System Analysis and Design

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A.

Differentiate the 4 developmental models:


1. Waterfall Model is a sequential software development approach where each phase of the project is
completed before moving on to the next one. It follows a linear flow, starting with requirements
gathering, followed by design, implementation, testing, and finally maintenance. This model emphasizes
a well-defined and rigid structure, making it suitable for projects with stable and clearly understood
requirements.

2. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model focuses on rapid prototyping and iterative development.
It involves creating a basic version of the software quickly, gathering feedback, and making iterative
improvements based on user input. RAD aims to accelerate the development process and enhance
flexibility by involving users and stakeholders throughout the project life cycle.

3. Incremental Model involves dividing the project into smaller, manageable modules that are
developed and delivered incrementally. Each module goes through the phases of the Waterfall Model,
but with multiple cycles. It allows for early delivery of usable software and facilitates feedback
incorporation into subsequent increments. This model suits projects where requirements are not fully
known upfront or where quick delivery is essential.

4. Spiral Model is a risk-driven approach that combines elements of both the Waterfall Model and the
iterative approach. It involves repeated cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Each iteration builds upon the previous ones, gradually refining the product while managing risks
effectively. The Spiral Model is suitable for large-scale and complex projects that require continuous risk
assessment and mitigation.

Comparing these models, the Waterfall Model offers a structured and systematic approach but lacks
flexibility for accommodating changes. RAD emphasizes rapid development and user involvement but
may sacrifice certain quality aspects. The Incremental Model focuses on delivering functionality in
increments and adapting to evolving requirements, while the Spiral Model provides a risk-driven
approach for managing complex projects. The choice of the model depends on the project's
characteristics, such as stability of requirements, time constraints, user involvement, and risk
management needs.

B. From the 4 models above, how do Agile Methodology differ?


Agile Methodology is distinct from the Waterfall, RAD, Incremental, and Spiral models in two
key aspects. Firstly, Agile adopts an iterative approach, breaking the project into short iterations or
sprints. Each sprint focuses on delivering a working increment of the software, allowing for quick
feedback and adaptation. This iterative nature enables teams to respond to changing requirements and
customer needs effectively.
Secondly, Agile emphasizes collaboration and customer satisfaction. Cross-functional teams
work closely together, fostering frequent communication and collaboration. Daily stand-up meetings
and continuous feedback loops ensure that everyone is aligned and working towards a common goal.
Moreover, Agile prioritizes customer satisfaction by involving customers and stakeholders throughout
the development process. Their feedback is incorporated into the iterations, ensuring that the delivered
software meets their expectations.
Agile Methodology sets itself apart by embracing iterative development and prioritizing
collaboration and customer satisfaction. By promoting flexibility, adaptability, and continuous
improvement, Agile enables teams to deliver high-quality software that meets evolving requirements
and provides value to customers.

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