UN FMAC Student Handbook

UN FIELD MEDICAL ASSISTANT
Course Handbook
First Edition 2022
Reviewed 07/2022
United Nations
United Nations Buddy First Aid Course (UNBFAC) – Version 1.1 2018 1
FORWARD
The operating environment faced by United Nations peacekeepers is increasingly demanding and
volatile. Peacekeepers are exposed to risks such as being targets of malicious acts, and encounter
injury, illness, and loss of life in their duties. In this environment, the importance of receiving
effective medical treatment at the earliest possible time becomes critical.
The United Nations is committed to providing a consistent level of high-quality medical care to
all mission personnel; regardless of the country, situation, or environment in which medical
treatment is received. This care commences from the point of injury or illness and continues, if
necessary, through to specialist surgical support. Prehospital care is a critically important step in
this chain and may be the critical difference in casualty survivability.
The United Nations Field Medical Care Assistant Course Handbook is based heavily on the US
Department of Health, Joint Trauma System, Tactical Combat Casualty Care, Combat Life Saver
Course. Content has been adapted to meet the specific and likely casualty environment of
peacekeeping and humanitarian missions. This Training Manual sets out clear standards for
Tactical Field Medical Aid.
In recognition of the language and resource variety across missions and nations, this Manual has
been developed to enable you to apply your verified Care Provider skills in a manner which suits
your national training environment and to provide the best training option for your unit, contingent
or organization. By undertaking this course, you have committed to deliver Tactical Field Medical
Aid and apply this for immediate treatment of casualties and until a higher level of medical care is
available.
All competencies taught are then assessed through a practical activity which will demonstrate your
ability to apply learnt concepts and skills sets and their application through a variety of casualty
scenarios, giving the injured the best chance of survival.
CAVEAT: This Course Handbook has intentionally been drafted using

basic English language in order to aide in training delivery across
language barriers.
This handbook is intended as a memory aide, to guide the key
learning points of the UN Field Care Provider’s training and is
therefore not intended as a stand-alone training resource.
United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022) 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Training Material
Forward 1
Table of Contents 2
Module 1 – Principles and Application of Tactical Field Medical Aid (TFMA) 3
Module 2 – Medical Equipment 12
Module 3 – Care Under Fire 17
Module 4 – Principles and application of TFC 25
Module 5 – Tactical Trauma Assessment 31
Module 6 – Massive Haemorrhage control in TFC 40
Module 7 – Airway management in TFC 50
Module 8 – Respiration assessment and management in TFC 55
Module 9 – Haemorrhage control in TFC 62
Module 10 – Shock recognition 68
Module 11 – Hypothermia prevention 74
Module 12 – Head injuries 79
Module 13 – Eye injuries 83
Module 14 – Analgesics and Antibiotics 88
Module 15 – Wound management 94
Module 16 – Burn treatment 99
Module 17 – Fractures 105
Module 18 – Casualty monitoring 111
Module 19 – Pre-evacuation procedures, Communication, and Documentation 116
Module 20 – Evacuation procedures 123
Annexes
Annex A – UN Policy References 129
Annex B – Amendments 130
Annex C – Changes between TCCC and UN FMAC 131
Annex D – Acknowledgements 132
Annex E – Bibliography 134
United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

MODULE 1
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF TACTICAL
FIELD MEDICAL AID (TFMA)
1. Introduction
• This course is based heavily on the United States Defense Health Agency, Joint Trauma
System, Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), Combat Lifesavers Course.
• Adjustments have been made to comply with United Nations Policy.
1b. Adjustments
• The UN equivalent to Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) = Tactical Field Medical
Aid (TFMA)
• The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Lifesaver = Field Medical Assistant (FMA)
• The UN equivalent to the TCCC 9-Liner Medical Evacuation = UN Evacuation 4 Liner
• The UN equivalent to TCCC DD Form 1380 = UN Casualty Card
• The UN equivalent to TCCC CASEVAC/MEDEVAC/TACEVAC = UN CASEVAC
• The UN equivalent to TCCC Joint First Aid Kit (JFAK) = Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK)
• The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Lifesaver Bag (CLS Bag) = UN Trauma Pack
(UNTP)
• The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat / Combatant = Peacekeeping / Peacekeeper
• The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Wound Medication Pack (CWMP) = Wound
Medication Pack (WMP)
2. Role-Based Training Spectrum

ROLE 1 CARE
NONMEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Buddy First Aid
• Field Medical Assistant ⇐ You are HERE
MEDICAL PERSONNEL

• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor
3. Terminal Learning Objectives

• TO1 Given a combat or noncombat scenario, perform Tactical Field Medical Aid
o EO1 Demonstrate the application of TFMA skills in a combat peacekeeping or non-
combat peacekeeping scenario (Comprehensive Module Practical Exercise)
• TO2 Describe the practice of TFMA

o EO2 Identify the leading causes of preventable death due to traumatic injuries, and
the corresponding interventions to help increase chances of survival
o EO3 Describe the TFMA Phases of Care, and how intervention priorities differ in
each phase
o EO4 Describe the application of TFMA in combat peacekeeping and non-combat
peacekeeping settings across different environments
o EO5 Describe the role and responsibilities of a nonmedical UN member in
rendering TFMA care
o EO6 Identify the key factors influencing TFMA
o EO7 Identify the importance of TFMA training
o EO8 Identify three objectives (or goals) of TFMA
4. UN Mandate for Standardized Training

• Standardizes Field Medical Aid for all members
• Covers the use of standardized trauma training platforms
5. TCCC Online Resources

TCCC training and education resource is available at: www.deployedmedicine.com
It contains:
Videos, podcasts, and resources
Downloadable Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs)
6. What this Course Contains

 Principles and Applications of TFMA
 Medical Equipment

 Care Under Fire
 Tactical Trauma Assessment
 Massive Hemorrhage Control
 Airway Management
 Respiration Assessment and Management
 Circulation/Hemorrhage Control
 Shock Recognition
 Hypothermia Prevention
 Head Injuries
 Eye Injuries
 Analgesics and Antibiotics
 Wound Management
 Burns
 Fractures
 Casualty Monitoring
 Pre-evacuation Procedures
 Evacuation Procedures
7. Principles and Applications of TFMA

Video can be found at: www.deployedmedicine.com
8. Roles and Responsibilities of the Field Medical Assistant (FMA)

In a Care Under Fire situation the FMA:
• Must respond to suppression of hostile fire to minimize the risk of injury to personnel and
minimize additional injury to previously injured UN members
In Tactical Field Care the FMAs:

• Must maintain security and situational awareness while continuing to tend to casualties
and prepare for evacuation
9. Roles and Responsibilities of FMA (CONT.)

First Responder Care (Role 1)
The first medical care that UN personnel receive is provided at Role 1 (also referred to as unit-
level medical care or self-aid, buddy aid, combat lifesaver, and/or medic care). This role of care
includes:
• Immediate lifesaving measures and treatment for disease and non-battle injury (DNBI) or
degradation of functional capability sustained by personnel and caused by factors other
than those directly attributed to combat action

10. The Key Factors Influencing TFMA
• Hostile fire
• Tactical considerations
• Environmental considerations
• Wounding patterns
• Equipment constraints
• Delays in reaching higher levels of care
• Level of first responder training and experience
11. Importance of TFMA Training

TFMA focuses on identifying and treating the causes of preventable death on the battlefield.
• Bleeding from arm and leg injuries

• Junctional bleeding where an arm or leg joins the torso such as the groin
• Non-compressible bleeding such as a gunshot wound to the abdomen
• Tension pneumothorax (air trapped in the chest that prevents breathing and
circulation)
• Airway problems
12. Three Goals of TFMA

1. Treat the casualty
2. Prevent additional casualties
3. Complete the mission
13. Enter Peacekeeping Operations
14. Three Phases of TFMA

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
RETURN FIRE AND TAKE COVER
Quick decision-making:
• Consider scene safety
• Identify and control life-threatening bleeding
• Move casualty to safety
2 TACTICAL FIELD CARE

COVER AND CONCEALMENT
Basic Management Plan:
6

• Maintain tactical situational awareness
• Triage casualties as required
• MARCH PAWS assessment
3 TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE

More deliberate assessment and treatment of unrecognized life-threatening injuries:
• Pre-evacuation procedures
• Continuation of documentation
NOTE: This is covered in more advanced TFMA training!
15. Phase 1: Care Under Fire

• Never attempt to rescue a casualty until hostile fire is suppressed
• Using available resources, ensure scene safety
DIRECT CASUALTY TO REMAIN ENGAGED
APPLY SELF-AID AND MOVE TO COVER (if able)
GAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY
MOVE TO CASUALTY
(if casualty is unable to move to cover)
16. Phase 1: Care Under Fire Cont.

APPLY TOURNIQUET TO CONTROL LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING
• For life-threatening bleeding, place a tourniquet "high and tight" above the wound
CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY
MOVE CASUALTY
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS:
Continuously assess risks and plan before moving a casualty
17. Phase 2: Tactical Field Aid MARCH PAWS

DURING LIFE-THREATENING
• MASSIVE BLEEDING
• AIRWAY
• RESPIRATION
7

• CIRCULATION
• HYPOTHERMIA / HEAD INJURIES
AFTER LIFE-THREATENING
• PAIN
• ANTIBIOTICS
• WOUNDS
• SPLINTING
18. Phase 2: Other Considerations of Tactical Field Care

TFC
• The casualty and the person rendering care are not under direct fire
• Intervention priorities should follow MARCH PAWS
LIMITED SUPPLIES
• Medical equipment and supplies awareness are limited to what is carried into the field by
the FMA and the individual Service member
REMEMBER:
• Always use the casualty’s Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK) first
• TFC can turn into a CUF situation unexpectedly
• Personnel should maintain their situational awareness
19. Phase 3: Tactical Evacuation Care (TEC)

CASUALTY MONITORING
• Continue to reassess and monitor casualty
EVAC REQUEST
• Use UN Evacuation 4 Liner
COMPLETE REPORT
• Mechanism of injury
• Injuries
• Symptoms
• Treatment
CASUALTY PREP
• Prep Litter
• Prep Evac Equipment
• Pack Casualty
• Secure Items
8

PRE-EVAC PROCEDURES
• Complete Casualty Card
20. In Summary
GOALS
• Treat the casualty
• Prevent additional casualties
• Complete the mission
Three PHASES of TFMA

1 CUF
2 TFC
9

3 TEC
21. Check on Learning

• What are factors that influence TFMA?
• What are the phases of care in TFMA?
• What is the most essential treatment task in Care Under Fire?
• What is every first responder’s role in Care Under Fire?
• What does MARCH PAWS stand for?
10

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
11

MODULE 2
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• TO3 Describe the use of individual medical equipment components in accordance
with TFMA Guidelines
o EO9 Describe the use of a first aid kit in accordance with UN policy.
o EO10 Identify the contents of an individual Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK), and/or
other UN specific first aid kits.
o EO11 Describe the general maintenance and resupply procedures for trauma
materials in a first aid kit in accordance with UN guidelines.
o EO12 Identify the contents of a UN Trauma Pack (UNTP), and/or other UN-
specific first aid kits.
o EO13 Describe the use of the components of a UN Trauma Pack (UNTP), in
accordance with UN policy
4. Medical Supplies What you will need to provide Aid and Save a Life
Medic Pack: UN Trauma Pack (UNTP)
Individual: Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK)
12

BE FAMILIAR WITH YOUR INDIVIDUAL AND UN/UNIT-SPECIFIC MEDICAL
EQUIPMENT!
5. Content List
Medic Pack: UN Trauma Pack (UNTP) - See Handbook
Individual: Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK) - See Handbook
6. Content Overview
TOURNIQUET: A device to stop massive bleeding
HEMOSTATIC GAUZE: Gauze rolls used to stop major life-threatening bleeding
EMERGENCY BANDAGE/ TRAUMA DRESSING: Elastic bandage used as a pressure
dressing and/or standard dressing
7. Content Overview
NASOPHARYNGEAL AIRWAY (NPA) WITH WATER-BASED LUBRICANT:
Nonsterile, rubber tube-shaped device that can be inserted into the casualty’s nostril
VENTED CHEST SEAL: Vented and adhesive chest seal for treating penetrating wounds to
the chest
NDC 10-14 GAUGE 3.25” NEEDLE CATHETER: Catheter-over-needle device that can be
inserted into the casualty’s chest to treat tension pneumothorax
8. Content Overview
1. Moxifloxacin 400mg tablet
2. Meloxicam 15mg tablet
3. Acetaminophen x2 650mg
NOTE:
• Each of the three medications (in unit dosages) is contained in a single blister pack
• The Wound Medication Pack (WMP) is an example of medication that might be used
ONLY for traumatic injuries and ALL penetrating injuries.
• Drugs should only be administered by trained medical personnel
9. Content Overview
GAUZE/PACKING DRESSING: Gauze rolls used to stop minor bleeding or as bulky
material for packing wounds
13

ELASTIC BANDAGE: Stretchable bandage that creates localized pressure used for pressure
dressings
10. Content Overview

ACTIVE/PASSIVE HYPOTHERMIA BLANKET: Used to prevent and manage hypothermia
11. Documentation
MILITARY ACUTE CONCUSSION EVALUATION (MACE2): Used for identifying
possible traumatic brain injury (TBI)
12. Content Overview

RIGID EYE SHIELD: A shield that provides a domed protection of eye injuries WITHOUT
applying pressure
MALLEABLE SPLINTING: Semirigid material that can be formed to the injured limb to
assist in immobilizing
CRAVATS: Used to assist in immobilizing the injured limb or protrusion
13. Documentation
UN Evacuation 4 Liner: Call procedure that is divided into 4 lines of information for
evacuation crews
Cas Card: UN Approved casualty card
14. Maintenance and Resupply

REMEMBER:
Regularly inspect your BFAK, UNTP and other service-specific medical kits:
• BEFORE
• DURING
• AFTER
ALL training events and missions
15. Maintenance and Resupply

Check to be sure all equipment is in the kit
Check seals and wrappers
14

• REPLACE items with broken or unsealed wrappers
Check expiration dates
• REPLACE if expired or the expiration date DOES NOT exceed your expected
deployment timeframe
BEWARE OF EQUIPMENT THAT IS NOT UN APPROVED!

DO NOT DEPLOY WITH MISSING, PREVIOUSLY USED FOR TRAINING, OR
EXPIRED EQUIPMENT
16. UN Trauma Pack

Always use the casualty’s BFAK first
When supplies are exhausted from the casualty’s BFAK, resort to using supplies from the UNTP
17. Skill Station

Familiarization with BFAK and UNTP
18. Summary
Familiarize yourself with the content of the UNTP and BFAK.
Ensure you are aware of the resupply procedures and how to maintain your equipment.
Regularly inspect your BFAK, UNTP, and other UN-specific medical kits:
• BEFORE
• DURING
• AFTER
ALL training events and missions.
Be sure to use proper documentation when needed; MACE2, 4-Line, and Casualty Card.

• When providing “buddy aid,” should you use your BFAK or the casualty’s BFAK?
• What is the most important lifesaving item in the BFAK?
• When should medications and medical-grade equipment be replaced in the BFAK?
15

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
16

MODULE 3
Care Under Fire
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• TO4 Given a combat peacekeeping or non-combat peacekeeping scenario, perform
Care Under Fire in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO14 Describe the role of fire superiority and threat containment on TFMA.
o EO15 Describe the actions required before engaging with a casualty to prevent
harm or additional casualties in accordance with TFMA guidelines.
o EO16 Identify appropriate actions and priorities to treat and move casualties in
CUF.
o EO17 Identify the importance of early application of limb tourniquets to control
life-threatening bleeding in CUF.
o EO18 Demonstrate one-handed tourniquet application to self in CUF.
o EO19 Demonstrate two-handed tourniquet application to a casualty in CUF.
o EO20 Describe the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of one-person
drag/carry or two-person drag/carry in CUF.
o EO21 Demonstrate the one-person drags and carries of a casualty in CUF.
o EO22 Demonstrate two-person drags and carries of a casualty in CUF.
17

1 CARE UNDER FIRE ⇐ You are HERE



• Never attempt to rescue a casualty until hostile fire is suppressed
• Using available resources, ensure scene safety
DIRECT CASUALTY TO REMAIN ENGAGED
APPLY SELF-AID AND MOVE TO COVER (if able)
GAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY
MOVE TO CASUALTY
(if casualty is unable to move to cover)
• Order of actions will be dictated by the situation
• A casualty may be able to perform self-aid
• Constantly ASSESS risks and make a plan before moving a casualty
6. Role of Fire Superiority
18

Point of injury (POI)
1. Return fire and take cover
2. Gain fire superiority
7. Fire Superiority Principles

• Order of actions will be dictated by the situation
• Return fire AND take cover
• Direct casualty to remain engaged
• Direct casualty to apply self-aid and move to cover
• DO NOT approach casualty while casualty is inside of a KILL ZONE
• Suppress hostile fire to gain fire superiority
Place a tourniquet on life-threatening bleeding and get the casualty OUT of the KILL ZONE if
they are unable to move
8. Casualty Self-Aid
• Direct casualty to return fire, if able
• Have casualty move to cover and apply self-aid
9. If Casualty is Unable to Move

If casualty is unable to move to cover, when tactically feasible, go to them when fire has
been SUPPRESSED and fire superiority has been GAINED and AID THEM IN
MOVEMENT
• Use rope, dragging straps, etc.

APPLY TOURNIQUET TO CONTROL LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING
• For life-threatening bleeding, place a tourniquet (TQ) "high and tight" above the wound
MOVE CASUALTY
• Drag or carry based on tactical situation
11. Massive Bleeding in Care Under Fire
19

12. Care Under Fire Bleeding Control
Video can be found on DeployedMedicine.com
13. Identify Life-Threatening Bleeding

• Bright red blood is pooling on the ground
• The overlying clothes are soaked with blood
• There is a traumatic AMPUTATION of an arm or leg
• There is a There is pulsatile (pulsing) or steady bleeding from the wound
14. Time to Bleed Out

How long does it take to bleed to death from a major artery injury?
Casualties with such an injury can bleed to death in as little as 3 MINUTES
15. Know your Access to a Tourniquet

Have TQ available for self-application should you need one, QUICK ACCESS IS KEY!
• DON’T leave your TQ at the bottom of your pack!
CASUALTY’S BFAK FIRST
• When helping a buddy, NEVER USE YOUR OWN TQ before the casualty’s
• Look for the TQ in the casualty’s BFAK
• If the casualty does NOT have a TQ available, then use the TQ from the UNTP or the
next available one
16. One-Handed Tourniquet Self-Application

One-Handed Application
The one-handed application is normally used to apply a TFMA-recommended windlass TQ
to the upper extremities (upper arm or forearm)
WINDLASS TQ
• A windlass TQ is the TQ of choice; it is effective and can be applied quickly
• Use the windlass TQ from the BFAK
17. One-Handed Windlass Tourniquet Application

18. One-Handed Tourniquet Application Critical Points

20

WINDLASS TQ
• TQ’s are used to control massive or severe hemorrhage (bleeding) of an extremity (arms
and legs)
• TQs are effective and can be applied quickly
• TQs are the most important lifesaving item in the BFAK and should be kept easily
accessible
• When helping a buddy, NEVER USE YOUR OWN tourniquet before the casualty’s
19. Buddy Aid if Casualty is Unresponsive or Unable to Move

Approach casualty and conduct visual blood sweep (looking for major bleeding)
If you see bleeding, apply a hasty (high and tight) TQ using a two-handed method
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION: Be sure to use equipment (TQ) in the casualty’s

BFAK and not your own
20. Two-Handed Windlass Tourniquet Application

21. Skill Station

CUF Tourniquet (Skills)
• One-Handed (Windlass) TQ Application in CUF
• Two-Handed (Windlass) TQ Application in CUF
22. Extraction of Casualties

• Casualty to be extracted from vehicles and buildings per UN Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP)
• If casualties are on fire, put out the fire IMMEDIATELY
• Move casualty to relative safety following the unit SOP
23. Critical Objectives for the One- or Two- Person Drag/Carry

• Once bleeding is controlled, move the casualty to cover using a one- or two-person
drag/carry
• At the point of injury, you must move your casualty to the closest position of cover
21

• If you must move a casualty under fire, then quickly develop a casualty movement rescue
plan
• When moving casualties, spinal injuries are not to be a concern during Care Under Fire
movements
24. One-Person Drag/Carry

SUPPORT CARRY should be used for a conscious casualty only
NECK DRAG also limits the casualty and rescuer from exposure to enemy fire
KIT OR ARM DRAG Some body armour is equipped with a drag handle; therefore, no
additional equipment is required
CRADLE-DROP DRAG is effective in moving a casualty up or down the stairs, steps, or
short distances
25. One-Person Drags & Carries

26. Two-Person Drag/Carry

The TWO-MAN SUPPORTING CARRY can be used in transporting both conscious and
unconscious casualties
KIT OR ARM DRAG can cause Injury to either the rescuer or casualty during training
drills; keep safety in mind
FORE AND AFT CARRY Exposes two rescuers to hostile fire instead of one
27. Two-Person Drags & Carries

28. Skill Station

Drag/Carry (Skills)
• One-Person Drag/Carry
• Two-Person Drag/Carry
29. Summary
• We defined Care Under Fire
• We discussed the importance of fire superiority
• We defined massive hemorrhage control methods
22

• We discussed casualty movement in CUF
• We discussed the advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-person drag/carry
methods

• What is Care Under Fire?
• What are the signs of life-threatening bleeding?
• How long does it take to bleed to death from a complete femoral artery and vein
disruption?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of one-person drags?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of two-person carries?
23

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
24

MODULE 4
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF
TACTICAL FIELD CARE (TFC)
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO23 Identify the importance of security and safety in Tactical Field Care (TFC)
o EO24 Identify basic principles of removal/extraction of casualties from a unit-
specific platform
o EO25 Identify the importance and techniques of communicating casualty
information with unit tactical leadership and/or medical personnel
o EO26 Identify the relevant tactical and casualty data involved in communicating
casualty information
o EO27 Identify Demonstrate communication of casualty information to tactical
leadership and/or medical personnel (in accordance with UN and/or unit standard
operating procedures in TFC)
o EO28 Identify triage considerations in TFC
25

1 CARE UNDER FIRE ⇐ You are HERE


5. Casualty and responder no longer under effective enemy fire or threat enter
into the tactical field care (TFC) phase
6. Phase 2: Tactical Field Care
TFC IS CARE RENDERED WHEN NO LONGER UNDER EFFECTIVE ENEMY FIRE

OR THREAT
Having transitioned from Care Under Fire (CUF), further assessment and care can be
more deliberate following the MARCH PAWS sequence
This does NOT mean that the danger is over – the tactical situation could change back to
CUF AT ANY TIME
Mission personnel should constantly maintain their situational awareness of the potential
threat from hostile forces
Tactical Field Care also encompasses combat/tactical environment not involving enemy fire
(e.g., parachute injury in combat zone)
26

7. Security and Safety in Tactical Field Care
Establish a security perimeter in accordance with unit tactical standard operating procedures
and/or battle drills
Maintain tactical situational awareness

CASUALTIES WITH ALTERED MENTAL STATUS SHOULD HAVE
• Weapons cleared and secured
• Communications secured
• Sensitive items redistributed
• Weapons and radios DO NOT mix well with shock or narcotics
8. Other Considerations
TFC is when the casualty and the person rendering care are NOT under direct fire
LIMITED SUPPLIES
Medical equipment and supplies are LIMITED to what is carried into the field by the FMA
and the individual UN member
REMEMBER:
• Always use the casualty’s BFAK FIRST
• TFC can turn into a CUF situation unexpectedly
• Personnel should maintain their situational awareness
9. Casualty Removal/Extraction Principles

• The first principle is safety. Safety is critical.
• The second principle of MARCH still applies. If possible, you may want to initiate
lifesaving measures like applying a tourniquet before the extraction, and monitor them
throughout the process.
• The third principle is training.
Extractions will vary based on the mission and vehicles located in your Area of
Responsibility (AOR)
10. MARCH PAWS
MASSIVE BLEEDING #1 Priority
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
27

CIRCULATION
HYPOTHERMIA / HEAD INJURIES
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
11. Communication
Communicate with the casualty, if possible
• Encourage
• Reassure
• Explain care each step of the way
Communicate with tactical leadership IMMEDIATELY on evacuation requirements

Continue to communicate with leadership on casualty treatment as needed
COMMUNICATE WITH EVACUATION AND MEDICAL ASSETS

Communicate with the evacuation system to coordinate evacuation using the 4-Line
CASEVAC request
Keep each casualty’s Cas Card up to date
12. Communicate Relevant Casualty Data
Document ALL assessment and medical care (including interventions and medications) on
the Casualty Card
Communicate with CASEVAC using the:
4-Line CASEVAC request form
MIST Report
Mechanism of injury
Injuries
Symptoms
Treatment
Relay the information following your standard operating procedures
COMMUNICATE CASUALTY DATA IN HAND-OFF WITH MEDIC OR CASEVAC
28

When handing casualty off to medic or CASEVAC, read off the Casualty Card, including
any additional information as needed
MIST report may change as the casualty status and interventions performed change
13. Triage ‒ Prioritizing Multiple Casualties
Casualties with these injuries must be treated first:

#1 Massive bleeding
#2 Penetrating trauma into the box (torso)
#3 Airway compromise
#4 Respiratory distress
#5 Altered mental status
14. Triage Considerations

• Casualties may need to be sorted into prioritized treatment groups
• The FMA may be required to assist medical personnel with urgent casualties, monitor
casualties after emergency interventions, and may be tasked with preparing casualties for
evacuation
15. Summary
• Ensure you are aware of all security and safety procedures for TFC
• Tactical Field Care is when the casualty and the responder are both no longer under
effective enemy fire or threat
• Security and safety in TFC is a priority; clear and secure weapons and communications
• Understand the principles of casualty extractions in accordance with unit standard
operating procedures
• Always follow the MARCH PAWS procedure during life-threatening and after life-
threatening injuries

• What is the difference between the TFC and CUF phases?
• True or False: During TFC, the tactical situation could change back to CUF again at any
time.
• What are MARCH PAWS?
29

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
30

MODULE 5
TACTICAL TRAUMA ASSESSMENT
(TTA)
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO29 Demonstrate the techniques used to assess a casualty for responsiveness.
o EO30 Identify the common causes of altered mental status in combat peacekeeping
or non-combat peacekeeping environments
o EO31 Identify the importance of disarming and securing communications
equipment of a casualty with altered mental status
o EO32 Identify the importance and techniques of communicating with a casualty in
TFC
o EO33 Demonstrate communicating with a casualty in TFC
o EO34 Demonstrate application of body substance isolation (BSI) in TFC
o EO35 Demonstrate a TTA in the proper order using the MARCH PAWS sequence
in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO36 Demonstrate the appropriate actions and interventions used during a casualty
assessment to render aid to the casualty in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
31

4. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
5. Tactical Trauma Assessment

6. Tactical Trauma Assessment “Fire Flight Conscious Casualty”

7. Tactical Trauma Assessment “Explosion Unconscious Casualty”

8. Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

Whenever possible, the responder should don latex-free gloves as a precaution
9. Casualty Blood Sweep

Your initial casualty evaluation should be a rapid head-to-toe check for any unrecognized
life-threatening bleeding
• Check the neck, axillary (armpit), inguinal (groin)
• Check the legs, arms, abdomen, chest (in a raking motion) and back
32

10. Quickly Identify Massive, Life-Threatening Bleeding
MARCH
BRIGHT RED BLOOD is pulsing or spurting, or there is steady bleeding from the wound
BRIGHT RED BLOOD is pooling on the ground
Overlying clothing or ineffective bandaging is becoming SOAKED WITH BLOOD
AMPUTATION of the arm or leg
IMPORTANT! Casualties with severe injuries can bleed to death in as little as 3 minutes
11. Hemorrhage Control

Assess for other sources of hemorrhage, and control all life-threatening bleeding
If not already done, where appropriate, use a TFMA recommended limb tourniquet (TQ) to
control life-threatening external hemorrhage, applying it 2-3 inches above the source of
bleeding, directly on the skin
Reassess CUF interventions, and If bleeding is not controlled with the first TQ, apply a
second TQ side-by-side with the first
12. Identifying Obstructed Airway

MARCH
IMPORTANT! Remove any visible objects, but do not perform a blind finger sweep
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AIRWAY MAY BE BLOCKED:
• Casualty is in distress and indicates they can’t breathe properly
• Casualty is making snoring or gurgling sounds
• Visible blood or foreign objects are present in the airway
• Maxillofacial trauma (severe trauma to the face) is observed
13. In a casualty without an airway obstruction, you can perform the following
manoeuvres:
HEAD-TILT CHIN-LIFT
JAW THRUST
Unconscious casualty's tongue may have relaxed, causing the tongue to block the airway by
sliding to the back of the mouth and covering the opening to the windpipe
If you suspect that the casualty has suffered a neck or spinal injury, use the jaw-thrust
method
33

14. Managing the Airway
IF the casualty is breathing on their own but unconscious or semiconscious AND there is no
airway obstruction, further airway management is best achieved with a nasopharyngeal
airway (NPA)
An NPA can be used on a conscious or unconscious casualty to help open/maintain an open
airway
15. Management/Recovery Position

Casualties with severe facial trauma can often protect their own airways by sitting up and
leaning forward
Assist a conscious casualty by helping them assume any comfortable sitting-up position that
ALLOWS THEM TO BREATH EASILY
For an unconscious casualty not in shock, place them into the RECOVERY POSITION
16. Respirations
MARCH
Breathing rate (Monitor respirations)
Level of consciousness
17. Life-Threatening Chest Injury

Expose the chest to assess for:
• Gunshot or shrapnel wound
• Blunt-force trauma
• Bruising or contusions
• Any deformities of the chest
If penetrating trauma is found or identified, apply a chest seal (vented, if available)
18. Reassess Treatments

M
Reassess ALL treatment for Massive haemorrhage
A
34

Reassess Airway
R
Reassess Respirations
19. General Indicator of Shock

MARCH
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK INCLUDE:
 Mental confusion
 Rapid breathing
 Sweaty, cool, clammy skin
 Pale/grey skin
 Weak or absent radial pulse
 Nausea
 Excessive thirst
 Previous severe bleeding
20. Hypothermia Prevention

MARCH
Place the casualty on an insulated surface as soon as possible
• Hypothermia is much easier to prevent than to treat! Begin hypothermia prevention as
soon as possible
• Decreased body temperature interferes with blood clotting and increases the risk of
bleeding
• Blood loss can cause a significant drop in body temperature, even in hot weather
REMEMBER: Hypothermia is an issue even in hot environments and must be prevented
21. If a Penetrating Eye Injury is Noted or Suspected

Do not cover both eyes unless both eyes are injured
• In the absence of an eye shield, consider using tactical eyewear
22. Wound Medication Pack (WMP)

MARCH PAWS
Acetaminophen is used for pain management
Meloxicam can give significant pain relief and will not alter the casualty’s mental status
35

MARCH PAWS
Moxifloxacin contains oral antibiotic medication
Remember:
• Medics carry medications
• Document all medications administered on the UN Casualty Card
23. Inspect and Address Known Wounds

MARCH PAWS
Dress all known wounds and then assess all applied bandages for:
• Increased pain
• Skin discoloration
• Irregular pulse
If any of these conditions are found, they might indicate an emergency!
Ensure the applied bandage isn’t too tight; loosen as needed while keeping the bleeding
controlled
DO NOT EVER APPLY IT AND FORGET IT!
24. Burn Care

EXTRACT
Extract from burning vehicle, building, or area
STOP THE BURNING PROCESS
COVER
Cover the burn area with dry, sterile dressings for general burns
WHITE PHOSPHORUS = WET DRESSING

Eliminate wound contact with oxygen
Be sure to assess MARCH before burn care
25. Assess for a Fracture

CLOSED FRACTURE
OPEN FRACTURE
WARNING SIGNS OF A FRACTURE:
36

• Significant pain and swelling
• An audible or perceived “snap”
• Different length or shape of limb
• Loss of pulse or sensation in the injured arm or leg (check pulse before and after
treatment)
• Crepitus (hearing a crackling or
• popping sound under the skin)
26. Communication
Communicate with the casualty and if possible:
• Encourage
• Reassure
Communicate with tactical leadership as soon as possible with status and evacuation
requirements throughout casualty treatment as needed
• Communicate with the evacuation system to coordinate CASEVAC using the 4-Line
TCEVAC request
• Keep the Casualty Card
27. Phase 2: Tactical Evacuation Care

CASUALTY MONITORING Continue to reassess and monitor casualty
EVAC REQUEST Use 4-Line format
CASUALTY PREP
• Secure items
• Prep litter
• Prep evac equipment
• Pack casualty
COMPLETE MIST REPORT
M Mechanism of injury
I Injuries
S Symptoms
T Treatment
PRE-EVAC PROCEDURES
• Complete Casualty Card
28. Trainer-Led Demonstration
37

Tactical Trauma Assessment
29. Summary
• We defined Tactical Trauma Assessment
• We discussed assessing the casualty using MARCH PAWS
• We discussed proper communication and documentation

• During which phase of care is the TTA performed?
• What pneumonic is used to prioritize care during the TTA?
• What is a blood sweep?
38

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
39

MODULE 6
Massive Hemorrhage Control
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

massive hemorrhage control during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO37 Identify life-threatening hemorrhage (bleed)
o EO38 Identify the importance of early application of limb tourniquets to control life-
threatening bleed
o EO39 Identify anatomical sites for applying direct and indirect pressure to control
bleeding
o EO40 Demonstrate the appropriate application of a TFMA-recommended limb
tourniquet
o EO41 Identify risks associated with applying an improvised limb tourniquet
o EO42 Demonstrate the application of a TFMA-recommended hemostatic dressing
o EO43 Demonstrate an evaluation of previously applied tourniquets for hemorrhage
control effectiveness
o EO44 Demonstrate improvised junctional hemorrhage control with hemostatic
dressing and direct pressure
40

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
2 TACTICAL FIELD CARE ⇐ You are HERE


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Hemorrhage Control in Tactical Field Care

41

7. Security and Safety in Tactical Field Care
• Establish a security perimeter in accordance with UN tactical standard operating
procedures (SOPs) and/or battle drills
CASUALTIES WITH ALTERED MENTAL STATUS SHOULD HAVE

• Weapons cleared and secured
• Communications secured
• Sensitive items redistributed
• NOTE: Weapons and radios DO NOT mix well with shock or narcotics
8. Prioritizing Multiple Casualties

Casualties with these injuries must be treated first:
#1 Massive bleeding
#2 Penetrating trauma into the box (torso)
#3 Airway compromise
#4 Respiratory distress
#5 Altered mental status
9. Early Control of Severe Hemorrhage is Critical

• There is pulsatile (pulsing) or steady bleeding from the wound
• BRIGHT RED BLOOD is pooling on the ground
• The overlying clothes are SOAKED with blood
• Bandages or makeshift bandages used to cover the wound are INEFFECTIVE and
steadily becoming soaked with blood
• There is a traumatic amputation of an arm or leg
10. Massive Hemorrhage Reassessment

• Reassess any interventions performed in CUF
• If a tourniquet was previously applied, assess for effectiveness (bleeding has stopped and
distal pulses are absent)
• If ineffective, apply a second tourniquet side-by-side with the first
• Perform a blood sweep and expose the casualty to look for other life-threatening
bleeding, stopping to immediately treat anything identified, and look for non-life-
threatening bleeding to address later
42

11. Tools for Life-Threatening Hemorrhage Control
• Direct pressure
• Gauze/other dressings and pressure bandages
• TFMA-recommended tourniquet
• Pressure Delivery Device (PDD)
• Hemostatic dressing and pressure bandages
12. Initial Direct Pressure Before Intervention

• Direct pressure can and should be used as a temporary measure until a tourniquet or
dressing is in place
• It is difficult to use direct pressure alone to control significant bleeding or while moving
the casualty
• Direct pressure can be used if a treatment no longer maintains control of the bleeding
while a new treatment is started
13. Tourniquets
• A device stopping the flow of blood to an arm or leg by applying circumferential
(around) pressure to the limb
• The TQ that should be used as the FIRST option is the CASUALTY’S TQ from THEIR
own BFAK
• If this is not possible, or more than one tourniquet is needed, then you may apply the TQ
from your own BFAK or a TQ from unit mission equipment
• You should have a new TQ in your BFAK. It is designed as a ONE-TIME USE DEVICE
14. Deliberate Tourniquets

• A TQ applied in CUF should be reassessed
• A TQ applied in TFC will be a deliberate TQ, applied 2-3 inches above the wound,
directly on the skin (not over clothing)
• In TFC the source of bleeding can be identified to ensure that TQs are properly placed
• TQs applied during CUF are sometimes inadequate due to the inability to properly
expose and assess the wound, and application of an additional side-by-side TQ may be
necessary
15. Tourniquets in Tactical Field Care

• Use a TQ to control life-threatening external hemorrhage that is anatomically amenable
to TQ use or for ANY traumatic amputation
• Apply directly to the skin 2-3 inches above the bleeding site
• If bleeding is NOT controlled with the first TQ, apply a second TQ side-by-side with the
first
43

• Time should be documented during the TFC phase, not the CUF phase
• TQs need to be applied rapidly. The bleeding should be stopped WITHIN ONE
MINUTE and the TQ fully secured within three minutes
• TQ application time is important in helping medical personnel manage TQs
16. Tourniquets Effectiveness Checks

TQs can be assessed for effectiveness by:
• Ensuring that the BLEEDING HAS STOPPED
• Checking a pulse distally (further out) on the limb where the TQ is applied to ensure
there is NO PULSE
17. Two-Handed Windlass Tourniquet

18. Tourniquet Pitfalls/Mistakes

• NOT using one when you should or waiting too long to put it on
• NOT pulling all the slack out before tightening
• NOT making it tight enough – the TQ should stop the bleeding AND eliminate the distal
pulse
• NOT using a second TQ, if needed
• Using a TQ for minimal bleeding; however, when in doubt, apply a TQ
• Putting it on too proximally (too high) if the bleeding site is clearly visible
• Loosening TQs for a period to allow recirculation of a limb
• Taking it off (this should be performed ONLY by medical personnel at a higher level of
care)
• DON’T put TQs over joints!
19. Don’t Use an Improvised Tourniquet!

• If no TQ is available, pack the wound and hold direct pressure over the main source of
bleeding
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVISED TOURNIQUETS:
• DAMAGE may occur to skin if the band is too narrow
• Bleeding may WORSEN
• Bleeding MAY NOT BE COMPLETELY CONTROLLED
• An improvised TQ may likely LOOSEN over time from not being properly secured
44

20. Skill Station
TFC Hemorrhage Control (Skills)
• Two-Handed Windlass Tourniquet Application in TFC
21. Hemostatic Dressing

• TFMA-recommended hemostatic dressing is safe and contains active ingredients that
assist with blood-clotting at the bleeding site
• Hemostatic dressing can also be used for controlling bleeding in conjunction with
tourniquets
• A BFAK contains one hemostatic dressing and one dry sterile gauze
22. Hemostatic Dressing

• Hemostatic dressing with or without a pressure bandage CAN be used to control
compressible junctional hemorrhage
• For compressible (external) hemorrhage not amenable to limb TQ (places where a
tourniquet cannot be effectively applied) or for bleeding from wounds not requiring a TQ,
use a UN recommended hemostatic dressing
Remember:
• DO NOT pack hemostatic dressing into the abdomen or chest
• A BFAK contains one hemostatic dressing and one dry sterile gauze
23. Wound Packing

• Identify the exact source of bleeding and APPLY direct pressure as a temporary
measure UNTIL gauze is placed
• Pack the wound, maintaining CONSTANT direct pressure at the source of bleeding
within 90 SECONDS for it to be effective
• HOLD direct pressure on the gauze over the wound for at least 3 MINUTES (this is
necessary, even with the active ingredient in hemostatic dressing)
• When packing a large wound, more than one hemostatic dressing and/or additional
gauze may be needed
• Carefully observe to determine if bleeding has been controlled
• Once you are sure the bleeding has stopped, apply a pressure bandage
24. Wound Packing for Failed Control

• If packed with hemostatic dressing, remove before packing material and repack with a
new hemostatic dressing, as available
• It may be a fresh dressing of the same or different type
45

• Alternatively, additional hemostatic or nonhemostatic dressing CAN be applied on top
of the first gauze
• If hemostatic dressing is NOT readily available, use dry sterile gauze or some other
materials to pack the wound
25. Pressure Bandages

• ALL dressings for significant bleeding should be secured with pressure bandages
• Place the bandage pad directly on the dressing, continuing to apply direct pressure
• Wrap the pressure/elastic bandage tightly, focusing pressure directly over the wound
• SECURE the hooking ends of the Velcro or closure bar onto the last wrap of the bandage
26. Pressure Bandage Assessment

Key Points:
• Check for circulation BELOW the pressure bandage by feeling for distal pulse (a pulse
below the bandage)
• If the skin BELOW the pressure bandage becomes cool to the touch, bluish, or numb, or
if the pulse below the pressure dressing is no longer present, the pressure bandage may
be too tight
• If circulation is BLOCKED or STOPPED, loosen and retie the bandage
• Dressings and bandages should be reassessed and checked routinely and EVERY TIME
a casualty is moved
27. Pressure Bandage

28. Junctional Anatomy

• Junctional areas are located at the junction of the extremities and neck with the torso
• Junctional hemorrhage can also occur on the extremities if the injury is TOO CLOSE to
the torso for a tourniquet to be applied
• Blood vessels at junctional areas are LARGER than in the limbs but can still be
COMPRESSED with direct pressure
29. Neck Junctional Hemorrhage Control

• Pack the wound
• Apply pressure for 3 MINUTES
• Secure with bandage
• If the bandage has a pressure bar, pull the bandage TIGHT, and reverse it back over the
top of the pressure bar, forcing it down onto the pad
46

30. Neck Junctional Hemorrhage Control
31. Axillary Junctional Hemorrhage Control

• Expose the wound
• Pack the wound
• Secure the dressing in place
• Swath the (injured side) upper arm to the side of the chest using a cravat
32. Axillary Junctional Hemorrhage Control

33. Junctional Hemorrhage Control with a Pressure Delivery Device (PDD)

• A PDD is made by using such materials as a shoe/boot, full water bottle, or canteen
• For groin injuries packed with hemostatic dressing, use an improvised junctional PDD to
SECURE the gauze
• The PDD is placed in the inguinal gutter while CONTINUOUSLY MAINTAINING
pressure to the gauze
• The PDD is then secured with a tourniquet and tightened to add ADDITIONAL
pressure
• You may need to put two TQs TOGETHER when improvising a PDD
34. Pressure Delivery Device (for Junctional Hemorrhage)

35. Skill Station

TFC Hemorrhage Control (Skills)
• Wound Packing with hemostatic dressing and Pressure Bandage
• Neck Junctional Hemorrhage Control
• Axillary (Armpit) Junctional Hemorrhage Control
• Inguinal (Groin) Hemorrhage Control with Improvised Junctional Pressure Delivery
Device (PDD)
36. Summary
47

Pressure bandages over areas like the:
• Base of the neck
• Axilla
• Groin
• Buttocks
• Perineum
• Junctional areas have specific application techniques that MAXIMIZE the amount of
pressure they exert on the gauze
• Recheck the dressing FREQUENTLY, especially while transporting the casualty to
next level of care
• WATCH FOR RE-BLEEDING

• What is the proper distance a deliberate tourniquet should be placed from the bleeding
site in TFC?
• What is the difference between the need for high & tight/hasty tourniquets in CUF as
opposed to deliberately placed tourniquets in TFC?
• How long should direct pressure be applied on packed hemostatic dressings?
• Why is it important to check the pulse after applying a pressure bandage?
• What additional intervention beyond packing with hemostatic dressing and wrapping
with a pressure bandage is necessary to stop the bleeding from a groin wound?
48

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
49

MODULE 7
Airway Management
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

airway management during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO45 Identify signs of an airway obstruction
o EO46 Demonstrate opening the airway with the head-tilt chin-lift or jaw-thrust
maneuver
o EO47 Demonstrate the placement of a casualty in the recovery position in Tactical
Field Care
o EO48 Demonstrate the insertion of a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) into a casualty in
Tactical Field Care
o EO49 Describe the technique for ventilating a casualty with a bag valve mask (BVM)
in Tactical Field Care
50

4. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
5. Airway Management
• Airway obstruction on the battlefield is often due to maxillofacial trauma
• If the casualty is breathing on their own but unconscious or semi-conscious, and there is
no airway obstruction, further airway
• management is achieved through a Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)
• Unconscious casualties can also lose their airway as the muscles of their tongue may
have relaxed, causing the tongue to block the airway by sliding to the back of the mouth
and covering the opening to the windpipe
6. Identifying Obstructed Airway

MARCH
IMPORTANT! Remove any visible objects, obstructing the airway, but do not perform a
blind finger sweep
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AIRWAY MAY BE BLOCKED:
• Casualty is in distress and indicates they can’t breathe properly
• Casualty is making snoring or gurgling sounds
• Visible blood or foreign objects are present in the airway
• Maxillofacial trauma (severe trauma to the face) is observed
7. In a Casualty Without a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction, You Can Perform

the Following Maneuvers:
HEAD-TILT CHIN-LIFT
JAW THRUST
51

Unconscious casualty's tongue may have relaxed, causing the tongue to BLOCK the airway
by sliding to the back of the mouth and covering the opening to the windpipe
If you suspect that the casualty has suffered a neck or spinal injury, use the jaw-thrust
method
8. Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift and Jaw-Thrust Manoeuvre

9. Skill Station
Airway (Skills)
• Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift
• Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
10. Managing the Airway

IF the casualty is breathing on their own but unconscious or semi-conscious AND there is
no airway obstruction, further airway management is best achieved with a nasopharyngeal
airway (NPA)
An NPA can be used on a conscious or unconscious casualty to help open/maintain an open
airway
DO NOT attempt to insert an NPA if there is clear fluid coming from the nose or ears. This
may be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and may be an indication of possible skull fracture.
11. Nasopharyngeal Airway

12. Casualty Positioning

• If a casualty can breathe on their own, let them assume the best position that allows
them to breathe, including sitting up
• If a casualty can breathe on their own in a position of choice, DO NOT force them
into a position or perform airway procedures that causes them difficulties in breathing
13. Maintaining the Airway/Recovery Position

Casualties with severe facial injuries can often protect their own airways by sitting up and
leaning forward
52

Assist a conscious casualty by helping them assume any position that ALLOWS THEM
TO BREATH EASILY, including sitting up
For an unconscious casualty not in shock, place them into the RECOVERY POSITION
14. Casualty Unable to Breathe on Their Own

• Medical personnel may ask you to assist them in ventilating a patient using a bag valve
mask (BVM)
• If respirations are noted to be reduced, provide ventilator support with BVM ventilations
• A BVM is a device that can assist a casualty with breathing (ventilation) if they are NOT
breathing adequately on their own
15. Bag Valve Mask (BVM)

ONE & TWO-PERSON BAG VALVE MASK (BVM) VIDEO
• Ventilations can be performed alone or with two people working together

• The mask is sealed over the casualty’s mouth so that air doesn’t escape
• Squeeze firmly for 1-2 seconds and 5-6 seconds apart
16. Skill Station

Airway (Skills)
• Recovery Position
• Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)
• One-Person Bag Valve Mask (BVM)/Two-Person BVM
17. Summary
• We identified
• We opened
• We maintained and managed
• For casualties in which airway positioning and/or nasopharyngeal airways DO NOT
successfully maintain an open airway, notify medical personnel IMMEDIATELY
18. Check On Learning

• What is the best position for a conscious casualty who is breathing on their own?
• Why are casualties placed in the recovery position?
• What are the two methods that can be used to open an airway?
• How does an NPA provide an open (patent) airway?
53

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
54

MODULE 8
Respiration Assessment and Management
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

assessment and management of respiration and chest trauma during Tactical Field
Care in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO50 Identify the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress
o EO51 Identify the signs and symptoms of a life-threatening chest injury
o EO52 Identify the signs and symptoms of open pneumothorax (sucking chest
wound) in Tactical Field Care
o EO53 Identify the importance and implications of vented and non-vented chest
seals
o EO54 Demonstrate the application of a chest seal to an open chest wound
o EO55 Identify the signs, symptoms, and initial treatment of tension pneumothorax
o EO56 Demonstrate a needle decompression of the chest at the second intercostal
space in midclavicular line
o EO57 Demonstrate a needle decompression of the chest at the fifth intercostal
space in the anterior axillary line
o EO58 Identify the signs of recurring or unsuccessful treatment of tension
pneumothorax
55

4. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
5. Respiration Assessment and Management in Tactical Field Care


• Respiratory distress means DIFFICULTY BREATHING (rapid or abnormally slow
breathing), in other words, it is difficult for the casualty to get air in or out
• The pleural space between the lungs and chest wall naturally has negative pressure, which
helps the lungs to collapse (exhale) and expand (inhale)
• With either a BLUNT or PENETRATING INJURY to the chest wall or lungs, air may
counteract the lung’s natural tendency to expand and collapse
• This is due to positive pressure replacing negative pressure
• It results in air being trapped in the pleural space, putting pressure on the affected lung
• This forces the lung to collapse and reduces the ability to get oxygen to the body

MARCH
Gunshot or shrapnel wound to the chest (penetrating trauma)
• Blunt force trauma (force from an IED explosion, high-impact vehicle accident (chest
hitting steering wheel), etc.
• Bruising, contusions (swelling around the chest, back or rib cage), crepitus that is felt or
heard (crackling, popping, grating)
56

• ANY deformities of the chest
REMEMBER:
• These injuries can lead to a tension pneumothorax
• This is the second leading cause of preventable death
8. Identifying Tension Pneumothorax

Remember! Airway and Respiration are NOT addressed in CUF and must be addressed in
TFC
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PROGRESSIVE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS:
• Progressive difficulty breathing (labored and rapid breathing worsening overtime)
• Shortness of breath
• Confusion/lightheaded and/or agitation due to lack of oxygen
• Bluish discoloration around mouth and lips
• Rapid pulse
• Distended jugular veins
9. Signs and Symptoms of Open Pneumothorax or Sucking Chest Wound In TFC

A casualty with an open chest wound will exhibit ONE OR MORE of the following signs
and symptoms:
• A “sucking” or “hissing” sound when the casualty inhales
• Difficulty breathing
• A puncture wound of the chest
• Froth or bubbles around the injury
• Coughing up blood
• Blood-tinged sputum (spit)
REMEMBER:
• If you are not sure if the wound has penetrated the chest wall completely, treat the
wound as though it were an open chest wound
• If multiple wounds are found, treat them in the order in which you find them
10. Vented Chest Seals

• Vented chest seals are for treating penetrating wounds to the chest
• Vented chest seals allow air to escape out of the chest while non-vented chest seals do
not
• The injured lung will remain partially collapsed, but the mechanics of respiration will
be better
11. Vented and Non-vented Chest Seals

57

Recommended treatment for open or sucking chest wounds is prompt application of a
vented chest seal:
• If vented chest seal is NOT available, a non-vented chest seal should be used
• Vented chest seals allow air to escape out of the chest while non-vented chest seals do
not
• When the casualty inhales, the plastic should be sucked against the wound, preventing
the entry of air
• When the casualty exhales, trapped air should be able to escape from the wound and out
the valve
MONITOR the casualty closely and if their condition MA RR C H worsens, you should
suspect a tension pneumothorax.
Treat this by burping or temporarily removing the dressing.
12. Position After Occlusive Dressing Treatment

• If the casualty is unconscious, place the casualty in the recovery position
• If the casualty is conscious, allow the casualty to adopt the sitting position if breathing is
more comfortable
13. Chest Seal

14. Skill Station

Respiration (Skill)
• Chest Seal
15. Tension Pneumothorax

• A tension pneumothorax is the second-leading cause of preventable deaths on the
battlefield
• As a tension pneumothorax develops, air enters the chest cavity through the wound
WITH EVERY BREATH
• Injured lung tissue acts as a one-way valve, TRAPPING more and more air between
the lung and the chest wall
PRESSURE BUILDS UP AND COMPRESSES BOTH LUNGS AND THE HEART
16. Consider Tension Pneumothorax in Tactical Field Care
58

Caused by SIGNIFICANT TORSO TRAUMA or primary blast injury followed by
severe/progressive respiratory distress (a respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute)
• The recommended treatment of suspected tension pneumothorax is Needle
Decompression of the Chest (NDC)
17. Unsuccessful Treatment or Recurrence of Tension Pneumothorax

• Burp the chest seal if one is in place
• If initial NDC does not result in improvement, a second NDC should be attempted at the
alternate recommended site
• If tension pneumothorax initially responds to NDC, but symptoms later recur, then
repeat NDC at the same site right beside the original NDC
• If no improvement is noted with the second NDC, proceed with circulation assessment
and treatment following the MARCH protocol
DO NOT put NDC through a chest seal! Use alternate site instead
18. NDC Site Selection

• Site selection is based on the mechanism of injury AND physical findings
• Use either the second (A) or fifth (B) intercostal space (either is preferred)
• If the needle is used at the second intercostal space, ensure the site selection is
OUTSIDE the nipple line
19. Position After NDC Treatment

• If the casualty is unconscious, place the casualty in the recovery position
• If the casualty is conscious, allow the casualty to adopt the sitting position if breathing is
more comfortable
20. Needle Decompression of the Chest

21. Skill Station

Respiration (Skill)
• Needle Decompression of Chest (NDC)
22. Summary
59

• We identified the signs and symptoms of an open pneumothorax
• We discussed the treatment options for an open pneumothorax
• We identified the signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax
• We discussed the treatment for a tension pneumothorax
• Both types of chest injuries (sucking chest wounds and tension pneumothorax) WILL
REQUIRE advanced evaluation by medical personnel and evacuation
• Tension pneumothorax is a PREVENTABLE cause of death

• What is a tension pneumothorax?
• How should you treat an open chest wound?
• What should you do if you suspect a casualty has a tension pneumothorax?
60

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
61

MODULE 9
CIRCULATION/HEMORRHAGE CONTROL
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• T10 Given a combat peacekeeping or non-combat peacekeeping scenario, perform
haemorrhage control during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO59 Identify the principles of wound packing and applying pressure bandages
o EO60 Demonstrate wound packing and applying a pressure bandage
o EO61 Identify progressive strategies, indications, and limitations of controlling
external hemorrhage in Tactical Field Care
o EO62 Identify the signs, symptoms, and considerations of a pelvic fracture

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
62



5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Hemorrhage Control in Tactical Field Care

7. Pelvic Fractures
Pelvic fracture may be suspected if the casualty's injuries are a result of blunt force or blast
with ONE OR MORE of the following:
Physical signs suggesting a pelvic fracture:
• Pelvic pain
• Major lower limb amputation OR lower near amputations
• Deformities, penetrating injuries, bruising near the pelvis
63

• Pelvic instability or crepitus (crinkly or grating feeling or sound under the skin)
• Unconsciousness or shock
If a pelvic fracture is suspected, the casualty WILL REQUIRE advanced evaluation by

medical personnel
8. Reassessment
• Reassess all PREVIOUS and CURRENT hemostatic dressings applied and ensure they
are tight and effective
• If ineffective, apply a second TQ side-by-side with the first
• Reassess all PREVIOUS and CURRENT hemostatic dressings applied for
effectiveness
• If you placed a TQ above a casualty’s elbow, for instance, you should expect to find no
pulse at the wrist below if the TQ was properly applied
9. Strategies and Limitations

EARLY CONTROL OF SEVERE HEMORRHAGE IS CRITICAL
• TFMA recommended hemostatic dressings are to be applied directly to the skin
in TFC 2-3 inches above the bleeding site
• Casualty’s hemorrhage control interventions must be FREQUENTLY
REASSESSED to ensure continued hemorrhage control
10. Wound Packing and Pressure Dressing

• Identify the exact source of bleeding
• Pack the wound
• Apply direct pressure for 3 MINUTES
• Secure the bandage
• If the bandage has a pressure bar, pull the bandage TIGHT, and reverse it back over the
top of the pressure bar, forcing it down onto the pad
11. Wound Packing

KEEP PRESSURE
• Identify the exact source of bleeding and APPLY direct pressure as a temporary
measure UNTIL gauze is placed
• Pack the wound maintaining CONSTANT direct pressure at the source of bleeding
within 90 SECONDS to be effective
64

• HOLD direct pressure on the gauze over the wound for at least 3 MINUTES (this is
necessary, even with the active ingredient in hemostatic dressings)
• When packing a large wound, more than one hemostatic gauze and/or additional gauze
may be needed
• Carefully observe to determine if bleeding has been controlled
• Once you are sure the bleeding has stopped, apply a pressure bandage
12. Pressure Bandage Reassessment

Key Points:
• Check for circulation BELOW the pressure bandage by feeling for distal pulse (a pulse
below the bandage)
• If the skin BELOW the pressure bandage becomes cool to the touch, bluish, or numb, or
if the pulse below the pressure dressing is no longer present, the pressure bandage may
be too tight
• If circulation is BLOCKED or STOPPED, loosen and retie the bandage
• Dressings and bandages should be reassessed and checked routinely and EVERY
TIME a casualty is moved
13. If the Pressure Bandage Is Ineffective

• If the pressure bandage or hemostatic dressing is ineffective, APPLY a hemostatic
dressing 2-3 inches above the bleeding site
• If the pressure bandage is ineffective AND/OR blood soaked, REPLACE pressure
dressing with hemostatic dressing
• Pack the wound, maintaining CONSTANT direct pressure at the source of bleeding
within 90 SECONDS to be effective
14. Pressure Bandage

15. Skill Station

Circulation/Hemorrhage Control (Skills)
• Wound Packing with Hemostatic Dressing and Pressure Bandage
16. Summary
• If not already done, clearly mark ALL TQs with the time of TQ application and
document that on the Casualty Card
65

• Check for radial pulse
• Assess for shock

• During Circulation in the MARCH PAWS sequence, what interventions should be
reassessed?
• What are the signs and symptoms of a pelvic fracture?
66

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
67

MODULE 10
Shock Recognition
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• T11 Describe shock assessment in Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO63 Identify the signs, symptoms, and management steps of shock in a trauma
casualty with life-threatening bleeding
o EO64 Identify the importance of level of consciousness and radial pulse as indicators
of shock in Tactical Field Care
4. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
68

PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
5. Shock Recognition
6. Shock
• Shock is inadequate blood flow to body tissues. Inadequate blood volume inside the
circulatory system results in inadequate oxygen delivery to the body’s cells
• As cells cease to function, tissues cease to function, then organs cease to function, and
eventually the whole body will fail and DEATH follows
Shock will lead to the casualty's death if not quickly recognized and treated
7. Shock
• Caused by a decrease in the amount of blood volume circulating in the casualty's blood
circulatory system
• Shock can have many causes – low blood volume or hypovolemia (dehydration or blood
loss), low blood pressure (massive infection), heart failure, or neurologic damage
• Usually caused by severe bleeding, but it can also be caused by severe burns (second- and
third-degree burns on 20 percent or more of the body surface)
• On the battlefield, assume shock is from severe blood loss (also called hemorrhagic
shock)
Hemorrhagic shock can result in the casualty's death
8. General Indicators of Shock

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK INCLUDE:
• Mental confusion
• Rapid breathing
• Sweaty, cool, clammy skin
69

• Pale/grey skin
• Weak or absent radial pulse
• Nausea
• Excessive
• Thirst
• Previous severe bleeding

IMPORTANT Indicator:
If BOTH indicators exist, the casualty has lost a SIGNIFICANT amount of blood
As previously stated, shock will lead to the casualty's death if not quickly recognized and
treated
11. Prevent Shock by Controlling Bleeding

70

#1- Reassess to confirm all bleeding control measures are still effective
Ensure TQs and pressure dressings remain tight
DO NOT WAIT for signs and symptoms of shock to occur
• It is better to prevent shock with hemorrhage control than to treat it
• If shock is present, though, the most critical first step is to control the bleeding
• Internal bleeding from chest or abdominal trauma may not be controllable, and shock
may develop later, so continuously assess the casualty
• Medical personnel will provide other treatments, but you can save them time if extremal
bleeding is controlled
12. Assess/Monitor for Hemorrhagic Shock

• Assess for signs and symptoms of shock as soon as hemorrhage is controlled, the airway
is open, and respirations have been managed
• The best indicators of shock are a decreased state of consciousness (if casualty has not
suffered a head injury) and/or an abnormal, weak, absent radial pulse
• Assess for hemorrhagic shock (altered mental status in the absence of brain injury and/or
weak or absent radial pulse)
• Reassess/monitor for changes in the level of consciousness by checking for alertness or
responsiveness to verbal or physical stimulation
13. Reassess
Level of consciousness
Check casualty every 15 minutes for AVPU
Alertness - Knows who, where they are
Verbal - Orally responds to verbal commands
Pain - Level of pain felt when the sternum is
briskly rubbed with the knuckle (if needed)
Unconscious - Unresponsive
Decreasing AVPU could indicate condition worsening
Breathing rate
Monitor respirations
• Thoracic trauma may indicate tension pneumothorax (needle decompression of the chest
required)
• If a casualty becomes unconscious or their breathing rate drops below two respirations
every 15 seconds, insert a nasopharyngeal airway
71

14. Shock Management
• Fluids by mouth are permissible if the casualty is conscious and can swallow
• Evacuate the casualty if medical help is not available
• Place casualty in recovery position
Reassess the casualty frequently for the onset of shock
15. Hypothermia Management

REMEMBER:
Keep the casualty warm and prevent hypothermia. Even in very hot environments, a
casualty in hemorrhagic shock (blood loss) is at EXTREME risk for hypothermia
• Place a poncho or blanket under the casualty to protect from the temperature or dampness
of the ground
• Cover the casualty with a survival blanket or other available materials to keep them warm
and dry
16. Summary
• We defined shock
• We identified indicators of shock
• We discussed prevention measures for shock
• We discussed the management of shock
• We introduced hypothermia

• What is shock?
• What are the best indicators of shock?
• What is the most important action to prevent hemorrhagic shock?
72

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
73

MODULE 11
Hypothermia Prevention
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

hypothermia prevention measures on a trauma casualty during Tactical Field Care
o EO65 Identify the progressive strategies, indications, and limitations of hypothermia
prevention of a trauma casualty in Tactical Field Care
o EO66 Demonstrate active external warming hypothermia prevention measures on a
trauma casualty
o EO67 Identify passive hypothermia prevention measures on a trauma casualty
4. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
74

RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
5. Hypothermia
• Hypothermia is the decrease in body temperature
• Even a small decrease in body temperature can interfere with blood clotting and increase
the risk of bleeding to death
• Casualties in shock are unable to generate body heat effectively
• Hypothermia is a problem for casualties with haemorrhagic shock, even with warm,
ambient temperatures
A lower body temperature may not be an indicator of hypothermia; it may be due to exposure
to a cold environment
• Minimize the casualty’s exposure to the elements
• Keep protective gear on or with the casualty if feasible
• Replace wet clothing with dry, if possible
You can better prevent hypothermia by getting the casualty onto an insulated surface as soon
as possible
Get the casualty onto an insulated surface as soon as possible.
• Hypothermia is much easier to prevent than to treat
• Begin hypothermia prevention as soon as possible
• Decreased body temperature interferes with blood clotting and increases the risk of
bleeding
75

8. Active Hypothermia Prevention
Your medical personnel will distribute the active hypothermia blankets based on unit mission
and load
• Active hypothermia blankets are activated when their heating elements are exposed to air
• Active hypothermia blankets are applied to a casualty who cannot generate their own
heat, but not directly on their skin because the activated blankets can cause burns
9. Active Hypothermia Prevention

Apply the active warming blanket from the active hypothermia blanket to the casualty’s torso
(not directly on the skin), and cover the casualty with the passive hypothermia shell
KEY POINTS:
• If an active hypothermia blanket is not available, a combination of the passive warming
blanket and an active warming blanket may also be used
• Active hypothermia treatment uses heating sources to warm the casualty
• Oxygen levels at higher altitudes may not be enough to sustain the chemical reaction
required to generate heat
10. Passive Hypothermia Prevention

Passive hypothermia materials provide heating by:
• Keeping the casualty’s body heat contained in the passive material
• Keeping the casualty off the ground
11. Passive Hypothermia Prevention

Place a poncho or blanket under the casualty to protect them from the temperature or
dampness of the ground
• Passive hypothermia prevention does not reverse the hypothermic process
• If no rewarming equipment is available, then use dry blankets, poncho liners, sleeping
bags, or anything that will retain heat and keep the casualty dry
• Keep the casualty off the ground
KEY POINTS:
• Wrap the entire blanket-like shell (or passive heating materials) completely around the
casualty, including the head
• Do not cover the face
76

13. Skill Station

Hypothermia (Skill)
• Active/passive external warming hypothermia prevention
14. Summary
• We defined hypothermia
• We discussed active hypothermia management/prevention
• We discussed passive hypothermia management/prevention
KEY POINTS:
• Passive hypothermia prevention DOES NOT reverse the hypothermic process
• Active hypothermia, when at high altitudes, may not be enough to sustain the chemical
reaction required to generate heat

• Why is it important to keep a trauma casualty warm even if it is a hot environment?
• What is the difference between active and passive hypothermia management?
77

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
78

MODULE 12
Head Injuries
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• T13 Identify a head injury in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO68 Identify external forces that can cause a head injury
o EO69 Identify signs and symptoms of a head injury
o EO70 Identify the critical observations that should be reported to medical personnel
for trauma casualties with a suspected head injury in accordance with the Military
Acute Concussive Evaluation 2 (MACE 2).

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
79


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Potential Mechanisms of Head Injury

Head injury is trauma to the scalp, skull, and/or brain
• Involvement in a vehicle blast event, collision, or rollover

• Presence within 50 METERS of a blast (inside or outside)
• A direct blow to the head or witnessed loss of consciousness
• Exposure to more than one blast event (the Service member’s commander will direct a
medical evaluation)
OTHER EXTERNAL FORCES MAY ALSO LEAD TO HEAD INJURIES
7. Signs and Symptoms of Head Injury
80

IED Checklist
8. Signs and Symptoms Requiring MACE 2*

EVALUATION BY MEDICAL PERSONNEL
Evaluations are most effective when done as soon as possible after the injury. Traumatic
brain injury (TBI) is likely if the casualty shows signs of ANY of the following:
• Deteriorating level of consciousness
• Double vision
• Increased restlessness; combative or agitated behavior
• Repeat vomiting
• Results from a structural brain injury detection device (if available)
• Seizures
• Weakness or tingling in arms or legs
• Severe or worsening headache
9. Summary
• We defined head injury
• We discussed mechanisms of injury
• We discussed signs and symptoms
• We identified critical observations to report to higher medical personnel

• What external forces can cause a head injury?
• What are the critical observations that should be reported to medical personnel for trauma
casualties with a suspected head injury, in accordance with MACE 2?
81

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
82

MODULE 13
Eye Injuries
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

assessment and initial treatment of penetrating eye trauma during Tactical Field Care
o EO71 Identify basic care of an eye injury in accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO72 Demonstrate the application of a rigid eye shield to a trauma casualty in Tactical
Field Care

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
83


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Eye Injuries
7. When to Suspect a Penetrating Eye Injury

1. Bleeding surrounding the eye, inside the eyeball; or coming from the eyeball
2. Obvious penetration of shrapnel or debris into the eyeball or eye socket
3. Protruding objects from the globe of the eyeball
4. Swelling or lacerations of the globe of the eyeball
5. Protrusion of the globe of the eyeball from the eye socket
6. Reduced vision and swelling of the eye area
7. Misshapen or distorted parts of the eye
84

8. If a Penetrating Eye Injury is Noted or Suspected
1. Perform a rapid field test of visual acuity and document findings
2. Cover the affected eye with a rigid eye shield (NOT a pressure patch)
REMEMBER
• All treatments performed must be documented in the casualty’s Cas Card
9. Protecting the Eye

Apply a rigid eye shield
• When penetrating eye trauma due to shrapnel is suspected, it is critically important to
prevent manipulation or additional trauma to the eye that might cause further damage to
the eye
IMPORTANT! DO NOT APPLY PRESSURE

• Avoid/prevent manipulation or additional trauma to the eye that might cause further
damage
• Pressure on the eye could force the interior contents of the eye out of the eyeball through
a cut or laceration
10. Applying Rigid Eye Shield

The rigid eye shield is found in JFAK; if eye shield is not available, use casualty's tactical
eyewear to protect the injured eye
Secure the rigid eye shield with tape at 45-degree angles across the forehead and cheek
• Do NOT cover both eyes unless both eyes are injured
REMEMBER
• Rigid eye shields should be placed over both eyes only when you are sure or at least
strongly suspect that both eyes have been injured
• If the casualty is conscious, request Medic assistance for administration of the WMP
11. Document Treatment

• Document all assessments and treatment on the Casualty Card
• Be sure to include any medications administered and the time administered
12. Rigid Eye Shield Application

13. Skill Station

Rigid Eye Shield (Skills)
• Rigid Eye Shield
85

14. Summary
• We identified eye injuries
• We discussed eye injury treatment
• We discussed applying an eye shield
• We discussed documentation

• What kind of dressing should be used on penetrating eye trauma with an impaled object?
• True or False: Protecting the injured eye with an eye shield is just as safe as using a patch
or a pressure dressing.
• True or False: Only the injured eye should be covered with an eye shield.
86

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
87

MODULE 14
Analgesics and Antibiotics
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• T15 Given a combat peacekeeping or non-combat peacekeeping scenario, recommend
analgesia administration during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO73 Assist Medic to identify the indications and considerations of the analgesia
approaches in Tactical Field Care
o EO74 Assist Medic to identify the indications, contraindications, and administration
methods of acetaminophen in Tactical Field Care
o EO75 Assist Medic to Identify the indications, contraindications, and administration
methods of analgesics (pain medications) in Tactical Field Care
o EO76 Assist Medic in administration of a Wound Medication Pack in Tactical Field
Care
• T16 Given a combat peacekeeping or non-combat peacekeeping scenario, assist Medic

to perform antibiotic administration during Tactical Field Care in accordance with
TFMA Guidelines
88

o EO77 Assist Medic to identify the evidence and considerations for early antibiotic
administration in Tactical Field Care
o EO78 Assist Medic to identify the indications, contraindications, and administration
methods of antibiotics in Tactical Field Care

1 CARE UNDER FIRE


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
89

6. Example of a Wound Medication Pack (WMP)
WMP
• Found in Medics kit
• Contains medication taken by mouth
• Document all medications administered (and time given) on UN Casualty Card
7. Examples of pain medication (#1 and #3) antibiotic (#2)
1 acetaminophen pain management

2 moxifloxacin antibiotics
3 meloxicam anti-inflammatories
8. Analgesia Administration Overview

ANALGESIA ADMINISTRATION
FMA may ONLY assist a Medic
Remember other methods of pain control:

• Splinting
• Wound dressing
• Burn covering
• Distraction and reassurance
9. Antibiotics Overview
ANTIBIOTICS ADMINISTRATION
FMA may ONLY assist a Medic
10. Wound Medication Pack

90

• Mild to moderate pain
• Casualty is still able to fight
• Casualty should take all three medications in WMP
• Fractures
• Burns
• Eye Injuries
• Note: If casualty has wounds or pain severe enough to render them unable to fight, the
Medic has other options to treat pain
• These meds will generally require that the casualty be disarmed, as they can result in the
alteration of a casualty’s mental status
COMBAT WOUND MEDICATION PACK

11. When to assist the Medic to give WMP

GIVE
• Conscious and able to swallow
• Has mild to moderate pain
• Is still able to fight if needed
• Has penetrating wounds or break in the skin
DON’T GIVE
• Unable to swallow or take oral meds (unconscious or severe facial trauma/burns)
• Known allergies
Refer to Medic if unconscious
Note: If the casualty has a break in the skin resulting from a traumatic injury, the
casualty should take the WMP; otherwise, consult with Medic before taking
12. Skill Station

Analgesia/Antibiotics (Skills)
• WMP
13. Summary
• Only a Medic may administer drugs assisted by FMA
91

• Battlefield wounds can be very dirty and susceptible to infection; early administration of
antibiotics may reduce the chance of later infections
• Wound infections can kill the casualty or delay their recovery
• WMP should be given ASAP for wounds after life-threatening issues have been
addressed
WMP should be given for any penetrating wounds

• FMA may give drugs?
• True or False: The WMP contains pain medication and antibiotics.
• How should the WMP be taken?
• Who should take the WMP?
92

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
93

MODULE 15
Wound Management
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

assessment and initial management of wounds during Tactical Field Care in
accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO79 Identify wound management considerations in Tactical Field Care
o EO80 Demonstrate application of wound dressings on a trauma casualty in Tactical
Field Care

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
94


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Continued Reassessment
Once applied, continue to check the casualty’s hemorrhage control interventions and wound
management; do not apply and forget about it!
All wounds must be FREQUENTLY REASSESSED to ensure continued hemorrhage

control
BLEEDING IS THE #1 CAUSE OF PREVENTABLE DEATH ON THE

BATTLEFIELD
7. Confirm all Wounds are Accounted For

Observe for blood flowing around or under:
• TQs, bandages, and dressings
95

If bleeding has not been controlled:
• Tighten the TQ
• Tighten the pressure bandages
• Redress the wounds
• Reassess prior life-threatening wounds to ensure bleeding is still controlled
WATCH FOR REBLEEDING!
8. Treat for Re-Bleeding

• Pack any wounds that continue to bleed with hemostatic dressing
• Once applied (with pressure for 3 minutes), carefully observe for blood continuing to
flow from under the gauze to determine if bleeding has been controlled
• Once you are sure the bleeding has stopped, apply a pressure bandage over the
hemostatic dressing
ALWAYS REASSESS TREATMENT!
9. Dressings and Bandages for Minor Wounds

Dress any previously untreated wounds by applying (or packing) gauze with direct pressure
• Non-life-threatening bleeding usually does not need hemostatic dressings
• If no dressings or gauze are available, use clean dry cloth (torn clothing, cravats, etc.)
Minor wounds include:

• Minor lacerations
• Abrasions (road rash)
This includes major wounds that are no longer bleeding, such as:
• Amputation stumps
• Gunshot wounds that required TQ
• Major lacerations
• Shrapnel wounds (still in place)
• Impaled objects
10. Reassess Applied Bandages

Assess all applied bandages for:
• Increased pain
• Pale or bluish skin
• Pulse
This might indicate an emergency!
96

Ensure the applied bandage isn’t too tight; loosen as needed while keeping the bleeding
controlled
11. Skill Station

Wound Management (Skill)
• Wound dressing
12. Summary
• We defined reassessment
• We discussed re-bleeding
• We discussed treatment for minor wounds
• We discussed reassessing bandages

• Why should all dressed wounds be continuously reassessed?
• When should minor wounds be addressed?
97

Notes_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
98

MODULE 16
Burn Treatment
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

assessment and initial treatment of burns during Tactical Field Care in accordance
with TFMA Guidelines
o EO81 Identify the specific scene safety issues and actions required of a trauma casualty
with burns, before evaluation and care of the casualty
o EO82 Identify the severity of burn in accordance with the conventional burn
classification
o EO83 Identify how to estimate the body surface area burned using the Rule of Nines
o EO84 Demonstrate the application of a dry dressing to a burn casualty in accordance
with TFMA guidelines
o EO85 Demonstrate techniques used to prevent heat loss in a severe burn casualty in
accordance with TFMA guidelines

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
99



5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Follow MARCH PAWS
• Address ALL OTHER life-threatening injuries using the MARCH PAWS sequence
• All trauma treatments can be performed on or through burned skin
Remember
• A burned trauma casualty is a trauma casualty first
100

7. Potential Causes
FIREFIGHTS
EXPLOSION (IED/VBIED)
VEHICLE/AIRCRAFT CRASHES
ELECTRICAL
THERMAL
CHEMICAL
8. Electrical
IN CASE OF ELECTRICAL INJURY

• Secure the power, if possible; otherwise, remove the casualty from the electrical source
using a nonconductive object, such as a wooden stick
• Move the casualty to a safe place
9. Thermal
IN CASE OF THERMAL INJURY

• Stop the source of the burn
• Cut clothing around the burned area and gently lift away
If clothing is stuck to the burn, ensure you cut around the clothing and leave it in place
• Be sure to avoid grabbing the burned area while moving/picking up the casualty
10. Chemical
IN CASE OF CHEMICAL INJURY
EXAMPLE
• White phosphorus
SOURCE
• Commonly found in tank rounds, mortar rounds, artillery rounds
TREATMENTS
• Submerse the burned area in water
• Apply wet barrier (water-soaked gauze, clothing, mud, etc.) with an occlusive dressing
• Advise medical personnel immediately
11. Burns
101

12. Severity of Burn
BURNS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE DEPTH OF THE WOUND
SUPERFICIAL 1ST-DEGREE BURNS are just like a sunburn, with a reddened appearance of
the skin
PARTIAL THICKNESS 2ND-DEGREE BURNS will also have blisters
FULL THICKNESS 3RD-DEGREE BURNS may appear dry, stiff, and leathery, and/or can also be
white, brown, or black
13. Rule of Nines

11 areas that each have 9% body surface area
(head, arms, front and backs of legs, and front and back of the torso having TWO 9%
areas)
• Palm size represents ~1%
• Estimate/round up to nearest 10
If half of the front or rear area is burned, the area would be half of the area value
ESTIMATION EXAMPLE
• Half of the front upper/lower leg is 4.5%
• Half of the front upper/lower torso is 9%
14. Burn Care

REMOVE
watches and jewelry from burned area
COVER
the burn area with dry, sterile dressings
COVER
burns from white phosphorus with wet dressings
15. Burn Care + Hypothermia Prevention

Passive Warming Supplies
For extensive burns (>20%), consider using active warming supplies to cover the burned
areas and prevent hypothermia
• Burn patients are particularly susceptible to hypothermia
• Extra emphasis should be placed on barrier heat loss prevention methods
Facial Burns
102

• Facial burns, especially those that occur in closed spaces, may be associated with
inhalation injury
• These casualties should be monitored closely for potential airway issues
• DO NOT place NPA in casualty with signs of inhalation burns
16. Skill Station

Burn Treatment (Skill)
• Burn dressing
17. Summary
• We discussed treatment priorities
• We discussed potential causes of burns
• We identified electrical burns
• We identified thermal burns
• We identified chemical burns
• We discussed the Rule of Nines
• We discussed burns and hypothermia
• We discussed the prevention of hypothermia

• What kind of dressing should be placed on burned areas?
• What should you do first when you encounter a casualty with an electrical burn?
• What should you do first when you encounter a casualty with a thermal burn?
103

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
104

MODULE 17
Fractures
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

assessment and initial management of fractures during Tactical Field Care in
accordance with TFMA Guidelines
o EO86 Identify signs of a suspected fracture
o EO87 Demonstrate the basic care of fractures in accordance with TCCC Guidelines
o EO88 Demonstrate proper splint application using a malleable rigid or improvised
splint to a suspected fracture in Tactical Field Care

1 CARE UNDER FIRE

105


5. MARCH PAWS
AIRWAY
RESPIRATION
CIRCULATION
PAIN
ANTIBIOTICS
WOUNDS
SPLINTING
6. Assess for a Fracture

CLOSED FRACTURE
No open wound (break in skin) for closed fracture
OPEN FRACTURE
Open fracture open wound (break in skin) major threat for infection
WARNING SIGNS OF A FRACTURE:
• Significant pain and swelling
• An audible or perceived “snap”
• Different length or shape of limb
• Loss of pulse or sensation in the injured arm or leg
• Crepitus (hearing a crackling or popping sound under the skin)
7. Objectives of Splinting
106

A splint is used to prevent movement and hold an injured arm/leg in place to:
1. Identify the location of the fracture
NOTE: Have the casualty or someone else manually stabilize the area
2. Check the distal pulse (pulse below the fracture) and capillary refill (color returning to
the nail bed after pressing on it) on the injured extremity before applying the splint
3. Prepare the splint materials for application
NOTE: Measure and shape the splint on the opposing uninjured extremity
4. Prepare securing materials (cravats, elastic wraps/bandages, etc.)
5. Apply the splint to the injured extremity with the limb, in the position of function (a
normal resting position), if possible
NOTE: If possible, lightly pad all voids within the splint to make it more comfortable
6. Secure the splint in place with appropriate materials
7. Ensure the joints above and below the fracture are immobilized in the splint whenever
possible
8. Recheck the distal pulse following application of the splint. If the pulse is not palpable,
loosen the splint, reposition, and reapply the splint
9. Refer to the Medic to administer the pain medications (from the Wound Medication
Pack) as needed and the antibiotic for any open fracture(s)
10. Document all treatment on a Casualty Card and attach it to the casualty
8. Principles of Splinting
• Check for other associated injuries
• Use malleable or rigid materials
• Try to pad all voids or wrap if using rigid splint
• Secure splint with elastic bandage, cravats, belts, tape
• Try to splint before moving the casualty
• Minimize manipulation of the extremity before splinting
• Incorporate one joint above and below the fracture
• Splint arm fractures to the shirt using the sleeve, if needed
• Check distal pulse and skin color before and after splinting
9. Things to Avoid When Splinting

• Manipulating the fracture site too much resulting in pain, additional damage to blood
vessels and nerves, etc.
• Securing too tightly, cutting off blood flow
• Failing to immobilize joint above and below fracture when possible
• Causing further injury
• Making casualty uncomfortable during transport/evacuation
• Splinting near or over a wound that has not be properly treated
10. Guidelines for Leg Splints

107

Identify the location of the fracture
Before applying the splint, CHECK distal pulse (pulse below the fracture)
CHECK capillary refill (color returning to the nail bed after pressing on it) on the injured
extremity before applying the splint
Have the casualty or someone else manually stabilize the area

PREPARE the splint materials for application
PREPARE securing materials (cravats, elastic wraps/bandages, etc.)
APPLY the splint to the injured extremity with the limb, in the position of function, a normal
resting position, if possible
Measure and shape the splint on the opposing uninjured extremity

SECURE the splint in place with appropriate materials
ENSURE the joints above and below the fracture are immobilized in the splint whenever
possible
RECHECK the distal pulse following application of the splint
If the pulse is not palpable, loosen the splint, reposition, and reapply
13. Guidelines for Arm Splints

Splinting the arm is the same concept as splinting a leg with the following exceptions:
• If possible, have casualty support their injury while preparing equipment

• Mould padded splint using casualty’s unaffected limb
• Use two triangular bandages to secure limb to body
• Use third triangular bandage; place under injured arm and around neck to help support
injured limb
14. Guidelines for Arm Splints

• Check for signs of impaired circulation
• Apply a sling to immobilize the forearm
• Apply a swathe to immobilize the upper arm
• Place two cravats above the fracture site and two below the fracture site (preferred)
108

15. Splinting (Tactical Field Care)
16. Skill Station

Splinting (Skill)
• Splinting
17. Summary
• The most important aspect of splinting is to splint in a way that does not harm the nerves
or blood vessels in the splinted extremity
• Before and after splinting, assess the following:
CIRCULATION
Check pulses distal to the splint (between splint and end of limb)
MOTOR
Ask the casualty to move the body parts distal to the splint, e.g., fingers or toes
SENSORY
See if the casualty can feel a gentle touch on the body parts distal to the splint
AFTER SPLINTING
Document all assessment and treatment on the Casualty Card

• True or False: When applying a splint, ensure the joints above and below the fracture are
immobilized in the splint whenever possible.
• What should you assess before and after splinting?
109

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
110

MODULE 18
Casualty Monitoring
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

monitoring of a trauma casualty during Tactical Field Care in accordance with
TFMA Guidelines
o EO89 Identify the methods to assess level of consciousness, pulses, and respiratory
rate on a trauma casualty in Tactical Field Care
o EO90 Demonstrate assessment of radial/carotid pulse and respirations in a trauma
casualty in Tactical Field Care

1 CARE UNDER FIRE
111


5. Assessment Using MARCH PAWS
Re-bleeding
MARCH
MASSIVE BLEEDING
• Check for re-bleeding on any previous treatments
Management
MARCH
AIRWAY
• Ensure airway remains open and unobstructed
Reassess casualty every 5–10 minutes. for change in status until handoff with medical
personnel
6. Assessment Using MARCH PAWS (Cont.)

Breathing Rate
MARCH
RESPIRATION
BREATHING
Pulse
MARCH
CIRCULATION
Level of Consciousness
MARCH
HYPOTHERMIA
112

HEAD INJURIES
• Document any changes in status on the casualty’s Cas Card.

• If medical personnel arrive in the middle of reassessment, stop and hand off casualty
immediately
7. Level of Consciousness
• Check every 15 minutes (or if seriously wounded every 5–10) for decrease in AVPU:
Alert
Verbal
Pain
Unconscious
• This could indicate condition worsening
• If casualty is not ALERT, indicating decreased mental status, the casualty should not
have weapons or communications equipment
8. AVPU Assessment How-To

9. Checking Pulse
ASSESSING RADIAL & CAROTID PULSE
CAROTID (neck)
If casualty status is noted to be deteriorating when assessed, reassess using the MARCH
PAWS sequence
RADIAL (wrist)
No radial pulse is an indicator of shock
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
Measure the number of felt heartbeats in 1 MINUTE and record on Casualty Card
10. Checking Respirations

LOOK, LISTEN and FEEL FOR RESPIRATIONS
• If a casualty becomes unconscious or their breathing rate drops below 8 respirations

within 1 MINUTE, insert a nasopharyngeal airway
• Assess for tension pneumothorax and treat as necessary
• Perform needle decompression in the presence of tension pneumothorax
113

• Reassess to confirm that needle decompression of the chest (NDC) was successful
11. Skill Station

Casualty Monitoring Concepts (Skills)
• Level of consciousness
• Radial pulse
• Carotid pulse
• Tibial pulse
12. Summary
LOOK, LISTEN and FEEL FOR RESPIRATIONS
• We discussed assessment using MARCH PAWS

• We discussed levels of consciousness
• We discussed checking for pulse
• We discussed checking respirations

• How is a casualty monitored after the MARCH PAWS sequence has been executed?
114

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
115

MODULE 19
Pre-Evacuation Procedures
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

pre-evacuation procedures during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO91 Identify the importance of and techniques for communicating casualty
information with evacuation assets and/or receiving facilities
o EO92 Identify the information requirements and format of an evacuation request
o EO93 Identify the recommended evacuation prioritization for combat casualties
o EO94 Demonstrate the communication of evacuation request information and
modified medical information report requirements
documentation of care during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO95 Identify how to document casualty information on the Casualty Card and the
proper placement of that card on the casualty.
o EO96 Demonstrate the proper documentation of care on a trauma casualty in Tactical
Field Care
116

1 CARE UNDER FIRE

3 TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE ⇐ You are HERE

5. Communication
Communicate with the casualty if possible
• Encourage
• Reassure
Communicate immediately with tactical leader for

• Status
• Evac requirements
• Casualty treatment

• Communicate with evacuation system to coordinate EVAC using 4-Line CASEVAC
request
• Keep the Casualty Card up to date
6. Communicate Relevant Casualty Data
117

Document all assessment and medical care (including interventions and medications) on the
Casualty Card
Communicate with evacuation system:

• 4-Line CASEVAC request
• MIST Report
Mechanism of injury
Injuries
Symptoms
Treatment
• Relay the information following your standard operating procedures (SOPs)
HANDOFF WITH MEDIC OR CASEVAC

• When handing off the casualty to the Medic or CASEVAC, provide the Casualty Card,
including any additional information as needed
• MIST report
• May change as the casualty status and interventions performed change
• Conveys additional evacuation information that may be required by peacekeeping
commanders
• Helps better prepare receiving facility
7. Requesting Evacuation of Casualties

• Although the Field Medical Assistant is not a medical person, they may need to initiate
the medical evacuation request
• Depending on the tactical situation and available assets, the casualty may be evacuated by
CASEVAC
CASEVAC
• Movement of a casualty from Point of Injury to a Medical Treatment Facility
MEDEVAC
• Movement of casualties between Medical Treatment Facilities
8. MEDEVAC Request Key Points

9-LINE MEDEVAC / MIST REPORT
BE AWARE: This video demonstrates the TCCC 9-LINE MEDEVAC. The UN equivalent is the 4-
LINE CASEVAC.
• Every UN member must be prepared to transmit a CASEVAC request
118

• A CASEVAC request is NOT a direct medical communication with medical providers,
but a means of communicating evacuation requirements so aircraft resources can be
launched as needed
• Gather all information needed before initiating transmission
• Use appropriate and mandated communications security and brevity codes when
transmitting a CASEVAC request in accordance with the operational plan
9. 4-LINE: CASEVAC REQUEST LINES 1-4
10. Skill Station

Communication and Documentation (Skills)
• 4-Line & Mist Report
11. Casualty Categories

Ground medical personnel will determine EVAC categories of casualties
EXAMPLES:
119

12. Over-Categorization
OVER-CATEGORIZATION: the tendency to classify a wound or injury as being more
severe than it actually is.
This has been a historical, AND remains a current, problem.
Proper casualty categorization is needed to ensure that those casualties in greatest need are
evacuated first and receive the care required to help ensure their survival.
Casualties will be picked up as soon as possible, consistent with available resources and
pending missions.
A. Urgent: <2 hours to save life, limb, or eyesight

B. Urgent Surgical: <2 hours to nearest surgical unit
C. Priority: <4 hours or could deteriorate to urgent
D. Routine:<24 hours
E. Convenience: not a medical necessity
13. Pre-Evacuation
COMMUNICATE
1. WITH THE CASUALTY
Encourage, reassure, and explain care
2. WITH TACTICAL LEADERSHIP
Provide leadership with the casualty status and location
3. WITH MEDICAL PERSONNEL
Discuss with the responding medics the casualty’s injuries and symptoms, as well as any
medical aid provided
120

DOCUMENT
1. CASUALTY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
2. MEDICAL AID RENDERED
3. CHANGES IN CASUALTY STATUS
MIST Report is generated from Cas Card
14. Skill Station

Communication and Documentation (Skill) – Cas Card
15. Summary
• We discussed the 4-Line and MIST Reports

• We discussed requesting an evacuation of a casualty
• We identified over-categorization
• We identified key information to relay to tactical leadership

• With whom do you communicate in a casualty situation?
• What information does the MIST Report contain?
• Who should complete the Casualty Card?
• Where can you find the Casualty Card?
121

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
122

MODULE 20
Evacuation Procedures
1. Introduction

ROLE 1 CARE
• Buddy First Aid
MEDICAL PERSONNEL
• Paramedic
• Nurse
• Doctor

• T23 Given a combat peacekeeping or non-combat peacekeeping scenario, prepare
casualties for evacuation during Tactical Field Care in accordance with TFMA
Guidelines
o EO97 Identify considerations and fundamental procedures for staging casualties for
evacuation
o EO98 Identify the importance of pre-mission evacuation equipment preparation and
rehearsals
o EO99 Identify considerations and precautions required for evacuating casualties with
suspected spinal injuries
o EO100 Identify critical actions and checks to prepare casualties for evacuation
o EO101 Identify methods of litter selection and evacuation equipment in Tactical Field
Care
o EO102 Identify considerations for evacuating ambulatory/walking wounded casualties
o EO103 Demonstrate the preparation of a casualty for evacuating in Tactical Field Care
123

o EO104 Identify the importance and information considerations of a casualty After
Action Review (AAR) submission

1 CARE UNDER FIRE

3 TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE ⇐ You are HERE

5. Important Actions (In this Module)

• Secure Items
• Prep Evac Equipment
• Choose and Prep Litter
• Package Casualty for Evacuation
6. Secure Casualty’s Equipment
• Secure the casualty’s weapon and equipment in accordance with unit SOP or mission
requirements
• Clear and render safe any weapons evacuated with the casualty
• Do not evacuate explosives with the casualty if possible
Keep in mind that receiving medical personnel may not be familiar with the equipment or have a
way to secure it.
124

7. Evac Equipment
• Prepped by unit personnel while treatment continues
• Coordinate other EVAC activities
• Do not delay getting casualties onto litters
• Hypothermia is better prevented off the ground
• Easier to move casualty on litter
• Keep necessary medical equipment with the casualty (Ex: BVM)
8. Litters
• Casualty movement is easier using litters
• Use best position for care and comfort
• You DO NOT have to place casualty on back
• For casualties with spinal injuries, keep spinal column as straight as possible
• CASUALTY MUST BE SECURED before movement
• Select litter based on mission or unit

• Consider and train according to operating environment:
Equipment
Movement
Rehearse litter open/setup/carry
9. Litter Selection
Compact/lightweight transport system
✓ Lightweight
✓ Two-peacekeeper carry
✓ Draggable by one peacekeeper
✘ Rough terrain (if dragging)
Compact quad-folding litter

✓ Small
✓ Carrying case
✓ Carried like a rucksack
✘ Requires more than one peacekeeper
✘ May not fit in evacuation vehicle
125

10. Package the Casualty
• Secure loose ends of bandages, medical equipment, and hypothermia prevention
materials
• During evacuation, loose materials may get caught and cause further injury to casualties
or delays
• Prevent items from being blown by rotor wash or becoming entangled with other
equipment
• Blankets and hypothermia materials are especially susceptible to becoming entangled
• Secure the casualty to a litter
• Properly secure completed UN Casualty Card
11. Evacuation Considerations for Suspected Spinal Injuries

• Events to consider for neck or back injuries: falls, motor vehicle accidents, IEDs, fast-
roping injuries, etc.
• Ensure cervical (neck) spine (C-spine) immobilization when spinal cord injury is
suspected, if possible
Note: Spine board is requested during 4-Line CASEVAC request
• When considering selection of litter (such as standard litters) based on mission and unit,
realize that the selected litter may not fit in the given evacuation ground/air vehicle
12. Walking Wounded

• Provide instructions/ assistance as needed
• If possible, casualty may assist as a litter bearer/provides security
• Guide disoriented / visually impaired casualty’s hand-to-shoulder to evacuation platform
SELF-CARE
• Instruct casualty to repeatedly check their own wounds and dressings to ensure bleeding
remains controlled
13. Stage Casualty

• Be prepared for the arrival of the evacuation platform
• Stage the casualties in the loading sequence of the evacuation platform
• Tagging or color-coded chemlights may be used to identify casualty evacuation
categories
• Maintain security at the evacuation point in accordance with SOP
126

14. Medical After-Action Review (AAR)
The AAR covers the following
• What went right?
• What went wrong?
• What can we do better?
• Lessons learned on the casualties and injuries
• Treatment of casualties and effectiveness during mission
Capturing a good AAR ensures up-to-date medical information, types of casualties, and injury
patterns that units might encounter and can train for.
15. Skill Station

Evacuation Procedures ‒ Concepts (Skills)
• Staging for evacuation
• Preparing pre-mission evacuation equipment and rehearsing
• Evacuating casualties with suspected spinal cord injuries
• Preparing casualties for evacuation
• Selecting litter and evacuation equipment in TFC
• Evacuating ambulatory casualties in TFC
• Submitting the AAR
• Submitting/handing off the 4-Line CASEVAC report
16. Summary
• We identified important actions

• We discussed securing casualty equipment
• We discussed evacuation equipment
• We identified litter selections
• We discussed casualty packaging
• We identified spinal injury considerations
• We discussed walking wounded
• We identified staging
• We identified considerations for casualty AAR

• What actions are needed to prepare for evacuation?
• What does casualty staging involve?
127

Notes_________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
128

Annex A: United Nations Policy References
This manual was developed and delivered in accordance with the United Nations training
framework, in particular:
• United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support.

Policy. Operational Readiness Assurance and Performance Improvement Ref. 2015.16
Policy. Training for all United Nations Peacekeeping Personnel Ref. 2010.20
Standard Operating Procedure. Training of Trainers Ref. 2009.24
Guidelines. Design, Delivery and Evaluation of Training (Training Cycle) Ref. 2014.3
• United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Policy Evaluation
and Training. Integrated Training Service. Members States Support Team. Standard
Operating Procedures. Training of Trainers (DRAFT) 2012
129

Annex B: AMENDMENTS
Number Subject Brief Description Date of
Effect
United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022) 130
Annex C Changes between TCCC and FMAC
The UN equivalent to Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) = Tactical Field Medical Aid (TFMA)
The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Lifesaver = Field Medical Assistant (FMA)
The UN equivalent to the TCCC 9-Liner Medical Evacuation = UN Evacuation 4 Liner
The UN equivalent to TCCC DD Form 1380 = UN Casualty Card
The UN equivalent to TCCC CASEVAC (MEDEVAC & TACEVAC) = UN CASEVAC
The UN equivalent to TCCC Joint First Aid Kit (JFAK) = Buddy First Aid Kit (BFAK)
The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Lifesaver Bag (CLS Bag) = UN Trauma Pack (UNTP)
The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat / Combatant = Peacekeeping / Peacekeeper
The UN equivalent to TCCC Combat Wound Medication Pack (CWMP) = Wound Medication Pack (WMP)
131

Annex D: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The United Nations Division of Health Management and Occupational Safety and Health
(DHMOSH) would like to acknowledge the work of the UN Field Medical Care Providers
Working Group with special acknowledgement to:
Dr. Carolina HERRERA, MD

Section Chief Medical Workforce
UN Department of Support/DHMOSH
Dr. Rui Li
Dep. Section Chief Medical Workforce
Col Dr. Arne MUELLER, MD

Military Medical Adviser
Cpt Pedro Montoliu Garcia

Nurse Instructor / Trainer
Mr Patrick Thompson MSc,

Paramedic / Tactical Medical Consultant
ATEM Ltd
132

Annex E: BIBLIOGRAPHY
a) United Nations (2015). Uniting Our Strengths For Peace - Politics, Partnerships and People:
Report of the High-level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. New York,
United Nations.
b) A/70/357-S/2015/682 – Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventieth Session: The

future of United Nations peace operations: Implementation of the recommendations of the High-
level Independent Panel on Peace Operations, New York, United Nations.
c) United Nations (2015). Medical Support Manual for United Nations Field Missions (3rd
Edition). New York, United Nations
d) A/C.5/69/18 – Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifth Committee, Sixty-ninth Session:
Manual on Policies and Procedures Concerning the Reimbursement and Control of Contingent-
Owned Equipment of Troop/Police Contributors Participating in Peacekeeping Missions (COE
Manual). New York, United Nations.
e) Kennedy, K. (2012) Standard Operating Procedure - Planning for Training of Trainers

Courses, New York, United Nations (UNDPKO)
f) Israel Defence Force. Critical Minutes: Military Life Saver Instructor Handbook, Tel Aviv
g) Bloom, B. Blooms Taxonomy of Learning, www.bloomstaxonomy.org/ [Accessed 2017]
h) Joint Trauma System (JTS) – Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care (CoTCCC).
Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines for All Combatants 31 January 2017 [online].
Available at: www.cotccc.com/all-combatants/ [Accessed 2017]
i) Mosby Jems/Elsevier (eds) (2011). PHTLS: Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support – Military
Edition. St. Louis, MO.
j) O’Kelly, A. De Mello, W. et.al (2017). Remote & Austere Medicine – Field Guide for
Practitioners, Malta, College of Remote and Offshore Medicine.
k) Ruyffelaere, Farria, D & Wyper, R (2012). UN Security Officers’ Emergency Trauma Bag
(ETB) First Responder Manual (Rev. 2). New York, United Nations (UNDSS).
j) https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/drugs/administration-and-kinetics-of-drugs/drug-
administration
133

UN FMAC Student Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UN FMAC Student Handbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

UN FMAC Student Handbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UN FIELD MEDICAL ASSISTANT

CAVEAT: This Course Handbook has intentionally been drafted using

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022) 1

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

2. Role-Based Training Spectrum

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

3. Terminal Learning Objectives

• TO2 Describe the practice of TFMA

4. UN Mandate for Standardized Training

5. TCCC Online Resources

6. What this Course Contains

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

7. Principles and Applications of TFMA

8. Roles and Responsibilities of the Field Medical Assistant (FMA)

In Tactical Field Care the FMAs:

9. Roles and Responsibilities of FMA (CONT.)

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

11. Importance of TFMA Training

• Bleeding from arm and leg injuries

12. Three Goals of TFMA

13. Enter Peacekeeping Operations

14. Three Phases of TFMA

2 TACTICAL FIELD CARE

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

3 TACTICAL EVACUATION CARE

15. Phase 1: Care Under Fire

DIRECT CASUALTY TO REMAIN ENGAGED

APPLY SELF-AID AND MOVE TO COVER (if able)

GAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY

16. Phase 1: Care Under Fire Cont.

CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY

17. Phase 2: Tactical Field Aid MARCH PAWS

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

18. Phase 2: Other Considerations of Tactical Field Care

19. Phase 3: Tactical Evacuation Care (TEC)

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

Three PHASES of TFMA

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

21. Check on Learning

• What are the phases of care in TFMA?

• What is the most essential treatment task in Care Under Fire?

• What is every first responder’s role in Care Under Fire?

• What does MARCH PAWS stand for?

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

2. Role-Based Training Spectrum

3. Terminal Learning Objectives

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

10. Content Overview

12. Content Overview

14. Maintenance and Resupply

15. Maintenance and Resupply

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)

BEWARE OF EQUIPMENT THAT IS NOT UN APPROVED!

16. UN Trauma Pack

17. Skill Station

19. Check on Learning

United Nations Field Medical Assistant Course – Course Handbook (2022)