully reserved and carry no non-reserved seating. All seats in Green Cars are reserved. Bilingual signs indicate whether a shinkansen car carries reserved or non-reserved seats. Advance seat reservations are required to use a seat in a reserved car (see below on how to make seat reservations). A fee of a few hundred yen applies for making seat reservations. Japan Rail Pass holders can make seat reservations for free.

Signs on cars indicating whether the car is reserved or non-reserved

Signs on a platform (left) and inside a train (right)

Display in a station indicating the non-reserved car numbers of upcoming departures

Regular Tickets A shinkansen ticket is made up of several fees: Base fare The fare to be paid to get from A to B. Increases step wise according to the distance traveled. Issued as base fare ticket (, jshaken). Shinkansen supplement (limited express fee) The supplement fee to be paid for using a shinkansen train (as opposed to a local train). The fee increases step wise according to the distance traveled. The express supplement is issued as limited express fee ticket (, tokkyken). Seat reservation fee 310, 510 or 710 yen depending on whether it is low season, regular season or high season respectively. An additional supplement (200-600 yen depending on distance traveled) applies for using reserved seats on Nozomi, Mizuho and Hayabusa trains. The seat reservation fee is usually combined with the express supplement into a single ticket. Green car fee The supplement fee for riding the green car. Increases step wise according to the distance traveled. It is usually combined with the express supplement into a single ticket.

A passenger typically receives two pieces of tickets (a base fare ticket and a supplement ticket),

although in some situations the two tickets are combined into a single ticket. If multiple trains are involved, there can be more than two tickets (one supplement ticket for each train).

Base fare ticket

Shinkansen supplement ticket

Rail Passes The Japan Rail Pass can be used on all shinkansen trains except Nozomi and Mizuho trains and covers all the fees involved. Seat reservations can be made for free at ticket counters. Pass holders will receive a seat reservation ticket that indicates the reserved seat. They need no tickets besides their rail pass when using non-reserved seats. Similar to the nationwide Japan Rail Pass, there are a few regional passes that also cover shinkansen trains: the JR East Pass covers all trains along the Tohoku, Yamagata, Akita, Joetsu and Nagano Shinkansen, the Kyushu Rail Pass covers all trains along the Kyushu Shinkansen (including Mizuho), and the JR West Sanyo Pass covers all trains along the Sanyo Shinkansen (including Nozomi and Mizuho). These passes, too, allow for free seat reservations. Other discount tickets Small discounts are available for set ticket (, kaisken) and round trip tickets (, fukuwaribiki) that are available for selected sections. Other tickets provide a discount when purchased in advance (, hayatoku). Discount ticket shops around major stations also sell shinkansen tickets at small discounts. Travel packages such as the various shinkansen tour packages by Japanican or the Puratto Kodama Economy Plan (for travel along the Tokaido Shinkansen by Kodama) can provide more substantial savings, but have to be purchased in advance.

Seat Reservations Seat reservations allow you to secure a seat and travel with peace of mind. They can be made for all shinkansen trains, but are not mandatory on the trains that also carry non-reserved seating. Only the Hayabusa, Hayate and Komachi trains along the Tohoku Shinkansen require seat reservations. When and where can I make seat reservations? Seat reservations can be made from one month before travel date (from 10:00am) until shortly before departure time. They can be made in various ways:

At a ticket counter Seat reservations can be made in person at ticket offices of all major JR stations across Japan. Any shinkansen can be reserved from any JR ticket office in Japan.

At a vending machine A few types of vending machines with bilingual menus (Japanese and English) allow travelers to make seat reservations on shinkansen trains. Japan Rail Pass holders cannot use vending machines to make seat reservations.

Online JR East operates an English website that allows regular travelers and Japan Rail Pass and JR East Pass holders to make seat reservations for the Tohoku, Yamagata, Akita, Joetsu and Nagano Shinkansen, but not for the other shinkansen lines. Each JR company also operates Japanese websites for online reservations, however, they require Japanese language skills and residency.

What information is needed to make a seat reservation? In order to purchase a shinkansen ticket, the following information is needed: Number of travelers Date of travel Departure Station Destination Station Ordinary or green car Reserved or non-reserved seat

For a seat reservation, the following additional information is required: Train name (e.g. Hikari) and train number or departure time Preference of smoking or non-smoking seat, if available

If you do not speak Japanese, it is recommended that you write the data on a piece of paper and present it to the salesperson in order to make the purchasing process smoother. Salespersons are generally familiar with the English vocabulary needed for the purchase of train tickets and seat reservations, but many have limited English conversation skills. How can I pay? Cash and credit cards can be used at ticket counters and vending machines that sell shinkansen tickets. At some ticket counters, you should indicate at the beginning of your order that you will be paying by credit card. Japan Rail Pass holders can make seat reservations for free. Are seat reservations recommended? On many trains reserved seats do not get booked out, but on some they do. On particularly busy travel days (e.g. peak travel days during Golden Week, Obon and the New Year holidays), trains can get booked out several days in advance, but on most other days trains rarely get booked out more than a few hours in advance, if at all. For peace of mind seat reservations are always recommended, especially when traveling in groups and preferring to sit together. On a few shinkansen trains along the Tohoku Shinkansen (Hayabusa, Hayate and Komachi) seat reservations are mandatory.

The green symbol with the seat indicates a ticket counter ("midori no madoguchi")

How to use the shinkansen? After purchasing your ticket (see above), proceed as follows:

1) Pass through the regular ticket gate At many stations, shinkansen passengers have to pass through two sets of automatic ticket gates: regular ticket gates and shinkansen ticket gates. At the regular ticket gates, insert only your base fare ticket into the ticket slot, pass the gate and retrieve your ticket at the other end. Japan Rail Pass holders cannot use the automatic gates, but have to show their pass to the staff at the manned gate.

2) Make your way to the shinkansen platforms Follow the bilingual signs to the shinkansen platforms. Depending on the station, the shinkansen platforms are sometimes placed parallel to and close to the regular train platforms, but often they are located in a separate part or on a different level of the station complex.

3) Pass the shinkansen ticket gates A second set of gates divides shinkansen platforms from the regular train platforms, although at some stations there are also direct gates to the shinkansen platforms that allow passengers to skip the regular gates. This time, insert not only your base fare ticket but also your supplement ticket together into the ticket slot at the same time and retrieve them on the other side of the gate. Japan Rail Pass holders again use the manned gate, instead.

4) Access your platform Displays of upcoming departures will indicate from which platform your train will depart, while signs clearly indicate the way to each platform. Virtually all shinkansen platforms are equipped with escalators and elevators.

5) Find your car Displays on the platform indicate upcoming departures. Other displays and/or signs mark the location of doors, indicating car numbers and whether the car is reserved, non-reserved or green. Some busy stations have two lanes painted on the platform in front of each door location: one for the upcoming departure and one for the departure afterwards. Passengers line up accordingly, especially in case of non-reserved cars to secure seats.

6) Find your seat Seats are numbered and lettered in the same style as on airplanes. Try not to block the aisle when storing your luggage and taking your seat to allow for quick boarding.

Your seat Ordinary seats typically come in rows of 3x2 seats, although on some trains they are arranged in rows of 2x2 seats (and in rare cases in rows of 3x3 seats). Seats can be reclined and have tables, pockets for magazines and open overhead shelves. They provide considerably more foot space than economy seats on airplanes. Some newer train sets have electrical outlets installed along the walls. Green cars always come with rows of 2x2 seats and have seats that are more spacious than ordinary seats. The seats are often equipped with a foot rest, reading light, electrical outlets (for aisle and window seats) and a seat warmer, although the exact facilities depend on the train set. All seats on shinkansen trains can be turned by 180 degrees, allowing travelers to always face forward. The seats are turned by the staff at the terminal stations, but can also turned by passengers, for example, to create a group of four or six seats facing each other.

Amenities & Services Signs and announcements inside the trains are multilingual (Japanese and English on all shinkansen lines; plus Korean and Chinese on selected lines) and inform about upcoming stations. Most shinkansen trains are served by small food carts with a selection of snacks, drinks and boxed meals (bento) which periodically pass along the aisle. Some trains also have vending machines with drinks and pay phones. Wireless internet is available on the newest train sets between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka, however, a subscription or 1-day pass has to be purchased before boarding the train. All shinkansen are equipped with multiple toilets, which are sometimes separated by gender. The toilets are Western style except on some older train sets. Newer train sets are also equipped with spacious toilets for wheel chair users. Outside the toilets are wash corners with sinks and large mirrors.

Accessible toilet and wash corner on a modern train set

Smoking Smoking is not allowed on most shinkansen trains. Prominent exception is the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen on which some last smoking cars survive on older train sets. On newer train sets along the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen, smoking is allowed only in small cabins with good ventilation that keep the trains free of smoke. On all other shinkansen lines, smoking is not possible. Luggage Shinkansen trains are equipped with relatively spacious overhead shelves (smaller on certain train sets) which can store small and medium sized bags and suitcases. Additionally, there is usually space for two or three large suitcases behind the last row of seats in each car. On many shinkansen trains the leg room is large enough to place a suitcase in front of you, although this may not be the most comfortable solution. According to the rules book, each traveler is allowed to bring up to two pieces of luggage onto a train (not including small bags), with each piece not weighting more than 30 kilograms and not measuring more than 250 centimeters when adding up width, height and depth. However, even when brining less than this upper limit, we recommend travelers with a lot of luggage to consider using a delivery service to make the trip more comfortable for themselves and the passengers around them.

Space for luggage behind the last row of seats

Shinkansen Manners Don't block the aisle with luggage. When having a conversation, keep your voice down. Recline your seat with consideration for the person behind you. Return the seat to its original position before exiting the train. Set your mobile phone to silent mode. Don't talk on your phone except in the deck areas between cars. Line up on the platform before boarding. Future of the Shinkansen

Several new shinkansen routes are currently being built, while others are in the planning phase. The following four are currently under construction: Hokuriku Shinkansen: extension from Nagano via Toyama to Kanazawa by spring 2015. Hokkaido Shinkansen: extension from Aomori through the Seikan Tunnel to Hakodate by spring 2016. Kyushu Shinkansen (Nagasaki Route): a branch line to Nagasaki which partially uses existing regular tracks, possibly with a gauge change train. Completion date is undetermined. Chuo Shinkansen: Using maglev technology, this new line is planned to connect Sagamihara with Kofu in 2020, Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027 and finally Osaka by 2040.

Night Trains
links Below is a network map of Japan's night trains, i.e. trains that run through the night. All night trains are operated by the Japan Railways Group (JR). Due to competition by cheaper highway buses and low domestic airfares, the number of night trains in Japan has been decreasing steadily in recent years.

Train cars Most Japanese night trains are equipped with couchettes and private rooms with beds, and some have cars with seats. Couchettes and private rooms come in two classes, A and B, with B being the more basic and less costly. In addition, some trains offer a "Special A Class" with rather luxurious suites. All night trains are equipped with toilets and sinks, and the better ones have also public phones, showers, a restaurant and a lounge or lobby car. Couchettes Couchettes are bunk beds, two or three stories high, in compartments shared by four to six people. "B class" couchettes cost around 6,000 yen, and "A class" couchettes around 10,000 yen. Most night trains carry at least one couchette car of either or both classes. Private Rooms Private rooms come in single and twin. "B class" rooms cost around 6,000-9,000 yen per person, and "A class" rooms around 14,000 yen/person. More luxurious suites can cost up to 38,000 yen/person. Most night trains have some private rooms, but only a few have luxury suites.

Seats A few night trains carry cars with seats. Depending on the train, the seats may be non reserved, partially reserved or all reserved. Seat reservations cost about 300 to 500 yen. Seat reservations are free for Japan Rail Pass holders.

Japan Rail Pass and night trains The Japan Rail Pass does not cover the cost for a couchette or private room! Japan Rail Pass holders will have to pay for it separately. In addition, pass holders also have to pay the (limited) express fee, which is typically around 3,000 yen, when using a couchette or private room. While the Japan Rail Pass does not cover the cost for couchettes and beds, it fully cover the cost for a seat on night trains. Note however, that quite a few night trains do not carry cars with seats.

List of trains Below is a list of Japan's night trains. The following information is given for each train (note that the ticket costs refer to a trip along the complete route):
Train Category Train Name: Route More detailed route, showing other major stations Approx. duration of the trip Frequency of departures Comments Seat Couchette Private Room Approx. ticket cost Approx. ticket cost Approx. ticket cost Approx. ticket cost Approx. ticket cost Approx. ticket cost without Japan Rail with Japan Rail Pass without Japan Rail with Japan Rail Pass without Japan Rail with Japan Rail Pass Pass Pass Pass

From Tokyo:
Limited Express Cassiopeia: Ueno (Tokyo) - Sapporo Ueno - Omiya - Utsunomiya - Fukushima - Sendai - Hakodate - Sapporo Approx. 17 hours 3-4 trains per week The Cassiopeia is Japan's most luxurious night train. It is equipped with a lounge and restaurant car and private "A class" twin rooms exclusively. It also carries some luxury suites. Seat Couchette Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 34,000 yen 21,500 yen Limited Express Hokutosei: Ueno (Tokyo) - Sapporo Ueno - Omiya - Utsunomiya - Fukushima - Sendai - Hakodate - Sapporo Approx. 17 hours 1 train per day Equipped with couchettes, private rooms, luxury suites and a restaurant car. Seat Couchette w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 27,000 yen 14,500 yen

Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 27,000 yen 14,500 yen

Limited Express Akebono: Ueno (Tokyo) - Aomori Ueno - Omiya - Takasaki - Sakata - Akita - Aomori Approx. 13 hours 1 train per day Equipped with couchettes, private rooms and so called "Goron to Shito" seats, which are basically couchettes without blankets, but are categorized as seats and can be used for free with the Japan Rail Pass. There is one "Goron to Shito" car for excluive use by women. Goron to Shito Couchette Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 14,000 yen free 20,000 yen 9,500 yen 20,000 yen 9,500 yen

Limited Express Sunrise Seto: Tokyo - Takamatsu Tokyo - Himeji - Okayama - Takamatsu Approx. 10 hours 1 train per day Equipped with private rooms and so called "Nobinobi" seats, which are basically carpeted compartments to lie down, but are categorized as seats and can be used for free with the Japan Rail Pass. The Sunrise Seto is coupled to the Sunrise Izumo between Tokyo and Okayama. Nobinobi Seat Couchette Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 14,500 yen free 20,500 yen 9,500 yen Limited Express Sunrise Izumo: Tokyo - Izumo Tokyo - Himeji - Okayama - Matsue - Izumoshi Approx. 12 hours 1 train per day Equipped with private rooms and so called "Nobinobi" seats, which are basically carpeted compartments to lie down, but are categorized as seats and can be used for free with the Japan Rail Pass. The Sunrise Izumo is coupled to the Sunrise Seto between Tokyo and Okayama. Nobinobi Seat Couchette Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 15,500 yen free 21,000 yen 9,500 yen

From Osaka:
Limited Express Twilight Express: Osaka - Sapporo Osaka - Kyoto - Kanazawa - Nagaoka - Sapporo Approx. 21 hours 4-7 trains per week Equipped with couchettes, private rooms, luxury suites, a restaurant and a salon car. Seat Couchette w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 27,000 yen 11,000 yen Limited Express Nihonkai: Osaka - Aomori Osaka - Kyoto - Kanazawa - Akita - Aomori Approx. 15 hours Equipped with couchettes only. Seat w/o JR Pass with JR Pass -

Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 29,000 yen 13,000 yen

1 train per day Couchette w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 23,000 yen 9,500 yen Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass -

Express Kitaguni: Osaka - Niigata Osaka - Kyoto - Kanazawa - Toyama - Nagaoka - Niigata Approx. 8 hours 1 train per day Equipped with couchettes and non reserved seats. Seat Couchette w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 10,500 yen free 15,500 yen 6,500 yen

Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass -

From Sapporo:
Express Hamanasu: Sapporo - Aomori Sapporo - Hakodate - Aomori Approx. 8 hours 1 train per day Equipped with couchettes, reserved seats (reclining "dreamcar" seats), non reserved seats and a so called "nobinobi carpet car", which features carpeted compartments to lie down. Seats and the nobinobi carpet compartments can be used for free with the Japan Rail Pass. Some couchettes, nobinobi carpet compartments and reserved seats are for exclusive use by women. Note that on some days, the Hamanasu may not feature all of the above mentioned car types. Seats, nobinobi carpet car Couchette Private Room w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass w/o JR Pass with JR Pass 9,000 yen free 15,500 yen 7,500 yen -

In addition to the above listed trains, there are a few night trains, which run only during certain seasons or selected days of the year, such as the Express Noto between Tokyo and Kanazawa and

a few so called "Moonlight" trains, e.g. the Moonlight Nagara and Moonlight Echigo, which are classified as rapid trains (kaisoku) and can be used with the Seishun 18 Kippu.

Taking the train

links The following is a guide on how to use trains and subways in Japan. Elsewhere on the site are more specific pages on train tickets, night trains, shinkansen (bullet trains) and train timetables. 1) Train categories All types of Japanese trains, from local to shinkansen, are typically classified into the following categories: Local (kakueki-teisha or futsu-densha) Local trains stop at every station. Rapid (kaisoku) Rapid trains skip some stations. There is no difference in the ticket price between local and rapid trains. Express (kyuko) Express trains stop at even fewer stations than rapid trains. Japan Railways (JR) charges an express fee in addition to the base fare. Limited Express (tokkyu) Limited express trains stop only at major stations. A limited express fee usually has to be paid in addition to the base fare. It is typically between 500 and 4000 yen. JR railway companies always charge this fee, but some other private railway companies do not. Super Express (shinkansen) Shinkansen are only operated by JR. Shinkansen run along separate tracks and platforms. A limited express fee has to be paid in addition to the base fare. It is typically between 800 and 8000 yen.

2) Seat categories JR offers the choice between two classes, ordinary and green (first class), on shinkansen, limited express trains and a small number of slower trains. Most local trains carry only ordinary cars. Green cars are less crowded and offer more spacious seats, but are typically 30% to 50% more expensive than ordinary cars. Most shinkansen and limited express trains carry non-reserved (jiyu-seki) and reserved (shitei-seki) seats, while a few carry reserved seats only. Seats in green cars are often all reserved. On most local, rapid and express trains all seats are non-reserved. Seat reservations cost roughly 300 to 700 yen, but are free with the Japan Rail Pass. Smoking cars or smoking rooms are provided on only a small number of long distance trains. On all other trains, smoking is not permitted.

3) Buying a ticket Tickets for short distance trips are best purchased at vending machines, while tickets and seat reservations for long distance trips can be purchased at ticket counters in train stations. a) Purchase a ticket at a vending machine 1. Find your destination and the corresponding fare on the map above the vending machine. The map shows the train lines and stations of the region. Ticket prices are shown beside each station. 2. Insert the money into the vending machine. Most machines accept coins of 10, 50, 100 and 500 yen and bills of 1000 yen. Many machines also accept larger bills. 3. Select the number of tickets that you wish to buy. The default is one, so if you are traveling alone, you can skip this step. 4. Press the button that shows the amount for your ticket. 5. Collect the ticket(s) and change.

Ticket vending machines with map of lines and stations

Sometimes the station names on the maps are written only in Japanese. If you are unable to find your destination and the corresponding fare, you can purchase a ticket for the lowest possible price, and pay the difference at a fare adjustment machine at the destination station. b) Purchase a ticket at a ticket counter In order to purchase a ticket, you need to provide the following information: Number of travelers Date of travel Departure Station Destination Station Ordinary or green car Preference of reserved or non-reserved seat

If you wish to reserve a seat, you need to provide the following additional information: Train name and number OR departure time

Preference of smoking or non-smoking seat

If you do not speak Japanese and there is a lineup, it is recommended that you write the data on a piece of paper and present it to the salesperson in order to make the purchasing process smoother. Special forms for that purpose (some in English) are actually provided at some stations, but are rarely used by customers.

4) Entering the paid fare zone After buying the ticket, you can proceed through the ticket gate. At automatic ticket gates, which are found at busy stations, insert the ticket into the slot, walk through the gate and pick up the ticket on the other side. If you insert an invalid ticket, the gate will close and an alarm will sound.

If you have a Japan Rail Pass, you cannot use automatic gates, but must pass through a manned gate, showing your pass to the station staff. In order to access shinkansen platforms, you need to pass through a second or separate set of ticket gates. They are usually well marked.

5) Station platforms Find your platform by looking for your train line and direction. Most important signs are written in Japanese and English, and increasingly also in Chinese and Korean. On many platforms, marks on the floor indicate where the doors of the arriving train will be located. Waiting passengers will line up behind those marks. Train drivers are trained to stop within centimeters.

Passengers waiting in lines on the platform

In case of long distance trains, additional marks will indicate car numbers and whether the car is an ordinary or green car, and whether it carries reserved or non-reserved, and smoking or non-smoking seats. Note that some platforms are served by trains of different train categories (e.g. local and rapid trains). Displays indicate the next arriving train's category and, at some stations, the set of upcoming stations served by it.

6) Riding the train Wait for passengers to exit before entering the train. Be careful not to block the door at stations, especially if the train is crowded. Put backpacks on the floor or onto the baggage shelves. Most passengers on Japanese trains are either reading, sleeping or using their mobile phones for sending messages, browsing the web or playing games. Talking on mobile phones inside trains, however, is forbidden, except in the entrance sections of shinkansen and limited express trains. Upcoming stations and connecting lines are announced in Japanese. On shinkansen and some other lines frequently used by foreign visitors, the announcements are also made in English. Shinkansen and other newer trains have electronic signs in each car that display the upcoming station.

7) At the destination station The station names on platforms are written in kanji, hiragana, and English. The previous and upcoming station names are also written. At your destination, leave the paid fare zone through the ticket gates in the same way as you entered. When paying with a single ticket, the ticket is retained in the machine upon exiting. If you did not pay the correct fare for your destination station, you have to pay the difference at a "Fare Adjustment" machine before leaving through the gates. If there are no such machines, you can pay the difference at the manned gate.

Timetable
links

Printed Timetables Printed railway timetables in Japanese are sold in bookstores and kiosks across Japan. They include nationwide timetables and timetables for just a specific region or railway company. Nationwide timetables come in various sizes and are published once per month. Besides the schedules for all train lines by Japan Railways (JR), they contain less detailed schedules for trains by other railway companies, buses, ferries and airplanes, as well as a wide array of practical information. Without Japanese reading skills, it is rather difficult to use a Japanese timetable, although the largest timetable books contain kana readings for all station names. Printed timetables in English are available in limited quantities by mail from the New York and Paris offices of Japan Railways. Online Timetables The English websites of some railway companies include timetable information. Furthermore, there are numerous other websites, which offer interactive tools to look up timetables for Japanese trains. A few of them have an English version: Hyperdia (English and Japanese) http://www.hyperdia.com/ Hyperdia is the best English timetable website available, due to its powerful search options. Hyperdia is the only website with the option to exclude nozomi trains from the results, which makes it the best tool for Japan Rail Pass users. Likewise, the option to limit results to local trains only, makes it a great tool for Seishun 18 Kippu users. Functions + Look up routes, times and fares between two stations + Covers trains and airplanes + Specify seat type (non-reserved, reserved, green) + Specify intermediary stations + Exclude air, shinkansen, limited express and non-JR + Exclude nozomi trains

Options

+ Shows stops, platform numbers, timetable along the way Information + Lists other connections on the same day along the same route + Links to maps, hotels and seat availability sites (in Japanese)

Usability

+ Results are displayed in a relatively user friendly way - Inflexible in recognizing alternate spellings for station names - Uses am/pm time format

Jorudan (English and Japanese) http://www.jorudan.co.jp/english/norikae/ A simple and reliable tool to look up train connections. Useful to Japan Rail Pass users except for routes along the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen where results usually list nozomi trains that cannot be used by Japan Rail Pass holders. Functions + Look up routes, times and fares between two stations + Covers trains and airplanes + Specify seat type (non-reserved, reserved, green) - Cannot specify intermediary stations - Cannot exclude air, shinkansen and limited express - Cannot exclude nozomi trains

Options

Information - No additional information provided Usability + Flexible in recognizing alternate spellings for station names + Results are displayed in a relatively user friendly way - Uses am/pm time format

Ekitan (Japanese only) http://www.ekitan.com/ Ekitan is a very user friendly timetable website, providing highly useful information such as the final destination of each train along the route. It also provides a wider array of timetable lookup tools than the other sites. + Look up routes, times and fares between two stations + Look up departure times for a given station + Look up first/last connection of the day + Covers trains and airplanes + Separate section with bus timetables + Specify intermediary stations + Exclude air, shinkansen and limited express + Specify pace for transfers + Specify preference of airline (JAL, ANA) - Cannot exclude nozomi trains

Functions

Options

+ Gives fares for all seat types (non-reserved, reserved, green) + Gives departure times of trains from stations along the way Information + Provides information about current traffic situation + Links to maps, hotel, taxi and other local information Usability + Results displayed in a user friendly way + Indicates final destination of each train along the route + Flexible in handling entered station names

Navitime (Japanese only) http://www.navitime.co.jp/ Navitime is a leader in mobile phone navigation technology, but also offers a very useful PC based website for looking up routes and timetables.

Functions

+ Look up routes, times and fares between two stations or addresses + Covers trains, airplanes and some local buses + Look up departure times for a given station + Look up first/last connection of the day + Separate section for looking up driving directions + Can exclude air, shinkansen, limited express and bus + Can specify intermediary stations + Specify pace for transfers - Cannot exclude nozomi trains + Information about hotels and restaurants + Well integrated map + Results displayed in a user friendly way + Indicates final destination of each train along the route + Flexible in handling entered station names

Options

Information

Usability

Seishun 18 Kippu
links The Seishun Juhachi Kippu, meaning something like "Youthful 18 Ticket", is a seasonally available railway ticket, which gives you five days of unlimited, nationwide travel on local and rapid JR (Japan Railways) trains for only 11,500 Yen, or 2,300 Yen per day! Availability The Seishun 18 Kippu is only available three times a year during school holiday seasons, as shown in the table below (subject to change): Period Spring Summer Winter Valid March 1 to April 10 July 20 to September 10 On Sale February 20 to March 31 July 1 to August 31

December 10 to January 10 December 1 to December 31

Eligibility Despite its name, the Seishun 18 Kippu can be used by people of any age. It is available to foreign tourists as well as Japanese nationals and foreign residents of Japan. However, there is no child fare.

Usage Where is it sold? The Seishun 18 Kippu can be bought at most JR stations across Japan. Consult the table above for the dates during which the ticket is on sale. How does the ticket look like? The ticket is one small card with five fields to be stamped on each day it is being used.

Can it be shared? The Seishun 18 Kippu is a non-personal, transferable ticket, meaning that it can be used either by one person on five days or be shared by up to five different people. When sharing one ticket as a group, you always need to travel together, and each person uses up one of the ticket's five days of validity. Some examples on how the ticket can be used are listed below: 1 person uses it on 5 days (it can be a different person each day) 2 people share it on 2 days, and 1 person uses it on 1 day 2 people share it on 1 day, and 1 person uses it on 3 days 3 people share it on 1 day, and 2 people share it on 1 day 5 people share it on 1 day etc.

How to use it? You cannot use automatic gates with the Seishun 18 Kippu. Instead, you have to pass through the manned gates and show the ticket to the station staff. At the beginning of each day's usage, the station staff will stamp one of the five fields with a stamp showing the current date. If you travel in a group, one field will be stamped for each member in your group. When is it valid? The ticket is valid on five days during the period of validity (see table above). The five days do not need to be consecutive days. One day is defined as from midnight to midnight, except in the Tokyo and Osaka areas where the ticket is valid until the last train. In all other areas, when you are on board of a train at midnight, the ticket is valid up to the first station reached after midnight. Which trains can be used? The ticket is valid only on local trains (futsudensha/kakuekiteisha) and rapid trains (kaisoku), operated by the Japan Railways (JR), as well as on the JR ferry to Miyajima. It cannot be used on express (kyuko), limited express (tokkyu) and bullet trains (shinkansen).

Is it valid on night trains? Most night trains are classified as either express or limited express and cannot be used with the Seishun 18 Kippu. There are, however, a few night trains which are classified as rapid trains (kaisoku) and can be used with the Seishun 18 Kippu. These trains are very popular, because they allow pass holders to maximize the distance traveled during a 24 hour period. Some of the kaisoku night trains are: Moonlight Nagara: Tokyo - Nagoya - Ogaki Moonlight Echigo: Shinjuku - Niigata Moonlight Kyushu: Shin-Osaka - Hakata

Is it valid on non-JR trains? The ticket can be used only on trains operated by the Japan Railways (JR). (Note that there are a small number of JR trains which partially use the tracks of a different railway company. An additional fee has to be paid on such trains.)

Travel Tips and Timetable Examples

Traveling by local trains is naturally much slower than by shinkansen or limited express. From Tokyo, for example, it takes roughly nine hours and typically one to four transfers of trains to reach Kyoto. (With the shinkansen it takes less than three hours, but the ticket costs more than five times as much.) On major lines, such as the Tokaido Line and the Sanyo Line, local train service is so frequent that you could actually "survive" without preparing a prior itinerary, but on many other lines, local service is infrequent and connections inconvenient. Therefore, it is highly recommended to create an itinerary in advance by studying the timetables. Below are some example timetables to give you an idea of how far you can get in one day: From Tokyo: To Western Japan (Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Shikoku, Hiroshima, Kyushu) To Tohoku (Sendai, Morioka, Akita, Aomori) To Hokkaido (Hakodate, Sapporo) All information on these pages is subject to change. Double-check before starting your trip!

International Air Travel

links This page is about international air travel to Japan. Also see our other pages about domestic air travel in Japan and discount air tickets for more information. Airfare The following are ways to save on airfare to Japan: Fly outside the peak seasons, which include Christmas and New Year, Golden Week (end of April through the beginning of May) and the summer holidays (July and August). Check travel agents, newspapers, travel websites and the airlines' websites for special offers. Most major airlines have a "special offers" section on their website. If your city has a sizeable Japanese community, chances are that a large Japanese travel agency, such as HIS, operates a branch there. Check them out, as they tend to be very well informed about offers on flights to Japan and often have access to the lowest fares. Consider tour packages. Good packages combine airfare and accommodation at low rates, unavailable to individual consumers. There are tour packages for both the individual travelers and those who prefer to travel with a guide. Use an airline's mileage program, also known as frequent flyer program. In the ideal program 1) collected miles never expire, 2) miles can also be earned and used on flights of partner airlines, 3) miles can be shared among family members and 4) there are alternative ways to collect miles, e.g. through usage of a credit card. Some airlines offer discount fares on domestic routes if you use them to fly to Japan. Visit our discount air tickets page for more details.

Airlines and Airports Nearly all major airlines and airports offer flights to Japan. The country's own two leading airlines, Japan Airlines (JAL) and All Nippon Airways (ANA), both serve a broad range of international destinations. Japan's most important international airport is Tokyo's Narita Airport, followed by Osaka's Kansai

Airport and Nagoya's Central Japan Airport. Japan's fourth largest international airport is Fukuoka Airport, which links the city with several Asian destinations. Many other Japanese airports have a small number of international flights, mainly to Korea and China. Below is a map of Japanese airports with international flights, followed by a list of airlines and international destinations for each airport.

Domestic Air Travel

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This page is about domestic air travel in Japan. Please check also our pages about discount air tickets and international air travel to Japan. Airlines Domestic air travel is dominated by the JAL Group and the ANA Group, which each consist of several airlines and serve over fifty airports across the country. In addition, there are several smaller airline companies competing with JAL and ANA on the country's most popular routes. JAL Group (Japan Airlines) The JAL Group consists of JAL Domestic and JAL International, as well as of several smaller airlines including Japan Transocean Air, Ryukyu Air Commuter and others. The JAL Group serves over 50 airports and over 100 domestic routes in Japan. ANA Group (All Nippon Airways) The ANA Group consists of All Nippon Airways, as well as several smaller airlines such as Air Nippon. The ANA Group serves about 50 airports and 100 domestic routes in Japan. Skymark Airlines Skymark and has the most extensive route network among discount airlines in Japan, and is still expanding. It operates very inexpensive flights from its main bases in Tokyo-Haneda and Kobe. Service on board of the planes is reduced to an absolute minimum (e.g. no complementary drinks).
Route Network: Haneda-Fukuoka, Haneda-Kobe, Haneda-Okinawa, Haneda-Asahikawa, Haneda-Sapporo, Haneda-Kitakyushu, Haneda-Kagoshima, Haneda-Kumamoto, Haneda-Nagoya, Ibaraki-Nagoya, Ibaraki-Sapporo, Ibaraki-Kobe, Nagoya-Sapporo, Kobe-Okinawa, Kobe-Fukuoka, Kobe-Sapporo, Kobe-Kagoshima, Kobe-Kumamoto, Kobe-Nagasaki, Fukuoka-Okinawa, Kitakyushu-Okinawa, Kagoshima-Amami, Okinawa-Miyako (from September 15, 2011), Narita-Asahikawa (from October 30, 2011), Narita-Sapporo (from October 30, 2011), Narita-Okinawa (from December 2011), Narita-Fukuoka (from February 2012), Sendai-Sapporo (from March 2012), Sendai-Kobe (from March 2012), Sendai-Nagoya (from April 2012)

Air Do Air Do, also known as Hokkaido International Airlines, operates inexpensive flights from Tokyo's Haneda Airport to various destinations in Hokkaido, and from Sapporo to multiple secondary airports across Honshu. A certain service level is maintained, including complementary drinks.
Route Network: Haneda-Sapporo, Haneda-Asahikawa, Haneda-Hakodate, Haneda-Memanbetsu, Haneda-Obihiro, SapporoSendai, Sapporo-Niigata, Sapporo-Fukushima, Sapporo-Toyama, Sapporo-Komatsu

Solaseed Air (formerly known as Skynet Asia Airways) Solaseed Air operates inexpensive flights from Tokyo's Haneda Airport to various cities on Kyushu, and from these Kyushu airports to Okinawa. A certain service level is maintained, including complementary drinks.
Route Network: Haneda-Miyazaki, Haneda-Kumamoto, Haneda-Nagasaki, Haneda-Kagoshima, Haneda-Oita, OkinawaKagoshima, Okinawa-Nagasaki, Okinawa-Miyazaki, Okinawa-Kumamoto

Fuji Dream Airlines Fuji Dream Airlines started operation with the opening of Shizuoka Airport in 2009. Besides Shizuoka Airport, the airline also flies out of Matsumoto and Nagoya.
Route Network: Shizuoka-Sapporo, Shizuoka-Fukuoka, Shizuoka-Kagoshima, Matsumoto-Sapporo, Matsumoto-Fukuoka, Nagoya-Aomori, Nagoya-Iwate, Nagoya-Fukuoka, Nagoya-Kumamoto

Starflyer Starflyer started operation in 2006 and offers inexpensive flights from Tokyo's Haneda Airport to Fukuoka and Kitakyushu on Kyushu and Osaka's Kansai Airport. Starflyer offers not only inexpensive rates, but also a comfort level that exceeds that of conventional airlines, by offering complementary drinks and an on-demand video system for every passenger.

Route Network: Haneda-Kansai, Haneda-Fukuoka, Haneda-Kitakyushu

IBEX Airlines IBEX Airlines, formerly known as Fair Inc, operates a small Sendai based network of domestic flight routes. They also serve multiple routes from Tokyo's Narita Airport and Osaka's Itami Airport.
Route Network: Sendai-Sapporo, Sendai-Komatsu, Sendai-Hiroshima, Sendai-Fukuoka, Sendai-Narita, Sendai-Osaka, SendaiNagoya, Narita-Komatsu, Narita-Hiroshima, Nagoya-Oita, Osaka-Fukushima, Osaka-Fukuoka, Osaka-Oita

Airports Tokyo's Haneda Airport is by far Japan's busiest airport, handling most of the capital's domestic flights. Tokyo's Narita Airport handles mostly international flights and only a very small number of domestic flights. Osaka's Kansai Airport serves both, international and domestic flights. It took over a large share of traffic (mainly international) formerly handled by Osaka's second airport, Itami Airport. Nevertheless, Itami Airport remains Japan's second busiest hub for domestic air traffic. Other major airports in Japan include Nagoya's Central Japan Airport, Fukuoka Airport, Sapporo's Shin-Chirose Airport, Kobe Airport and Okinawa's Naha Airport. See a few more important airports on the map below:

Airfare Thanks to the deregulation of Japan's airline industry and increasing competition from discount airlines, domestic airfares have dropped dramatically in recent years, and airplanes have become an economical, sometimes cheaper alternative to the shinkansen (bullet train) on some routes.

While regular fares remain expensive, it is the many discount offers, which have made domestic air travel in Japan more attractive. A special offer, only available to foreign tourists, are the so called Japan Air Passes, which let you use any domestic flight for a low fixed cost of about 12,000 Yen. Please visit the Discount Air Ticket page for more details. Typical one way fares for selected routes are shown in the table below: Route Tokyo - Sapporo Airline JAL/ANA Air Do Skymark JAL/ANA Skymark JAL/ANA Skymark JAL/ANA Skymark JAL/ANA JAL/ANA Skymark JAL/ANA Skymark JAL/ANA JAL/ANA JAL/ANA Approx. Regular One Way Fare 34,000 yen 26,000 yen 17,000 yen 37,000 yen 17,000 yen 23,000 yen 10,000 yen 41,000 yen 18,000 yen 41,000 yen 22,000 yen 12,000 yen 34,000 yen 15,000 yen 38,000 yen 25,000 yen 39,000 yen Typical Discounted One Way Fare 12,000 - 31,000 yen 10,000 - 22,000 yen 8,000 - 15,000 yen 12,000 - 33,000 yen 9,000 - 16,000 yen 9,000 - 21,000 yen 9,000 - 10,000 yen 13,000 - 37,000 yen 10,000 - 16,000 yen 13,000 - 38,000 yen 10,000 - 12,000 yen 6,000 - 10,000 yen 12,000 - 31,000 yen 8,000 - 12,000 yen 13,000 - 34,000 yen 11,000 - 23,000 yen 13,000 - 35,000 yen

Tokyo - Fukuoka Tokyo - Osaka/Kobe Tokyo - Okinawa Osaka - Sapporo Osaka/Kobe - Fukuoka Osaka/Kobe - Okinawa Nagoya - Sapporo Nagoya - Fukuoka Nagoya - Okinawa

Local Buses
This page is about local and short-distance buses in Japan and how to use them. Visit our highway bus page for more information on long distance bus travel.

Kyoto City Bus

In Tokyo, Osaka and some other large cities, buses serve as a secondary means of public transportation, complementing the train and subway networks. In cities with less dense train networks like Kyoto, buses are the main means of public transportation. Buses also serve smaller towns, the countryside and national parks. Major cities are, furthermore,

linked by highway and long distance buses. How to use a bus Using buses in Japan can be intimidating to foreign tourists because there are usually few English displays or announcements, and there are different systems of ticketing depending on the company. Below is a description of the most common system, followed by notes about exceptions: 1) Enter the bus through the back door (or front door if there is only one door). 2) When entering, pick up a ticket from a small machine. A number is printed on the ticket, which you will later use to determine your fare. 3) A display above the driver shows the next stop and the fares for that stop in yen. To determine your fare, match the number on your ticket with the number and fare on the display. 4) When your stop is approaching, press one of the buttons on the wall to signal the driver that you wish to get off at the next stop. 5) If you do not have the exact fare, use the changing machine to get small coins. 6) When getting off, put your ticket and the exact fare into the box next to the driver. In many cities or city centers, for example in central Kyoto, a flat fare applies, i.e. you always pay the same price regardless of how far you travel. This means that you do not have to worry about steps 2) and 3) in the above description. Of course, there are a few exceptions to the above outlined system. The most prominent exception are the Tokyo Metropolitan Buses, where you are supposed to enter through the front door, pay a flat fare when entering, and exit through the rear door. Visit also our page about highway buses.

Highway Buses
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Highway buses (kosoku bus) are an inexpensive alternative to trains for long and medium distance travel in Japan. While buses tend to be slower than express trains, they are usually considerably cheaper. Especially on competitive routes, discount fares have dropped to very low levels. The best of all discount offers is the Japan Bus Pass which allows for extremely cheap bus travel nationwide. Bus Routes Japan is covered by a dense network of daytime and overnight highway bus lines. Every prefecture and larger city is served by at least one bus company, operating lines into other parts of the country. On a few popular routes, especially routes to/from Tokyo, numerous companies are competing against each other, while on other routes they are often cooperating rather than competing. The map below shows some of the major highway bus lines with approximate travel durations, typical approximate regular fares and typical lowest discount fares (by Willer Express) available. Hold the mouse cursor over a city to see major bus lines serving that city:

Bus Companies There exist dozens of highway bus companies in Japan, including the former state run JR Bus companies, many regional bus companies and discount bus operators. Unfortunately, most of these bus operators do not maintain an English website and are difficult to use by foreign tourists. Below are some of the companies which are easy to use by foreigners: Willer Express Willer Express is a leading discount bus operator with a steadily expanding network that allows for almost nationwide bus travel. It is one of the few bus operators which allow online reservations in English. In summer 2010, Willer Express started selling the Japan Bus Pass, a very cheap bus pass

that has the potential to revolutionize budget travel in Japan. JR Buses Formerly part of the state run National Railway and now child companies of the JR Group, there are eight regional JR Bus companies, which together operate a nationwide network of highway buses: JR Hokkaido Bus, JR Tohoku Bus, JR Kanto Bus, JR Tokai Bus, Nishinihon JR Bus, Chugoku JR Bus, JR Shikoku Bus and JR Kyushu Bus. While not as cheap as discount buses, JR buses are still considerably cheaper than express trains and are relatively easy to use by foreign tourists, because tickets can be bought and seat reservations made at ticket counters at JR railway stations across Japan. Note that the Japan Rail Pass is not valid on JR highway buses with the exception of the following lines: Sapporo - Otaru Morioka - Hirosaki Tokyo - Tsukuba Tokyo - Nagoya Tokyo - Kyoto Tokyo - Osaka Nagoya - Kyoto Nagoya - Osaka Osaka - Tsuyama Osaka - Kasai Flower Center

Of the eight JR bus companies, only JR Kanto Bus is currently maintaining an English website. Bus companies with English websites Below are a few other highway bus operators with an English website: Nishitetsu (leading operator on Kyushu) Alpico Group (leading operator in Nagano) Nohi Bus (bus operator based in Takayama) Fujikyu Bus (bus operator for access to the Fuji Five Lakes)

Tickets Regular Tickets On most routes, three types of tickets are available: one way tickets, round trip tickets and booklets of multiple tickets: Round trip tickets are typically around ten percent cheaper than two one way tickets. However, the return trip has to be made within a certain time frame, typically within six to ten days following the outward journey. Booklets of multiple tickets (kaisuken) usually include four or five tickets which can be used in either direction and are discounted by about ten percent compared to single tickets. The tickets need to be used within a certain time frame, typically within three months of purchase. Discounts are also usually available for children (aged 6-12), students and groups. In recent years, some bus companies have started to offer discounts on tickets purchased far in advance, for example more than 7 or 21 days before travel date. How to buy bus tickets Bus ticket can usually be purchased at major bus terminals, by phone (often in Japanese only, see phone numbers on the bus operators' websites), at convenience stores (using a terminal with instructions in Japanese), through travel agents or online (usually in Japanese only). As mentioned above, Willer Express allows for online reservations on their English website, while tickets for JR highway buses can also be purchased at ticket counters of JR stations across Japan. Seat reservations Many long distance buses, especially overnight buses, require advance seat reservations. It is recommended to make reservation early for popular routes and during busy travel seasons. However, if the bus is not booked out, it is usually possible to purchase a ticket just prior to departure at the bus

terminal. On some shorter bus lines, seat reservations are not possible. Japan Bus Pass On sale since summer 2010, the Japan Bus Pass is a revolutionary pass for long distance bus travel in Japan. If used efficiently, the pass can reduce transportation costs to unbelievably low levels for those willing to spend some nights on a bus. The pass is available as a 3-day, 4-day and a 5-day version and does not need to be used on consecutive days. Sun Q Pass The Sun Q Bus Pass provides unlimited rides on highway buses and local buses across Kyushu on three or four consecutive days. It comes as an All Kyushu version and a Northern Kyushu version.

The Ride Boarding Locations Conventional bus companies tend to use the major bus terminals which are usually located in front of the large railway stations or in the city center. In case of Tokyo and Osaka, there are multiple major bus terminals spread across the cities. Make sure you know which bus terminal is served by your bus. Discount buses usually do not use major bus terminals, but stop somewhere along the curb of the road near a bus terminal or railway station. These locations can be slightly challenging to find, so make sure to confirm them in advance to know exactly where your bus departs from. When stopping along the way, many buses use bus stops along the expressway. Be aware that these stops are often not centrally located and may require an additional bus or taxi ride into the city center. Seating

Overnight buses are typically equipped with comfortable, reclining seats, which are arranged in rows of three seats and one or two aisles. On cheap overnight buses and most daytime buses, standard buses with four seats per row are in common use. At the other end of the spectrum, premium buses with seats, that resemble business class seats on airplanes, have been introduced on the most competitive Tokyo-Osaka route. Premium seats naturally come at an increased cost, but note that the discount operator Willer Express is among the companies operating some premium buses. Amenities Most buses come with a toilet and phone on board and/or make regular toilet stops along the way. Smoking is generally not permitted on highway buses. On some premium buses, personal entertainment systems, wireless internet and electrical outlets make for a more comfortable ride. Luggage Highway buses come with a spacious luggage trunk for large suitcases and bags. There is usually a limit of one or two large pieces of luggage per passenger. Smaller bags can be taken onto the bus where there are usually some overhead racks.

Japan Bus Pass

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The Japan Bus Pass by Willer Express has the potential to revolutionize budget travel in Japan. The pass can be used on overnight and daytime long distance buses on the nationwide network of Willer Express on 3, 4 or 5 days of your choice within two months from purchase. The pass can be used by both foreign tourists and residents of Japan, however, it has to be purchased outside of Japan. Purchase the Japan Bus Pass

Validity 1) The pass can be used for a maximum of two bus rides per day on the entire network of Willer Express, but it is not allowed to travel the same route twice on the same day, i.e. a round trip within a single day is not possible. Overnight buses departing after midnight count for the previous day. 2) The bus pass cannot be used during certain blackout periods, such as during long weekends, Golden Week, Obon and the New Year holidays. 3) The pass is valid on all buses by Willer Express except some premium buses with a higher level of comfort. 4) The pass is valid on 3, 4 or 5 days of the pass holder's choice within two months of the date of purchase. The days do not need to be consecutive. 5) Seat reservations are required for each ride and can be made online until one hour before departure. 6) The pass cannot be shared between multiple travelers. Photo identification is required when boarding the bus. 7) The pass can be used by foreign tourists and residents of Japan alike, however, it has to be purchased outside of Japan.

Point of Sale The Japan Bus Pass can be purchased online by accessing the Willer Express website from outside of Japan. Payment by most major credit cards is accepted. When accessing the website from inside Japan, purchase is not possible. Purchase the Japan Bus Pass Assessment The Japan Bus Pass is a revolutionary pass for long distance travel in Japan for budget travelers who do not mind sleeping on the bus. If used effectively, it can reduce the cost of transportation to ridiculously low levels, e.g. under 3000 yen for a trip from Tokyo to Hiroshima (a regular train ticket costs around 18,000 yen). The pass is a particularly good offer since it can be used on nonconsecutive days and because overnight travel also reduces the cost for accommodation. Willer's bus network is centered around Japan's two primary urban areas (Tokyo and Osaka/Kyoto), connecting these areas with secondary cities across Japan. Therefore, the pass is a great tool for tourists who base themselves in the two primary urban areas, but it does not provide transportation between secondary cities directly and is less useful for off-the-beaten-track travel. Sample Itinerary for the "Golden Route" (Tokyo - Hiroshima - Kyoto - Tokyo): By regular train tickets: around 40,000 yen By Japan Rail Pass: 28,300 yen (to be used within seven days) By Japan Bus Pass: 10,000 yen (to be used within two months) Alternative Tickets The Japan Rail Pass is the more expensive and less flexible alternative for long distance travelers who do not like traveling overnight on buses. The rail pass has a wider area of coverage than the bus

pass, and there are no blackout dates during which the pass cannot be used.

Domestic Ferries
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Ferry arriving on Rishiri Island

Consisting of several thousand islands, Japan is naturally home to an extensive network of domestic ferry routes. While Japan's four major islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, are connected with each other by bridges and tunnels, most smaller islands can only be reached by ship. But even between the major four islands, ferries can be an interesting, if not particularly fast alternative to trains, buses and airplanes. Most domestic ferries transport people, vehicles and cargo. While shorter routes are served by small

ships, able to carry a couple of cars and a few dozens of passengers, large liners are employed on longer routes. Larger ferries can carry hundreds of vehicles and passengers and are usually equipped with a range of amenities such as public baths and restaurants. Some come close to being luxury liners.

Boarding a ferry

Tatami space on board of a ferry

On most long-distance ferries, passengers have the choice between three classes, 2nd class, 1st class and special class: 2nd class without bed the cheapest option Common space with a carpet or tatami mats to rest on. 2nd class with bed typically 20%-40% more expensive than 2nd class w/o bed Dormitory with about 4-12 beds. 1st class typically twice the cost of 2nd class w/o bed Room with about 2-4 beds. Special class typically 2.5 to three times the cost of 2nd class w/o bed Room with about 2 beds.

Bicycles can also be taken onto ferries. As a rule of thumb, the cost for bringing a bicycle is about 100 Yen for each hour of travel. So, on a 9 hour trip, for example, a bicycle will cost around 900 Yen. Ferry tickets can be reserved and purchased through the ferry companies directly (by phone, online or at the ferry terminal) or through travel agencies. The availability of English speaking staff cannot be counted on. Below are maps showing major domestic ferry routes. Click here or on a route name below for more details about ferry routes and access information to major ports: Long Distance Routes:

Aomori and Hokkaido:

Seto Inland Sea (Seto Naikai):

Okinawa and Kagoshima:

Renting a car
hotels - links

Renting a car is an option worth considering if you plan to explore rural Japan, where access by public transportation can be inconvenient and infrequent. A rental car can also be an economical alternative, if traveling in groups. Exploring Japan's big cities by car, however, is not recommended, as traffic tends to be heavy, orientation difficult, and parking fees high. Trains, subways and buses are generally a better choice in metropolitan areas. Elsewhere on the site are pages on driving in Japan and Japanese highways. Requirements In order to rent and drive a car in Japan, a Japanese driver's license or an international driving permit

is required. In the case of French, German and Swiss nationals an official translation of your home country's driver's license is accepted. International driving permits must be obtained in your home country, usually through the national automobile association, before you leave for Japan. Foreigners can drive in Japan with a recognized international driving permit for up to one year after entering the country. Japan recognizes only international driving permits which are based on the Geneva Convention of 1949. A few countries, including Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Taiwan, however, issue international driving permits which are based on different conventions. Those permits are not valid in Japan. Instead, holders of a driver's license from one of the above mentioned six countries can drive in Japan for up to one year with an official Japanese translation of their driver's license from the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) or their respective country's embassy or consulate in Japan. People from other countries, whose international driving permits are not recognized by Japan, must obtain a Japanese driver's license in order to drive in Japan. The minimum age for driving in Japan is 18 years. Rental Companies Among Japan's leading car rental companies are Toyota Rentacar, Mazda Rentacar, Nissan Rentacar, Nippon Rentacar and Orix Rentacar. They operate hundreds of outlets across Japan, offering cars in all sizes and, in some cases, large vans, buses and RVs. Most Japanese car rental companies do not provide English websites, and service in English is not usually available. International car rental companies such as Budget, Avis and Hertz also offer car rental in Japan, typically in cooperation with one of the leading Japanese car rental companies. However, their rates are usually not very competitive. Japanese rental companies usually charge around 6000 yen for the smallest car category, around 10,000 yen for mid sized cars, and around 15,000 yen for full sized cars. Those prices include a mandatory insurance fee of around 1000 Yen per day. Rates are usually higher during peak seasons, especially in Hokkaido. A recommended service for car rental in Japan is ToCoo. The discount travel service does not only offer lower rates on car rental, but also provides an English website and support in English.

Driving a car
hotels - links

Japan's large metropolitan areas around Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya are served by highly efficient public transportation systems. Consequently, many residents do not own a car or even a driver's license. Outside the big cities, however, public transportation tends to be inconvenient, and most people rely on a car. Elsewhere on the site is a guide on renting a car in Japan. Roads and rules In Japan, cars are driven on the left side of the road and have the driver's seat and steering wheel on their right side. The legal minimum age for driving is 18 years. Road signs and rules follow international standards, and most signs on major roads are in Japanese and English. Drinking and driving is strictly prohibited. The typical speed limits are 80 to 100 km/h on expressways, 40 km/h in urban areas, 30 km/h in side streets and 50 to 60 km/h elsewhere. Drivers usually exceed the speed limits by about 10 km/h. Most roads in Japan are toll free with the exception of expressways and some scenic driving routes. Road conditions tend to be good, although side streets in the cities can be rather narrow. Traffic congestion is a frequent problem in and around urban centers. Drivers generally tend to be well mannered and considerate. Some dangers on Japanese roads include drivers speeding over intersections despite the traffic light turning red, people stopping their vehicles at the edge of the street in a way in which they block traffic, and cyclists driving on the wrong side of the road.

International Driving Permits Foreigners can drive in Japan with a recognized international driving permit for up to one year after entering the country. Recognized international driving permits must be obtained in your home country, usually through the national automobile association, before you leave for Japan. Japan recognizes only international driving permits which are based on the Geneva Convention of 1949. A few countries, including Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Taiwan, however, issue international driving permits which are based on different conventions. Those permits are not

valid in Japan. Instead, holders of a driver's license from one of the above mentioned six countries can drive in Japan for up to one year with an official Japanese translation of their driver's license from the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) or their respective country's embassy or consulate in Japan. People from other countries, whose international driving permits are not recognized by Japan, must obtain a Japanese driver's license in order to drive in Japan. A Japanese driver's license is required for all drivers who stay in Japan for more than one year. Only if you leave Japan for more than three consecutive months are you again allowed to use an international driving permit.

Expressway

Japanese Driver's Licenses Japan has concluded agreements with more than twenty countries to ease the process of acquiring a Japanese license for holders of a valid driver's license of one of these countries. Among the countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. If you hold a valid driver's license from one of these countries, you can get a Japanese license without taking a written or practical exam. All you need to do is go to the local license center with an official translation of your license, take an eye test, and prove that you lived at least three months in the license issuing country after receiving your license. If you have a driver's license from a country which has not concluded an agreement with Japan yet, such as the United States, China or Brazil, you will have to take a written and practical exam in order to obtain a Japanese driver's license. This process typically takes several attempts, even for experienced drivers.

Driving School

Buying and Owning a Car New and used cars are relatively inexpensive in the home country of Toyota, Nissan, Honda and Mazda. Brand new kei-class cars, the smallest car type, sell for less than a million yen. Owning and operating a car, however, involves numerous expenses. These include compulsory inspections (shaken) every two to three years, various taxes, mandatory and optional insurance, high parking costs in cities, and expensive toll expressways. A liter of gasoline costs roughly 110 yen (April 2009). Shaken is a compulsory safety inspection, which cars in Japan have to undergo every two years, except new cars, for which the first inspection is not due until three years after purchase. The shaken typically costs between 100,000 and 200,000 yen, and besides the actual inspection includes a weight tax (typically 8,000 to 50,000 yen) and a mandatory insurance (about 30,000 yen). Since the mandatory insurance does not provide full coverage, it is recommended to purchase additional, optional car insurance. Furthermore, there is an annual automobile tax, which depends on the engine size and is typically between 10,000 and 50,000 Yen, and an acquisition tax to be paid when you buy the car. When acquiring a car, numerous documents have to be filled out, including forms to register your car and to verify ownership of a parking space. If you buy a used car, the process is further complicated by forms regulating the transfer of ownership. Fortunately, if you buy a car through a car dealer, the dealer will handle most of the paperwork for you, while your main task is signing the forms with your officially registered, personal stamp (inkan).

Expressways
links Japan's four main island and Okinawa are covered by a expressway network of over 7,000 kilometers. Further routes are still under construction. Below is a map showing the major operational expressways.

Foreign visitors should encounter few problems using Japanese expressways, since all important signs are written in both, Japanese and English. The speed limit for passenger cars is usually 80 or 100 km/h, except on some minor, one lane expressways where the speed limit is 70 km/h. Below is some vocabulary useful for using Japanese expressways: Interchange (IC) In Japan, an interchange refers to an expressway entrance and exit, e.g. Tokyo IC. Junction (JCT) Like in English, a junction refers to a place where multiple expressways meet. Parking Area (PA) A parking area comes with toilets and one or more vending machines. Sometimes it also features a restaurant. Service Area (SA) Generally larger than parking areas, service areas feature toilets, shops, restaurants and a gasoline stand.

The use of most expressways is subject to tolls, which can be paid at manual toll gates by cash or credit card or by passing through automatic ETC (electronic toll collection) gates. The use of ETC gates requires an ETC card and a car that is equipped with an ETC card reader. ETC cards require

ownership of a Japanese credit card and provide discounts during certain times of the day and week. Short term visitors to Japan can acquire ETC cards temporarily from some rental car outlets. The table below shows approximate costs for a regular vehicle between selected major cities. Lower rates apply to light vehicles and motorcycles, while higher rates apply to trucks, buses and trailers. Approximate Tolls (in yen):
Kagoshima Tokyo Aomori Nagoya Kyoto Osaka Hiroshima Fukuoka 27,500 39,000 21,000 18,500 18,000 11,500 6,000 Fukuoka 23,000 34,000 16,000 13,500 13,000 6,500 Hiroshima 17,000 28,500 10,500 8,000 7,500 Osaka 12,000 23,000 3,500 2,000 Kyoto 10,500 22,000 3,500 Nagoya 8,000 20,500 Aomori 14,000

Approximate Travel Distance:

Kagoshima Tokyo Aomori Nagoya Kyoto Osaka Hiroshima Fukuoka 1400km 2050km 1050km 900km 1000km 550km 300km Fukuoka 1100km 1800km 800km 650km 700km 300km Hiroshima 850km 1500km 500km 350km 450km Osaka 550km 1200km 200km 50km Kyoto 500km 1150km 150km Nagoya 350km 1050km Aomori 700km

Four public corporations were formerly in charge of expressway construction and maintenance. However, in 2005, the public corporations were restructured into the following six private companies: East Nippon Expressway (Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto) Central Nippon Expressway (Kanto, Chubu) West Nippon Expressway (Kansai, Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyushu) Metropolitan Expressway (metropolitan Tokyo) Hanshin Expressway (Osaka and Kobe) Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway (between Shikoku and Honshu)

Taxi

To the average cost conscious traveler, taxis are an expensive and unnecessary alternative to the efficient public transportation systems of Japan's largest cities. Once those public systems shut down in the evening though, taxis are often the only way of getting back to the hotel. In smaller cities and the countryside, public transportation is often much less efficient, and taking a taxi from the nearest train station to your final destination may be a good alternative to waiting for an infrequent bus. If you travel in a group of three or more people, it could even be more economical. Most train and bus services in Japan stop around midnight, resulting in a sudden increase in the demand for taxis around that time - especially on weekends. On Friday and Saturday nights, long lines at taxi stands in front of major train stations are not uncommon, and waiting times can be long. Most taxis accommodate up to four passengers (not including the driver), while larger vehicles are able to accommodate an additional fifth passenger. Taxi fares typically start around 600-700 yen for the first two kilometers and increase by roughly 100 yen for every additional 500 meters traveled. The cost also increases when the taxi is not moving for a prolonged time. Late in the evening, rates are raised by 20-30 percent. A plate on the dashboard in the lower corner of the windshield indicates whether a taxi is vacant or not. A red plate indicates that the taxi is vacant, while a green plate indicates the opposite (see illustration below). During the night a light on the roof of a taxi can indicate that the taxi is vacant.

Vacant

Occupied

When you board a taxi, note that the vehicle's left rear door is opened and closed remotely by the driver. You are not supposed to open or close it by yourself. Furthermore, you are not supposed to tip taxi drivers, as the service is included in the price. If you do not speak Japanese, or your destination is not a well known place, it is recommended to give your driver the precise address of your destination on a piece of paper or, even better, point it out on a map, since the Japanese address system can be confusing even to local taxi drivers.

Bicycles

Bicycles are widely used in Japan for everyday life by people of all age groups and social standings. Commuting to school, work or to the closest railway station, picking up children from preschool or

doing the daily groceries are among the activities commonly done by bicycle. Types of Bicycles In Japanese, bicycles are known as jitensha or charinko (slang). The most common bicycles for every day use are typically equipped with a basket and/or a child seat (or two), a simple lock, a kickstand and just one gear. Basic everyday bicycles cost around 10,000 Yen (about US$ 100), while used ones are available for less. More advanced models with multiple gears, for example, are slightly more expensive. Foldable bicycles, mountain bikes and road racing bicycles are getting more common, but are still vastly outnumbered by the inexpensive everyday bicycles.

Road Rules In theory, bicycles are supposed to use the streets and not the sidewalks, except when signs indicate that the sidewalks are for common use by pedestrians and cyclists. In praxis, however, cyclists tend to use the sidewalks at all times. Due to the high popularity of bicycles, there are dedicated bicycle parking areas near most railway stations and shopping centers. Here and there you may even find multi-storey parking garages for exclusive use by bicycles. Where there is a lack of designated parking space, bicycles will be ruthlessly parked even in clearly designated non-parking zones. In some areas, wrongly parked bicycles may be removed by the local authorities and can only get returned against a fine. Bicycle Theft and Registration Bicycle theft is not uncommon. Especially the scenario of being stranded at a railway station without continuing bus connection or someone to drive you home, creates occasional thieves. In order to fight bicycle theft, every bicycle in Japan is supposed to be registered with the police against a small onetime fee. If you buy a new bicycle, the registration process will likely be handled by the store, but if you take over a used bicycle from somebody else, you are supposed to re-register the bicycle under your name at the local police station in order to avoid misunderstandings.

Most bicycles are equipped with a basic lock (see illustration below on how to use it), but more sturdy locks are required if you are concerned about bicycle theft.

Rush hours

Station personnel trying to get a door closed

The weekday rush hours peak between 8am and 9am in the morning, and shortly after 5pm in the evening, however, morning rush hours tend to be more concentrated and heavier than evening rush hours. Rush hours are most extreme in Tokyo, but can also be pretty heavy in Japan's other major cities. There are no business rush hours on weekends and on public holidays. During the morning rush hours, the traffic volume on certain urban and suburban trains is so intense that passengers are pressed against each other to a degree where they are unable to move. In railway stations, passenger streams have to be neatly organized by signs, lanes and station

personnel in order to keep everybody moving. It is recommended to avoid the morning rush hours if possible, especially when traveling with luggage or small children. Particularly crowded rail sections during the Tokyo morning rush hours include Ueno to Okachimachi (JR Yamanote and Keihin-Tohoku Lines), Nakano to Shinjuku (JR Chuo Line), Kinshicho to Ryogoku (JR Sobu Line), Kiba to Monsen Nakacho (Tokyo Metro Tozai Line), Ikejiri Ohashi to Shibuya (Tokyu Denentoshi Line) and Kawasaki to Shinagawa (JR Tokaido Line), all in Tokyo.