Traffic Loads On Road Bridges

Traffic Loads on Road Bridges
1
Types of bridges
• Road bridges
• Railway bridges
• Foot bridges
2
Road bridges with prestressed members
3
Bridge loading
• Vertical loading
Static
Dynamic
• Horizontal loading
Braking force
Acceleration force
Centrifugal force
• Accidental loading
4
Relevant standards
5
Relevant standards
6
Content of EC 1 – Part 2
• Section 1 General
• Section 2 Classification of actions
• Section 3 Design situations
• Section 4 Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges
• Section 5 Actions on footways cycle tracks and foot bridges
• Section 6 Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges
• Annex A Models of special vehicles for road bridges
• Annex B Fatigue life assessment of road bridges
7
Carriageway width
8
Division of the carriageway into notional lanes
9
Location and numbering of the lanes
10
Load structure for road bridges
Traffic load models

- Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4
- Horizontal forces : braking and acceleration, centrifugal, transverse
Groups of loads
- gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5
- characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent values
Combination with actions other than traffic actions
11
Vertical load models
• The vertical load models are to be applied for all limit state verifications except fatigue.
These models are applicable for spans lengths of 200 metres or less, due to how the
loads have been calibrated.
• Load model 1 - Concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, which cover most of the
effects of the traffic of lorries and cars.
• Load model 2 - A single axle load applied on specific tyre contact areas which covers the
dynamic effects of the normal traffic on short structural members.
• Load model 3 - A set of assemblies of axle loads representing special vehicles (e.g. for
industrial transport)
• Load model 4 - A crowd loading

12
Load model 1-Clause 4.3.2 + NA.2.12
• A double-axle load (called the Tandem System) is applied in each traffic lane in conjunction with a uniformly
distributed load (called the UDL System).
13
Load model 1
14
Conditions
15
Dispersal of concentrated forces
16
Load model 2 - Clause 4.3.3 + NA.2.15
• A single-axle load is applied anywhere on the carriageway.
17
Load model 3
18
Load model 3
• The UK National Annex describes two groups of vehicles, SV and SOV(special order vehicles) vehicles.
• SV model vehicles (SV80, SV100 and SV196) are in accordance with the Special Types General Order (STGO)
Regulations
SV80 Vehicle:
SV80 models the effects of STGO Category 2 vehicles that have a maximum gross weight of 80 tonnes and a
maximum basic axle load of 12.5 tonnes.
19
Load model 3
SV100 Vehicle: SV196 Vehicle:
SV100 models the effects of STGO Category 3 vehicles that SV196 models the effects of a single locomotive pulling an
have a maximum gross weight of 100 tonnes and a maximum STGO Category 3 vehicle with a maximum gross weight of
basic axle load of 16.5 tonnes. 150 tonnes and a maximum basic axle load of 16.5
tonnes. The gross weight of the train must not exceed 196
tonnes.
20
Load model 3 – dynamic amplification factor (DAF)
• The axle weights are multiplied by a dynamic amplification factor (DAF) that is defined based on the axle
weight in the National Annex to BS EN 1991-2, Table NA.2.
• Each axle weight is distributed evenly to the two wheels. For local verifications, the wheel load is to be
distributed over a 0.35 meter square.
21
Load model 4 - Clause 4.3.5
22
Load structure for road bridges
Traffic load models

- Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4
- Horizontal forces : braking and acceleration, centrifugal, transverse
Groups of loads
- gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5
- characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent values
Combination with actions other than traffic actions
23
Groups of loads (UK National Annex Table NA.3)
24
𝜑 factors for road bridges
25
• A distinction should be made between those SLS states that will be irreversible and
reversible.
• In the irreversible condition, the SLS will be permanently infringed even when the actions
that cause the exceedance are removed.
• In the reversible condition, when the actions causing the infringement are removed the
exceedance is also removed.
• In reversible condition an agreement can be made to accept a certain frequency of

occurrence of aforementioned situations.
26
• EC0 has been structured to accommodate the following three types of SLS:
• No exceedance will be permitted - characteristic combination is to be used
• The frequency and duration of exceedance events will be agreed with the client - frequent
combination is to be used
• Long-term exceedance events will be agreed with the client -quasi-permanent combination
is to be used
27

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Traffic Loads on Road Bridges

Traffic load models

Combination with actions other than traffic actions

• Load model 4 - A crowd loading

• A single-axle load is applied anywhere on the carriageway.

Traffic load models

Combination with actions other than traffic actions

• In reversible condition an agreement can be made to accept a certain frequency of

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