Applications of the Definite Integral in

Geometry, Science, and Engineering

Exercise Set 6.1

Z 2 2
1. A = (x2 + 1 − x) dx = (x3 /3 + x − x2 /2) = 9/2.
−1 −1

Z 2 2
3. A = (y − 1/y 2 ) dy = (y 2 /2 + 1/y) = 1.
1 1

Z 2 Z 4
√
5. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3. (b) A = ( y − y/2) dy = 4/3.
0 0

4 (2,4)

y =2x

y =x 2

x
2

Z 1 √
7. A = ( x − x2 ) dx = 49/192.
1/4

y = √x (1, 1)

y = x2
x
1
4

Z π/2 Z π/2
9. A = (0 − cos 2x) dx = − cos 2x dx = 1/2.
π/4 π/4

145
146 Chapter 6

y
1 y = cos 2 x
x
3 6

–1

Z 3π/4 √
11. A = sin y dy = 2.
π/4
y

x = sin y
9

Z ln 2   #ln 2
2x x

1 2x
13. A = e −e dx = e − ex = 1/2.
0 2
0
y

y = e2x
4

2
y = ex
x
ln 2

Z 1   Z 1    1
2 2 −1 2
15. A = − |x| dx = 2 −x dx = 4 tan x − x = π − 1.
−1 1 + x2 0 1 + x2 0
y
2

x
–1 1

( Z    Z 5   
1
3 − x, x≤1 1 1
17. y = 2 + |x − 1| = , A= − x + 7 − (3 − x) dx + − x + 7 − (1 + x) dx =
1 + x, x ≥ 1 −5 5 1 5
Z 1  Z 5 
4 6
x + 4 dx + 6 − x dx = 72/5 + 48/5 = 24.
−5 5 1 5
y
(–5, 8)
y = – 15 x + 7

(5, 6)
y=3–x
y= 1+x

x
Exercise Set 6.1 147

Z 1 Z 3
19. A = (x3 − 4x2 + 3x) dx + [−(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)] dx = 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12.
0 1
4

–1 4

–8

Z 5π/4 √
21. From the symmetry of the region A = 2 (sin x − cos x) dx = 4 2.
π/4

0 o

–1

Z 0 Z 1
23. A = (y 3 − y) dy + −(y 3 − y) dy = 1/2.
−1 0
1

–1 1

–1

Z √
ln 2   √ln 2
√ 2 1 2 1
25. The curves meet when x = 0, ln 2, so A = (2x − xex ) dx = x2 − ex = ln 2 − .
0 2 0 2
y
2.5

1.5

0.5
x
0.5 1

Z b Z b
27. True. If f (x) − g(x) = c > 0 then f (x) > g(x) so Formula (1) implies that A = [f (x) − g(x)] dx = c dx =
Z b Z a a
b
c(b − a). If g(x) − f (x) = c > 0 then g(x) > f (x) so A = [g(x) − f (x)] dx = c dx = c(b − a).
a a

29. True. Since f and g are distinct, there is some point c in [a, b] for which f (c) 6= g(c). Suppose f (c) > g(c). (The
case f (c) < g(c) is similar.) Let p = f (c)−g(c) > 0. Since f −g is continuous, there is an interval [d, e] containing c
Z e Z b
p
such that f (x)−g(x) > p/2 for all x in [d, e]. So [f (x)−g(x)] dx ≥ (e−d) > 0. Hence 0 = [f (x)−g(x)] dx =
d 2 a
148 Chapter 6

Z d Z e Z b Z d Z e
[f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, > [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, so at
a Z d d Z e e a b

least one of [f (x) − g(x)] dx and [f (x) − g(x)] dx is negative. Therefore f (t) − g(t) < 0 for some point t in
a b
one of the intervals [a, d] and [b, e]. So the graph of f is above the graph of g at x = c and below it at x = t; by
the Intermediate Value Theorem, the curves cross somewhere between c and t.

 x if x < 0;
(Note: It is not necessarily true that the curves cross at a point. For example, let f (x) = 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

x − 1 if x > 1,
Z 2
and g(x) = 0. Then [f (x) − g(x)] dx = 0, and the curves cross between -1 and 2, but there’s no single point at
−1
which they cross; they coincide for x in [0, 1].)

Z k p
31. The area is given by (1/ 1 − x2 − x) dx = sin−1 k − k 2 /2 = 1; solve for k to get k ≈ 0.997301.
0

33. Solve 3 − 2x = x6 + 2x5 − 3x4 + x2 to find

Z the real roots x = −3, 1; from a plot it is seen that the line is above
1
the polynomial when −3 < x < 1, so A = (3 − 2x − (x6 + 2x5 − 3x4 + x2 )) dx = 9152/105.
−3

Z k Z 9 Z k Z 9 √
√ √ 1/2 2 3/2 2
y 1/2 dy, = (27 − k 3/2 ), k 3/2 = 27/2, k = (27/2)2/3 = 9/ 4.
3
35. 2 y dy = 2 y dy; y dy = k
0 k 0 k 3 3
y

y=9

y=k

Z 2
37. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3.
0

(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x − x2 where mx = 2x − x2 , x2 + (m − 2)x = 0, x(x + m − 2) = 0 so x = 0 or

Z 2−m Z 2−m
2
x = 2 − m. The area below the curve and above the line is (2x − x − mx) dx = [(2 − m)x − x2 ] dx =
 2−m 0 0
1 1 1 √
(2 − m)x2 − x3 = (2 − m)3 so (2 − m)3 /6 = (1/2)(4/3) = 2/3, (2 − m)3 = 4, m = 2 − 3 4.
2 3 0 6

Z b
39. The curves intersect at x = 0 and, by Newton’s Method, at x ≈ 2.595739080 = b, so A ≈ (sin x − 0.2x) dx =
0
 b
− cos x + 0.1x2 ≈ 1.180898334.
0

Z x2  Method the points of intersection are x = x1 ≈ 0.4814008713 and x = x2 ≈ 2.363938870, and

41. By Newton’s
ln x
A≈ − (x − 2) dx ≈ 1.189708441.
x1 x

43. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a ≈ −0.423028 and b ≈ 1.725171; the area is
Z b
A= (2 sin x − x2 + 1) dx ≈ 2.542696.
a
Exercise Set 6.2 149

Z 60
45. [v2 (t) − v1 (t)] dt = s2 (60) − s2 (0) − [s1 (60) − s1 (0)], but they are even at time t = 60, so s2 (60) = s1 (60).
0
Consequently the integral gives the difference s1 (0) − s2 (0) of their starting points in meters.

47. The area in question is the increase in population from 1960 to 2010.
Z a
49. Solve x1/2 + y 1/2 = a1/2 for y to get y = (a1/2 − x1/2 )2 = a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x, A = (a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x) dx = a2 /6.
0
y
a

x
a

51. First find all solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x) in the interval [a, b]; call them c1 , · · · , cn . Let c0 = a and
cn+1 = b. For i =Z 0, 1, · · · , n, f (x) − g(x) Z
has constant sign on [ci , ci+1 ], so the area bounded by x = ci and
ci+1 ci+1
x = ci+1 is either [f (x) − g(x)] dx or [g(x) − f (x)] dx. Compute each of these n + 1 areas and add
ci ci
them to get the area bounded by x = a and x = b.

Exercise Set 6.2

Z 3
1. V = π (3 − x) dx = 8π.
−1

Z 2
1
3. V = π (3 − y)2 dy = 13π/6.
0 4

Z π/2 √
5. V = π cos x dx = (1 − 2/2)π.
π/4

y
1 y = √cos x

x
3 6

–1

Z 3
7. V = π (1 + y) dy = 8π.
−1

x = √1 + y
x
2

Z 2
9. V = x4 dx = 32/5.
0
150 Chapter 6

y = x2

x
2

Z 4 Z 4
11. V = π [(25 − x2 ) − 9] dx = 2π (16 − x2 ) dx = 256π/3.
−4 0
y
5 y = √25 – x2
y=3

Z 4 Z 4
13. V = π [(4x)2 − (x2 )2 ] dx = π (16x2 − x4 ) dx = 2048π/15.
0 0
y
16 (4, 16)

y = 4x
y = x2
x
4

Z ln 3
π 2x iln 3
15. V = π e2x dx = e = 4π.
0 2 0

Z 2 2
1 π −1
17. V = π dx = tan (x/2) = π 2 /4.
−2 4 + x2 2 −2

Z 1  2 3
19. V = y 1/3 dy = .
0 5

y
1 x
1

Z 3π/4
21. V = π csc2 y dy = 2π.
π/4
Exercise Set 6.2 151

y
9

6 x = csc y

3
x
–2 –1 1 2

Z 2
23. V = π [(y + 2)2 − y 4 ] dy = 72π/5.
−1
y

x = y2 (4, 2)

x= y+2
x

(1, –1)

Z 1
π 2

25. V = πe2y dy = e −1 .
0 2

27. False. For example, consider the pyramid in Example 1, with the roles of the x- and y-axes interchanged.

29. False. For example, let S be the solid generated by rotating the region under y = ex over the interval [0, 1]. Then
A(x) = π(ex )2 .
Z a
b2 2
31. V = π (a − x2 ) dx = 4πab2 /3.
−a a2
y

b y = ba √a2 – x 2

x
–a a

Z 0 Z 1
33. V = π (x + 1) dx + π [(x + 1) − 2x] dx = π/2 + π/2 = π.
−1 0
y
(1, √2)
1
y = √x + 1
y = √2x x
–1 1

35. Partition the interval [a, b] with a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b. Let x∗k be an arbitrary point of
[xk−1 , xk ]. The disk in question is obtained by revolving about the line y = k the rectangle for which xk−1 < x < xk ,
and y lies between y = k and y = f (x); the volume of this disk is ∆Vk = π(f (x∗k ) − k)2 ∆xk , and the total volume
Z b
is given by V = π (f (x) − k)2 dx.
a
152 Chapter 6

37. (a) Intuitively, it seems that a line segment which is revolved about a line which is perpendicular to the line
segment will generate a larger area, the farther it is from the line. This is because the average point on the line
segment will be revolved through a circle with a greater radius,√and thus sweeps out a larger circle. Consider the
line segment which connects a point (x, y) on the curve y = 3 − x to the point (x, 0) beneath it. If this line
segment is revolved around the x-axis we generate an area πy 2 .
If on the other hand the segment is revolved around the line y = 2 then the area of the resulting (infinitely thin)
washer is π[22 − (2 − y)2 ]. So the question 2 2 2 2 2
√can be reduced to asking whether y ≥ [2 − (2 − y) ], y ≥ 4y − y , or
y ≥ 2. In the present case the curve y = 3 − x always satisfies y ≤ 2, so V2 has the larger volume.
Z 3
(b) The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area around the x-axis is V1 = π (3 − x) dx = 8π, and
−1
Z 3
√ 40
the volume generated by revolving the area around the line y = 2 is V2 = π [22 − (2 − 3 − x)2 ] dx = π.
−1 3
Z 3 Z 3
39. V = π (9 − y 2 )2 dy = π (81 − 18y 2 + y 4 ) dy = 648π/5.
0 0
y
3 x = y2

x
9

Z 1 Z 1
√ √
41. V = π [( x + 1)2 − (x + 1)2 ] dx = π (2 x − x − x2 ) dx = π/2.
0 0
y
x=y
1 x = y2
x
1

y = –1

√ √
43. The region is given by the inequalities 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 3 y. For each y in the interval [0, 1] the cross-section
√ √
of the solid perpendicular to the axis x = 1 is a washer with outer radius 1 − y and inner radius 1 − 3 y.
√ 2 √
The area of this washer is A(y) = π[(1 − y) − (1 − 3 y)2 ] = π(−2y 1/2 + y + 2y 1/3 − y 2/3 ), so the volume is
Z 1 Z 1  1
1/2 1/3 2/3 4 3/2 1 2 3 4/3 3 5/3 π
V = A(y) dy = π (−2y + y + 2y − y ) dy = π − y + y + y − y = .
0 0 3 2 2 5 0 15
y

rotation axis
y =x 2 x =1

y
y =x 3 x

Z 20
45. A(x) = π(x /4) = πx /16, V = 2 2 4
(πx4 /16) dx = 40, 000π ft3 .
0
Exercise Set 6.2 153

Z 1 Z 1
47. V = (x − x2 )2 dx = (x2 − 2x3 + x4 ) dx = 1/30.
0 0
Square y
y = x (1, 1)
y = x2
1 x

√
49. On the upper half of the circle, y = 1 − x2 , so:
Z 1
π
(a) A(x) is the area of a semicircle of radius y, so A(x) = πy 2 /2 = π(1 − x2 )/2; V = (1 − x2 ) dx =
2 −1
Z 1
π (1 − x2 ) dx = 2π/3.
0

–1 y

1 x
y

Z 1 Z 1
(b) A(x) is the area of a square of side 2y, so A(x) = 4y 2 = 4(1 − x2 ); V = 4 (1 − x2 ) dx = 8 (1 − x2 ) dx =
−1 0
16/3.

–1 y

1 x
2y

√
3 √ √
(c) A(x) is the area of an equilateral triangle with sides 2y, so A(x) = (2y)2 = 3y 2 = 3(1 − x2 );
Z 1√ 4
√ Z 1 √
V = 3(1 − x2 ) dx = 2 3 (1 − x2 ) dx = 4 3/3.
−1 0

–1 y
2y 2y

1 x
2y

Z b Z π/2
16
51. The two curves cross at x = b ≈ 1.403288534, so V = π 2
((2x/π) − sin x) dx + π (sin16 x − (2x/π)2 ) dx ≈
0 b
0.710172176.
Z e
53. V = π (1 − (ln y)2 ) dy = π.
1

Z r
1 2
55. (a) V = π (r2 − y 2 ) dy = π(rh2 − h3 /3) = πh (3r − h).
r−h 3

πh
(b) By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 = (r − h)2 + ρ2 , 2hr = h2 + ρ2 ; from part (a), V = (3hr − h2 ) =
3
154 Chapter 6

 
πh 3 2 1
(h + ρ2 ) − h2 ) = πh(3ρ2 + h2 ).
3 2 6
y

h
x2 + y2 = r2
r x
r

57. (a) The bulb is approximately a sphere of radius 1.25 cm attached to a cylinder of radius 0.625 cm and length
4
2.5 cm, so its volume is roughly π(1.25)3 + π(0.625)2 · 2.5 ≈ 11.25 cm. (Other answers are possible, depending
3
on how we approximate the light bulb using familiar shapes.)

5
(b) ∆x = = 0.5; {y0 , y1 , · · · , y10 } = {0, 2.00, 2.45, 2.45, 2.00, 1.46, 1.26, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25};
10
9 
yi 2
10 
X X yi 2
left = π ∆x ≈ 11.157; right = π ∆x ≈ 11.771; V ≈ average = 11.464 cm3 .
i=0
2 i=1
2

y y

h –4
x
x

h–4 –2
h
h
–4 –4
59. (a) 0≤h<2 (b) 2≤h≤4

If the cherry is partially submerged then 0 ≤ h < 2 as shown in Figure (a); if it is totally submerged then
2 ≤ h ≤ 4 as shown in Figure (b). The radius of the glass is 4 cm and that of the cherry is 1 cm so points on
the sections shown in the figures satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 16 and x2 + (y + 3)2 = 1. We will find the
volumes of the solids that are generated when the shaded regions are revolved about the y-axis. For 0 ≤ h < 2,
Z h−4 Z h−4 Z −2
V =π [(16 − y 2 ) − (1 − (y + 3)2 )] dy = 6π (y + 4) dy = 3πh2 ; for 2 ≤ h ≤ 4, V = π [(16 − y 2 ) −
−4
Z h−4 Z −2 −4 Z h−4 −4
2 2 1
(1 − (y + 3) )] dy + π (16 − y ) dy = 6π (y + 4) dy + π (16 − y ) dy = 12π + π(12h2 − h3 − 40) =
2
−2 −4 −2 3

 3πh2 if 0 ≤ h < 2
1
π(12h2 − h3 − 4), so V = .
3  1 π(12h2 − h3 − 4) if 2 ≤ h ≤ 4
3
1 1 1
61. tan θ = h/x so h = x tan θ, A(y) = hx = x2 tan θ = (r2 − y 2 ) tan θ, because x2 = r2 − y 2 , and this implies
Z r 2 Z r 2 2
1 2 2 2
that V = tan θ (r − y ) dy = tan θ (r − y ) dy = r3 tan θ.
2 2
2 −r 0 3

u
x
Z r
1
63. Each cross section perpendicular to the y-axis is a square so A(y) = x2 = r2 − y 2 , V = (r2 − y 2 ) dy, so
8 0
V = 8(2r3 /3) = 16r3 /3.
Exercise Set 6.3 155

x = √r 2 – y 2

r
x

65. Position an x-axis perpendicular to the bases of the solids. Let a be the smallest x-coordinate of any point in either
solid, and let b be the largest. Let A(x) be the common area of the cross-sections of the solids at x-coordinate x.
Z b
By equation (3), each solid has volume V = A(x) dx, so they are equal.
a

Exercise Set 6.3

Z 2 Z 2
2
1. V = 2πx(x ) dx = 2π x3 dx = 15π/2.
1 1

Z 1 Z 1
3. V = 2πy(2y − 2y 2 ) dy = 4π (y 2 − y 3 ) dy = π/3.
0 0

Z 1 Z 1
5. V = 2π(x)(x3 ) dx = 2π x4 dx = 2π/5.
0 0
y

y = x3
1

x
–1 1

–1

Z 3 Z 3
7. V = 2πx(1/x) dx = 2π dx = 4π.
1 1
y
1
y= x

x
–3 –1 1 3

Z 2 Z 2
9. V = 2πx[(2x − 1) − (−2x + 3)] dx = 8π (x2 − x) dx = 20π/3.
1 1
y
(2, 3)

(1, 1)

(2, –1)

Z 1 i1
x 2
11. V = 2π dx = π ln(x + 1) = π ln 2.
0 x2 + 1 0
156 Chapter 6

y
1 y= 1
x2 + 1

x
–1 1

Z 1
13. V = 2πy 3 dy = π/2.
0
y

1 x = y2

Z 1 Z 1
√
15. V = 2πy(1 − y) dy = 2π (y − y 3/2 ) dy = π/5.
0 0
y
x = !y
x
1

17. True. The surface area of the cylinder is 2π · [average radius] · [height], so by equation (1) the volume equals the
thickness times the surface area.

19. True. In 6.3.2 we integrate over an interval on the x-axis, which is perpendicular to the y-axis, which is the axis
of revolution.
Z 2 2
x x
21. V = 2π xe dx = 2π(x − 1)e = 2πe2 .
1 1

Z k
23. The volume is given by 2π x sin x dx = 2π(sin k − k cos k) = 8; solve for k to get k ≈ 1.736796.
0

Z 1
25. (a) V = 2πx(x3 − 3x2 + 2x) dx = 7π/30.
0

(b) Much easier; the method of slicing would require that x be expressed in terms of y.
y
y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x

x
–1 1

27. (a) For x in [0,1], the cross-section with x-coordinate x has length x, and its distance from the axis of revolution
Z 1
is 1 − x, so the volume is 2π(1 − x)x dx.
0

(b) For y in [0,1], the cross-section with y-coordinate y has length 1−y, and its distance from the axis of revolution
Z 1
is 1 + y, so the volume is 2π(1 + y)(1 − y) dy.
0
Exercise Set 6.4 157

Z 2 Z 2
29. V = 2π(x + 1)(1/x3 ) dx = 2π (x−2 + x−3 ) dx = 7π/4.
1 1
y
x+1

y = 1/x 3
x
–1 1x 2
Z r   Z
h h 2πh r
31. x = (r − y) is an equation of the line through (0, r) and (h, 0), so V = 2πy (r − y) dy = (ry −
r 0 r r 0
y 2 ) dy = πr2 h/3.
y
(0, r)

x
(h, 0)

33. Let the sphere have radius R, the hole radius r. By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 + (L/2)2 = R2 . Use√cylindrical
shells to calculate the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region r < x < R, − R2 − x2 <
Z R p R
√ 4 4
y < R 2 − x2 : V = (2πx)2 R2 − x2 dx = − π(R2 − x2 )3/2 = π(L/2)3 , so the volume is independent of
r 3 r 3
R.
Z b Z b
1
35. Vx = π 2
dx = π(2 − 1/b), Vy = 2π dx = π(2b − 1); Vx = Vy if 2 − 1/b = 2b − 1, 2b2 − 3b + 1 = 0, solve
1/2 x 1/2
to get b = 1/2 (reject) or b = 1.

37. If the formula for the length of a cross-section perpendicular to the axis of revolution is simpler than the formula
for the length of a cross-section parallel to the axis of revolution, then the method of disks/washers is probably
easier. Otherwise the method of cylindrical shells probably is.

Exercise Set 6.4

p √ √
1. By the Theorem of Pythagoras, the length is (2 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 = 1 + 4 = 5.
Z 2 √
dy √
(a) = 2, L = 1 + 4 dx = 5.
dx 1

Z 4 p p √
dx 1
(b) = ,L = 1 + 1/4 dy = 2 5/4 = 5.
dy 2 2

Z  3/2 #1
9 81 1 p 8 81 √
3. f (x) = x1/2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + x, L =
0
1 + 81x/4 dx = 1+ x = (85 85 − 8)/243.
2 4 0 243 4
0

 2 Z 8 Z 40 √ 40
dy 2 dy 4 9x2/3 + 4 9x2/3 + 4 1 1 3/2
5. = x−1/3 , 1 + = 1 + x−2/3 = , L = dx = u1/2 du = u =
dx 3 dx 9 9x2/3 1 3x1/3 18 13 27 13
1 √ √ 1 √ √ dx 3
(40 40 − 13 13) = (80 10 − 13 13) (we used u = 9x2/3 + 4); or (alternate solution) x = y 3/2 , = y 1/2 ,
27 27 dy 2
 2 Z Z 40
dx 9 4 + 9y 1 4p 1 1 √ √
1+ =1+ y = , L= 4 + 9y dy = u1/2 du = (80 10 − 13 13).
dy 4 4 2 1 18 13 27
158 Chapter 6

 
1 3 1 1 4 1 1 4 1
7. x = g(y) = y + 2y −1 , g 0 (y) = y 2 − 2y −2 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = 1 + y − + 4y −4 = y + + 4y −4 =
24 8 64 2 64 2
 2 Z 4 
1 2 −2 1 2 −2
y + 2y ,L= y + 2y dy = 17/6.
8 2 8

dy x
9. False. The derivative = −√ is not defined at x = ±1, so it is not continuous on [−1, 1].
dx 1 − x2

Xn p Xn p
11. True. If f (x) = mx + c then the approximation equals 2
1 + m ∆xk = 1 + m2 (xk − xk−1 ) =
p p k=1 k=1
1+m 2 (x − x ) = (b − a) 1 + m2 and the arc length is the distance from (a, ma + c) to (b, mb + c), which
p n 0 p √
equals (b − a)2 + [(mb + c) − (ma + c)]2 = (b − a)2 + [m(b − a)]2 = (b − a) 1 + m2 . So each approximation
equals the arc length.

√ Z π/4
sec x tan x p 2
13. dy/dx = 0 2
= tan x, 1 + (y ) = 1 + tan x = sec x when 0 < x < π/4, so L = sec x dx =
√ sec x 0
ln(1 + 2).

(8, 4)
(–1, 1)

15. (a) (b) dy/dx does not exist at x = 0.

Z Z  
3 0
1 p 4 p 8 13 √
3/2
(c) x = g(y) = y , g (y) = y 1/2 , L = 1 + 9y/4 dy + 1 + 9y/4 dy = 13 − 1 +
2 0 0 27 8
8 √ √ √
(10 10 − 1) = (13 13 + 80 10 − 16)/27.
27
√
17. (a) The function y = f (x) = x2 is inverse to the function x = g(y) = y : f (g(y)) = y for 1/4 ≤ y ≤ 4, and
g(f (x)) = x for 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Geometrically this means that the graphs of y = f (x) and x = g(y) are symmetric
to each other with respect to the line y = x and hence have the same arc length.
y
4

1
x
1 2 3 4

2 s 
Z 2 p Z 4
1 √
(b) L1 = 1 + (2x)2 dx and L2 =√ 1+
dx. Make the change of variables x = y in the first
1/2 1/4 2 x
s 2
Z 4 q Z 4
√ 2 1 1
integral to obtain L1 = 1 + (2 y) √ dy = √ + 1 dy = L2 .
1/4 2 y 1/4 2 y
s  2
Z 4 Z 2 p
1
(c) L1 = 1+ √ dy, L2 = 1 + (2y)2 dy.
1/4 2 y 1/2

3 1 3 3k + 10
(d) For L1 , ∆x = , xk = + k = , and thus
20 2 20 20
Exercise Set 6.4 159

s 2  2
10 p
X 10
X 3 (3k + 10)2 − (3k + 7)2
L1 ≈ (∆x)2 + [f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )]2 = + ≈ 4.072396336.
20 400
k=1 k=1
15 3 1 3k 3k + 2
For L2 , ∆x = = , xk = + = , and thus
40 8 4 8 8
v "r #2
u
10 u 2 r
X 3 3k + 2 3k − 1
L2 ≈ t + − ≈ 4.071626502.
8 8 8
k=1

(e) Each polygonal path is shorter than the curve segment, so both approximations in (d) are smaller than the
actual length. Hence the larger one, the approximation for L1 , is better.
 
3 ∗ 1 1 3 6k + 17
(f ) For L1 , ∆x = , the midpoint is xk = + k − = , and thus
20 2 2 20 40
s  2
X10
3 6k + 17
L1 ≈ 1+ 2 ≈ 4.072396336.
20 40
k=1
 
15 ∗ 1 1 15 6k + 1
For L2 , ∆x = , and the midpoint is xk = + k − = , and thus
40 4 2 40 16
s  −1
X10
15 6k + 1
L2 ≈ 1+ 4 ≈ 4.066160149.
40 16
k=1

s  2
Z 2 p Z 4
1
(g) L1 = 1 + (2x)2 dx ≈ 4.0729, L2 = 1+ √ dx ≈ 4.0729.
1/2 1/4 2 x
√
19. (a) The function y = f (x) = tan x is inverse to the function x = g(y) = tan−1 x : f (g(y)) = y for 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, and
g(f (x)) = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3. Geometrically this means that the graphs of y = f (x) and x = g(y) are symmetric
to each other with respect to the line y = x.
y
2

1.5

0.5
x
0.5 1 1.5 2

Z Z √ s
π/3 p 1 3
(b) L1 = 1+ sec4 x dx, L2 = 1+
dx. In the expression for L1 make the change of
0 0 (1 + x2 )2
√
Z 3q p Z √3 s
1 1
variable y = tan x to obtain L1 = 1 + ( 1 + y 2 )4 2
dy = + 1 dy = L2 .
0 1 + y 0 (1 + y 2 )2

Z √ s Z
3
1 π/3 p
(c) L1 = 1+ dy, L2 = 1 + sec4 y dy.
0 (1 + y 2 )2 0

π π
(d) For L1 , ∆xk = , xk = k , and thus
30 30
10 r
π 2
10 p
X X
L1 ≈ 2 2
(∆xk ) + [f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )] = + [tan(kπ/30) − tan((k − 1)π/30)]2 ≈ 2.056603923.
30
k=1 k=1
160 Chapter 6

√ √
3 3
For L2 , ∆xk = , xk = k , and thus
10 10
v !2 "
u
10 u √ √ ! √ !#2
X 3 3 3
L2 ≈ t + tan −1
k − tan−1 (k − 1) ≈ 2.056724591.
10 10 10
k=1

(e) Each polygonal path is shorter than the curve segment, so both approximations in (d) are smaller than the
actual length. Hence the larger one, the approximation for L2 , is better.
 
π 1 π
(f ) For L1 , ∆xk = , the midpoint is x∗k = k − , and thus
30 2 30
s   
X10
π 4
1 π
L1 ≈ 1 + sec k− ≈ 2.050944217.
30 2 30
k=1
√  √
3 1 3
For L2 , ∆xk = , and the midpoint is x∗k = k − , and thus
10 2 10
10 √
s
X 3 1
L2 ≈ 1+ ≈ 2.057065139.
10 ((x∗k )2 + 1)2
k=1

Z Z √ s
π/3 p 3
1
(g) L1 = 4
1 + sec x dx ≈ 2.0570, L2 = 1+ dx ≈ 2.0570.
0 0 (12 + y 2 )2

√ π π√
21. f 0 (x) = sec x tan x, 0 ≤ sec x tan x ≤ 2 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3 so ≤ L ≤ 13.
3 3

23. If we model the cable with a parabola y = ax2 , then 500 = a · 21002 and then a = 500/21002 . Then the length of
Z 2100 p
the cable is given by L = 1 + (2ax)2 dx ≈ 4354 ft.
−2100

Z b p
25. y = 0 at x = b = 12.54/0.41 ≈ 30.585; distance = 1 + (12.54 − 0.82x)2 dx ≈ 196.31 yd.
0

Z 1 √
2 2 2 2 2
27. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = (t ) + (t) = t (t + 1), L = 2 2
t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt = (2 2 − 1)/3.
0

Z π/2
2 2 2 2
29. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = (−2 sin 2t) + (2 cos 2t) = 4, L = 2 dt = π.
0

Z π/2 √ √
31. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [et (cos t − sin t)]2 + [et (cos t + sin t)]2 = 2e2t , L = 2et dt = 2(eπ/2 − 1).
0

Z 2π p
33. (a) (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = 4 sin2 t + cos2 t = 4 sin2 t + (1 − sin2 t) = 1 + 3 sin2 t, L = 1 + 3 sin2 t dt =
0
Z π/2 p
4 1 + 3 sin2 t dt.
0

Z 4.8 p
(b) 9.69 (c) Distance traveled = 1 + 3 sin2 t dt ≈ 5.16 cm.
1.5

35. The length of the curve is approximated by the length of a polygon whose vertices lie on the graph of y = f (x).
Each term in the sum
p is the length of one edge of the approximating polygon. By the distance formula, the length
of the k’th edge is (∆xk )2 + (∆yk )2 , where ∆xk is the change in x along the edge and ∆yk is the change in
Exercise Set 6.5 161

y along the edge. We use the Mean Value Theorem to express ∆yk as f 0 (x∗k )∆xk . Factoring the ∆xk out of the
square root yields the k’th term in the sum.

Exercise Set 6.5

Z 1 √ Z 1 √
√
1. S = 2π(7x) 1 + 49 dx = 70π 2 x dx = 35π 2.
0 0

Z 1 p p Z 1
√ x2 4
3. f 0 (x) = −x/ 4 − x2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + = ,S= 2π 4 − x2 (2/ 4 − x2 ) dx = 4π dx = 8π.
4 − x2 4 − x2 −1 −1

Z 2 √ √ Z 2 √
5. S = 2π(9y + 1) 82 dy = 2π 82 (9y + 1) dy = 40π 82.
0 0

p Z 2 p Z 2
9 3
7. g 0 (y) = −y/ 9 − y 2 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = ,S= 2π 9 − y2 · p dy = 6π dy = 24π.
9 − y2 −2 9 − y2 −2

 2
0 1 −1/2 1 1/2 0 2 1 −1 1 1 1 −1/2 1 1/2
9. f (x) = x − x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − + x = x + x ,
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
Z 3    Z
1 1 −1/2 1 1/2 π 3
S= 2π x1/2 − x3/2 x + x dx = (3 + 2x − x2 ) dx = 16π/9.
1 3 2 2 3 1

   2
1 4 1 −2 0 1 1 1 1
11. x = g(y) = y + y , g (y) = y 3 − y −3 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = 1 + y 6 − + y −6 = y 3 + y −3 ,
4 8 4 2 16 4
Z 2    Z 2
1 4 1 −2 1 π
S= 2π y + y y 3 + y −3 dy = (8y 7 + 6y + y −5 ) dy = 16,911π/1024.
1 4 8 4 16 1
Z π p √ √
0 0 2 2
13. f (x) = cos x, 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + cos x, S = 2π sin x 1 + cos2 x dx = 2π( 2 + ln( 2 + 1)) ≈ 14.42.
0

Z 1 p
15. f 0 (x) = ex , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + e2x , S = 2πex 1 + e2x dx ≈ 22.94.
0

√
17. True, by equation (1) with r1 = 0, r2 = r, and l = r2 + h2 .

n
X
19. True. If f (x) = c for all x then f 0 (x) = 0 so the approximation is 2πc ∆xk = 2πc(b − a). Since the surface is
k=1
the lateral surface of a cylinder of length b − a and radius c, its area is also 2πc(b − a).

21. n = 20, a = 0, b = π, ∆x = (b − a)/20 = π/20, xk = kπ/20,

20
X p
S≈π [sin(k − 1)π/20 + sin kπ/20] (π/20)2 + [sin(k − 1)π/20 − sin kπ/20]2 ≈ 14.39.
k=1

Z b p
23. S = 2π[f (x) + k] 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx.
a

Z r p p
√ √
25. f (x) = r2 − x2 , f 0 (x) = −x/ r2 − x2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = r2 /(r2 − x2 ), S = 2π r2 − x2 (r/ r2 − x2 ) dx =
Z r −r

2πr dx = 4πr2 .
−r
162 Chapter 6

27. Suppose the two planes are y = y1 and y = y2 , where −r ≤ y1 ≤ y2 ≤ r. Then the area of the zone equals the
area of a spherical cap of height r − y1 minus the area of a spherical cap of height r − y2 . By Exercise 26, this is
2πr(r − y1 ) − 2πr(r − y2 ) = 2πr(y2 − y1 ), which only depends on the radius r and the distance y2 − y1 between
the planes.

29. Note that 1 ≤ sec x ≤ 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3. Let L be the arc length of the curve y = tan x for 0 < x < π/3.
Z π/3 p
Then L = 1 + sec2 x dx, and by Exercise 24, and the inequalities above, 2πL ≤ S ≤ 4πL. But from
0 √ √
the inequalities √for sec x above, we can show that√ 2π/3 ≤ L ≤ 5π/3. Hence, combining the two sets of
√ 2π( 2π/3) ≤ 2πL ≤ S ≤√4πL ≤ 4π
inequalities, 5π/3. To obtain the inequalities in the text, observe that
2π 2 2π 5π 4π 2 √
< 2π ≤ 2πL ≤ S ≤ 4πL ≤ 4π < 13.
3 3 3 3

31. Let a = t0 < t1p< . . . < tn−1 < tn = b be a partition of [a, b]. Then the lateral area of the frustum of
slant height ` = ∆x2k + ∆yk2 and radii p y(t1 ) and y(t2 ) is π(y(tk ) + y(tk−1 ))`. Thus the area of the frustum Sk
is given by Sk = π(y(tk−1 ) + y(tk )) [x(tk ) − x(tk−1 )]2 + [y(tk ) − y(tk−1 )]2 with the limit as max ∆tk → 0 of
Z b p
S= 2πy(t) x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 dt.
a

Z 4 p Z 4 p √
8π
33. x0 = 2t, y 0 = 2, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = 4t2 + 4, S = 2π (2t) 4t2 + 4dt = 8π t t2 + 1dt = (17 17 − 1).
0 0 3
Z 1 p √
π
35. x0 = 1, y 0 = 4t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 16t2 , S = 2π t 1 + 16t2 dt = (17 17 − 1).
0 24
Z π √ Z π
37. x0 = −r sin t, y 0 = r cos t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = r2 , S = 2π r sin t r2 dt = 2πr2 sin t dt = 4πr2 .
0 0

39. Suppose we approximate the k’th frustum by the lateral surface of a cylinder of width ∆xk and radius f (x∗k ),
where x∗k is between xk−1 and xk . The area of this surface is 2πf (x∗k ) ∆xk . Proceeding as before, we would
Rb
conclude that S = a 2πf (x) dx, which is too small. Basically, when |f 0 (x)| > 0, the area of the frustum is larger
than the area of the cylinder, and ignoring this results in an incorrect formula.

Exercise Set 6.6

Z 3 Z 3  3
1 2
1. W = F (x) dx = (x + 1) dx = x +x = 7.5 ft·lb.
0 0 2 0

Z b
3. Since W = F (x) dx = the area under the curve, it follows that d < 2.5 since the area increases faster under
a Z d Z 5
the left part of the curve. In fact, if d ≤ 2, Wd = F (x) dx = 40d, and W = F (x) dx = 140, so d = 7/4.
0 0

Z Z
5 5
4t 2 i5
5. Distance traveled = v(t) dt = dt = t2 = 10 ft. The force is a constant 10 lb, so the work done is
0 0 5 5 0
10 · 10 = 100 ft·lb.
Z 0.8
7. F (x) = kx, F (0.2) = 0.2k = 100, k = 500 N/m, W = 500x dx = 160 J.
0

Z 1
9. W = kx dx = k/2 = 10, k = 20 lb/ft.
0

11. False. The work depends on the force and the distance, not on the elapsed time.
Exercise Set 6.6 163

13. True. By equation (6), work and energy have the same units in any system of units.

Z 9/2 Z 9/2
15. W = (9 − x)62.4(25π) dx = 1560π (9 − x) dx = 47,385π ft·lb.
0 0

5 9

9-x
4.5
x
0

Z 2 Z 2
17. w/4 = x/3, w = 4x/3, W = (3 − x)(9810)(4x/3)(6) dx = 78480 (3x − x2 ) dx = 261, 600 J.
0 0

4
3
3–x
2
x
w(x)

Z 9 Z 9
19. (a) W = (10 − x)62.4(300) dx = 18,720 (10 − x) dx = 926,640 ft·lb.
0 0

(b) To empty the pool in one hour would require 926,640/3600 = 257.4 ft·lb of work per second so hp of motor
= 257.4/550 = 0.468.

10
9 10 – x
x

0
20 15

Z 100
21. W = 15(100 − x) dx = 75, 000 ft·lb.
0

Pulley
100

100 – x

x
Chain
0

23. When the rocket is x ft above the ground total weight = weight of rocket+ weight of fuel = 3+[40−2(x/1000)] =
Z 3000
43 − x/500 tons, W = (43 − x/500) dx = 120, 000 ft·tons.
0
164 Chapter 6

3000

x
Rocket

25. (a) 150 = k/(4000)2 , k = 2.4 × 109 , w(x) = k/x2 = 2,400,000,000/x2 lb.


(b) 6000 = k/(4000)2 , k = 9.6 × 1010 , w(x) = 9.6 × 1010 /(x + 4000)2 lb.

Z 5000
(c) W = 9.6(1010 )x−2 dx = 4,800,000 mi·lb = 2.5344 × 1010 ft·lb.
4000

1 1 1
27. W = mv 2 − mvi2 = 4.00 × 105 (vf2 − 202 ). But W = F · d = (6.40 × 105 ) · (3.00 × 103 ), so 19.2 × 108 =
2 f 2 2
2.00 × 105 vf2 − 8.00 × 107 , 19200 = 2vf2 − 800, vf = 100 m/s.

1 1
29. (a) The kinetic energy would have decreased by mv 2 = 4 · 106 (15000)2 = 4.5 × 1014 J.
2 2

1000
(b) (4.5 × 1014 )/(4.2 × 1015 ) ≈ 0.107. (c) (0.107) ≈ 8.24 bombs.
13

31. The work-energy relationship involves 4 quantities, the work W , the mass m, and the initial and final velocities
vi and vf . In any problem in which 3 of these are given, the work-energy relationship can be used to compute the
fourth. In cases where the force is constant, we may combine equation (1) with the work-energy relationship to
1 1
get F d = mvf2 − mvi2 . In this form there are 5 quantities, the force F , the distance d, the mass m, and the
2 2
initial and final velocities vi and vf . So if any 4 of these are given, the work-energy relationship can be used to
compute the fifth.

Exercise Set 6.7

1. (a) m1 and m3 are equidistant from x = 5, but m3 has a greater mass, so the sum is positive.

(b) Let a be the unknown coordinate of the fulcrum; then the total moment about the fulcrum is 5(0 − a) +
10(5 − a) + 20(10 − a) = 0 for equilibrium, so 250 − 35a = 0, a = 50/7. The fulcrum should be placed 50/7 units
to the right of m1 .

3. By symmetry, the centroid is (1/2, 1/2). We confirm this using Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = 1.
Z 1 Z 1
1 1 1
The area is 1, so x = x dx = and y = dx = , as expected.
0 2 0 2 2

5. By symmetry, the centroid is (1, 1/2). We confirm this using Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 2, f (x) = 1.
Z Z
1 2 1 21 1
The area is 2, so x = x dx = 1 and y = dx = , as expected.
2 0 2 0 2 2

7. By symmetry, the centroid lies on the line y = 1 − x. To find x we use Formula (8) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x.
Z 1  
1 2 2 2 1 2 1
The area is , so x = 2 x dx = . Hence y = 1 − = and the centroid is , .
2 0 3 3 3 3 3
Exercise Set 6.7 165

Z 1
9. We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = 2 − x2 , g(x) = x. The area is (2 − x2 − x) dx =
 1  1 0
Z Z
1 3 1 2 7 6 1 2 6 2 1 4 1 3 5 6 11
2x − x − x = , so x = x(2 − x − x) dx = x − x − x = and y = [(2 − x2 )2 −
3 2 0 6 7 0 7 4 3 0  14 7 0 2
Z  1 
2 3 1 2 4 3 5 3 1 5 38 5 38
x ] dx = (4 − 5x + x ) dx = 4x − x + x = . The centroid is , .
7 0 7 3 5 0 35 14 35
Z 2 
x x
11. We use Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 2, f (x) = 1 − . The area is 1, so x = x 1− dx =
2 0 2
 2 Z 2  Z  
x 2
2
1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
x − x = and y = 1− dx = (4 − 4x + x2 ) dx = 4x − 2x2 + x3 = . The
2 6  0 3 0 2 2 8 0 8 3 0 3
2 1
centroid is , .
3 3

13. The graphs of y = x2 and y = 6 − x meet when x2 = 6 − x, so x = −3 or x = 2. We use Formulas (10) and (11)
Z 2  2
2 2 1 2 1 3 125
with a = −3, b = 2, f (x) = 6 − x, g(x) = x . The area is (6 − x − x ) dx = 6x − x − x = ,
−3 2 3 −3 6
Z 2  2 Z 2
6 6 1 1 1 6 1
so x = x(6 − x − x2 ) dx = 3x2 − x3 − x4 = − and y = [(6 − x)2 − (x2 )2 ] dx =
125 −3 125 3 4 −3 2 125 −3 2
Z 2  2  
3 2 4 3 2 1 3 1 5 1
(36 − 12x + x − x ) dx = 36x − 6x + x − x = 4. The centroid is − , 4 .
125 −3 125 3 5 −3 2

15. The curves meet at (−1, 1) and (2, 4). We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = −1, b = 2, f (x) = x + 2,
Z 2  2 Z
1 2 1 9 2 2
g(x) = x2 . The area is (x + 2 − x2 ) dx = x + 2x − x3 = , so x = x(x + 2 − x2 ) dx =
−1 2 3 −1 2 9 −1
 2 Z Z
2 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
 1 2 2
x +x − x = and y = (x + 2) − (x ) dx = (x + 4x + 4 − x4 ) dx =
9 3 4 −1 2 9 −1 2 9 −1
 2  
1 1 3 2 1 5 8 1 8
= x + 2x + 4x − x = . The centroid is , .
9 3 5 −1 5 2 5
√
17. By symmetry, y = x. To find x we use Formula (10) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x, g(x) = x2 . The area is
Z 1  1 Z 1  1
√ 2 2 3/2 1 3 1 √ 2 2 5/2 1 4 9
( x − x ) dx = x − x = , so x = 3 x( x − x ) dx = 3 x − x = . The centroid is
0  3 3 0 3 0 5 4 0 20
9 9
, .
20 20

19. We use the analogue of Formulas (10) and (11) with the roles of x and y reversed. The region is described by
Z 2  2 Z 2
1 2 1 2
1 ≤ y ≤ 2, y −2 ≤ x ≤ y. The area is (y − y −2 ) dy = y + y −1 = 1, so x = [y − (y −2 )2 ] dy =
1 2 1 1 2
Z  2 Z 2 2
1 2 2 −4 1 1 3 1 −3 49 −2 1 3 7
(y − y ) dy = y + y = and y = y(y − y ) dy = y − ln y = − ln 2. The centroid
2 1  2 3 3 1 48 1 3 1 3
49 7
is , − ln 2 .
48 3

21. An isosceles triangle is symmetric across the median to its base. So, if the density is constant, it will balance on
a knife-edge under the median. Hence the centroid lies on the median.
Z 1
√ √ 2 2
23. The region is described by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x. The area is A = x dx = , so the mass is M = δA = 2· =
0 3 3
Z  1 Z Z
4 3 1 √ 3 2 5/2 3 3 11 √ 2 3 1 3
. By Formulas (8) and (9), x = x x dx = x = and y = ( x) dx = x dx = .
3 2 0 2 5 0 5 2 0 2 4 0 8
166 Chapter 6

 
3 3
The center of gravity is , .
5 8

25. The region is described by 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, −y ≤ x ≤ y. The area is A = 1, so the mass is M =ZδA = 3 · 1 = 3. By

1
symmetry, x = 0. By the analogue of Formula (10) with the roles of x and y reversed, y = y[y − (−y)] dy =
1   0
Z 1
2 2 2
2y 2 dy = y 3 = . The center of gravity is 0, .
0 3 0 3 3
Z π
27. The region is described by 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ sin x. The area is A = sin x dx = 2, so the mass is
Z π 0
π 1 1 π
M = δA = 4 · 2 = 8. By symmetry, x = . By Formula (9), y = (sin x)2 dx = . The center of gravity is
π π 2 2 0 2 8
, .
2 8
Z 2
29. The region is described by 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x. The area is A = ln x dx = 2 ln 2 − 1 = ln 4 − 1, so the mass
Z 2 1  
1 1 3 4 ln 4 − 3
is M = δA = ln 4 − 1. By Formulas (8) and (9), x = x ln x dx = ln 4 − = and
ln 4 − 1 1 ln 4 − 1 4 4(ln 4 − 1)
Z 2  
1 1 (ln 2)2 − ln 4 + 1 4 ln 4 − 3 (ln 2)2 − ln 4 + 1
y= (ln x)2 dx = . The center of gravity is , .
ln 4 − 1 1 2 ln 4 − 1 4(ln 4 − 1) ln 4 − 1

31. True, by symmetry.

33. True, by symmetry.

bx bx
35. By symmetry, y = 0. We use Formula (10) with a replaced by 0, b replaced by a, f (x) = , and g(x) = − :
Z a    Z a a   a
1 bx bx 2 2 2 a3 2a 2a
The area is ab, so x = x − − dx = 2 x dx = 2 · = . The centroid is ,0 .
ab 0 a a a 0 a 3 3 3

37. We will assume that a, b, and c are positive; the other cases are similar. The region is described by 0 ≤ y ≤ c,
b−a b−a
−a − y ≤ x ≤ a+ y. By symmetry, x = 0. To find y, we use the analogue of Formula (10) with the
c c Z c    
1 b−a b−a
roles of x and y reversed. The area is c(a + b), so y = y a+ y − −a − y dy =
c(a + b) 0 c c
Z c   c  
1 2(b − a) 2 1 2 2(b − a) 3 c(a + 2b) c(a + 2b)
2ay + y dy = ay + y = . The centroid is 0, .
c(a + b) 0 c c(a + b) 3c 0 3(a + b) 3(a + b)

39. x = 0 from the symmetry of the region, πa2 /2 is the area of the semicircle, 2πy is the distance traveled by the
centroid to generate the sphere so 4πa3 /3 = (πa2 /2)(2πy), y = 4a/(3π).

41. x = k so V = (πab)(2πk) = 2π 2 abk.

1 1
43. The region generates a cone of volume πab2 when it is revolved about the x-axis, the area of the region is ab
  3 2
1 1 1
so πab2 = ab (2πy), y = b/3. A cone of volume πa2 b is generated when the region is revolved about the
3 2   3
1 2 1
y-axis so πa b = ab (2πx), x = a/3. The centroid is (a/3, b/3).
3 2

45. The Theorem of Pappus says that V = 2πAd, where A is the area of a region in the plane, d is the distance from
the region’s centroid to an axis of rotation, and V is the volume of the resulting solid of revolution. In any problem
in which 2 of these quantities are given, the Theorem of Pappus can be used to compute the third.
Exercise Set 6.8 167

Exercise Set 6.8

2
1. (a) F = ρhA = 62.4(5)(100) = 31,200 lb, P = ρh = 62.4(5) = 312 lb/ft .

(b) F = ρhA = 9810(10)(25) = 2,452,500 N, P = ρh = 9810(10) = 98.1 kPa.

Z 2 Z 2
3. F = 62.4x(4) dx = 249.6 x dx = 499.2 lb.
0 0
0 4

Z 5 p Z 5
5. F = 9810x(2 25 − x2 ) dx = 19,620 x(25 − x2 )1/2 dx = 8.175 × 105 N.
0 0

0 5y

x y = √25 – x 2

5 2√25 – x 2
Z 10  
w(x) 10 − x 3 3
7. By similar triangles, = , w(x) = (10 − x), so F = 9810x (10 − x) dx =
6 8 4 2 4
Z 10
= 7357.5 (10x − x2 ) dx = 1,098,720 N.
2
0

6
2

x
w(x)
8

10

Z b Z b Z b
9. Yes: if ρ2 = 2ρ1 then F2 = ρ2 h(x)w(x) dx = 2ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2 ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2F1 .
a a a

Z √2a/2
w1 (x) x
11. Find the forces on the upper and lower halves and add them: √ =√ , w1 (x) = 2x, F1 = ρx(2x) dx =
2a 2a/2 0
Z √2a/2 √ Z √
√ w2 (x) 2a − x √ 2a √
2ρ x2 dx = 2ρa3 /6, √ = √ , w2 (x) = 2( 2a − x), F2 = √ ρx[2( 2a − x)] dx =
0 2a 2a/2 2a/2
Z √2a √ √ √ √ √
2ρ √ ( 2ax − x2 ) dx = 2ρa3 /3, F = F1 + F2 = 2ρa3 /6 + 2ρa3 /3 = ρa3 / 2 lb.
2a/2
0
w1(x)
a a
x
√2a/2
x
a a √2a
√2a w2(x)

13. True. By equation (6), the fluid force equals ρhA. For a cylinder, hA is the volume, so ρhA is the weight of the
water.
168 Chapter 6

15. False. Let the height of the tank be h, the area of the base be A, and the volume of the tank be V . Then the fluid
force on the base is ρhA and the weight of the water is ρV . So if hA > V , then the force exceeds the weight. This
hA
is true, for example, for a conical tank with its vertex at the top, for which V = .
3

17. Place the x-axis pointing down with its origin at the top of the pool, so that h(x) = x and w(x) √ = 10. The
angle between the bottom of the pool and the vertical is θ = tan−1 (16/(8 − 4)) = tan−1 4, so sec θ = 17. Hence
Z 8 √ Z 8 √
F = 62.4h(x)w(x) sec θ dx = 624 17 x dx = 14976 17 ≈ 61748 lb.
4 4

19. Place the x-axis starting from the√surface, pointing downward. Then using the given formula with θ = 30◦ ,
Z 50 3 √ √
√
sec θ = 2/ 3, the force is F = 9810x(200)(2/ 3) dx = 4, 905, 000, 000 3 N.
0

Z h+2
21. (a) The force on the window is F = ρ0 x(2) dx = 4ρ0 (h + 1) so (assuming that ρ0 is constant) dF/dt =
h
4ρ0 (dh/dt) which is a positive constant if dh/dt is a positive constant.

(b) If dh/dt = 20, then dF/dt = 80ρ0 lb/min from part (a).

P 14.7 lb/in2
23. h = = ≈ 315, 000 in ≈ 5 mi. The answer is not reasonable. In fact the atmosphere is thinner
ρ 4.66 × 10−5 lb/in3
at higher altitudes, and it’s difficult to define where the “top” of the atmosphere is.

Exercise Set 6.9

1. (a) sinh 3 ≈ 10.0179. (b) cosh(−2) ≈ 3.7622. (c) tanh(ln 4) = 15/17 ≈ 0.8824.

3
(d) sinh−1 (−2) ≈ −1.4436. (e) cosh−1 3 ≈ 1.7627. (f ) tanh−1 ≈ 0.9730.
4
 
1 1 1 4
3. (a) sinh(ln 3) = (eln 3 − e− ln 3 ) = 3− = .
2 2 3 3
 
1 − ln 2 1 1 5
(b) cosh(− ln 2) = (e + eln 2 ) = +2 = .
2 2 2 4

e2 ln 5 − e−2 ln 5 25 − 1/25 312

(c) tanh(2 ln 5) = 2 ln 5 −2 ln 5
= = .
e +e 25 + 1/25 313
 
1 1 1 63
(d) sinh(−3 ln 2) = (e−3 ln 2 − e3 ln 2 ) = −8 =− .
2 2 8 16

5. sinh x0 cosh x0 tanh x0 coth x0 sech x0 csch x0

√ √ √ √
(a) 2 5 2/ 5 5/2 1/ 5 1/2
(b) 3/4 5/4 3/5 5/3 4/5 4/3
(c) 4/3 5/3 4/5 5/4 3/5 3/4

√
(a) cosh2 x0 = 1 + sinh2 x0 = 1 + (2)2 = 5, cosh x0 = 5.

25 9 3
(b) sinh2 x0 = cosh2 x0 − 1 = −1= , sinh x0 = (because x0 > 0).
16 16 4
Exercise Set 6.9 169

 2
2 4 2 16 9 3 1 5 sinh x0
(c) sech x0 = 1 − tanh x0 = 1 − = 1− = , sech x0 = , cosh x0 = = , from =
   5 25 25 5 sech x 0 3 cosh x0
5 4 4
tanh x0 we get sinh x0 = = .
3 5 3
  √
d d p 1 2x 1 x2 − 1 + x 1
−1 2
7. cosh x = ln(x + x − 1) = √ 1+ √ = √ √ =√ .
dx dx x+ x −12 2
2 x −1 x+ x −12 2
x −1 2
x −1
  
d d 1 1+x 1 1 (1 − x) · 1 − (1 + x)(−1) 2 1
tanh−1 x = ln = · 1+x · 2
= = .
dx dx 2 1−x 2 1−x (1 − x) 2(1 + x)(1 − x) 1 − x2

dy
9. = 4 cosh(4x − 8).
dx

dy 1
11. = − csch2 (ln x).
dx x

dy 1
13. = 2 csch(1/x) coth(1/x).
dx x

dy 2 + 5 cosh(5x) sinh(5x)
15. = q .
dx
4x + cosh2 (5x)

dy √ √ √
17. = x5/2 tanh( x) sech2 ( x) + 3x2 tanh2 ( x).
dx
  p
dy 1 1
19. =p = 1/ 9 + x2 .
dx 1 + x /9 3
2

dy h p i
21. = 1/ (cosh−1 x) x2 − 1 .
dx

dy
23. = −(tanh−1 x)−2 /(1 − x2 ).
dx

dy sinh x sinh x 1, x>0
25. =p = = .
dx 2
cosh x − 1 | sinh x| −1, x<0

dy ex √
27. =− √ + ex sech−1 x.
dx 2x 1 − x
Z
1
29. u = sinh x, u6 du = sinh7 x + C.
7
Z
√ 2
31. u = tanh x, u du = (tanh x)3/2 + C.
3
Z
11 1
33. u = cosh 2x, du = ln(cosh 2x) + C.
2u 2
ln 3
1
35. − sech3 x = 37/375.
3 ln 2

Z
1 1 1
37. u = 3x, √ du = sinh−1 3x + C.
3 1+u2 3
170 Chapter 6

Z
1
39. u = ex , √ du = − sech−1 (ex ) + C.
u 1 − u2
Z
du
41. u = 2x, √ = −csch−1 |u| + C = −csch−1 |2x| + C.
u 1 + u2
i1/2 1 1 + 1/2 1
43. tanh−1 x = tanh−1 (1/2) − tanh−1 (0) = ln = ln 3.
0 2 1 − 1/2 2

ex + e−x ex − e−x
45. True. cosh x − sinh x = − = e−x is positive for all x.
2 2

47. True. Only sinh x has this property.

Z ln 3 ln 3
1 1 1
49. A = sinh 2x dx = cosh 2x = [cosh(2 ln 3) − 1], but cosh(2 ln 3) = cosh(ln 9) = (eln 9 + e− ln 9 ) =
0 2 0 2 2
1 1
(9 + 1/9) = 41/9 so A = [41/9 − 1] = 16/9.
2 2
Z 5 Z 5
51. V = π (cosh2 2x − sinh2 2x) dx = π dx = 5π.
0 0

Z ln 2 ln 2
1 ln 2
53. y 0 = sinh x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + sinh2 x = cosh2 x, L = cosh x dx = sinh x = sinh(ln 2) = (e − e− ln 2 ) =
  0 0 2
1 1 3
2− = .
2 2 4

1 x
55. (a) lim sinh x = lim (e − e−x ) = +∞ − 0 = +∞.
x→+∞ x→+∞ 2

1 x
(b) lim sinh x = lim (e − e−x ) = 0 − ∞ = −∞.
x→−∞ x→−∞ 2

ex − e−x 1 − e−2x
(c) lim tanh x = lim −x
= lim = 1.
x→+∞ x
x→+∞ e + e x→+∞ 1 + e−2x

ex − e−x e2x − 1
(d) lim tanh x = lim x −x
= lim 2x = −1.
x→−∞ x→−∞ e + e x→−∞ e +1
p
(e) lim sinh−1 x = lim ln(x + x2 + 1) = +∞.
x→+∞ x→+∞

1
(f ) lim tanh−1 x = lim− [ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)] = +∞.
x→1− x→1 2

1 −x 1 1 1
57. sinh(−x) = (e − ex ) = − (ex − e−x ) = − sinh x, cosh(−x) = (e−x + ex ) = (ex + e−x ) = cosh x.
2 2 2 2

59. (a) Divide cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 by cosh2 x.

sinh x sinh y
+
sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y cosh x cosh y tanh x + tanh y
(b) tanh(x + y) = = = .
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y sinh x sinh y 1 + tanh x tanh y
1+
cosh x cosh y

(c) Let y = x in part (b).

Exercise Set 6.9 171

√
d 1 + x/ x2 − 1 p
61. (a) (cosh−1 x) = √ = 1/ x2 − 1.
dx x + x2 − 1
   
d d 1 1 1 1
(b) (tanh−1 x) = (ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)) = + = 1/(1 − x2 ).
dx dx 2 2 1+x 1−x
Z Z
du du
63. If |u| < 1 then, by Theorem 6.9.6, = tanh−1 u+C. For |u| > 1, = coth−1 u+C = tanh−1 (1/u)+
1 − u2 1 − u2
C.
√
p x+ x2 − 1 p
65. (a) lim (cosh−1 x − ln x) = lim [ln(x + x2 − 1) − ln x] = lim ln = lim ln(1 + 1 − 1/x2 ) =
x→+∞ x→+∞ x→+∞ x x→+∞
ln 2.

cosh x ex + e−x 1
(b) lim x
= lim x
= lim (1 + e−2x ) = 1/2.
x→+∞ e x→+∞ 2e x→+∞ 2
Z Z
1 a
67. Let x = −u/a, √ √
du = − dx = − cosh−1 x + C = − cosh−1 (−u/a) + C.
u2 − a2 a x2 − 1
" √ #
p a u + u2 − a2  p 
−1 2 2  
− cosh (−u/a) = − ln(−u/a + u /a − 1) = ln √ √ = ln u + u2 − a2  − ln a =
2 2
−u + u − a u + u − a 2 2
p Z  p 
1  
ln |u + u2 − a2 | + C1 , so √ du = ln u + u2 − a2  + C2 .
2
u −a 2

Z a a
1 1 at 2 sinh at
69. e dx = etx
tx
= (e − e−at ) = for t 6= 0.
−a t −a
t t

71. From part (b) of Exercise 70, S = a cosh(b/a) − a so 30 = a cosh(200/a) − a. Let u = 200/a, then a = 200/u so
cosh un − 0.15un − 1
30 = (200/u)[cosh u − 1], cosh u − 1 = 0.15u. If f (u) = cosh u − 0.15u − 1, then un+1 = un − ;
sinh un − 0.15
u1 = 0.3, . . . , u4 ≈ u5 ≈ 0.297792782 ≈ 200/a so a ≈ 671.6079505. From part (a), L = 2a sinh(b/a) ≈
2(671.6079505) sinh(0.297792782) ≈ 405.9 ft.

73. Set a = 68.7672, b = 0.0100333, c = 693.8597, d = 299.2239.

650

–300 300
Z d p
(a) 0 (b) L = 2 1 + a2 b2 sinh2 bx dx ≈ 1480.2798 ft.
0

(c) x ≈ ±283.6249 ft. (d) 82◦

75. (a) When the bow of the boat is at the point (x, y) and the person has walked a distance D, then the person is
located at√the point (0, D), the line segment connecting (0, D) and (x, y) has length a; thus a2 = x2 + (D − y)2 ,
D = y + a2 − x2 = a sech−1 (x/a).

p !
−1 1 + 5/9
(b) Find D when a = 15, x = 10: D = 15 sech (10/15) = 15 ln ≈ 14.44 m.
2/3
172 Chapter 6

 2 
a2 x 1 a 1p 2 a2 − x2 a2
(c) dy/dx = − √ +√ = √ − +x = − a − x2 , 1 + [y 0 ]2 = 1 + 2
= 2;
2
x a − x 2 2
a −x 2 a −x  x
2 2 x x x
Z 15 r Z 15 15
225 15
with a = 15, L = dx = dx = 15 ln x = 15 ln 3 ≈ 16.48 m.
5 x2 5 x 5

77. First we would need to show that the line segment from the origin to P meets the right branch of the hyperbola
only at P , so that the shaded region in Figure 6.9.3b is well-defined. (This is easy.)
Next we’d need to show that the area of the shaded region approaches +∞ as the point P moves upward and to
the right along the curve, so that cosh t and sinh t will be defined for all t > 0 (and hence, by symmetry, for all
t.) (This is not quite as easy.)

Chapter 6 Review Exercises

Z b Z c Z d
7. (a) A = (f (x) − g(x)) dx + (g(x) − f (x)) dx + (f (x) − g(x)) dx.
a b c

Z 0 Z 1 Z 2
3 3 1 1 9 11
(b) A = (x − x) dx + (x − x ) dx + (x3 − x) dx = + + = .
−1 0 1 4 4 4 4

9. Find where the curves cross: set x3 = x2 + 4; by observation x = 2 is a solution. Then

Z 2
4352
V =π [(x2 + 4)2 − (x3 )2 ] dx = π.
0 105
Z 4  2
√ 1 3
11. V = x− √ dx = 2 ln 2 + .
1 x 2

 y 1/3  2  y 2/3 Z −1
dy dy x2/3 + y 2/3 4 2
13. By implicit differentiation =− , so 1+ = 1+ = = 2/3 , L = dx =
dx x dx x x2/3 x −8 (−x)1/3
9.
s  2
Z Z
16 √ −1 16 √ π  3/2 
15. A = 2π 25 − x 1+ √ dx = π 101 − 4x dx = 65 − 373/2 .
9 2 25 − x 9 6

17. A cross section of the solid, perpendicular to the x-axis, has area equal to π(sec x)2 , and the average of these cross
Z π/3 π/3
1 2 3 √
sectional areas is given by Aave = π(sec x) dx = π tan x = 3 3.
π/3 0 π 0

Z 1/4 Z L
1 1
19. (a) F = kx, = k , k = 2, W = kx dx = 1/16 J. (b) 25 = kx dx = kL2 /2, L = 5 m.
2 4 0 0

y2 y2
21. The region is described by −4 ≤ y ≤ 4, ≤ x ≤ 2 + . By symmetry, y = 0. To find x, we use the analogue of
4 Z 4 8 2  Z 4   4
y y2 y2 y3 32
Formula (11) in Section 6.7. The area is A = 2+ − dy = 2− dy = 2y − = .
−4 8 4 −4 8 24 3
Z 4 "   2   2
# Z 4    4
−4
3 1 y2 y2 3 y2 3y 4 3 y3 3y 5 8
So x = 2+ − dy = 4+ − dy = 4y + − = . The
32 −4 2 8 4 64 −4 2 64 64 6 320 −4 5
 
8
centroid is ,0 .
5
Z 1
23. (a) F = ρx3 dx N.
0
Chapter 6 Making Connections 173

Z 2
w(x) x
(b) By similar triangles, = , w(x) = 2x, so F = ρ(1 + x)2x dx lb/ft2 .
4 2 0

Z 0
r
8 2 125
(c) A formula for the parabola is y = x − 10, so F = 9810|y|2 (y + 10) dy N.
125 −10 8
h(x) = 1 + x
0

w (x)
x
2
4

25. (a) cosh 3x = cosh(2x + x) = cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x = (2 cosh2 x − 1) cosh x + (2 sinh x cosh x) sinh x =
2 cosh3 x − cosh x + 2 sinh2 x cosh x = 2 cosh3 x − cosh x + 2(cosh2 x − 1) cosh x = 4 cosh3 x − 3 cosh x.
x x x x
(b) From Theorem 6.9.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 cosh2 − 1, 2 cosh2 = cosh x + 1, cosh2 =
r 2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x
(cosh x + 1), cosh = (cosh x + 1) (because cosh > 0).
2 2 2 2
x x x x
(c) From Theorem 6.9.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 sinh2 + 1, 2 sinh2 = cosh x − 1, sinh2 =
r 2 2 2 2
1 x 1
(cosh x − 1), sinh = ± (cosh x − 1).
2 2 2

Chapter 6 Making Connections

Z 1
1. (a) By equation (2) of Section 6.3, the volume is V = 2πxf (x2 ) dx. Making the substitution u = x2 ,
Z 1 Z 1 0
1
du = 2x dx gives V = 2πf (u) · du = π f (u) du = πA1 .
0 2 0

(b) By the Theorem of Pappus, the volume in (a) equals 2πA2 x, where x = a is the x-coordinate of the centroid
πA1 A1
of R. Hence a = = .
2πA2 2A2
2 2
Z is π(r + ∆r) − πr ≈ 2πr∆r, so its mass is
3. The area of the annulus with inner radius r and outer radius r + ∆r
a
approximately 2πrf (r)∆r. Hence the total mass of the lamina is 2πrf (r) dr.
0

5. (a) Consider any solid obtained by sliding a horizontal region, of any shape, some distance vertically. Thus the
top and bottom faces, and every horizontal cross-section in between, are all congruent. This includes all of the
cases described in part (a) of the problem.
Suppose such a solid, whose base has area A, is floating in a fluid so that its base is a distance h below the surface.
The pressure at the base is ρh, so the fluid exerts an upward force on the base of magnitude ρhA. The fluid also
exerts forces on the sides of the solid, but those are horizontal, so they don’t contribute to the buoyancy. Hence
the buoyant force equals ρhA. Since the part of the solid which is below the surface has volume hA, the buoyant
force equals the weight of fluid which would fill that volume; i.e. the weight of the fluid displaced by the solid.

(b) Now consider a solid which is the union of finitely many solids of the type described above. The buoyant
force on such a solid is the sum of the buoyant forces on its constituents, which equals the sum of the weights of
the fluid displaced by them, which equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the whole solid. So the Archimedes
Principle applies to the union.
Any solid can be approximated by such unions, so it is plausible that the Archimedes Principle applies to all solids.
174 Chapter 6