Phil Hine - Prime Chaos-Netluv
Phil Hine - Prime Chaos-Netluv
Phil Hine - Prime Chaos-Netluv
OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Grant Morrison
PART I CHAOS is EVERYWHERE
Adventures In Magic
The Dynamics of Sorcery
Initiation
Experiments in Belief
Microaeonics
PART II DYNAMIC RITUAL
Introduction
Core Elements of Ritual
The Components of Ritual
Example Types of Ritual
Invocation
Evocation
Astral Magics
PART III GROUP EFFECTS
Introduction
What is a Group ?
Stages of Group Development
Issues Specific to Magical Groups
Running Groups
PART IV LIBER NICE & LIBER NASTY
Liber Nice
Liber Nasty
Further Reading
FOREWORD
by Grant Morrison
The initiate in the Tibetan Chöd ritual is required to undergo a visionary experience in which the
physical body is dismembered and devoured by demons while the "higher self" watches, unmoved by
the gruesome destruction of its flesh. This type of experience, common to the shamanic tradition,
demonstrates the sometimes violent and uncompromising nature of "spiritual" or "paradigm" change.
Emerging from the eerie lunar zones between the polar fires of punk rock and the Thatcher rave
years, Chaos Magic has grown and multiplied and diversified, evolving out through the minds of its
practitioners; it has no shape, it breeds like a fractal and mutates as it goes. "It" currently embraces
aspects of the Crowley cult, shamanism, NLP, Reichian bodywork, Eastern thought, voodoo,
Situationist theory, H.P. Lovecraft, Clive Barker, Walt Disney and anything else you might care to
add to that list. Shattering and binding simultaneously, always up for a laugh, Chaos provides one
useful model for the next stage in the collective upgrading of human consciousness.
Early signs may indicate that human society is entering a time in which the creative synthesis of
apparently contradictory positions will become fundamental to our thinking. In the current magical
subculture, no one sythesizes with the encyclopaedic range and creativity of Phil Hine.
Phil is, in my opinion, the foremost interpreter of the chaos paradigm. His researches, in territories
fraught with confusion and glamour, are not only innovative and imaginative, not only free from self
aggrandizement and dogma, but are also immensely lucid and readable. Phil offers practical,
detailed information on how magic operates and suggests experiments which can (and should) be
duplicated and verified. He never obscures or overelaborates but still manages to astound with the
depth of his experience and the scope of his speculations. Prime Chaos pulls back the motheaten
curtains to expose and dismiss much of the pseudogoth theatricality which still hampers the
understanding of magic, but at the same time, never loses sight of the wonder, the terror and the
awe of true gnosis.
Phil brings humanity, sanity, insanity and wit to a subject which will, I believe, penetrate more deeply
into the fabric of our lives, as science adapts its boundaries to accommodate some of the
conclusions magicians have already reached, and as magic lets go of the "occult" aspects which
once protected its practitioners from the power of a totalitarian church but which serve now only to
obscure.
Direct confrontation with Chaos is unmistakable and available to anyone who is prepared to simply
do the work and open the doors. This book represents the cutting edge of magic theory and practice;
it will provide as many keys as you need but, as ever, the theory may fire the imagination but cannot
in the end substitute for personal experience. Read then DO.
The penis of the President of the USA is the subject of media debate; a British football star
announces to newspapers that five separate demons are occupying his body; a fairytale princess is
killed by cameras. If ever the time was ripe for the wider emergence of the Chaos current, that time is
surely now.
Charles Fort made the gnomic observation that it steam engines when it's steam engine time.
Well ... it's steam engine time and the chöd ritual has already begun for global culture. The world that
was, is now in the process of watching its own disintegration with horror and exhilaration. What
possible transformations lie ahead when, finally, we let the old corpse go?
Nothing is true, everything is permitted.
As the rollercoaster ride into the future gathers speed, Prime Chaos is a survival manual for the 21
st century.
Grant Morrison
July 1998
PART I
CHAOS IS EVERYWHERE
ADVENTURES IN MAGIC
I strayed onto the path direct. Austin Osman Spare
A friend said to me recently, "I'm just not doing enough magical work at the moment." I nodded,
thinking, "Yeah, I've been there." There is a kind of creeping Protestant Work Ethic implicit in modern
magic, a view that you have to work at magic before you get anywhere, doing your regular practice
visualisation, meditation, daily banishing, muttering your chosen mantra on the train, controlling your
dreams etc.until it becomes 'hard work' accompanied by a guilt trip if you slacken off or take a break.
Some time ago I was reading a basic magical training programme in some book or other and I
thought, "Yeah, I bet this guy went to a public school"the kind of place where you get up at dawn for
a cold bath, run round the playing fields and get beaten senseless at every opportunity. The way the
guy was going on, I wouldn't have been surprised if some Archangel had appeared, thundering,
"HINE! You didn't do your daily banishing this morning! Stand in the corner boy until you can recite
all the godnames in Assiah!" That sort of thing.
I hate doing other people's magical training courses, as my natural inclination is to jump around from
one area of interest to another. In the middle of a Tantric phase of magical work, I might suddenly get
a 'flash' insight into some aspect of western Qabalah, and go off at a tangent. Most magical training
programmes don't account for this sort of thing. So I have found that for me, the best way to stick to a
programme is to run away to foreign parts. Nowadays, there are lifestyles package holidays where
you can jet out to South America, tour the local sacred sites in the company of some New Age
'shamanic' teacher, visit a Bruja and have some kind of psychedelic concoction poured down your
throat. Or you can book onto 'magical' tours of Egypt, and discover your past life as a High Priest of
Isis at Giza. This is simply paying to have your fantasies confirmed, and it leads to situations where
New Agers and reformed druids come over to the UK and start burying crystals at sacred sites to
'correct' their alignments. If you really want to have a magical time in foreign parts, avoid this sort of
thing like the plague. Go somewhere that isn't heavily mediasaturated. Detached from the cushion of
friends, language, and television, it's much easier to get into magical practice in a big way, partially
'cos it's much easier to find the time. And the whole thing becomes more interesting as you're not
merely doing pranayama three times a day, you're having an adventure! And magicians are larger
thanlife characters. Having adventures is almost mandatory ! I mean, which sounds better, boasting
that you've invoked the great god Pan from a bedsit in Basingstoke, or coolly mentioning that you did
three hours of nomind meditation stuck in a bunker whilst the PLO launched rockets at the Kibbutz
you were staying on?
If you can't just drop everything and run off to Ibiza, then make doing magic an adventure at home.
And again, this for me is something near to the core of what magic is about leaming to experience
your world in different ways, if only so that you can start tweaking it gently at the edges. Doing magic
is about being responsive to the challenges of your environmentoften a response borne out of
necessity. When you find yourself dumped in Cairo at 4 a.m. with your luggage at the other end of
the city you can begin to appreciate the strengths of a freestyle approach to practical magic which
enables you to shape ideas and approaches and pulling together an ad hoc enchantment to sort out
the situation. The mistake that newcomers to practical magic often make is that, having identified a
problem, they go looking for a 'ritual' or spell which they believe will remove it. Now I've never seen a
spell to 'discover where the hell your luggage has got to' and it's impossible to come up with a
spell/ritual for everything which life might throw at you. So it's more effective, in my view, to be able
to pull 'something' together out of a hat.
Some years ago I was approached by a friend who evinced an interest in practising magic. But, she
said ' she didn't want to bother with the (quote) "boring" preliminary exercises in the books. Now the
generallyaccepted received wisdom regarding magical training is that before you can get to the
exciting stuffchatting up gods or summoning things with tentaclesyou have to have gained some
proficiency with the basic magical skills of concentration, visualization, mantra, breath control, etc.
Indeed, it's often implied that those foolhardy souls who do leap in, wands blazing, come to grief later
on. So I asked this friend what she particularly enjoyed doingwhich for her was going to raves and
grabbing the occasional toyboy, watching Star Trek and playing RolePlaying Games. Together we
discussed a way of doing magical exercises which she could use whilst having fun. So she could
develop magical skills for getting served quickly at the bar, finding an empty seat in a crowded room,
or sussing out whether someone was offering her an E or a Vitamin C capsule. Okay, not very
spiritual, but she wasn't looking for spirituality as mysticism but some way of relating magic to her
everyday life.
Sidling Towards Magical Practice
Books
Books are often the bête noire of the magician. There's a common misconception that before you
can practise magic properly, you have to have read loads of books. Whilst there's nothing wrong with
reading widely about magic, it can lead to problems. One is that you spend so much time reading
that you never actually get around to trying anything out for yourself. Another is that you can
unconsciously acquire all kinds of opinionslimitations about what you can or can't do, for example
from them. Timothy Leary once remarked that "dangerous, habitforming books" should be locked
away. Books are no substitute for practical experience or conversations with other people. So treat
them with respect, but don't worship them. When I was first getting into magic, I would often read a
book, then make notes on what I considered were the key points and practical bits. I then worked
from my notes and not the book. This, I found, was an excellent way of building up a 'personal
grimoire' of techniques and observations. And don't restrict yourself to books on the occult, either.
Most of the key ideas which have influenced my views about magic haven't come from books on
magic.
Keeping a Magical Diary
It's generally accepted that keeping a strict magical diary is a prerequisite for successful practice. But
let's not be too strict about this. There's no point in keeping a strict diary if not keeping up your
entries is going to become a guilt trip for you. Personally, I go through phases when I keep a record
of activities and insights, and at other times, I can't be bothered. It can be useful to train yourself to
remember thingscreating association chains using pictures, photos, scents, objectswhatever you
like.
Explore !
It's very easy for magicians to lock themselves into a limited space, retreating from the world at large
into the world of words (be it in books or the internet) and the safety of their own headspace. If you
feel you're slipping into this state, put aside your books and go out and explore! Go for a stroll in the
park, or a walk on your local 'wild side.' Magic is (in my opinion) a process of engagement with the
world at large, not a retreat from it. Seek wonder in what is around you, rather than in dusty tomes or
the astral worldwhich tends to lack those little things like ants in your sandwiches or dogturds on
the pavement. Go places where you wouldn't ordinarily go. Crowley said something to the effect that
if a dog disturbs your meditationshoot it. Why not go and make friends with it instead?
Daily Practice
Again, there are many books on magic which recommend that the student works through a daily
practice routine of meditations, banishing rituals, visualization exercises, etc. The general view
seems to be that doing daily exercises at fixed times builds character and selfdiscipline. This is fine
if you have a lifestyle which can be easily structured in this way, but many people (particularly those
with children, families or unsympathetic partners) often don't. Fit magic into your lifestyle. For
example, you can easily meditate whilst doing a household chore. I occasionally do quick spells in
the middle of washing up, and they seem to be no more or less effective than when I do the fullon
ritual stuff. I also feel it's important to take time off occasionally and just do nothing. In fact, doing
nothing can be as difficult for some of us as trying to perform some complex mental exercise.
A further issue related to practice routines is that it's too easy to let them regiment your life. Yes, I
could spend years using techniques of dream control until I have complete mastery over my dream
life. But is this necessarily a good thing? I rather like the unpredictability and weirdness of my
dreams, and don't want to impose too much control over them. I could do a daily tarot spread before
going out every morning, but is it really going to help me in the long run?
Having made these points, practice is undeniably an important part of magical work. Whilst I
admitted earlier that I don't like doing magical training courses I should also point out that over the
last two decades I have deliberately put myself through several training programmes devised by
others. Magic requires the development and integration of a wide variety of skills which requires that
you practise them, both as individual disciplines and as integrated techniques.
Beginner's Mind
Approaching magical practice with an open mind is possibly one of the most important requisites to
success. Keeping a Beginner's Mind is more difficult. There are no experts in magic, it's just that
some people have been doing it for longer than others. When we run into people who are speaking
(or writing) authoritatively about some aspect of magic, it's easier to nod wisely rather than saying,
"What the hell are you on about?" Or, "Could you explain this in more detail?" Ask people questions,
be naïve, seek clarification and don't hesitate to put your own point of view across. This sounds
rather obvious, but fear of asking questions and voicing one's own opinions due to the idea that "Well
I'm a beginner, so 1 don't have anything to contribute," does tend to hold people back. In my
experience, beginners often come up with the most novel and interesting ideas for magical
techniques or their application precisely because they have not yet assimilated other people's fixed
notions of what you can and cannot do magically.
Another issue which is related to "Beginner's Mind" is that we are often reluctant to acknowledge
what we do know, and the value of our own experience, particularly in respect to what is written in
some book or other, or when we encounter those who've been doing magic for much longer. We all
have things we can offer each other. Sharing experiences may well be something of a cliché, but its
nonetheless a true one.
THE DYNAMICS OF SORCERY
Magic, like sexual intercourse, needs to be experienced to be fully understood. Similarly, the first few
times that one tries it, it might not live up to preconceived expectations. It might even be a dismal
failure, but that shouldn't put you off forever, right? However, the suspicion that it is all nonsense
lurks in a comer of the psyche, armed with justifications, rationalisations, excuses: all the embedded
cultural programming which says that magic is superstition, fantasy, and something that can't 'really'
happen. The fact that much of what passes for Consensus Reality is based on superstition, fantasy
and things which defy rational explanation, is neither here nor there.
To overcome this suspicion, the wouldbe magician has to prove to himself that MAGIC WORKS,
and the only way to do this is by trying it out. Proving that Magic works, even in a small way, begins
the process of pushing back the boundaries of Achievable Reality. Suddenly, nothing is as clearcut
as it formerly seemed. Keep 'doing' magic for long enough and it becomes an embedded part of
personal realityas familiar as the sky, earth, and buildings seen every day. At this point one ceases
to believe in magic as something 'separate' to the rest of one's familiar world. Rather, the world is
becoming magical. Practical Sorcery, as the application of magical methods to the needs of everyday
life, is a good starting point.
Orthodox magical systems make a distinction between "Low" Magic (Sorcery) which is concerned
with bringing about change in one's immediate circumstances, and 'High' Magic which is concerned
with Spiritual Evolution. The Chaos perspective generally rejects this distinction, as it implies a
philosophy which rejects the physical world as being somehow inferior to a spirituality which is above
the everyday world. Also, this distinction is not an accurate reflection of magical experience.
Being able to see the results of Sorcery workings (even in small ways) shifts the boundary of what
we accept can be done with magic and successfully embeds the fact that Magic Works.
It also raises one's confidence in both personal abilities and the techniques themselves, and leads to
a more expansive outlook.
Also, success with Sorcery techniques requires that one develop the ability to assess self
performance, and critically examine desires, which in itself leads to change. Bringing about direct
changes In the world necessitates that the magician pay close attention to what he is about. Sorcery,
with its emphasis on pragmatic techniques and observable results, directs attention to the world as it
is experienced, rather than some simplistic idea that has hitherto been accepted as 'real.' Reality is
more complex than many people generally like to think.
The dynamics of sorcery are fairly simple, and there is a wide variety of techniques available. Also,
it's not difficult to devise personal techniques which are unique to oneself. The application of Sorcery
too is very wide. The following is a simple overview of Sorcery procedures. I will look into the
dynamics of ritual magic more closely in Part Two, and more information on sorcery in general can
be found in Condensed Chaos (New Falcon Publications, 1995).
Core Elements of Sorcery
1. Intention
Most acts of Sorcery begin with the Statement of Intent. This is a simple declaration of what one is
about to do, and for what final purpose. Since vague intentions tend to give rise to, at best, vague
results, the magician should formulate a Statement of Intent which is as precise as possible, without
becoming overly verbose. Two techniques which may be of assistance here are:
a) Divination Systems
The surface desire for change may well not be the best point from which to work. This is where
Divination Systems such as Tarot, I Ching, Runes, Astrology, or selfcreated systems can be brought
in. For example, a Sorcerer is desirous of obtaining employmentgetting a job is his surface desire.
However, using a divination system to examine the components of the situation, he finds that a key
element which blocks his desire is lack of confidence. So he performs a working where improving
selfconfidence is the main focus of the Enchantment.
Divination systems can also be used when examining a situation which involves other people. It may
occasionally be useful to examine one's motives for intervening in a situation involving other people,
and also looking for hidden factors which may not be immediately apparent.
b) Cognitive Restructuring
There is often a good deal of difference between what we think we ought to be doing, and what can
realistically be achieved. This difference is often a contributing factor to work and life stresses.
Magicians often have high ideals, but may sometimes find that it is difficult to bring those ideals down
to earth. It can be useful, in this regard, to take an overall intention and break it down into smaller
stages, each of which is more readily realised than the overall objective. Rather than trying for a
sudden push of the Achievable Reality threshold, it may be more realistic to attempt this in stages.
Sorcery Event Series
A Sorcery Event Series (S.E.S) is a series of linked Sorcery operations. A longterm goal is broken
down into smaller, related steps. As one result manifests, the momentum of success carries the
magician into the next working in the series. This sets up a condition where each single event
concluded in the series increases the probability of the overall intent manifesting. The S.E.S is a
particularly useful tactic for working with establishing longterm projects. The effect can be likened to
setting up a line of dominoes, and then pushing the first domino into its neighbour.
2. Probability Pathways
Contrary to popular opinion, magical results do not pop up out of thin air, and it does help
enormously, with Sorcery workings, if there is a pathway along which the desired result can manifest.
This can also be examined in terms of probabilities. A Sorcerer who performs a ritual to ensure that
he passes an exam, but does no revision or cramming, is not creating a situation where there is a
reasonable probability that he will pass with flying colours. If, however, he does study, the probability
of success is likely to be higher. Sorcery does seem to achieve the best results when the probability
factor is at least fractionally higher than zero. To take another example, when planning workings for
financial gain, it is useful to have a number of projects on the go, any of which may result in
increased fundshence the sorcery working is more likely to yield some kind of positive result.
3. Timing
Timing is an important yet often underrated factor in practical magic. A good example of how timing
can critically affect the outcome of a working is that of Healing. If a client has a longterm, progressive
disease, then sorcery workings to impede its progress may be more successful at an early, rather
than a late stage, in the course of the illness. Complex life situations can be examined for the
purposes of Sorcery as unfolding event series. In the early stages of a developing situation, there
may be more fluidity and flexibility than at a later stage where it is less easy to influence probable
outcomes. Events which can be perceived are macroscopic changes which have been brought about
by the unseen interaction of microscopic fluctuations. In other words, an avalanche can be seen, but
not the very small factors which brought it about. Developing strategies that allow the identification of
small changes, and then influencing them so that they lead to a change which fulfills the conditions of
one's statement of intent, can therefore be useful for Sorcery working. In other words, learn to
'nudge' a situation at the right moment. Paying close attention to what is happening in a given
situation is useful, and using Divination systems can also help here.
Sorcery Operations Basic Procedure
Once a Statement of Intent has been formulated, and any other relevant factors taken into account,
the next general step in any Sorcery operation is to move into a Free Area.
In orthodox magical systems, this tends to involve ritual procedures for setting up a magical Circle,
making any psychological adjustments for magical work, or assuming particular postures. From a
Chaos perspective, a Free Area is any space which has been redefined as a zone where normal
Consensus Reality is suspended, and Magical Reality is operant. Thus a Free Area may refer to a
previouslyprepared Temple, a space in which ritual is to be performed, or a state of Consciousness.
Within the Free Area, the magician uses any proffered technique/trick deemed appropriate to clear
his awareness of anything but the impending magical act. This can range from full ritual procedures
(performing a Banishing ritual, setting up an altar, etc.,} to merely closing one's eyes and
concentrating. The techniques used to define a Free Area often depend upon:
i) Circumstances
ii) Available Time
iii) Necessity
iv) Individual Preference
Following the definition of, and entry into the Free Area, the next stage is to move towards a state of
consciousness known in the Chaos approach as Gnosis. Gnosis is a condition of onepointed
consciousness wherein awareness is emptied of all save the object of concentration; where will is
given both intentionality and vector. The main routes to Gnosis are threefold: Excitatoryanything
which stimulates the BodyMind, such as dancing, drumming, hyperventilation or sexual arousal;
Inhibitoryanything which stills the BodyMind, such as passive meditation, slow chanting, hypnotic
agents, or slow breathing; and Indifferent Vacuitya state of nomind, or NonDisinterest, where the
object of desire flickers briefly in a mind emptied of all contentno emotional attachment to the desire.
Upon entering the peak of Gnosis, the desire in its chosen representative form (a sigil, for example)
is projected forth, towards its target or into the void of the multiverse. It is then banished from
awareness, that is to say, forgotten.
Following projection of the desire, the Free Area is closed using any preferred method, such as
manic laughter, a Banishing Ritual, or a hand gesture. The Magician then moves onward, having set
up the conditions whereby his desire will manifest accordingly.
It should be noted that a key to Sorcery is that, on completion of a working, it should be considered
at least on a magical levelto be finished with, and nothing more in the way of magical work needs to
be done. The deep certainty that one's Sorcery will yield the desired result will only come through
continued practice, effort, and refinement of technique, but it is not unusual for advanced
practitioners to claim a success rate with this kind of magic of around 8090%.
The above description of General Sorcery Procedure could be used to describe any sorcery working,
from a threehour group ritual involving prolonged dancing, drumming and chanting, to an act of
'EmptyHanded' magic which can be performed anywhere, and need only last a few seconds. In
general, magicians tend to proceed from the former to the latter type of working. As one continually
progresses, the definitions of what constitutes a magical action tend to become fairly fluid. At the
beginning of magical practice, it is usual to perceive magical operations as being separate from
everyday experience. Later, however, acts of magic become a part of everyday experience, as one
makes the transition between inhabiting a Consensus Reality which is gradually widening to admit
the possibilities of magic, to creating a personal Magical Realitya Psychocosm.
Evolving a Psychocosm
In becoming familiar with magical ideas, reading books, learning symbol systems and
correspondences, one comes to learn the ,game rules' of magic. Like any other game, the rules
define the framework of the activity. For a game to be worthwhile, its rules must be flexible, open to
different interpretations, and allow for different needs and situations.
Involvement with magical practice shows that the game rules of Consensus Reality are more flexible,
and have more loopholes than one may have originally thought.
Developing a magical Psychocosm is a slow process, as one gathers momentum in magical practice,
shifting from the tentative position of having read a few books and probably having thereby set up
preconceptions as to what magic is about, to beginning to practise magical techniques in earnest.
One of the strengths of the Chaos approach is that experience is stressed over preexperiential
beliefs. Do it first, then consider which beliefs and concepts seem to be most appropriate, in the light
of personal experience.
In modern culture, there are hundreds of magical systems available, with more being discovered,
recovered and invented every year. Beginners in magic often adopt a system which reflects their
core selfbeliefs and ideas, or, as is sometimes the case, the first system that is encountered or
made accessible. Since few people get anything from an approach they are not even remotely
interested in, it is usually best to choose a magical system that is attractive, for whatever reasons. It
is important to note, however, that our beliefs relating to magic, be they general or particular, do not
necessarily remain constant. They are likely to change according to our experience and changes in
personal perspective.
Our primary sources of information which help us in forming a psychocosm tend to be books and
other people. A rather amusing example of this is how I formed my early beliefs concerning the
inviolability of the magical circle. In the first magical group I worked in, I was taught that once a
magical circle had been set up, that it was dangerous to cross its boundary without ceremonially
opening a gateway in it first. Lacking any other opinions on the subject, and lacking the confidence to
make my own judgements on the matter, this became an article of faith for me. Imagine then, my
amazement when, working with a different group, I saw people blithely nipping out of the magical
circle to fetch forgotten implements or texts, or to visit the bathroom. My first conclusion was that
these people were obviously so advanced that they could cross the psychic barrier of the circle with
impunity. Later on though, I came to revise my opinions as to the nature of the barrier created by the
circle. In retrospect, I would say that it was useful for me to hold that first, strong belief in the power
of the circlethat nothing could cross it unless invitedand that this applied to me as much as any
denizens of the astral realm. This belief also led me to develop a tendency for self organization
making sure I had everything required before beginning a ritual, and that I had visited the toilet
beforehand.
This example illustrates the expansion, or loosening of belief through realitytesting. This is not
always easy to do, particularly if one has limited opportunities for doing so. When magicians lack
opportunities for realitytesting, beliefs about the nature of magic can quickly become dogmas to be
defended at all costs. In part, this is due to the ways in which magical theory is generally perceived.
Theory and Glamour
I have met, over the years, a good many people who have professed to have studied magicmeaning
that they have read a large number of books which claimed to explain how magic worked. Largely,
these folk had not got down to actually trying out something practical, and many ascribed to the
erroneous belief that, before raising a finger to trace a pentagram in the air, or closing one's eyes in
meditation, one needed to assimilate a great deal of abstract theory. However, magic is, in this
respect, dissimilar to the classical sciences. Whilst a student of physics needs to be familiar with
certain theories before performing an advanced experiment, a magician does not need to have
absorbed a huge chunk of abstract theory in order to cast a spell.
Much of what passes for magical theory is, at root, a matter of belief. As such, it is more relevant to
the successful outcome of the magician's spell, that he has some degree of belief in what he is
doing. Moreover, whereas scientific theories are based (at least so we are told by scientists) on
mathematical proofs, magical theories are rooted in the personal beliefs of whoever is expounding
them. Whereas scientific theories at least have the appearance of being unified and consistent,
magical theories do not, nor is it a requirement, from the position of practical magic, that they do.
Henceforth, whilst there are a great many theories and models proposed as to how, or why, magic
works (based on subtle energies, animal magnetism, psychological concepts, quantum theory,
mathematics or the socalled anthropomorphic principle} it is not a case that one of them is more
'true' than others, but a case of which theory or model you choose to believe in, or which theory you
find the most attractive. Indeed, from a Chaos Magic perspective, you can selectively believe that a
particular theory or model of magical action is true only for the duration of a particular ritual or phase
of work.
As has been stated, magical theory is unlike scientific theory. You can learn a good deal about
science by reading other peoples' experiments and theories. Whilst you can read a lot about how
other people have practised magic, the chances are that it won't make much sense until you have a
go yourself.
There is a tendency for people to treat occult theories in the same way as general scientific
descriptions of the world. That is, they are presumed to be 'true' independently of human experience.
These are known as TheoriesofAction They tend to be written and discussed in an abstract,
divorcedfromhumanexperience fashion, as though they are immutable laws. Indeed, for some
magical authors, these are immutable laws or principles, which have been delivered by some kind of
higher intelligence, and are not, therefore, open to scrutiny or debate. Those who do question, may
be met with the brushoff that they are not 'initiated enough' to appreciate the higher truth of the
situation, or they would instantly recognise "that I am the living representative of god, and what I say
is holy law." This is all very well, if you wish to accept, on face value, what you are being told, but
magic, at least from the viewpoint of the Chaos Magic perspective, benefits from you having an open
and curious mind.
However, there is a second type of theory, TheoryinUse, which relates to the guidelines and
patterns that a practitioner learns, through practice and individual experience, which enable him to be
effective.
Theoriesinuse cannot be taught: they are personal and tend to operate at the level of unconscious
assumptions. They can only be learned by the individual by a process of practice in 'live' experience.
In the same way, magical theoriesinuse cannot be taught. A fledgling magician can be given
general magical theoriesofaction and taught basic techniques and the application of them, but he
will, of necessity, develop his own theoriesofuse as part of the process of becoming proficient and
practised at magical activities.
Mistaking Metaphors
Despite various efforts to set the language of magic on a 'scientific' footing, much of one's magical
experience can only be adequately communicated in the language of myth, poetry, or metaphor. This
is very useful, particularly when we desire to inspire or illumine others through the eloquent
description of our own inner experience. Unfortunately, there is a common tendency (believed by
many to be a sideeffect of western education) to fall into the belief that all metaphorical speech has
some basis in fact. In short, westerners tend to take everything too literally.
A good example of this tendency is the Hindu system of chakras. Now most people who have done
some reading of magical texts will have come across the chakras, as they have become a fairly basic
element of what is known as the Western Esoteric Tradition. So much so in fact, that it is more or
less taken for granted that the chakras have some factual basis for existence. The original tantric
texts which describe the varying systems of chakras (some describe six, others, seven, nine, eleven
or even twentyfour!) use a great deal of symbolic language and metaphor, much of which western
authors have mistakenly taken literally. Sir John Woodroffe, in his book The Serpent Power, gives an
example of this when he presents a critique of C.W Leadbeater's book The Inner Life. Leadbeater
claims to have counted the number of petals of the Sahasrara Chakra (clairvoyantly) and says that
the number is not 1,000, as is often given in tantric texts, but exactly 960.
Woodroffe points out that the Indian use of 'thousand' is a metaphor for a great magnitude, and not a
literal count. Leadbeater has mistaken a metaphorical statement for a literal one, which makes
nonsense of his assertion.
This situation is not helped by the fact that a good deal of occult theories appear to pass, as Pete
Carroll once said, from book to book, without any intervening thought. Whilst it is understandable that
authors should try and attempt to place magic on a similar footing to the classical sciences, it is all
too easy to create dogmas in this fashion. Indeed, I was once privileged to overhear, during a
discussion about the validity of modern models of the chakras, that the Indian sages who developed
the system, were wrong in their writings about them! Similarly, it is common for occultists to base a
particular theory on some popular scientific model and, when the model is discredited or modified by
further research, to loudly defend their belief and decry the scientists for not understanding the 'true'
significance. Such uncritical thinking can easily lead to dogmatismthe enemy of magic.
Models and Maps
Most approaches to magical development use some kind of general map or model for structuring
experience, such as the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, or the aforementioned chakras. However, it is
important to bear in mind Robert Anton Wilson's advice that the Map is not the Territory.
Magical maps and models are useful in that they can provide a consistent framework for us to make
sense of our experiences with. But they are not static entities in themselveslike any other model,
they change over the course of time as new ideas are suggested, expounded by authors and
esoteric schools, and become an accepted part of the overall model. Moreover, models have their
restrictions. Some are good at explaining or understanding particular aspects of magical work, but
poor at explaining others. Just as scientists have spent a great deal of time and energy chasing a
'grand theory' which, ultimately, will explain everything, so many occultists spend a great deal of time
constructing esoteric models that can explain and interpret any magical event. In my opinion, at
least, such attempts are doomed to failure. For example, the influx of psychology in magical models
has been both beneficial and notso beneficial to magic in general. On the one hand, the
understanding of applied psychology has helped develop our understanding of magic as an agent of
selfdevelopment. On the other, however, it is a mistake to try and reduce all magical phenomena to
psychological processes. For example, psychological explanations of magic explain curses in terms
of autosuggestion. This is all very well until one brings up cases whereby the recipient of a curse is
unaware of what has taken place, yet still falls ill.
Once again, which theory or model you subscribe to is basically a matter of personal choice: the only
yardstick beingdoes it work for you?
Results and Magical Advancement
There is a story about a student of the Zen master Dogen who came to the master and reported that,
deep in his meditation, he had seen a great white light, in the centre of which was the Buddha.
Expecting praise at his spiritual advancement, he was somewhat crestfallen when Dogen replied
"That's nice. If you concentrate on your breathing, it will go away."
During one's magical development, one is quite likely to experience intense states of awareness,
visions, unusual perceptions, precognitive phenomena or the joyful amazement that, against all odds
and rationality, one's simple piece of candle magic actually brought forth the result that was desired.
Some of these experiences will be potentially lifechanging, unpleasant and even threatening. That is
all part of the course, too. The problem comes when one begins to attribute such experiences to
being signs of great magical illumination or spiritual realisation. Sometimes, you might not even be
the direct source of the tendency. Whilst I was writing this piece, a friend rang me to say that she'd
been getting some intense visions of my explaining various esoteric matters to her. Now 1 could
have said, "Well done, you're picking up on my astral wavelength" or something which, whilst
sounding impressive, would have been a lie on my part (if I'd been deliberately attempting to project
my presence to her, it would have been a slightly different matter), and we mutually discussed the
phenomena and came up with an explanation which I felt was more reasonable.
Metaprogramming & Magical Belief
A key to magic is what we choose to believe about magic and ourselves. In certain respects, the
universe conforms to our beliefs. Again, the chakras form a useful example of this process. The
popular view of chakras is that we have seven. Meditate on the chakras, hammer the symbolism into
your head and, eventually, you'll start having 7Chakra experiencesfrom body sensation to dreams
about them. There are basically two ways of looking at this resultone is that the chakras are 'real'
and have been waiting for you to come along and 'awaken' them; the other that you've imposed a
map over your perception of your bodymind, which has structured itself accordingly. You can test this
by switching to a different subtle body map such as the Middle Pillar of the Tree of Life, and doing
the same, until you obtain the result of experiences and sensations concordant with the symbolism of
the Middle Pillar.
Any belief system can be used as a basis for magic, so long as you can invest commitment and
emotional attachment into it. Looking back at my earlier magical experiments, I guess that what used
to be important for me was the strong belief that the system I was using was ancient wisdom, based
on traditional formulae, passed down from initiate to initiate. As it was, much of this turned out to be
glamour or hype, but it helped me a lot as I struggled to gain confidence in my own magical ability.
A belief system can be seen as a matrix of information into which we can pour emotional energywe
do as much, when we become so engrossed in watching a play, film, or TV programme that for a
moment, it becomes real for us, and invokes appropriate emotions. Much of what we see served up
on the silver screen is powerful mythic images and situations, repackaged for modem tastes.
The Power Of Discrimination
In approaching all worldviews, models, and theories, it is useful to develop one's faculty for
discrimination. In a religious, or absolutist sense, this would require the differentiation of Truth from
NonTruth. However, from a magical perspective, discrimination acts in the following way:
It is the process of moving beyond merely accepting other people's models and theories, by doing
your own research/magical work.
A simple example of this process is that, when reading a book about runes, you might well find
yourself following that author's interpretation of the runes. This is fine for a while, but if you never try
and find out anything more, then you have accepted the restriction of this one viewpoint. If you read
a different author on the subject, you are likely to find differences of attribution. Which author is right?
You can accept one opinion over the other, but until you begin to find out why a particular rune is
given one or another attribution, then you are merely accepting other people's opinions with no other
knowledge on which to base your own ideas. Until you try and find out why something has been
given a particular attribute, it will be difficult to discriminate between one opinion and another.
Magical learning is not just about taking in 'facts' which someone else provides, in the form of a book,
for example. One needs to actively experiment and work with magical information, in order for it to
become personally meaningful.
This implies that magical models and theories are open to question, and they are also open to
change. In particular, they are open to question as one begins to ask questions, and seek answers.
And they are open to change as one might change one's mind about a model and elaborate it,
recognise it's limited application, or even discard it altogether.
Discrimination is also the process of finding out what is appropriate for yourselfbased on your own
feelings, rather than what other people might say, or what you read in books. This does not require
any special powers of intuition, but it does require the willingness to pay attention to the way in which
you take on board magical ideas and concepts.
Magical Glamour
In addition to particular magical theories, there is also a further complicating factor which influences
belief, which for purposes of discussion 1 have chosen to refer to as the 'glamour' which surrounds a
particular belief system or approach. This relates both to how adherents of a particular magical
system describe themselves in relation to others, and how that system of belief is broadly perceived
in a variety of wider contexts. This includes the memes which circulate both in mainstream culture
and the various layers of alternative milieus. For example, early on in its development, Chaos Magic
acquired the glamour of being somehow 'sinister' or 'satanic' which, while inaccurate, has doubtless
drawn quite a few people to become interested in it. Some magical systems have strong quasi
religious overtones, and for practitioners of these systems, the glamours can become faiths.
Elements of glamour include not only beliefs and concepts, but styles of writing, narrative content,
images, overall presentation, buzzwords, and occasionally the participation of charismatic
figureheads.
Often, the attractiveness of a glamour for an individual reflects personal tastes in literature, music, or
other fashions. For Chaos Magicians, the power of glamour becomes yet another technique to be
understood and utilised. For example, successfully weaving the glamour of being a shaman will
significantly alter other people's reactions to the magician, as would successfully weaving the
glamour of being a satanist. Indeed, it is possible for a magician who is adept in the projection of
glamours to be perceived as both (by different sets of people), when in fact, neither glamour is
particularly 'true.'
One of the most persistent and attractive glamours is that of the magician as an 'outsider' figure.
Many people who are attracted to magic want to think of themselves as outsidersindividuals who
stand beyond the boundaries of everyday society, separated from everyone else by dint of their
'knowledge of the mysteries.' Unfortunately, thinking of oneself as an 'outsider' can become an
excuse for not getting one's act together. The 'outsider stance' can often be equated with no
direction, low quality of life, no social skills, unrealistic selfexpectations and a huge chip on one's
shoulder. Addiction to those virulent memes, Being Right and Getting Even is also common amongst
wannabe Outsiders. The other main problem with being an Outsider is that one needs something to
be outside of. Again this pulls the individual back into dualistic oppositionoriented thinking habits.
Having to have an enemy against which to define yourself, be it society, an imaginary black lodge
that is psychically attacking you; mehums; the masses; robotniks; proles or whatever term used,
hides, 1 think, a nagging insecurity. If you see yourself in opposition to that other, then it's all too
easy to think of yourself as being superior to them, and the more you have to be superior, the less
able you are to admit to having personal faults and weaknesses, or even that other people may be
as complex and interesting as you are. This kind of arrogance is all too common, and not therefore,
as élite as its exponents fondly imagine themselves to be.
INITIATION
To initiate something is to begin, or embark upon a particular course of action. To be initiated, in the
magical sense of the word is to recognize that you are moving through a threshold of changethat
you are in a period of transition. The key to understanding initiation is recognizing consciously what
is happening, rather than simply wondering what the hell's going on. For many magicians and
pagans, the recognition of moving into a period of initiation is marked by a ritual or magical
retirement. Thus in this context, an Initiate is someone who is intensely aware of his or her condition,
and is surfing the crest of the wave, rather than struggling to hold it back. Initiation is a time of letting
go. It is a time of 'loosening up'when habits, beliefs, attitudes and selfidentifications suddenly (or
gradually) seem to be less concrete than they were previously. One's grip on 'normality' may be
temporarily lost, only to be eventually (one hopes) regained, but not quite the same as it what before.
Dealing with this loss of certainty, and the necessary confrontation with self, can be difficult at times.
Some never manage to go the distance, and instead opt for fantasies wherein they are mighty
adepts rather than simply accepting their own humanity, which necessitates a degree of humility, to
say the least. Reacquaintance with self then, is one of the core byproducts of initiation. Another is
confidencethe confidence which springs from the ability to let goto be able to loose control of
something when you realise that control is no longer a valid option. The confidence to make mistakes
freely and to be able to admit "I don't know..." rather than fearing loss of face. The confidence of
meeting an uncertain world headon, smiling. Further, having gone through the painful process of
shaking loose one's web of beliefs, values and identifications, then other people's truths no longer
seem as threatening to one's own. These factors and others contribute to one's own sense of poise
the easy, selfassured manner which is one of the hallmarks of the effective magician.
What kind of timeperiod are we talking here? That's difficult to say. As I noted in Condensed Chaos,
initiation is a process. It has its peaks, troughs and plateaus. It highs, lows, and periods of nothing
much happening. One thing I am sure about is that once or is not enough. Initiatory trials come up
time and time again as changes in our lives impact upon us. Change, the only constant in magic, is
something that is mostly resisted, but occasionally is as stimulating as a shot of coke. One period of
initiation doesn't mean you're now sorted, for the rest of your life, but is more likely to leave you
understanding how little you understand. Initiatory cycles can take years to work themselves through.
When you think it's all over, it usually isn't.
Related to initiation is the idea of magical progress. It is often difficult for nonmagicians to
understand why those of us so afflicted are so passionate about what we do and what we get out of
it, much less why we bother with it in the first place. One of the things that keeps us going is a sense
of going somewhere or making progress in magicto be "on the path" to use an occult colloquialism.
This sense of progress does not come automatically to us; it is more that it sneaks up unawares until
one begins to think of oneself as going somewhere definite as opposed to simply experimenting or
messing around. Where one is going, of course, is up to each alone, depending on what they
conceive progress to besomething which of itself, is likely to change as one progresses, and
according to the company one keeps.
Ideas of progress may also be shaped by any particular belief system or magical theory that one has
chosen to give shape to experiences. Magical Psychocosms, ways of structuring the universe and
our place in it using symbolic structures, are often used as the basis of systems of initiationthat is to
say they are means by which magical progress is cutup into discrete steps, often known as Magical
Grades. Each Grade deals with a specific set of experiences and magical methods, allowing the
individual to concentrate on one thing at a time, rather than floundering about. One of the arguments
for systems of initiation then, is that they give individual magicians a structure with which to approach
their magical development, and interpret and then assimilate their experiences according to a
framework of theory and belief. That's the theory, anyway. How far one goes with any one system of
initiation is again a matter of preference and
changing needs. There are arguments that favour following systems set up by particular occult
orders, teachers or esoteric systems of belief, and those that say that creating one's own system
gives the best results. Having done both, I will say that each approach has its pros and cons.
Probably the bestknown magical grades are those associated with the Hermetic Order of the Golden
Dawn: Neophyte, Zelator, Practicus, etc. Each grade had particular magical aims and objectives
associated with it, as well as characteristic mystical experiences. The problem which has become
identified with this kind of grading system is the way in which it lends itself to the creation of abusive
hierarchical authority in a group, or egoinflation for solo magicians. Anyone can claim to have
attained a particular magical gradebut in the long run this counts for very little unless other people
recognise such an assertion and support it. It's pointless saying you're a Magus if everyone else
thinks you're a prat!
So what, then, are Initiation Rituals about? Basically, there are two types of initiation ritual: Self
Initiation, and Initiation into, or via a Group. I will deal with the latter first.
Initiation by a Group
Initiation by a Group has many shades. When individuals belonging to a particular magical tradition
or system talk about rituals of initiation, it is usually in the context that the ritual serves to identify the
candidate as a full member of that particular group, organization or tradition, rather than a supplicant
or novice. Thus the ritual marks the end of that person's apprenticeship with the group in questionhe
is now fully accepted and recognized as equal to the others. This may be the primary consideration
of the group, whereas stimulating or intensifying any intrapsychic change on the part of the candidate
may be of secondary importance. This is not to say however, that group initiation rituals cannot
trigger periods of the personal initiatory cycle in people who undergo themthey can do so effectively,
although a great deal depends on how the candidate is treated prior to the ritual event, during it, and
afterwards.
A rather extreme example of an initiation by a group was my own initiation into a Wiccan coven some
17 years or so ago. As is not unusual for Wiccan covens, I had to wait 'a year and a day' before
becoming initiated. This kind of trial period is often used in magical groups and orders as a time of
the group getting to know the candidate, and vice versa. During this period a candidate may be
required to undertake a basic magical training programme or otherwise fulfill any entry requirements
the group has. Most of all though, it is a period where both group and individual strive to suss each
other out, to find out whether or not the other is suitable in terms of personality, common beliefs and
values, etc. I was asked to keep a magical diary and to follow a regimen of meditation, yoga,
banishing rituals, practice at divination and to try and visit some natural settingbe it park, woodland,
or seashore once a week. As I moved gradually towards the time of being ready for initiation into the
coven proper, the leaders of the coven dropped quite a few hints about how my magical work would
change after initiation. The ritual itself I recall with a mixture of awe and amusement. Amusing, as
the coven had based it on a Golden Dawn initiation ritual which called for more ritual officers than
they then had members, and the temple space was also rather cramped for the activities that the
ritual called for. The feeling that I will never forget however, is the moment of fear and uncertainty
which rushed through my head as I was led, naked and blindfolded, into a room and the first thing I
came up against was a sharp magical dagger against my breast. And I thought, "Ohmigod what if
I've misjudged these people and they are loonies after all." The realisation that I had to abandon
myself to trusting the people I'd given myself up to was an indescribable rush. The initiation ritual
consisted of various symbolic recognition's that I was committing myself to the coven, the magico
religious tradition of goddess veneration, and to my own magical development. As part of this
process I was given a magical name by which I would be known during ritual and sacred events, and
after the ritual had closed, was welcomed by the coven members with a party.
However, the initiation wasn't over yet. A few days later I was asked to visit the coven, to discuss
'something.' On arrival, the first thing I noticed was that the people there were distinctly cool towards
menot exhibiting the friendly warmth I had come to value so much from the coven. I listened with
growing horror as the High Priestess of the coven explained to me that they'd made a mistakethat I
wasn't suited for magical pursuits and that if I continued I would probably go mad. The initiation ritual
they said was invalid, I couldn't be in the coven and moreover, I should not do any more magical
work! 1 was devastated by this revelation. I left Britain to travel around Israel and Egypt, and on my
eventual return, became interested in Zen meditation. I corresponded occasionally with some others
who I'd met through the coven, but gave little thought to the occult practices and beliefs which
previously, had rather dominated my life. Nearly two years after my 'failed' initiation, I received a
letter out of the blue from the High Priestess of the coven saying that she was "pleased with my
progress" and I would like to visit the coven again. I did so, and shortly after was reinstated as an
initiated member of the coven.
On my return to the coven, I discovered that the 'rejection' had been deliberatethat the trial of the
initiation had not been the rite itself or being made to wait a year and a day for it, but to go through all
that and then told that being a magician which I'd decided I was going to devote my life to becoming
(as you do) back then, was not possible, by someone I'd accepted as a trustworthy authority figure.
Yes, I could have argued, blustered or put up a fight. I couldn't have gone to another group as I didn't
then know any other groups and had met a sum total of five other practising magicians in my entire
life. In retrospect, what the coven did was exactly what I needed at the time and when I eventually
came back to them I had gained a good deal of perspective about magic and myself. I can only
admire the way in which the coven's act plunged me into an initiatory crisis and left me largely alone
until I'd come through it.
The element of the trial is a key feature of initiation rituals. In some tribal cultures for example, the
candidate is expected to endure pain without crying outpain itself being of course a route into
gnosis. In the Eleusinean Mysteries' initiation, a celebrant, prepared by fasting and hallucinogenies
might be lowered into a cave complex where beastmasked priests enacted the parts of gods and
spirits. In modern magical groups, a candidate's initiation trial might consist of being led and
misdirected across a wilderness until he stumbles across the appointed spot for the climax of the rite;
being asked to defend a place or not to move from it despite all temptations or fear; alternatively the
trial might involve the candidate's direct confrontation of a personal taboo or having to give up a
major attachment (being asked to shave one's hair being a simple example). In Aleister Crowley's
novel Moonchild, one of the protagonists undergoes an initiation ceremony, wherein she surrenders
her personal freedom, in the belief she is helping another woman escape the Order, who are made
out to be cruel torturers. The test here is of selfless sacrifice. Another kind of trial is a ritual wherein
the candidate is told to demonstrate his commitment to the group by choosing one of several courses
of actionall of which involve varying degrees of subjugation to authority or unpleasantness. In this
instance, the candidate's refusal to follow any of the choices laid before himdespite pressurecan be
seen as a test of the candidate's individual spirit.
Related to the element of the trial is the element of surprise in initiation rituals. There are different
schools of thought here. One argument is that by using the same initiatory ritual structure for each
candidate, the group builds up a layer of shared, common experience which helps build up the sense
of 'weness.' A counterargument however, is that initiation rituals require an element of risk. If the
candidate has only a few cues about what will happen during his initiatory ritual, he or she is much
more likely to be in a state of heightened awareness and it is therefore more likely that the ritual will
impact upon the candidate at a deep level. For much the same reason, it is held by advocates of this
approach that initiatory rites should be carefully tailored to reflect the groups' observation of each
particular candidate. For example, it would be pointless using quasiS&M trappings in an initiation
ritual if the individual it is aimed at is into S&M anyway.
The sense of apprehension in a candidate for initiation can be gradually fostered through the pre
ritual behaviour of the rest of the group. This can be heightened during the ritual itself by the use of
blindfolds, earplugs or other props designed to obscure sensory input, and again by the ritual officers
distancing themselves from the candidateaddressing him in the third person, for example.
Group initiation rituals may also involve elements whereby the candidate demonstrates personal
commitment to the group and vice versa. Rituals are often closed with the other celebrants greeting
the new initiate with a warmth and friendliness that previously may have been held back. Polite
distance may be changed for joking, insults, arguments and the implication that the individual will no
longer be expected to behave like a polite visitor in front of everyone else but can expect the joys of
the full roughandtumble of group life.
If a group initiation ritual is going to be successful in triggering a personal initiatory crisis for the
candidate, there has to be, I feel, a bond of trust between the candidate and the group member
responsible for orchestrating that person's initiation. The initiator needs to have formed some
baseline ideas about how the candidate will perform under stress, and also to have observed the
candidate long enough to have some ideas as to what for him will constitute a suitable ritual event.
Also, the mere fart that for the candidate during the ritual, the initiator's change in demeanour from
his or her normal behaviour towards the candidate to one of ritual formality can act to increase
apprehension and expectation. This bond of trust is particularly important after the ritual, especially if
the ritual is aimed at triggering an initiatory crisis. Such personal initiation cycles are often marked by
periods of depression, uncertainty and varying degrees of neurosis. Getting through this period
successfully is all the more likely if the individual concerned has a trustworthy person he or she can
discuss feelings and perceptions with. Preferably someone who has gone through the initiation crisis
cycle often enough to help the initiate find his own way out of it.
SelfInitiation
The process of selfinitiation is central to magical development in that the aspiring magician must, at
some point, voluntarily open himself to initiatory crisis and indeed, be prepared to engage in such
initiatory trials time and time again. Several misunderstandings are circulating concerning Self
Initiation. One such is the idea that all SelfInitiation requires is undergoing a simple ritual of
dedication to a particular tradition or beliefsystem. Such rituals of dedication can act as Statements
of Intent, as Recognitions of one's entry into the initiatory cycle, or rites of closure once one feels that
things have calmed down somewhat. SelfInitiation, however, being a process of intense self
discovery and reappraisal, requires a great deal of hard work on the part of the individual and is
unlikely (in my opinion) to be sorted out after a halfhour ritual. Another misconception is that once
one has passed through a particular initiatory trial, any changes of perception or insight that one may
gain are fixed for eternity. During an initiatory crisis, one may experience both the lows which are
termed "the dark night of the soul" and the highs of oneness with the Universe, God, the Tao, the
bliss of egoloss and the intense feeling that one's accrued habits and limitations have fallen away.
This is normal. It is also transitory. In my own experience at any rate, I have found that a lot depends
on what you do about any insights or new understandings that arise out of initiatory highs and lowsin
other words, insights must be acted upon, and understood gradually. Making small changes in
thought, word and deed is usually more effective than making big sweeping declarations.
A further misconception around the issue of SelfInitiation is the idea, popular amongst some
occultists, that SelfInitiation is somehow secondrate compared to Initiation by a particular group.
Related to this is the idea that one is not a proper magician, witch or whatever, unless one is a
member of a coven, magical order, or group. Of course one can take this still further until it can be
asserted that is not a 'proper' magician unless one is a member of 'X' group. Some modern Wiccans
for example, seem particularly obsessed with proving lines of initiation back to a particular authority
figure. Whilst this might well give rise to a certain sense of historical continuance, it's by no means
essential. There seems to be some implication that by virtue of having a historical sense of
continuance through being able to trace one's line of initiation gives credence and some kind of
authentication to one's current magical practices and beliefs. But why should it? And why should this
be necessary? I will admit that it's nice to be able to say "Well, I was initiated by x, and x by z, and z
by y, and y by w." But it doesn't make what I do now somehow 'more valid' than someone else who
has merely initiated themselves, working alone from books. All a group or teacher can do is perhaps
no more than point in a particular direction or provide a helping hand along the way. In fact, I would
argue that membership of a group can be the perfect setting for those who are unwilling to initiate
themselves, preferring fantasies of being powerful magicians to the hard work of selfappraisal and
selfacceptance.
Steps Towards SelfInitiation
How then does one proceed towards initiation? This again, is somewhat amorphous. Many spend a
lifetime seeking 'enlightenment' but get not so much as a glimpse. Many expend a great deal of
energy being spiritually correct only to find that the dull person next door is gifted with a remarkable
vision of the All, in the midst of watching "I Love Lucy" or something seemingly equally banal. There
is. I feel, an element of such elusiveness to the process of initiation, particularly one's first experience
of personal crisis as a result of magical work. It is sometimes characterized by feelings that your
occult studies or practices are not taken you anywhere, that the initial success that one is sometimes
granted after a few months of occult working, has suddenly dried up. There comes a desire to give
up on everything, to abandon exercises and meditation, as nothing seems to be working. It may also
be experienced as an existential crisis of belief and selfdoubt. Fears of going mad are not
uncommon either. It is not, on the whole, a very enjoyable time to go through.
It is impossible to predict how and when initiatory crises will explode upon usother than in
retrospect. Its impossible to generalize, other than tentatively. Gradually, in my experience, one
develops a sense of their onset, amplified through dream, intuition and omenbut one has to be able
to read one's Personal signs correctly, which takes some experience. It is believed by some
magicians that initiatory crises arise as a byproduct of intense periods of magical workings and
practices. Any kind of magical work it is held, can lead to initiation and by the same token, any
particular magical project can be used (i.e., dedicated) to contribute to furthering one's initiation.
Some magicians do construct magical retirements for themselves which are aimed at uncovering
some particular aspect of self through intense application of magical techniques. Examples of such
retirements include the creation of a personal Alphabet of Desire, or identifying and binding one's
own demonhorde. Others may choose to pursue themselves through some form of psychotherapy
or one of the myriad systems of selfdiscovery available. Indeed, Israel Regardie recommended that
serious magical practice be prefaced by undergoing psychoanalysis, and this for a time, was a
requirement for a Golden Dawnstyle order that he was assisting (see Rebels & Devils, New Falcon
Publications for a further discussion of this). The various techniques and approaches which come
under the broad umbrella of Ego Magic are also apposite for selfinitiation. Certainly, intensely
challenging one's own self identifications, beliefs, values and habits of thinking and action can
provoke an intrapsychic crisis. But this has to be approached authentic allywhich is to say not
merely as an intellectual exercise. The initial aim (that of initiation) must be subsumed into the details
of the practice itself, else one is forever on the lookout for one's 'initiation coming,' whereas it is not
apt to sneak up and bash you on the head until you've forgotten about it. Individuals who seek
spiritual progress are often driven by a desire to achieve enlightenment (Buddhahood, magushood,
whatever) now and there is a dash to find the most powerful techniques or methods which will
guarantee success. Similarly, there is no one technique or practice that will guarantee a successful
initiation.
It is this amorphous nature of initiation which causes some magicians to argue that one needs a
guide of some sorts, be it a teacher, group, or merely friends with open minds, in order to
successfully get through periods of initiation. Certainly, having someone you can discuss all your
hopes, fears, suspicions and occasional mad thoughts with is very helpful. Of course, those with
various mandates and agendas of their own, may see one person's vulnerability as an opportunity to
sow their own brand of truth on fertile soil. Religious cults do this very well, hanging around colleges
where they can draw in new students, away from home and unsure of their newfound freedoms.
When the world we have taken for granted suddenly fragments around us, truths can act as anchors
against uncertainty. In such moments, the realization that "Nothing is True" can be horrific, or vastly
amusing.
EXPERIMENTS IN BELIEF
One of the central assertions of Chaos Magic is that belief structures reality. If you believe in faeries
it's much more likely that you're going to be able to see them. If you believe that the only way to do
something is what you've learned so far, then you're less likely to consider alternative approaches.
Related to this is the idea that beliefs are tools or conceptual weapons, rather than fixed
perspectives, which can be drawn upon in any given situation. A good practical example of this in
practice is healing. We would not, for example, except an allopathic healer to accept the possibility of
spirits influencing the course of an illness. A magician however, might well do so, and at the same
time, be able to accept the relevance of the allopathic perspective.
The beliefs we hold about ourselves, things in particular and in general, and how the world works,
are both personal and social, particularly when we begin to express them or seek out other people in
order to gain confirmation or verification of them. So experimenting with our own beliefs, by
necessity, involves other people. And this of course, invites the complexity that always appears when
one moves out of one's own 'itseemsobvioustome' headspace, towards other people. It has been
said that other people provide the backdrop against which we display our personal differences and
thus maintain our sense of being an individual. There is an element of truth in this, in that we often
tend not to expect other people to be as complex as we know we are to ourselves.
The sense of being a unique individualthe Ego is maintained by a pattern which basically makes a
divide between what it 'is' and what is 'not.' An individual's attitudes, beliefs, and allegiance to various
ideologies and social groups reinforce the sense of selfhood, against the projected 'other.' These
structures are responsible for maintaining one's perception of the way things 'are'the embedded
perception of that which is perceived as; (to use Berger & Luckmann's term) 'Paramount Reality';
echoed back through all aspects of one's life, so that there is little sense of reality being fragile or
unstable (except at times of stress). One's worldview literally becomes the Worldembedded and
reinforced so that its limitations and parameters are experienced unreflectively, as selfevident
'truths.' This is everyday life as it is experienced on a daytoday basis. It is, to a great extent,
constructed from routines and our sense of comfort that nothing much will hopefully occur to interrupt
the flow of events between one moment and the next. Of course interruptions occur all the time, but
there is a tendency to treat them as if they were aberrations that cause us to sidestep for a moment
before swinging back on course.
Habits & Routines
Although we are creatures of habit and routine, we tend to have a paradoxical relationship with those
very habits and routines (of behaviour, thought, etc.) which maintain our sense of everyday reality.
We mostly allow them to pass unnoticedafter all, what is there to ponder about the way we dress in
the morning, put on our shoes or wash up after dinner? Occasionally though, we feel oppressed by
our own routines, and feel the need to break out. Habit becomes restriction. When this mood sweeps
in, it is a good time to try out the various habitbreaking exerciseswrite with your nondominant hand;
speak backwards; attempt to delete one habit from your behavioural repertoire replacing it with
another. Part of the point of such exercises is that you are introducing conscious reflection into an
event which, prior to the exercise, you did moreorless automatically. So instead of eating while you
watch TV, you just eat concentrating on the sensations, actions and flavours. Instead of listening
with only half an ear to another person while you think of a witty rejoinderyou just listen, keeping
your mind blank and giving the other full attention. There are hundreds of such little gambits and they
can be fun to try out periodically. Just don't get into the habit of viewing them as having to be done
and feeling guilty when you forget. "My god, I ate that sandwich without even tasting it!" Habits have
their uses. Indeed, one can argue that the more we assign the lowpriority aspects of our lives to
unreflective behaviour, the more attention we can pay to being free in those arenas which do matter
to us.
As we can experiment with personal habits and routines, we can so do with social routines of
behaviour. In the 1970s, an American sociologist asked his students to go home and behave as
though they were guests in their own homes. He was inundated with complaints from angry parents
who had wondered why their offspring were politely asking them if they could use the bathroom or
retire to their rooms. Even minor changes in social behaviour can have farreaching effects.
Individuals with a rigid egocomplex tend to react to any perceived threat to their worldview by
suppressing, denying, or attacking the source of dissonance. The more loose one's egocomplex, the
more adaptive and tolerant the individual is to new ideas, change, understanding another person's
viewpoint, and, perhaps most importantthe ability to interact with others across a wide social range,
without requiring a complete consensus of attitude and belief.
The Paradigm Shift
The term "Paradigm Shift" was coined by the scientific philosopher Thomas Kuhn in his book, The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions. According to Kuhn, a paradigm is an archetypal example, a norm
which sets the standards for further activity in that field. It is, if you like, a particular illustration which
expresses a wider general theory. So the infamous Schroedinger's Cat experiment would be a
paradigm of Quantum Physics. A paradigm, therefore, is a concrete example of a wider worldview.
A Paradigm Shift occurs when a new paradigm arises which addresses the important problems of
the day more effectively than the old one did. Again, a scientific example of a Paradigm Shift would
be the replacement of Aristotle's dynamics of motion with those of Newton's Principia, and, in turn,
Einstein's Theory of Relativity.
Chaos Magicians have borrowed the term Paradigm Shift and given it their own spin. In chaos
speak, the term paradigm has become equated with a particular worldview, and so the chaote
version of paradigm shift (as I understand it) is to make deliberate shifts of belief (and behaviour)
aimed at embracing a particular worldview. Typically, this is a worldview associated with a
particular lifestyle or beliefsystem.
The aim here is to loosen one's personal web of beliefs and attitudes: to become more adaptive to
new situations and attitudes. Shifting into a new worldview is instructive, not only in terms of
empathy (understanding another persons' outlook on life ) but also, by bringing about a deliberate
change which occurs across different strata of one's life, the magician undergoes a process of ego
fracturing and remoulding.
It should be understood that making a belief shift is not easy. It is not merely a matter of deciding one
day to be a hedonist, and the next, a medieval ascetic. Merely playing around with beliefs and
attitudes in the safety of one's own headspace is little more than mental masturbation.
Belief shifts are rarely effective unless they are enacted fully within the consensus reality of a social
space. Shifting from Hippie to Yuppie necessitates a change of clothes, speech, selfaffirmations,
timesense, everyday habits, the social circles in which one moves; and the most difficult part of the
process may be coping with the reactions of friends and peers. There's an element of being a 'secret
agent' hereof going under cover, playing a role. You may find however, that there will be moments
when you're not merely playing the role, but that you've become emotionally engaged in it.
Entering any particular worldview as an egodeconstructive exercises implies a stance of total
involvement and the embracing of any associated beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. This process
takes time. It takes time to establish oneself comfortably within a particular worldview; time to
experience consensus reality totally within that worldview, and time to withdraw from it and evaluate
the experience.
Some worldviews are easier to enter and leave than others. It is relatively easy, for example, to shift
from being a fanatical follower of a religion to a fanatical exponent of a magical system. All that a
person has changed, in this example, is the surface content of the beliefs. The embedded patterns of
behaviour and attitude have remained intact, and it is these 'embedded' beliefs and behaviours which
are at the root of the more conscious responses to situations and lifechanges.
The first stage of moving into a Belief Shift is made when one begins to question the validity of these
selfevident truthsto begin to experience consensus Reality as fragile, where one's own individual
beliefs are seen as much a prop as those held by others. A great many people do this as a matter of
course and, as this process leads to anxiety and alienation, seek to resolve the inner conflict by
embracing an ideology which gives them the illusion of solid groundmeaning, participation and a
secure place to be. Many religious and quasimagical cults recruit their members by deliberately
targeting individuals who have begun to question their participation in consensus Reality.
Ego Mapping
In deliberately setting out to enter into a Belief Shift, the magician is preparing to assault the fortress
of his own identity. A ground plan of the area is therefore useful. Ego Mapping requires the
articulation and unraveling of one's own beliefs and attitudes: ideologies that the magician is
attracted to or equally, is repelled by; perceived strengths and weaknesses, fears, egopropping
fantasies, desires, dreams, nightmares. The magician writes an account of himself, as he is, how he
would like to be, and how he thinks others see him; he trawls back through his personal history,
attempting to identify major turningpoints, successes, incidents of failure, embarrassment, blunders,
traumas and ecstasies. An account of himself in the third person may be useful, as might be an
obituary, written in the present, or ten years in the future.
As the process gains momentum, there comes the understanding that one's own worldview, which
may well have been tacitly accepted as 'true' so far, is merely one of many, in a bewilderingly
complex, expanding culture. An initial choice of Belief Shift may be the movement into a world view
which is diametrically opposed to a beliefsystem which one has invested a good deal of time,
energy, and selfesteem into. A change of political ideology is a good example, as it requires a
radical transition towards embracing and experiencing a worldview which has been, for years, the
'opposition.' Here, the magician may have spent years viewing a particular ideology through
stereotyped 'others.' By deliberately becoming one of those 'others,' he challenges the 'truth' of his
previous worldview. Of course, this is risky, especially as it will affect every aspect of one's lifestyle,
particularly interactions with family, friends, peer group, etc.
SubBelief Shifts
The kind of Belief Shift examined so far is broad in its scope. It can also be instructive, from time to
time, to make occasional subBelief shifts within a specific context. The symbolic and ontological
models that make up occult belief systems come within this category. So, for Chaos Magicians,
modem witchcraft can be considered a particular subset of an overall magical beliefsystem: as could
Theosophy or Voudoun. Shifting between magical beliefsystems is relatively easy. Magicians do
tend to move between magical perspectives in the course of their development, as one is attracted to
belief systems which offer different degrees of explanatory strength, freedom of expression, personal
meaning and participation. Entering a specific magical perspective, and working within its parameters
until they are experienced as 'true,' and then moving to another beliefsystem, is instructive.
Such experiences tend to lead to the conclusion that magical belief systems are not necessarily 'true'
descriptions of the territory, but merely structures for organising, assimilating, and integrating
experience. To do this successfully requires that the magician works with any chosen system over
time. Thus magical models become themselves tools, rather than rigid parameters. Some tools are
likely to be better for some types of exploration than others, and Chaos Magicians tend to the view
that it is more efficient to have a wide range of conceptual weapons to choose from, rather than be
limited to one paradigm that cannot possibly account for everything. Tools, however, can be subtle
traps. A magical model which at first appears liberating, yielding new insights, information and
experiences can, become eventually, restrictive.
The inability to move beyond the limits of one's chosen dominant beliefsystem seriously hampers
one's ability to be adaptive to lifechanges, and the exploration of new possibilities. A strength of the
Chaos approach to magic is the freedom to draw inspiration, creativity, and structure from any area
of human endeavour, and not be restricted to what is usually perceived as 'magic.' Hence a rising
interest in cybernetics, sciencefiction, biology, communications, nonlinear dynamics, and other
diverse contributions to contemporary culture. Rather than attempting to accommodate ideas within
existing beliefsystems, Chaos Magicians create new perspectives based on current ideas and
possible futures, rather than continually attempting to rewrite and recycle the past.
The cumulative effects of Belief Shifting, practised on all possible levels are: the deep understanding
that all beliefs are relative, that one can consciously adopt a particular stance and successfully
weave a projective glamour (both for self and others) from it; that one is able to accept new
information and ideas without perceiving them as a threat; and that one can live comfortably within
many different roles and selves. All individuals are free to make contradictory statements, be wrong
occasionally, and admit to errors in judgement, without suffering a serious blow to their ego. This
transition is known as the shift from Egocentric behaviour, to Exocentric behaviour. That is, the
process of movement from a position where a stable sense of self has to be maintained at all costs,
to a position where a multitude of possibilities is acknowledged, with a continual sense of
engagement towards those selves which are, as yet, unknown. Further, it requires the identification
and acceptance of that which the magician has previously found fearful, distasteful and
unacceptablethe demonselves which, having been faced and bound, become routes into power.
This practice is not easy, as it requires the ability to move freely within one's Social World, and the
continual reassessment of one's Personal World.
Useful Gambits
Going Away
Travelling not only broadens the mind, it also provides a useful opportunity to adopt Belief Shifts in a
social space where few others are likely to be familiar with one's 'normal' identity.
Self Observation
Here, the magician develops the ability to observe himself dispassionately, so that he becomes
aware of how he creates, projects, and maintains a distinct identity. Awareness of the dynamics of
Identity maintenance is essential when attempting to alter that projection at will. It is also important to
be able to observe how other people react to willed identity projection. S elf Observation becomes a
continual meditation. It is also instructive to pay attention to how others maintain and project different
identities.
Shock Tactics
Individuals have a natural tendency to attribute their own behaviour to situational factors, yet at the
same time, attribute the behaviour of others to their personality. The process of labelling others on
the basis of their dress, peers, and given opinions can become a subtle trap. Knowledge of this
tendency can be turned to the magician's advantage. If, for example, he knows that another personal
has tagged him as holding generally liberal views on various issues, then choosing the appropriate
moment to make a comment which implies the opposite view, is likely to give the other person a
considerable shock. Such tactics may be used to enhance personal power, or, to appear to collude
with another, whilst maintaining a hidden agenda.
The above might prompt the question "do Chaos Magicians ever remain in one beliefsystem or sub
belief for any length of time?" Of course. The practice of making Belief Shifts allows the magician to
move between perspectives, so that he develops, over time, a web of personally significant beliefs,
based on developing personal and ethical stances, embedded beliefs, a mobile sense of identity, and
whatever magical models are being used at any one time. This sounds complex, but is experienced
as simple or selfevident. The Chaos Magician is more likely to accept that his beliefweb is likely to
change, and that he is quite likely to find himself doing things which were previously outside of his
known repertoire of experiences. It is also important to remember that Chaos Magic is not an overall
beliefsystem in quite the same way that other magical beliefsystems are often perceived. Chaos
Magicians are quite likely to identify themselves with other magical beliefsystems at the same time
as identifying themselves as 'Chaos Magicians.' For example, at the time of writing, my own major
magical interests are freeform shamanic practice and Tantric Magic. For me there is no conflict
between these two areas of interest and Chaos Magic.
Similarly, a colleague who played a key role in the formation of the Illuminates of Thanateros (the
first organisation of Chaos Magicians) is by his own admission, primarily a Runemaster.
Identity & Self
What is the sense of self? The idea of the self as a fixed, unambiguous point of reference is a much
soughtfor prize, promised by the varying therapies and manuals for alternative living. When we
come to recognise our existence as being made up of various lifeworlds (none of which we are fully
committed to} the sense of the real me is something which is presented, to varying degrees, in all of
them, but fully realised in none. The relationship between the sense of self and the myriad social
worlds we participate in is paradoxical. In that, without a sense of belonging to something, there is no
sense of stability, yet total commitment to any one social world implies a selflessness which is highly
suspect in modern culture. To paraphrase Erving Goffmann; our sense of status is derived from the
solid constructions of (social) reality, yet our sense of personal identity derives from the ways in
which we resist total participation in them. So whilst we place ourselves within society, we
simultaneously resist it, so that we might declare that we are something more than what we do within
it, or how we are perceived by others. In modern culture, individuality is wrested from our struggles
against both social institutions and our peers.
This very idea that identity is a construction, rather than a fixed absolute, has allowed alternative
theories of self to arise. A notion popular with some Chaos Magicians is that there is no single self,
but a multiplicity of selves. This argument is, that although we experience ourselves as cohesive
personalities, we are each composed of a cluster of selves. Bandler & Grinder, the chief exponents
of NeuroLinguistic Programming, take this idea further, by stating that we are all "multiple
personalities." This apparently schizoid view of the self reflects the increasingly fragmented
experience of self through the pluralisation of the lifeworlds in which we participate. The key
difference though, seems to be that, instead of attempting to firmly establish what Lacan called the
'fiction' of the true self, one strives to give free reign to the multiple selves.
How useful is such theorising at groundzero? If we accept that the sense of selffhood is an
emergent property of continual movement through zones of social dynamicsthat there is no core
behind the masks we wear as we move through our social worlds; then if nothing else this frees us
from the impetus to assert ourselves as individuals against each other. The search for an overall
pattern of coherence by which we can discern self, meaning and a sense of progress crumbles. In
this is possibly the most radical aspects of the Chaos Magic perspective: stop looking for truth and
have fun with your beliefs; stop trying to pull together a single identity and enjoy many identities
much as Aleister Crowley did. In contrast to other magical perspectives, Chaos Magic is not
concerned with the evasion or transcendence of everyday life, but its transformation, through the re
injection of the marvellous into everyday life. The statement "Nothing is True, Everything is
Permitted" can be a slogan of supreme pessimism and cynicism. It can also be a clarion call to life as
William S. Burroughs put it, as art, play, or makebelieve. Aleister Crowley is himself, a paradigmatic
example of the extremes implied by such a stance.
"I don't want realism, I want magic," says Blanche Dubois, in A Streetcar Named Desire. Aleister
Crowley deserves our accolade because of the way he made his entire life magical; the way he gave
himself the grandest of roles, played against the backdrop of normality which could not but pale in
comparison. There is a grandeur and passion which is unequalled in Crowley's life, in the way he laid
claim to the events of his time. He played Prospero on the world's stage. This is for me, the essence
of Crowley's magic, and his bequest to this latter half of the 20th century. True, he left more than
enough to satisfy those who seek consolation in numbers or in shadowed emulation of only a few of
his parts. Scottish nobleman, oriental prince, poet, high priest of the mysteries, Great Beast,
gargantuan seducer. Whatever he did, Crowley did in style. The great conflicts of that era were
simply emanations of his will; the turbulent social change of the twenties and thirties no more than
the response of the world to the fact of his existence. Understanding the need for spectacle all too
well, he ensured that every act of will he made became Spectacular. He fulfilled all the popular
scripts for the rebel, from starting his own commune, to living downandout in a Parisian garret.
Words imprison. Crowley placed himself beyond all attempts at definition, by turns outraging both his
followers, friends, and detractors alike. Critics often point to the contradictions he displayed. He
declared himself a holy guru and shat on carpets. He worshipped goddesses and kicked his scarlet
women downstairs. He placed himself beyond the pale, and everything paled into insignificance
beside him. A great man casts a long shadow, as is evident by those who seek to emulate him. Sad
Crowleywannabes. How he would have laughed. Those who've mastered the heroin habit and the
arts of deceiving the weak. But the mountainclimbing and getting extradited from countries will take
a little more time. Lacking the strength to discover themselves, they settle for living in the shadow of
the Beast.
Crowley was impelled by his sense of destiny. In this modem age, the complete and selfless
surrender to the destiny of one's life is something that provokes both admiration and unease. The
pursuit of individuality makes total adherence to any one perspective seem suspect. Crowley offered
no apologies, no protection, and no comfort for those who sought him out or fell at his feet to learn. In
the same way that he surrendered himself to his destiny, he demanded the total surrender of would
be followerswives, wallets and arseholes were all fair game. Madness and suicide trailed in his
wake. Scandal dogged his footsteps, yet he was not dragged down by the failures of his fellows. His
modemday admirers seek to explain his contradictions and justify his acts of moral outrage. Yet
Crowley was neither interested in explanations or justifications. The fact of his existence was
enough. With the absorption of a child playing his own game, the rules known only to himself, he
wandered across the world, immune to disaster and oblivious to the possibility of failure.
It has been said that Crowley would have fitted well into the 1990's. Indeed, Les Miller's play Raising
Hell, allowed him such a comeback. I am sure that he would have been delighted by modem 'political
correctness' and turned it into another magical weapon to bite at the world. He had no time for
political causes. He would find laughable the obsession of contemporary pagans with seeking
respectability and acceptance. Compromise was not his forté. Indeed, his very unwillingness to
compromise is part of his attraction. We are attracted to him due to the total engagement with his
subject which he projects, whether it is charting the course of his heroin habit or the number of
magical blowjobs he gives to passing strangers. At no point does he seem to be saying "this isn't the
real me." He does not argue his position or distance himself from his life, he presents himself with a
matteroffactness which both attracts and repels.
The myth of Crowley has retained its power and, if anything, gathered momentum. His face scowls
out of the Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band cover. His symbols have crept from his
leatherbound editions onto skin, Tshirts and CDcovers. His advertising copy for his own books has
spawned an entire style. His followers squabble over legal charters and who has the 'right' to
continue his sacred lineage. Though Leamington Spa's councillors turned down a request to blue
plaque his birthplace, he has had a tremendous influence upon modern culture. Crowley deserves
our applause if only because he persisted in choosing the life he wanted to live to the end and, in so
doing, achieved a kind of immortality.
The notion of multiple selves also provides a sharp contrast to the Neoplatonic view of the selfthat
there is a part of us which partakes of the Absolute, around which much of magical theory is based. If
there is no 'True Self', then the validity of magical ideas such as the True Will or Holy Guardian Angel
are called into question. Indeed, both Peter J. Carroll and Dave Lee have (in different ways) pointed
out that from the Chaos perspective at least, the notion of the Holy Guardian Angelfor so long
considered the lynchpin of a magicians' magical aspiration is fast approaching obsolescence.
The HGA Mask of the Void
Personally, I have never found the idea of the Holy Guardian Angel as a distinct 'being' to be
particularly appealing. However I have found it useful to relate the idea of the HGA to Crowley's
remarks in Moonchild concerning the workings of the inner genius. This is something along the lines
that man reduces himself to a negative and allows his genius to come through him as it will. Rather
than interacting with a HGA as a particular entity with a distinct name, persona and appearance, I
have tended to view the HGA as a temporary 'Mask of the Void'as a gateway to inspiration and
illuminations. Thus, for a while, my 'HGA' was characterised as a shadowy woman with the name
'Azoora' but this has changed as the perspective of my magical interests has changed. Having
observed how quickly contacts with 'higher entities' can quickly devolve into pathological obsession
corresponding degrading the quality of information received from such a contactI have accordingly
kept my conceptualisation of my HGA as deliberately ephemeral. 1 find Crowley's portrait of the
entity LAMdescribed as "the voice of the silence" to be an apposite examplefor that voice can take
many forms and speak with many tongues.
The Magical Self:
An Exercise in Empowerment
Creating a Magical Self is a process of deciding what qualities, abilities and skills the magician
wishes to acquire, and creating a role which is the encapsulation of these projections. The Magical
Self is a personamask which the magician 'wears' each time he performs any act of magic. It may be
associated with a particular symbol, item of adornment, or clothing. Each act of magic reinforces the
role. A related practice is that of adopting magical names. Some magicians choose a name or motto
which reflects their magical aspirations. Such names are usually chosen due to association with
particular magical concepts. The magician identifies himself with the namethereby invoking his
Magical Self. As the magician develops, so may his name change. An example of a magical name is
PACHADa Hebrew word which can be translated as 'Fear.' It is also a title of the Cabbalistic
Sephiroth GEBURAH, which corresponds to the planet Mars. This name might thus be adopted by a
magician who wishes to identify his magician self with a martial current.
There is little point however, in designing a magical persona which merely reinforces qualities that
the magician already possesses in abundance. The Magical Self is an invocation of future otherness
a self which one might sense the need of, but has not yet developed the requisite abilities and
powers of.
In a sense, the Magical Self is merely a heuristic device. As we begin to practise and live magically,
the Magician Self is a temporary identification whilst our magical practice is taken as a particular
activity enclave distinct from the rest of our lives. Indeed, classical magical theory expounds the
view that the magicianpersona should be kept apart from the rest of our lifeexperiencea 'secret life'
if you will, which is only revealed to fellow initiates. If however, one comes to view magic as a thread
which may reveal itself in all aspects of one's life, then the sense of having a distinct Magician Self
may become blurred (though not necessarily weakened) as by exerting a magical perspective into
'everyday life,' then one is making one's whole life magical.
Working, living and acting within a magical psychocosm, one discovers that the sense of identity
becomes inextricably interwoven with one's magic. There is a graduated progression from magic
being something that one is 'interested' in, to something that one is 'engrossed' by, to being a
magician more or less full time. In terms of the Chaos approach, this implies continual change,
modification of identity, entering different paradigms of belief and behaviour, learning new skills, and
shedding lifepatterns which have outworn their usefulness. There is thus a shift from a core Ego
which is based on differences, the selfother divide, to Exo, the self in a continual process of
engagement. As one continues to expand and develop the personal psychocosm, the size of the
social group which reinforces that sense of identity grows smaller.
Self Love
The aim of this process is to reach the point where identity is continually being deconstructedwhen a
measure of fluidity of expression is attained and one is released from the necessity of seeking self
validation from others. This is what Austin Osman Spare referred to with his doctrine of 'Self Love.'
This is no narcissistic basking in the glamours of the ego, rather, it is the discovery of the void at the
core of an identity which is freely able to move into any desired set of social relations, without feeling
trapped or constrained by them. As the core of the sense of self is 'SelfLove,' rather than any limited
label, one attains a state of great freedom of movement and expression.
Self Love does not necessarily imply alienation or withdrawal from Consensus Reality. Modem
culture is saturated with escape routes by which one is encouraged to resist the routines of reality.
Drugs, sex, fantasy scripts, social enclaves, ideologies, therapies, mindscapes, the past, utopiaall
clearly signposted escape routes that ultimately, reveal themselves to be deadends. This is
especially true of socalled revolutionary escape routespolitical, alternative lifestyles, magical
endeavour. They support, rather than threaten, consensus reality, whilst feeding the illusion of
escape. Many of these escape routes require a change in social scripts and masks and do little more
than create fragile enclaves within consensus reality, which inevitably are recaptured and
recuperated into fashions and trends. While the majority of magical paradigms seek to reject
consensus reality in favour of 'higher' states of being, the Chaos approach makes consensus reality
into a playground for the phenomenizing of will and desire. By experiencing consensus reality from
the basis of Self Love, the magician may begin the long and fascinating process of bringing to earth
whatever shards of the Pandaemonaeon and whatever may lie beyond itthat engage attention.
MICROAEONICS
It is a popular pastime of occultists to search backwards through the tracks of history, selectively
editing, and sometimes fabricating evidence to support particular models and propositions. The
results of such musings, while incomplete and biased, can sometimes provide useful pointers to
understanding present and possible future trends. The following example is a brief tour through the
Aeons, examining how social change brings about a change in the relationship between individual
and society, and how this change is reflected by magical paradigms.
As societies develop, so too the dominant magical paradigms reflect and reinforce the complexities
of consensus reality. Early tribal societies evolved an Otherworld which had many points of contact
with their daytoday experience of reality. The prototypic shamanic otherworld relates to the basic
patterns of tribal living: hunting, gathering, ancestor worship, spirits of local flora and fauna, systems
of taboo. Often, the otherworld interpenetrates the local landscape. The state of 'participation
mystique' in which these cultures are thought to have lived, implies a total fusion of Personal, Social
and Mythic Worlds.
Fastforward into the Pagan Aeon: the growth of settled agriculture, cities, tradingthe development
of more complex social dynamics. Here, mediation of the Otherworld becomes the function of a
specialised priesthood. Eventually there arises a division between stateapproved myths and the
survival of earlier lore. New pantheons arise, assimilating those of earlier epochs, so that they
become subservient to the new order, or are demonized. An example of such a transition can be
seen in Ancient Greece, where the Olympian pantheon supplanted the elder, Titanic deities.
However, there is still a high degree of overlay between the worlds of experiencethe mythic patterns
which function to maintain social cohesion become a function of the state, and the sacred topologies
of earlier conditions become the sites for formalised ritual and the ceremonial reflection of history.
The transition from polytheism towards monotheism pushes the three worlds of experience apart, as
the priesthood seek to maintain social control through the strict regulation of mythic experience.
Competing realities are assimilated, or eradicated. Another contributing factor is the rise in the power
of the concept of a personal soul, and the idea that each individual engages in a personal
relationship with the supreme deity. The growth of monotheist theocracy inevitably produces conflict,
as the need to maintain social order requires that transgressions become heresies. Behaviours and
beliefs which formerly, were tolerated or socially mediated in the Pagan era become potential
disasters that must be contained. Yet at the same time, these problematic areas are promoted by the
priesthood, throwing up, as seen in medieval Europe, numerous witchhunts, and proclamations of
the impending end of the world. For example, during the medieval era, the end of the world was
variously predicted for 1186, 1229, 1290, 1300,1310, 1325, 1335, 1346, 1360, 1365, 1375, 1395,
1400, 1419, and 1429.
Shifts within a culture's growth are marked by 'seismic' changes during which accepted cultural
values are challenged, and there is an explosion of new ideas, beliefs, and behaviours. Such periods
are inevitably followed by periods where the threatened orthodoxy attempts to reestablish itself, or
accommodate itself to the new situation. The forces that contribute to these seismic shifts are
complex, involving demographic change (urbanization, industrialization) economic expansion,
technological change, natural disasters, and invasion by a foreign culture which can all contribute to
rapid cultural transitions.
As monotheist societies continue to develop, they set up resonances which eventually come to
threaten their mythic control of reality. Citystates grow into national monarchies, money economics
replaces qualitative exchange, and commercial growth leads to the establishment of commercial law.
Vendettas or bloodfeuds are replaced by law courts. The official perception of the monotheist
society is that of a community of the faithful wherein the individual is placed as an obedient servant
of the one God, and h's masters. In the early stages of monotheism in Europe, penance for
transgressions is characterized by communal confessions and exclusion from the community.
However, by the 12th Century, this communal experience was largely replaced by individual
confession and personal negotiation with a priest. The individual's quest for salvation and the private
relationship with the divine was superseding the communal participation of earlier phases. It is also
significant that the intention to transgress became more significant than the actions alone. This
growth in the concept of the individual also gives power to a new concept of citizenship, and hence,
rights and duties, and the notion of individual conscience. As monotheist culture develops, there is
an increasing shift from communallydetermined social maintenance, towards personal involvement.
This, together with the rise of logic and reason, inevitably brings the individual into conflict with the
orthodoxy as heresies of behaviour and belief are identified. Threats to the stability of the Mythic
control system are responded to via witchhunts, scapegoating, and wars. Any magical paradigms
which survive in these conditions tend to be theurgical, stress the personal union with the divine, be
highly symbolic, and yet also reflect the relationship between the individual (microcosm) and the
Whole (macrocosm). Thus magic, from this era, is redefined as a route to personal salvation, rather
than an engagement with a Mythic World which paralleled social reality.
As monotheist society becomes increasingly complex, the rise of technology and economics,
together with reason and logic, leads to a division between the temporal and the spiritual. The
temporal becomes the domain of logic, reason, and law, whilst the spiritual remains in the hands of
the priesthood. As individuals gain more freedom of belief and action, the importance of the spiritual
realm of experience is eclipsed by the growth of materialist philosophy, which regards Mythic
experience as unimportant. As monotheism becomes less influential, new forms of mythic
experience arise, in response to social change and new ideas. Religion, as an agent of social
control, becomes supplanted by law, social morality, and agencies created by government.
At this point, the individual experience of consensus reality is divorced from the social (communal) or
Mythic (religious) worlds. Personal experience becomes paramount. In western society, religious
concepts of the soul were displaced by the fragmentation of the self into divisionshigher and lower
self, id, ego, superego. Science took over as the narrator of internal experience, and mythic
experience was dismissed as escapism, fantasy, or mental aberration. The notion of a purely
mechanistic universe gained force as Enlightenment thinkers attempted to develop an objective
science which one day would discover universal laws, and develop rational forms of social
organization which would free humanity from religion, myth, superstition and the randomness of
nature. Doctrines of universal reason, liberty and equality became popular, together with optimism for
the future and utopian thinking.
By the 19th century, the erosion of religion and the rise of scientific determinism, together with rapid
social changes, the influx of new ideas and the proliferation of new movements in arts and literature,
produced a condition where occult beliefs could come forth. Spiritualism, Psychic Research, and
Theosophy became popular movements, to be followed, later, by the occult fraternities, such as the
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
These later developments are particularly important, as they set up patterns of thinking which
modem magic is only recently beginning to extricate itself from. By this time, the Mythic world of the
magician had become almost entirely abstract and symbolized, using, for example, Jacob's Ladder
as the basic map for Mythic experience. Here the only points of contact are the physical and mental
worlds, which are on the lowest rungs of the ladder which climbs away from earth into abstract
spacesthe planes of spirit. These systems placed great emphasis on transcendental experience;
upon the union of the individual self with the divine totality. In many ways, these occult movements
reflected the concerns of the Enlightenment a scientific understanding of mythic experience, a
concern with the structuring and codification of the universe. These systems were also attempts to
create a metanarrative; a model which, given time, would account for and explain everything. This
can be seen as much in the vast tracts of doctrine produced by the Theosophists as in the carefully
crossreferenced systems of the Golden Dawn. The faith in higher powers, the masters or inner
plane adepti, also reflects the Enlightenment vision of wise sages who, while existing outside society,
would exercise extraordinary power over it.
The supreme optimism of the Enlightenment was shattered somewhat by the Great War and the
chaos that followed it. Following the war, there was a rise in interest in Occultism, particularly
Psychic Research and Spiritualism. The utopian idealism of the Enlightenment was cracking,
beginning to show the darkness gathering behind the dream. For occultists, the forces that swept
across the world in those tumultuous first decades of the 20th century, are encapsulated in that
mythic magus of the apocalypse: Aleister Crowley. Crowley was the supreme Faustian avatar of the
Modernist world; one who felt the necessity of challenging traditional values and religious myths; a
destroyer of the old ways, in order to build a brave new universe from the rubble of the old. Crowley
can be seen as a Dionysian messenger of the Modernist visiona creative, heroic effort, prepared to
sweep away everything which does not fit into the total vision. Like Faust, Crowley became a tragic
figure, as much changed by the creative destruction which was his message, as the world through
which he moved. Crowley was not, however, the sole prophet of this vision. Artists, writers, poets
and philosophers resorted to shock tactics and dramatic gestures.
In the interwar years, the tensions in the West multiplied. Modernist thought wavered between a
fascination with machinerationalism and reactionary mythologies. These themes can be seen within
the Futurist and Surrealist movements. The search for an overall mythic vision which could cushion
against the quakeshocks of social chaos. The marriage of machinerationalism and a total,
encompassing myth brought forth National Socialism in Germany. The Second World War was the
last act in this phase of development, curtained by the blossoming of mushroom clouds as the Lord
of Fire set his foot against the world.
If nothing else, the emergence of the demonic face of the Modernist vision may act as a warning to
those who would construct a single overall vision and then seek to realise it at any cost. The vision of
a utopian future remains as a powerful glamour for many, even in the closing act of this century. In
the postwar years, the Modernist dream was recovered by, and developed for the advantage of
corporate and national powerblocs. Movements within art and literature that had initially been
revolutionary became part of the establishment; the province of a cultural elite. Meanwhile, the
towers of the brave new world rose across the cities of the west, producing mass alienation as entire
communities were displaced into highrise flats. The trend towards uniformity in all aspects of life
displaced the personal.
The 1960s have been identified as the second occult explosion of this century. The various counter
culture movements arose against the crushing conformity of state bureaucracy, rationalism, and
growing institutionalized power. Resistance took the form of new styles which emphasized
individuality and selfconsciousness, together with the search for meaning and spiritual vision. Cults
and sects proliferated, catering for the growing drive to seek meaningful vision and myth which
challenged the Protestant ethic and the uniformity of social space. Thirty years on, it is too easy to
judge this experiment a failure. The optimism for a new world can be seen as a lingering influence of
the shards of Modernism, yet the meltingpot of beliefs, styles, and the individual quest for meaning
brought forth the current phase of development: Postmodernism, and its emergent magical
ethosChaos Magic.
Postmodernism can be characterized as a multicultural, multistylistic cauldron bubbling with
competing experiences and attitudes, lacking any coherent overall narrative. Modern society is
chaotic and fragmentary, coming increasingly to resemble a fractal structure; a bewilderingly
complex organism, in contrast to the stark functionalism of the Modernist style. Diversity rules, in a
display of increasingly fragmented subcultures and nested beliefs, all jostling for attention in the
marketplace. Mass communication systems have shrunk the world, and it is possible to discern a
wide variety of cultural styles and epochs melting together in music, art, fashion, literature, and food.
The profusion of magical and mythological systems available to the modern occultist also
demonstrates this trend. Magical subcultures multiply and coexist within a complexity of belief and
orientation which outsiders to the scenes find difficult to grasp. At the same time, the distinction
between magical enclaves becomes blurred as individuals are able to cross back and forth between
them. Although modern magicians, like their forebears, tend to identify themselves as being apart
from the rest of modern culture, magic. as with any other product, is swayed by trends and fashions.
As a cultural trend, Postmodernism breaks with the Modernist idea of progress and historical
continuity, and instead, ransacks all available cultures and timezones in a diverse exercise in
collage. The immediacy of experience becomes the important factor, rather than continuity with any
past or projection into any one future. Thus, an appropriate slogan for this age would be Mutate and
Survive. Nothing is finalised or formalised, but merely rearranged.
This is an age where magic might thrive. The search to establish magic on a solid footing, using
scientific glamours or gambits to achieve respectability, can be seen as transient phases, linguistic
games for amusement, or deliberate tactics to create free areas for the manipulation of belief and
projection of image. As a speaker at a conference on Ley Lines put it: Stop looking for facts, believe
what you like, and have fun! The different strands of alternative belief may find themselves winding
together, as participants borrow ideas and tactics from each other, rewriting them for their own
specific glamours. Magic becomes another approach for survival in the shifting labyrinth of modern
life. As much a form of entertainment as anything elseif current trends continue, no form of human
experience will be judged to have any higher value than any other.
It can also be seen that modern imaging techniques have acquired a magical dimension, if not a
magical ethos, behind them. Whilst there is a cultural trend towards the fleeting, the ephemeral, the
transient; and while the pace of modern life is everincreasing, all Control Systems are increasingly
projecting an aura of stability and foundation as part of their authority. This reflects the rising
nostalgia for common values, a shared social past, and universal, traditional values. As the social
matrix becomes increasingly subject to rapid fluctuations, throwing out anchors into a collectivised
past becomes more prominent than movement into a future. The desire to establish a core identity
within the profusion of styles has led to imagebuilding to become an industry in itself; as much
reflected by the tactics of political groups and corporate bodies, as in the fetishistic scramble for
designer labels and trendy occult symbols. Identity has therefore become another commodity to be
traded in the marketplace. The gulf between objective icons and the illusory has widened to such an
extent that illusions come to have an equal value.
Approaching the PandemonAeon
For contemporary magicians, the sense of being on the leading edge of cultural transition tends to be
encapsulated in the concept of a new Aeon. Thus the profusion of 'new aeons' projected by various
magical groups and individuals. So as not to be seen to be missing an essential item in their magical
script, some Chaos Magicians have begun to project the glamour of the Fifth Aeonthe
Pandemonaeon.
The concept of a new aeon has several magical functions:
1. It provides a filter through which the magician can examine current social trends, possible
developments, and how they may be influenced.
2. It acts as an Ideosphere for the development of new ideas, concepts and techniques from outside
the boundaries of his present Achievable Reality.
3. It can become a metaaim to unify groups and orders towards working for a common goal, and act
as a gambit to aid the design of possible futures.
Unlike many of the prevailing new aeons, the Pandemonaeon is envisaged as being different for
each individual who projects himself within its frame. Just as Chaos Magic emerges from the
diversity and transience of modern culture, so does the Pandemonaeon typify the trend towards
individualism becoming separate from any totalizing belief or narrative, be it metaphysical or
scientific. So far, it has not been projected as an overall epoch that all will participate in, but an
experience of culture which embraces, rather than attempting to resist the modem condition. Thus it
is likely that this aeon is merely a transitory stage itself, and what lies beyond it, none can, with any
certainty, say. Some Chaos Magicians are finding that this Fifth Aeon projection is useful for going
beyond current definitions and limitations concerning what is accepted as magical. The next
generation of magi might well discard the concept, in favour of a metaprojection which balances
their experience of culture, with what possibilities are round the corner. The absence of inevitable
future projections leaves only uncertainties, where nothing is true, and everything is permitted.
Ideospheres
The Ideosphere is a nonlocal space entered by the magician in order to explore possible models
and paradigms which may be of use in configuring the Pandemonaeon. The Ideosphere is more of
an attitude; a stance from which the magician can seek inspiration from any incoming information, be
it newspaper articles, cartoons, flickering media images, scientific jargon, random acronyms, or half
heard phrases from another's conversation. An idea flashes into the Ideosphere; the magician may
grasp it immediately or store it for later work. The main attitude to foster is that nothing, no matter
how ridiculous, bizarre or unworkable should be rejected. Working from the Ideosphere, the magician
allows himself to bathe in the emanations of the mass media until, sated and bloated, he withdraws
into silence to digest, regurgitate, and create new forms.
Latching onto new ideas brings forth new perspectives on existing models and techniques. It brings
forth new paradigms for structuring magical processes which in turn may yield new techniques and
applications. Here are a few ideas which magicians have appropriated from other sources, and made
their own.
Virus Systems
A powerful source of inspiration is the understanding of, and fascination with, Virus Behaviour,
whether it be the computer viruses which have revealed themselves to be the gremlins of the
information age, or the biological viruses such as H.I.V, which is promoting vast amounts of research
into how viruses behave. A third type of virus which has caught the imagination is the wordvirus, or
meme.
A virus is a set of instructions which invades larger systems, and induces them to carry out a
complex sequence of replications which bring new copies of the virus into existence, and, during this
process, the host system is altered in some way. This is true for computer viruses, biological viruses,
and wordviruses. The emerging magical use of virus systems opens up new forms of understanding
and applications alike.
The Word Virus
Like organisms, memes replicate to perpetuate themselves; like organisms they are capable of
fusion, recombination and mutation. They propagate themselves by leaping between nervous
systems, growing in power and infecting further host vehicles through any communications channel
that can be utilised to secure them a niche. Memes compete ruthlessly with each other, for the
command of the perceptual field and transmission time. The success of a meme to occupy a
prominent position 1 n the host environment is dependent on its Performance Value (Pv) and its
Propagation Quotient (Pq). Performance Value relates to the degree of change a meme brings to an
individual or group. If the presence of a meme brings about increased cohesiveness, ambition and
confidence, then the individual or group is more likely to promote the meme. The most successful
memes are those which reduce anxiety in their hosts by providing a purpose or a stable location
within a social space.
Some memes survive by reinforcing each other, supporting each other's message; reinforcing the
overall impact. Other memes survive by discouraging rational analysis upon their content.
An obvious example of memes in action is religion. 'God' is a meme, 'Heaven' is a meme, and the
punishment of 'eternal damnation' is a meme. A complex web of memes is known as a Scheme,
which are comprehensive meshes of memes that propagate themselves through any available
communications channel. The religious schemes which have almost totally infected the human
environment are successful as they offer varying degrees of stability, participation, and can become
tacitly selfevident to the level that they become not merely the host's worldview, but the world itself.
The infected hosts live entirely within the parameters of the scheme, perhaps only vaguely aware of
other worlds which exist beyond the scheme. Worlds which threaten the stable order of the invading
scheme must be ignored, forced back, fought, or destroyed.
Of course the spread of a meme is dependent upon the reaction of the potential host. A sense of
being a unique individual with a clear purpose in life is a strong human requirement in the current
age, as the sense of being an individual distinct from any cultural attachments becomes
progressively stronger. The deeplyfelt alienation felt by many in these first stirrings of the
Pandemonaeon makes them ripe hosts for infection by memes, locking individuals into safe spaces
from which they can push back the buzzing, booming confusion of the everyday world.
Understanding the spread of memes leads the magician into the area of Control Commands
autonomic responses locked into language and patterns of thought. A growing concern for
Pandemonaeonic magicians is the design of new approaches to conceptualizing, with attendant
metalanguages for escaping the old habits of thinking. William S. Burroughs targets particular
semantic traps which lock the human host into a narrow range of thinking: the definite article 'THE',
the 'IS' of identity that does not allow for wider possibilities and assigns permanent status to verbal
labels, the 'EITHER/OR' that only allows being wrong or being right. Crowley was on the right track
when he urged his students to delete 'I' from their language. With no dominant 'I' there can appear a
legion of selves: loose the daemons. Delete 'EITHER/OR' and open up a myriad of possibilities, none
of which need to be wrong or right.
Viral Texts
One of the simplest manifestations of viral text is the chainletter, which uses the simple, yet effective
carrot & stick hook to propagate itself. A more insidious form of viral text shows up in thought and
behaviour patterns. Consider the statement:
THE ILLUMINATI (x) ARE TAKING OVER (y) THE WORLD (z)
The explicit message of this statement is not important. The implied message is that group 'x' is
attempting to do something 'y' to group 'z'. It is also implied that the recipients of the message should
be (a) concerned, and (b) do something about it, lest they be perceived by the sender as siding with
'x' the enemy. Beware of anyone who in all seriousness acts using viral messages, which have
been one of the standby props of orthodoxy, be it political, religious, or magical. To propagate
effectively, viral texts require potential hosts to be susceptible to the idea of an enemy group, action
against which coheres their own sense of identity. Once a viral message is allowed to take root, then
the host is open to invasion by other supportive memesBEING RIGHT, and GETTING EVEN.
Sources of much trouble and stupid, destructive behaviour.
Replicants
In orthodox magic, great store is set upon a magical object being special or unique. There are the
instructions to create unique talismans, buy virgin parchment, and to create objects for a specific
purpose. There is said to be power in a unique object, particularly in these times or mass production
and marketing.
But wait, there is power in mass production, too. Consider the chaosphere, the central logo or glyph
of Chaos Magic. It appears on books, magazines, letterheads, toy soldiers, jewelry and tattoos. It is
used on rave posters and on the back of leather jackets. It has become itself a viral image. All that is
required is a shift in perception and those thousands of chaospheres, wherever they are, become
gateways for the ingress and egress of magical power.
Take two: A sorcerer acquires for himself a suitable receptacle for an act of magic. A threeinch high
pink, plastic creature with a mane of fibrous hair, sometimes known as a 'Gonk.' There are
thousands, perhaps even millions of Gonks in existence. All with a similar structure. So the sorcerer
enchants upon his Gonk, and by the principle of StructuralSimilarity, transmits that information to all
the others. What he has here is the creation of a powerful Gonkspirit, its qualities and attributions an
encapsulation of the associations which are marketed as the 'image' of the Gonk. He has
empowered the Gonks with spirit, and his own Gonk becomes the controller. In times of need, he can
draw through his Gonk, the power ofthe others.
Take three: A young man is desirous of a lover. He sigilises his desire and likes the image so much
that instead of destroying it, he photocopies it and disperses the images randomly. Lovers appear
from all directions.
Objects need not be particularly striking or special to be magically useful. All that need happen is that
the magician defines that object as magicalcombining image, associations, and will. Rather than
resisting mass replication, the magician turns it to his advantage.
Viral Servitors
A further application of virus systems emerging in Chaos Magic is the creation and application of
Servitors which have the capacity to replicate, mutate, and recombine into new forms, Viral servitors,
behaving in a similar manner to biological or computer viruses, are now beginning to propagate in
virtual space, performing functions such as healing, protection, and seeding ideas into the general
memepool.
The C.H.A.O.S Virus
In order to infuse humanity with the Pandemonaeonic currents, one must look to very basic
restrictions, from which more complex bindings depend. The C.H.A.O.S Virus recovers the
chaosphere both as icon of infectivity and a magical gateway for the transmission of Fifth Aeon
emanations. The virus acts to bring about change, but at a microscopic level of processing. The
intrusion of the virus into a human selfcomplex acts to stimulate those selves which desire
CHANGEin terms of new ideas, pleasure, intelligence, adaptability, and FUN.
Each time a self within an individual stirs towards CHANGE, then the virus copies itself. Note that
much of these stirrings are likely to take place at a latent, unintentional level of
informationprocessing. Acting over time, the virus acts to weaken egoresistance to CHANGE, new
ideas, new learning, and fun. As the virus cells propagate, they combine in groups of eight, to
become the virtual shadows of new selvespotential desires, growing within the web of selves,
stirring impulses from beyond the confines of the ego.
From the moment that the C.H.A.O.S Virus is projected, every chaosphere in existence on the
planet, be it an astral form, image, or object (and any new ones which come into existence) becomes
a transmission site for the virus.
The virus also prepares the host for further reinforcement which may take the form of seeded
memes, enchantments, image projections, or sonic sorceries. The virus transmits itself using the
principle of StructuralSimilarity, so that anything resembling a sphere or circle intersected by eight
vertices, will transmit the virus.
MetaLanguages
Strange languages are very much part of the overall glamour of magic, from Barbaric names of
invocation to the use of foreign languages such as Hebrew or Sanskrit. All magical systems tend to
generate their own technical language for describing magical experiences and techniques within a
common framework. Like the technical terms used by scientists and specialists, terminology can act
as a barrier for the uninitiated, if the use of special language causes description to become so
opaque that no one outside the specialist group understands what is being said.
Magicians create metalanguages not only as magical tools for acts of magic, but to open up shades
of experience which are difficult to describe clearly, given the current restrictions of language. The
aim here is greater precision in communication. Wordless communications can be developed for
experimental work in telepathy and astral magic. Experiments in these areas suggest that visual
images, colours, and pictographs are easier to transmit between individuals in dream or astral space,
than words alone. So attempts have been made to create communications systems based on the
use of colour, spatial perspectives, and contextual imagery and settings, in attempting to establish
communications in shared dreaming or attempts to link awareness in astral space.
SimulationVisualisation
The arrival of information technology is influencing contemporary magic in different ways. Perhaps
the most obvious is the use of DeskTop Publishing and Electronic Mail which allows presentation
and circulation of information. But the computer revolution is also enhancing the basic techniques of
magic.
The use of threedimension computer graphics is changing the ability to internally represent space. It
has been observed that for some, the capacity to visualize objects, locations and events internally
can be enhanced by playing computer games and working with computergenerated images. While
visual perception is generated from the continuous tracking of images by the eyes, computer images
are generated from a series of linked frames. Those who have problems visualizing can try building
up a complex image slowly, using a series of stopmotion frames. By borrowing computer generated
special effects, the magician can for example, zoom onto a visualised entity, or visualize an entity
growing from an original cell, containing sigilDNA, to any entity which possesses a nervous system
and other desired organs.
Probability Scattering
Occasionally it may be beneficial to enchant for possibilities which do not exist as considered options
within one's perceived range. Probability Scattering is a technique which enables the magician to
enchant towards lowprobability events which lie beyond the range of possible options perceived at
any one time with reference to particular spheres of operation. For example, in works of magical
inspiration, it may be desirable to enchant for fresh sources of inspiration from areas that one would
not usually look towards.
The diagram shows three bands of probability. The Outer band represents events of a low probability
which have not yet become manifest. The Middle band represents events of a higher probability
which are at present, conscious possibilities which have not yet become fully coherent. The Inner
band represents highprobability events which from the magicians' current viewpoint, are already in
the process of unfolding.
Method
Using the diagram as a free area, formulate general statement of intent. For example It is my will to
draw inspiration from unlikely sources. Enter Gnosis by any preferred route, and make a runecast
across the bands. Quickly scan the runes within the bands, moving from the Outer band inwards,
making an assessment of what trends are indicated. Link the runes into a barbarous word of
enchantment, again, moving from the outermost rune inwards, and vibrate it with all your power.
Follow with immediate banishing.
This technique combines elements of divination and enchantment. Since there is no specific
statement of intent, then the problem of 'lust of result' is to some extent, circumvented. It also
bypasses, to varying degrees, the decisionmaking processes of the Egocomplex. In enchantments
for inspiration, the results tend to manifest as creative ideas sparked from sources which previously,
the magician has not given an attention to, due to lack of interest or prejudice.
CutUps as Sorcery
From the juxtaposition of word and image, meaning is glimpsed. From the Chaos of the normal is
woven apparent simplicity. All the secrets of magic are on open display. That which is truly hidden is
our own resistance to this realisation. To live within the confines of Consensus Reality is to remain
locked in Time: PastPresentFuture. In this sense, all magical acts are scripts for momentary slips
through the fabric. Magic takes place outside of Time.
Through the simple technique of CutUp, pioneered by Brion Gysin as a literary technique, the
magician can collapse sequential experience into syncretic Gnosis. The basic technique is
simple enough when applied to text: Take a page of text, cut into 4 sections and repaste. New word
lines and messages appear. This disruption of the sequence of language creates Tangential
Deliriumsnew messages arising from the juxtapositions of words and the derangement of the
associations this provokes. Cut up texts on magic to discover new magick. Cut up The Book of The
Law and discover any amount of new chapters.
There are parallels with this method and the more obvious tools of magic: sigils as cutups of desire,
for example. Divination systems that cutup a subject into image blocks, throwing up insights, new
images, gestalts. Reshuffle beliefs by deliberately holding two contradictory belief systemsmake
meaning from nonsensical beliefs. CutUp belief to understand its dynamics.
Third Mind
Record two different conversations. Then record them onto the same tape. Intercut with street
noises, television fragments, readings from texts and newspapers. Record, replay, and intercut.
Resulta Third Mind. The 'absent' source of information which slides in to the listeners' awareness,
arises from the Time Disorientation induced by listening to the tape.
Why Time Disorientation? All routes to Gnosis act to temporarily dislocate the Ego. The Ego requires
Time (sequence) to maintain the fiction of single identity. Text and logical thinking are sequential.
One step at a time, one unit following another. While attention is selective, the creative spark is
associative and syncretic. A great deal of magical practice rests on the ability of the mind to make
associative connections. Any stimulus which is strong enough to evoke emotion and memory throws
awareness out of sequential Time. Smell particularly, is a hotline to memory. Instant access.
Word juxtapositions throw up new messages. Image juxtapositions open new worlds. Modern media
presentations particularly in the visual arts, are increasingly utilising the CutUp technique: the
layering of images and associations serving to collapse Timesense. Elements of Past, Present and
possible Futures may be evoked simultaneously in a single visual image. The news media works to
change the context of a message to create new hidden meanings, acting under the illusion of
'objectivity.
Practical Applications
1. Divination
Create a montage of sounds, images, associations for a particular day of the week. For example,
'capture' Monday onto tape. Intercut with verbal messages which you associate with Monday; add
street noises, random conversations. Intercut and playback. You have created a platform for voyages
into Oracular space. Sounds, images, associations arise from the assembly. The tape can be used
as a background for dream control or scrying. Stranger still, you may hear sounds on the tape that
you were not aware of recording. A truck passes. Days later, you hear the sound of the truck in the
street, and you are jerked sideways into oracular time.
2. Enchantment
Enchantment may be considered an act of collage. Assemble the elements you desire to affect and
rearrange. It is already done with objects and images, so why not sounds too? Assemble a
soundscape as in the example above, which relates to the object of the enchantment. Recording
captures the target space in the same way that a bottle traps a spirit. A recording can be taken away
and altered, and then returned to the original location and replayed.
3. Emotional Engineering
Emotions can be deconstructed into three elements: physiological arousal, cognitive association and
behaviour patterns. Each of these are separate tracks on a mixing desk, capable of being remixed in
new arrangements. When in a state of extreme arousal (anger, sorrow, tension) the first step is to
experience the physiological track apart from behaviour and cognition. Remove the identification with
the source of the emotion. Still all internal dialogues, inner conversations, mental fantasies.
Experience sensation without words or images. Here the magician is dislocated in Time; pure
sensation without identification. In this state, any act of magic may be performed. To reengineer
emotions, experience the arousal as ecstasy. Dispassionately run the word/image track and adjust
accordingly. Identify behavioural patterns and remodel them. Name the selves, capture their inner
dialogues, intercut and playback.
The use of CutUp is naturally enhanced by keeping diaries, scrapbooks, recordings, and most
importantly, being aware of what is happening outside one's immediate field of attention.
Part II
Dynamic ritual
INTRODUCTION
Aleister Crowley defined the objective of ritual in terms of the uniting of the Microcosm with the
Macrocosm. This is a somewhat broad definition, but one that would be generally recognised by
magicians in theistic cultures worldwide. According to Hindu magical doctrine, for example, the
purpose of ritual is to use special techniques to make contact with the higher states of being which
we call gods, and other supernatural beings who can guide and assist us in our efforts to progress.
The different worlds are in harmonic relation to each other; and through ritual action, they can be
made to respond, just as a stringed instrument will respond when one of its harmonics resounds.
Ritual, a combination of sound, forms, rhythms, gestures, flowers, lights, incense and offerings
carries the operator toward the world of the divine, whilst the deity, also enchanted, is brought
nearer. Ritual is thus a bridge to establish and maintain this contact.
In less prosaic terms, the aim of ritual is to focus the awareness of the participants in particular ways,
according to a previouslydefined schema. Again, this definition is necessarily broad, since there are
a great many approaches to, styles of, and categories of ritual practice; from fullblown ceremonial
magic utilising robes, banners, and props carefully arranged to represent a particular magical
system, to onthespot improvisation. The latter may be just as effective as the former; poweras
arises from skillresides in the ritualist, not the words, gestures or symbols alone.
By performing ritual, we enter a space in which all normal limitations on the barriers to what is
possible are swept aside. A space in which we are reminded of all that is mysterious and awe
inspiring, if only momentarily. A space where we might conspire with Gods or dance with demons.
Are Rituals Necessary?
Whilst most magical traditions contain some element of ritual, it should be understood that ritual
practice is but one aspect of magic, albeit a popular one. Like any other approach to magic, ritual can
be extremely efficacious if used wisely, but equally, its effectiveness is greatly reduced if the
practitioner becomes 'locked' into a repetitive pattern or approach to it.
There are arguments both for and against the practice of ritual magic. One popular argument is that
ritual is unnecessarythat if one has developed magical skills, then one can "do everything in one's
head," or "on the astral." Both these viewpoints contain a grain of merit. It is possible to bring about
magical results without recourse to ritual procedures. This is known as EmptyHanded magic.
Equally, one can enact rituals on the astral without any physical props or actions. However, such
arguments often reveal more about their exponents than anything else. I often feel that arguments
that you can do magic entirely in your head or on the astral reflect a certain contempt (or
disassociation) from physical experience. The belief that the astral worlds are more refined, more
'spiritual' than dreary old 'mundane reality' is attractive for some people, who tend to try on a kind of
magical oneupmanship. Unfortunately, if your magical work has few connections with your physical
circumstances, it is all to easy to drift off into the astral dream that you are a mighty magusas
Shakespeare put it, a "king of infinite space."
For me, the crux of the matter is that ritual magic is fun. Moreover, ritual magic is a skill. A magical
ritual is more than the sum of its parts. Ritual has elements of performance, and its own psychology;
yet it would be a mistake to consider ritual to be merely psychodrama. Ritual can be broken down
into the arrangement of sensory cues, voice technique, gesture, visualisation, movement, symbolism,
roleshifting and trance induction, yet it is more than any of this. Unaccountably, rituals, when
performed, create an atmospherea spacein which something mysterious and wonderful may
happen. If nothing else, ritual demonstrates how little we know of our potential, of ourselves, and the
world through which we move.
What Constitutes A Ritual?
We can identify events such as the Japanese Tea Ceremony as an example of ritual behaviour,
although it is certainly different in content and purpose to the Catholic Communion Mass. The cues
that we can identify in order to distinguish ritual from nonritual behaviour are often subtle degrees of
emphasis. Changing from one set of clothes to another can become a kind of ritual, particularly if
your movements become overly stylised and you become aware that by changing clothes in this
fashion, you are changing some aspect of your awareness in accordance with a particular desire or
aim. Hence ritual serves to focus attention. The difference between a normal gesture and a magical
gesture (i.e., one in the context of a ritual or other magical action) is one of deliberation and
emphasis. For a simple example, try the distinction of simply taking a drink from a cup and then
making that action a formal toast. The action is the samethe difference comes in the way you do it,
and your awareness of the deliberateness of your movements. To understand how group ritual can
build up a particular atmosphere try the same exercise with a group of people. First everyone takes a
drink as he would normally. Then each person in turn, makes the actions of a formal, deliberate
toast. The point is that if you do any action, however seemingly mundane, in a deliberate way, it feels
different. When a whole group of people perform that action, it takes on another degree of
distinctiveness.
Another core element of ritual which is related to attention and deliberateness is that of sequence.
Rituals often follow, or contain, particular sequences of actions and events. The repetition of actions
is considered a key element in psychological definitions of ritual. For example, repetitive hand
washing behaviour can be explained as an unconscious ritual to ward off anxiety. Repetition can be
a powerful technique in ritualin the chanting of words or phrases, the repetition of movement,
gesture, dance steps etc.which I will explore in due course. For the moment however, let us
concentrate on sequencing. Magical rituals tend to follow a predefined sequence, which, at its most
simplest, is a beginning, a middle, and an end. A rather obvious point you might think, but the
recognition of where and when a ritual begins or ends is not always clear. If we recognise that a key
to understanding rituals is that they have a distinct quality of experience to them, then we need to
pay particular attention to how the transition is made both towards and away from that quality. It is
common for modem magicians to begin rituals with a subritual (complete in itself) which marks the
opening and closing transitions of a ritual event. This is generally known as the Banishing Ritual, and
I will look at this specific form of ritual more closely later.
What can be done with ritual?
Ritual Magic can be used for:
a) SelfChange
b) Sorcery
C) Insight
d) Meditation
e) Celebration
f) Psychodrama
g) Demonstration of technique
h) Momentary suspension of embedded rules
i) Work with particular God/Goddessforrn
j) Grounding oneself
k) Focusing on a specific issue/task/problem
This list is by no means exhaustive, it is simply to give you an idea of the possibilities.
CORE ELEMENTS OF RITUAL
Rituals are processes in themselves, where different elements combine to help the participant create
the Free Area where magic becomes vibrant and alive. To understand the ritual process is important,
so that rather than slavishly following someone else's written sequence, the magician may create his
own.
1. Familiarity v. Risk
Rituals usually contain some elements which are familiar to the participants, and some elements
which are new and therefore place them at risk. Familiar elements include warmup exercises such
as a Banishing, or techniques which the participants have used before. Risk elements include
anything which is being tried out for the first time, and anything which requires improvisation, or
freedom of action from participants. A script can only be followed to a certain point. After that point is
passed, the participants must be on their toes, for anything might (and often does) happen.
The ritualist must be responsive to each moment as it happens. For example, a ritual might be
designed to invoke a particular deity into a chosen person, for purposes of oracle or inspiration. It
can happen that the chosen 'vehicle' for the deity does not achieve the required statebut someone
else participating might.
In this example (and it is by no means uncommon), a group of ritualists who cannot move beyond
their script are likely to struggle onwards, unaware of what is happening within the ritual process. A
responsive and observant group, however, will be able to improvise, adapting to the new situation as
it changes. This is largely a matter of confidence and handson experience. To learn ritual magic, like
anything else, requires that the safety of the familiar be challenged with the necessity of taking risks.
Of course, any ritual involves risk. The first time that one performs a ritual, one expects something
strange to happen. This is usually enriched by a nagging fear of what might happen if somehow, one
does it wrong. After one has done the same ritual a hundred times, one may be lulled into a sense of
complacency, which is equally risky. For strange things happen just as often as when they are not
expected, as when they are. The risk of ritual, is part of its glamour, and part of its power.
2. Belief Shapes the Power of Ritual
Veracity of belief is a cornerstone to ritual magic. This has several levels to it. The core belief, that
Magic Works can only become embedded through experience. Another levelhow far, and how much
magic can work very much depends on one's dominant explanation of how magic works. Chaos
Magicians have identified four basic models of how magic works. These are the Spirit Model, the
Energy Model, the Psychological Model, and the Cybernetics Model. Each model has different
strengths and weaknesses when it comes to explaining magical effects and phenomena. Each model
also tends to develop its own terminology and frames of reference. Different systems of magic can
be seen to have varying degrees of each model, and since magic, like any other field of human
endeavour, follows general trends in thinking, there are different trends in magical models. Until fairly
recently, the predominant model of magic was the Spirit Model. According to the Spirit Model, all
entities (Gods, Goddesses, demons, elementals, angels, servitors, etc.) are real, and have a
separate existence from those of us who would dare to deal with them. Humans and otherworld
entities have a reciprocal relationship with each other.
The Energy Model arose in the West with the new discoveries of science (electricity, magnetism, and
so forth) and the Western imports of the Eastern philosophies such as Tantra. The Energy Model
might explain the discrete entities of the Spirit Model in terms of subtle energies which take the form
of entities when viewed by limited human senses. So they are not separate beings which their own
existence and purpose, but energies which we have clothed in form, so as to work with them.
The Psychological Model grew out of the rise of Psychoanalysis, particularly the work of Carl Gustav
Jung, and has come to be the dominant model for explaining magical phenomena. In the
Psychological Model, the Gods, Elementals, Demons, etc., have no existence beyond the human
mindthey are merely symbols or archetypes of deep parts of the human psyche.
The Cybernetics Model is just beginning to creep in as magicians begin to speculate about the
nature of magic as revealed through the lens of Information Sciences. As yet it remains incomplete,
but a cyberneticsbased view of magical entities might say that they are information systems which
have the capacity to be selforganising, and which arise out of our participation in a complex web of
systems: including personal belief, group belief, environmental systems, and the very fabric of reality
itself.
But enough of theory. When, within the Free Area of ritual, it is best to believe that the elements that
one is working with, be they gods, guardian spirits, allies, etc., are real. In this respect, it may be
useful to ask oneself which model gives the greatest glamour of being a magician? Sending forth
calls thundering through time and space to bring oneself to the attention of some mighty, ancient
being, or performing a sequence of actions which allow a latent aspect of Self to rise into
awareness? Which sounds more risky and exciting? If the entity being summoned is a part of the
self, can much go awry? If, on the other hand, it is a being with all the powers, will, and regality of an
ancient Goddess or Spirit, then how much more important is it that the ritual be performed to the
height of one's abilitywith style, respect, and awe. Choosing the most appropriate glamour will
produce a concordant emotional intensity, and Chaos Magicians tend to the view that ritual should be
intense, else all is mere playacting. And remember, the models we create to explain the mysterious
are just that, models, not the territory itself. Models cannot adequately contain the mysterious; and
ritual, for all the explanations written, remains at the heart, a space where the mysterious may
intrude into our lives.
3. Dramatic Awareness
This term is used to draw a parallel between Ritual and performance. Together, the performers and
audience of a masque or play can build up an atmosphere which can be felt by all present.
The audience listen to what is happening onstage, empathise and react. This reaction is
communicated to the actors, which in turn affects their performance. Thus an atmosphere of
"Dramatic Awareness"a shifting of awareness towards the mythic arena of experiencecan quickly
be generated. If the audience is familiar with the myths or struggles being displayed on stage, then
the experience may be cathartic for all concerned.
Something similar occurs during a magical ritual, particularly in Group rituals, where the participation
of all those within a Free Area contributes towards each individual's experience of the ritual. In ritual
time, all senses are heightened, and small microscopic changes in a participants' behaviour (for
example, voice tone, body language, or postural shifts) may not be obviously apprehended, but
nevertheless contribute to shifts in awareness for the entire group. Very subtle cues can create
profound changes in consciousness. It has been observed that ritual participants who become to
varying degrees possessed by an entity display varying degrees of postural change, vocal alteration,
and also, most significantly, small changes in the way that the facial muscles create the overall
character that is usually associated with a particular personality. If for example, a group of ritualists
are observing another person move into this state, these small signals will heighten the overall sense
of Dramatic Awareness throughout the group.
Within a ritual, participants can learn to move with a quality of deliberateness to all their movements.
Another analogy between ritual and theatre can be drawn, that actors make their movements with
the deliberate intent of communicating something to the audience.
In a ritual space, the audience can be considered to be any participants who are not engaged in
activity. On a greater level, the audience may be the entities which the ritual is designed to stir forth.
4. Coordination of Technique
Rituals often require the participants to simultaneously employ different techniques. For example,
etching a pentagram in the air may require the coordination of gesture, visualisation, breathing, and
colour projection, as well as the implicit belief that doing so will bring about some change within the
ritual space. The successful coordination of different techniques to carry out an action within the
ritual space contributes towards changes in consciousness. Coordinated movement, together with
breathing and visualisation, directed by the intention of bringing about a specific result creates a shift
into an emotional state which a magician learns, through practice, to identify as being appropriate for
that action. Emotion acts as a support to belief, and when the magician feels himself move into the
appropriate state of awareness, he undergoes a subtle belief shift towards the tacit 'reality' of the
ritual process.
Stages in Ritual Progression
This is a basic model for ritual design which identifies five different stages in the ritual process.
These stages follow the general shift in ritual awareness towards the actualization of the intent that
the ritual is based around, and then back out towards postritual consciousness.
1. Preparation.
2. Warmup.
3. Core.
4. Winddown.
5. Debriefing.
1. Preparation
It is not always easy to say at what point a ritual begins or ends, since the preparation to perform a
ritual can itself be elaborate: cleaning the area to be used, bathing, relaxing and meditating can be
as much part of the ritual as the main event.
Fasting and selfdeprivation (giving up habits and addictions) are also timehonoured methods of
focusing awareness towards a particular task or goal. Especially effective are those preparations
which produce changes in somatic awareness, such as dieting, sleep deprivation or reducing ones
normal intake of stimulants.
If one is working within the parameters of a specific magical system, then Preparation is likely to
involve assimilating the attributes, symbols, and concepts of that system. When working with a
particular entity, it may be deemed useful to have had some of the ritual participants (if not all) to
have acquired a knowledge of the behaviour, attributes, and qualities associated with the entity.
Preparation also involves the preritual briefing of participants to ensure that everyone has some idea
of what is being attempted, and why.
2. WarmUp
The warmingup elements of ritual consist of techniques that serve to raise energy and enthusiasm,
and focus awareness towards the task in hand. These include drumming, dancing, meditation
exercises, background music and coordinated breathing or chanting.
Not only do these techniques serve to focus awareness, they also have powerful physiological
effects as well. The kind of warmup techniques used in a ritual will help create the appropriate mood
for participants. Obviously fast drumming and energetic dancing will create a different ritual
atmosphere than slow moving steps, sonorous chanting and solemn music.
A Banishing, or Centering ritual is a standard warmup precursor to most rituals, of which, more later.
3. The Core
The Core stage of ritual involves the techniques which implement the main intention of the ritual so
far, which is powered by all the energy and enthusiasm generated during the rite. The content of the
core stage depends on the general aim of the ritual, such as invocationcalling a specific entity into
one or more of the participants; evocationcalling forth (or creating) a physical manifestation of an
entity; the projection of a specific intention from the ritual space into the multiverse; the enactment of
a specific mythic event; the enactment of a psychodrama designed to bring about a specific shift in
awareness; or the celebration of some historical, mythic, or social event.
4. WindDown
This stage of a ritual marks the beginning of a return to postritual awareness, the 'return' being
facilitated by, for example, another performance of a banishing ritual. This serves to prevent the
energy and emotions generated by the ritual from spilling over into everyday life. Occasionally, light
hearted games may be used to relax participants and to discharge tension. The magical role is shed,
and the mythic world bidden depart, as the participants prepare to return to everyday awareness.
It is generally the case that the more intense the ritual, the more thorough the WindDown should be.
It should be noted that not all individuals return from intense trance states simultaneously, and that
careful observation of participants' return from intense ritual consciousness is often necessary. It
should also be noted that when rituals are designed to bring about an intense shift in consciousness,
the effects are likely to linger on afterwards. One of the strengths of magic is that it provides the
individual with a framework within which to explore and assimilate shifts in awareness. It is not
unknown for rituals to bring about longterm changes in an individual's awareness and life. Indeed, to
do so is one of the aims of ritual.
5. Debriefing
This stage concerns the recording of impressions and insights, to be entered in the Magical Diary.
The importance of this cannot be over stressed. It is surprising how quickly impressions of what
transpired during a ritual can become distorted or forgotten. The magical diary is essential for the
selfassessment of progress, and recording experiences for future reference. This stage also
includes self or group assessment of performance on a technical levelIdentifying which parts of the
ritual process had the most effect, and which, in retrospect, did not seem to work as well. Magicians
do not, in general, enjoy having their performances criticised, but this is as much a part of the
continual process of learning and refining ritual technique as any other.
Formal v. Freestyle
Formalised Ritual
I use the term Formalised Ritual to describe any ritual magic which is rooted in a particular tradition,
historicalcultural epoch, or particular doctrine. Popular examples of such include: Qabalah, Tantra,
Witchcraft, Voudoun, Thelema, or what has become known as the Western Esoteric Tradition. In any
of these traditions, the symbolism, elements and structure of ritual are defined according to particular
criteria. Magicians who study such traditions have to absorb the theory of the particular system,
make its symbolism personally significant, and learn its ritual structures in order to get the most out
of working with the system. This usually involves varying degrees of steeping oneself in a particular
culture. For example, if you became interested in Tibetan Magic, you might well find yourself
studying an appropriate language, reading the Tibetan Book of the Dead, going to listen to the Dalai
Lama, researching the performance of Tibetan ritual, etc.
Freestyle Ritual
Freestyle Ritual denotes all forms of magical ritual which are not entirely rooted in one particular
magical doctrine or tradition. Up until fairly recently, most people who called themselves magicians
were rooted (ritualwise) in one of the many doctrines and traditions of magical belief and structure,
such as those mentioned in the previous section. Since the late 1970's however, there has been a
growing interest in what can be termed Freestyle Ritual which is more openended, drawing on a
wide range of symbolism and features, and which is highly personalised to the individual performing.
The growth of interest in SelfDevelopment, Shamanism, and the Chaos Magic Movement have
helped develop this trend. In freestyle ritual, you are not constrained by any particular system of
doing things, and can use elements which are not always immediately recognised as being occult.
Both these styles have their pros and cons. Personally, 1 feel that one of the marks of an effective
magician is the ability to work within a particular system, or to be able to perform freestyle magic
when the occasion befits. Freestyle ritual is particularly good for learning how to structure magical
rituals yourself (rather than simply following someone else's method). If you wish to go off and spend
the next twenty years or so studying the Qabalah or one of the NeoAfrican magical traditions, fine,
but such indepth work is beyond the scope of this book.
The components of Ritual
I will now examine some of the different components that can be used to shape a magical ritual, and
the relationships between them. Where relevant I have included a variety of exercises and
techniques by which these elements may be explored. How these components are employed in
devising a complete ritual will very much depend on the following:
i) The intention, or aim underlying the ritual.
ii) The particular style of ritual (formal, freestyle).
iii) The beliefsystem or magical structure which the rite uses.
iv) Practicalities of Time, Spatial Restrictions etc.
Ritual as Theatre
Regarding magical ritual as a form of theatrical performance is a useful way of approaching its
possibilities. In modem society, theatre has become merely a form of entertainment, whilst its healing
function has largely been institutionalised as forms of therapy, and its magical aspects have been
driven underground. Antonin Artaud, in his classic essay The Theatre and Its Double, writes about a
"physical language" of theatre, which is independent of speech (and hence, the waking mind), and
which is aimed at provoking unconscious reactions in the audience, expressing feelings which
cannot be framed into words. Such a language includes dance, gesture, mime, costume, lighting and
use of props. Artaud writes that careful attention needs to be given towards these elements if the
language is to be effective. This language is the same language which is used to build an
atmosphere in ritual magic.
Style
The degree of adherence to a particular formal style of ritual will to a large extent determine the
shape it takes. This may necessitate some degree of research as preparation, if one is aiming at
reconstructing a ritual from another culture or epoch. Whilst there are a good number of books aimed
at the modem occultist which purport to reconstruct the rituals of the Ancient Greeks or Germanic
peoples, for example, there is equally a vast wealth of information from historians and
anthropologists which should not be overlooked. How far one goes along the path of reconstruction
is a matter of personal preference. Whilst one might wish to recreate the spirit of the ancient Greek
Dionysia, it is unlikely, that one will be able to tear through one's local fields ripping livestock and
passersby apart (much as one would perhaps like to). In general, doing a ritual in a particular formal
style should not, in my opinion, be seen as a restriction, but an opportunity to pull out all the stops
and go for it!
One issue that relates to ritual style is that of mixing elements from different systems. There is a very
vocal school within the occult milieu which holds that it is wrong (dangerous even) to mix different
systems of magic. This view is most strongly advocated by champions of the socalled Western
Esoteric Tradition, or the more rigid traditions of modem witchcraft. The strength of this position is
considerably weakened when one considers that much of the socalled Western Esoteric Tradition is
a synthesis of Hermetic philosophy, Qabalah, theosophy, yoga, medieval magic, chakras and other
diverse elements. It's not so much the mixing which is the problem, but how you do itrather like
cooking. 1 have found, as have many others, for example, that movements borrowed from Tai Chi or
Qi Gong fit very well into ritual magic sequences.
Timing
There are several considerations which relate to the Timing of Ritual. Firstly, there is the question of
"When is the best time to perform a ritual ?" From a purely practical level, you should perform your
rituals when you know you are not going to be disturbed, for example, by children, flatmates,
neighbours or people dropping by. This in itself may require alterations in your daily schedule (getting
up earlier or going to bed later) which may help the ritual in becoming significant, as something
special.
Some books on magic make much of the division of time into planetary days, hours, and so forth.
How far you follow this is up to you, as is the performance of rituals related to the progression of
astrological houses or the conjunction of particular planetary bodies. If you feel it's significant for you,
then by all means do use these relationships, but equally, don't feel you have to do it this way.
1. Spatial Elements
This section deals with the actual physical space where a ritual takes place. Whilst some magicians
are fortunate enough to be able to set a room of their dwelling aside as a magical temple, most of us
have to make do with reconfiguring a room, hiring an external space, or working outdoors.
a) The Ritual Space as a Free Area
Whilst it is common for magical texts to discuss ritual space in terms of a magical circle or temple, 1
prefer to use the term Free Area to denote ritual space, since it covers circumstances when a circle
is not necessary, desired, or appropriate. A Free Area may even denote a state of consciousness or
the establishment of any physical location (however temporary) as a region where Magical Reality is
dominant, interpenetrative, or highly condensed in relation to other spaces. For example, for the
purposes of a ritual event, one might decide that an entire forest is a Free Area of magical intrusion
and possibilities, which ends one hour after dawn or as one reaches the first visible signs of human
habitation.
b) The Demarcation of Boundaries
The use of a physical magical circle is perhaps the most wellknown way of marking a boundary
between ritual space and nonritual surroundings. Circles can be formed by chalk, rope, tape, sewn
onto blankets or carpets or even cut permanently into floorboards. Outdoor circles can be marked out
in brush, wooden ramping or turf, to give a few examples. Equally, a circle may be established using
a combination of visualization, dance and a ritual sequence whereby the classical 'directions of
space' (i.e., points of the compass) are set up. In physical terms this might involve the use of quarter
markers such as candies, banners bearing signs of the quarters, small altars (see below), statuettes
or stangs.
The demarcation of boundaries is both physical and psychological. It focuses the attention of the
magician towards the immediate area wherein magical work will take place. As Crowley points out in
Chapter 2 of Book Four, the magical boundary (in this case, the circle) is an affirmation of the
magician's devotion to his work.
The idea of making a boundary is also important in the sense of keeping unwanted (or uninvited)
influences (i.e., 'orrible psychic entities) out of the circle, or for that matter, inviting them in.
c) The Altar
Altars tend to be the ritual furniture (often a table or box covered with a cloth) on which all the bits
and pieces associated with a particular ritepictures, incense burner, statuettes, mirror, magical
weapons etc., are arranged, usually in some kind of symbolic sequence, and (hopefully) placed so
that it is not in danger of being banged into in the course of the rite. Altars tend to be placed
according to some structural schema, such as the 4 quarters or elemental stations used in defining
the ritual space. The term altar is derived from the Latin altus, which means 'high' and is usually
defined as a raised place or structure where sacrifices are offered and religious rites are conducted.
An altar is a physical representation of sacred space, whether it be a rock in a forest clearing or a
covered table in one corner of a room; it allows us to focus awareness and attention towards the
sacred. In the Classical Pagan traditions, stone altars were raised as an act of recognition of the
spirit of a place, the genius loci.
In a way, creating an altar for magical use is a process of discovering and clarifying which objects
and items have a core magical significance and also, an intensely personal significance. In addition,
an altar can represent both that which we are, and what we aspire towards. An altar, regardless of
whether or not it is used in formal ritual, can become a place of meditation or contemplation and a
reminder of what for us is significant, and of making a reconnection with that which is magical in the
midst of our everyday lives. An altar need not be a large construction: one of the smallest altars in
my abode is a space on a mantelpiece, on which sits a small plastic pixie. The pixie is a finder of lost
things, who is rewarded by my giving him a small silver coin, lighting a joss stick next to him or just
dusting him off occasionally. An altar can be as minimal or complex as you like: what matters is that
you find it significant and empowering.
Building an altar can become in itself a powerful act of magic: be it an altar that will be eventually
used for formalised ritual work, or simply as a point of daily reconnection. Altars can be created for
special circumstances, to commemorate special events in our lives, for example, or for specific
events. Altars are particularly useful in acts of invocation, when one might create a altar to a goddess
or god, or for enchantments, when a desire might be sacrificed on an altar. It can be useful to identify
a few central items of magical and personal significance which can in effect, be used as a portable
altar.
d) Props & Equipment
One of the most useful ritual props I have used isn't particularly magical, but is nonetheless
immensely usefula music stand. Formerly, if I had to read aloud from a book during a ritual it would
be more often than not a case of standing, holding the book open whilst someone else wobbled a
candle over my shoulder. With the book on the music stand, I found I had both arms free to wave
about impressively, and could concentrate on my posture, voice projection, visualisation and all the
other elements which are difficult to do effectively with one's head bent over a book. The music stand
also has the advantage of being portable as it can be ritually unfolded and then removed when no
longer needed. This is particularly useful if at a later stage, the rite is going to involve spinning,
dancing or some other excitatory activity. So a prop need not necessarily be something with overt
magical associations.
There is a school of thought which adheres to the belief that you cannot do ritual magic without
having collected a trunkload of paraphernalia first: the magical weapons such as cup, sword,
dagger, wand, staff, pantacle, lamp etc., being of foremost importance. Whilst it is undeniable that
props are nice, it's arguable whether they are essential prerequisites to ritual, and to my mind it is
more useful to collect them as you go along, building them up gradually, whether by finding suitable
props in secondhand shops, being given them, or making them oneself. This latter approach is for
me, one of the most enjoyable byproducts of ritual magic and I have found myself, over the years,
trying my hand at a variety of handicrafts (including pottery, batik, tiedyeing, candlemaking,
woodwork, maskmaking and incenseblending) as preparation for particular rituals. For one series of
workings, in which the threepillar symbolism of the qabalah figured prominently, we found that the
thick cardboard tubes which carpets are rolled around could be turned into physical representations
of the pillars!
One of the early arguments of Chaoists was for a minimalist approach to ritual props, along the lines
of "why use a silverplated chalice when an old coffee mug will do?" Of course, this is a matter of
choice. Whilst having special, onlyusedforritual props can be useful, in a pinch, an old coffeecup
will serve as a chalice. It's all down to what Terry Pratchett has amusingly termed 'headology.' The
other approach is the attitude of pulling all the stops out, as it were. Lionel Snell satirically
championed this allout approach to ritual in his announcement of the OTTOthe "Over The Top
Order""why make do with an old coffeecup when you can use a 900year old skullchalice from a
lost Tibetan temple?"
The 'youcanvisualizeeverything' brigade also tend to decry the use of props as unnecessary. This
too however, can be taken to absurd lengths. Some years ago I was privileged to participate in a
meditation session wherein the participants were asked to visualise themselves being in a forest.
This was taking place in the grounds of an Austrian castle which was surrounded on all sides by
several acres of prime woodland!
So props are useful, but not essential. If you have time and access to a working space where you
can usefully deploy them, then fineuse them, but don't be tied down by them. In making props
yourself, a little ingenuity goes a long way, and is part of the fun of ritual magic.
e) Backdrops
Using large backdrops on walls can be a simple, yet highly effective method of enhancing an indoor
ritual space. Rituals aimed at invoking particular gods or goddesses, for example, can be enhanced
by a painting of the deity in a particular aspect appropriate to the rite. Backdrops can also be painted
to give the illusion of more space in a room. A livingroom can be simply converted into a temple by
hanging drapes of an appropriate colour around the walls, so that they obscure one's everyday
furnishings. If you have access to a slide or overheadprojector, then these can be very useful for
projecting images onto walls. The projection of computergenerated images is also a possibility.
Related to this is the use of groupcreated collages and paintings as symbolic manifestations or
reminders of the group's gestalt.
2. BodyMind Components
Under this heading I have grouped the aspects of ritual which relate to the participants themselves
such as sensory elements, movement and gesture, use of the voice, etc.
a) Visualisation
Visualisation is usually defined as 'the formation of mental visual images' or 'the act or process of
interpreting in visual terms.' We all make use of Visualisation at some time or another, especially if
we are mentally anticipating or rehearsing a situation which we have to deal with at some point in the
future. Another good example of visualisation is if someone asks you for directions to a particular
place and to describe how to get there, you try to recall how the streets and roads which make up the
route fit together, and how the person trying to follow your directions would have to go.
In magical terms, Visualisation is the skill of creating and focusing awareness into these mental
images. For example, a Guided Visualisation exercise is one where another person tells you a story
in which you are participating, telling you what to imagine in the way of imaginary scenery, people,
and places.
Some facility at Visualisation is generally considered a prime requisite for magical work. However,
although we derive a great deal of information about the world through our visual sense, there is a
good deal more to sensory experience than vision, and moreover, some people are not primarily
visuallyoriented, although the majority of magical/imaginative exercises are biased towards visual
experience at the expense of other perceptions.
VisualisationRelated Exercises
i) Going Places
Create for yourself, a place that you can visit in your imagination. It should be a place which for you
signifies relaxation and calmness. It may be a scene from your past, a place you have visited, or
somewhere which you would like to visit. Give yourself a set period which you will attempt to visit this
place and explore it.
The idea of this exercise is that you attempt to place yourself into this imagined setting. After each
visit, note down if any particular sensory modes struck you. Is there a particular sound that you
noticed? Is there a predominant smell? Can you feel a breeze, or the heat of the sun? Are there any
particular emotions or memorysensations that you experience whilst in this place? In this exercise,
you are not merely attempting to visualise a scene, but to hear, feel, taste, and smell it.
ii) What's In the Box?
For this exercise you need a box of some kind, preferably with a hinged lid. All you have to do is,
without making a big issue of it, occasionally go over to the box and open the lid, allowing the first
thing that flashes into your mind to be in the box.
The point of this exercise is to demonstrate how we very often tend to censor the first thing that
flashes into our minds, because we don't think its right, significant, or we are perhaps worried about
what other people might think. So don't worry about what you 'find' in the box. What is important is
that you can open the box and 'find' anything without having to consciously put it there, and that you
can do this in a very matteroffact, downto earth fashion.
iii) Unconscious Seeing
This is a simple technique for seeing images arising out of everyday phenomena. All you have to do
is choose some everyday objectit is helpful if it is somehow texturedsuch as a whitewashed
window, a brick wall, a patch of moss on a stone, a plant, etc. and look at it, stilling your mind. Forget
what the object is, and let forms arise out of it while you study it. This is a very ancient magical
technique for allowing meaningful images to arise out of flames, the passage of birds, the swarming
of bees, cloud formations, etc. Leonardo Da Vinci called it "Eidetic Vision," and it is said that a friend
of his discovered the technique when staring at a wall upon which superstitious folk, particularly the
sick, would stop and spit. The man is said to have gazed at the wall for hours, amazed at the shapes
and forms which arose out of the blobs of phlegm. Any object which is sufficiently complex, from
manufactured items to natural growths can be used in this way. I recall once becoming fascinating by
the swirls and shapes seen in the remains of a plate of different flavours of icecream.
b) Use of Voice
Voice is an important element of ritualwe use voice in ritual to make declarations, statements of
intent, to project extended vowels or repeat mantras, and in declaiming invocations to that which the
rite is focused towards (a planet, a god, etc.). It doesn't really matter how loud your voice is (a
whisper can be more effective than a shout)its the tone, pacing, and emotion that one's voice carries
which is important. In ritual, both what we say, and the way we say it, can become important factors
in generating the appropriate atmosphere for the ritual.
Basic Voice Exercises
i) Finding the Right Tone
Consider the following list of emotions, and experiment with ways of speaking which, for you, help
project each emotion convincingly:
Showing Reverence
Being in Awe of Something
Radiating SelfConfidence
Facing something which you are slightly afraid of
Establishing your Authority
Speaking to a Lover or a Loved one after a period of absence
Speaking to someone who one has Admired from afarfor the first time
It can be helpful to watch other people and listen to how they use their voices effectively in particular
situations. One of my favourite examples of someone using his voice calmly, yet projecting
authoritative command, is Captain Picard's "Make it So" from Star Trek: The Next Generation.
ii) Planetary Tones
The next step is to find a voicetone which for you represents a particular aspect of one of the 8
planets. For example, for Mars, you might feel that the clipped, precise speech of an Army Officer is
appropriate, or that slowlypaced speech brings to mind the dreamy aspect of the Moon.
Of course, speaking doesn't just involve our voicesthe muscles of the face, the eyes, and limbs also
follow suit. Try the above 2 exercises in front of a mirror and see how your muscular patterns change
according to your use of voice.
The aim of these exercises is to help you identify and explore the ways in which you might use your
voice to help focus on the particular qualities that your eventual rituals are aimed towards. This also
relates to:
iii) StoryTelling
Storytelling is useful in that, as part of a ritual (or as part of preparation), relating a particular story or
myth in which the chosen entity plays a starring role helps focus the attention of the other celebrants
towards the qualities and attributes of that entity. This may be particularly desirable when not
everyone present is fully familiar with the diverse aspects of the particular entity. Besides, story
telling is fun in itself. Some stories and myths are themselves suitable for ritual reenactment
examples being the descent of the goddess Inanna into the Underworld, or the skulldance of
Bhairava, the wrathful aspect of Shiva.
iv) The Vibration of Names
A variant of voice technique which is often used during invocatory ritual is to divide the name of the
entity being invoked into its component syllables, for example BAPHOMET becomes BAPHOMET
and vibrate the name. To do this, take a deep breath and intone the first syllable, projecting it at a
point a few feet in front of you. You should feel your entire body shaking with the force of the sound.
With practice, you can develop this exercise so that as you continually project the sound, you feel
your whole body vibrating, followed by a sense of the immediate area vibrating, then the world
vibrating, and ultimately, the entire multiverse vibratingwith the sound. This practice can also be
used when enunciating barbarous words for invocation and evocation, in the various magical
languages available.
c) Posture, Gesture, & Movement
Just as we can use our voices to project and intensify our own feelings, so too can we use bodily
postures, gestures, and movements. Sit upright in your chair, tilt your head slightly upwards, fix your
gaze steadily on whatever is in front of you, place your hands on your thighs, push your chest
outwards, and take a deep, slow, inbreath. "What's going to happen next?" you might wonder. Just
by following this simple sequence, you have deliberately caused a change in your consciousness,
and it is this quality of deliberateness (even if it seems to happen spontaneously) which is important
when we consider posture, gesture, and movement as elements of ritual magic. For example, if you
were making a toast during a ritual, you would be unlikely to nonchalantly swig your drink as you
would ordinarilyyou'd make a performance out of it raising it as though acknowledging the presence
of an audience, perhaps visualizing rays of light shining into it, or declaring that by drinking this liquid,
you are absorbing the power of the planet. The point here, is that every action, within the ritual
space, can be made to be significant. You may even choose to make the action of 'looking up
something you've forgotten' as a performancecarefully picking up the book or piece of paper, slowly
extending it before you, reading from it slowly and deliberately.
d) Body Space
Related to the above is the way in which we arrange ourselves so that our bodies take up various
degrees of the space around us. A great many magical techniques are concerned with exploring our
inner spaces, through visualisation, trance induction, and scrying, for example. But what of the space
that is around us? Our sense of personal space is important in terms of how we interact with other
people, and it is usefully to develop all of our senses as fully as possible. According to legend,
shamans and sorcerers are very difficult to sneak up on, as they are aware of what is happening in
their environment.
Our normal perception of Space is that it is empty and that we are separate from each other, and
from objects. The amount of Personal Space that we feel comfortable with usually reflects how we
may feel about different situations. The more anxious a person is, the more he will draw his body
inwards towards a posture resembling the foetal position. Equally, people who are confident are
much more expansive in their movements and the way they use the space around them. The way we
use bodily space reflects our moods and by the same token, can be deliberately used to enhance or
project particular moods in ritual. Many books on ritual discuss the symbolic associations of particular
ritual postures. We should not forget that these postures also have distinct physical and
psychological effects on us, too.
i) Blind Walks
This exercise can be practised individually but is best done in pairs. A group divides into pairs and
one member leads the other, who is blindfolded, around an area. Shutting ones eyes automatically
increases the sensory feedback from other organs.
After everyone has tried this a few times, the exercise can be modified: blindfolded members can
visualise an aura about their bodies, which like a bubble or web, senses obstacles before physical
contact could be made.
ii) Flowing Meditation
This exercise involves imagining space as a flowing, watery medium through which we move. Each
movement causes the space around us to flow and ripple. It reacts to being pushed, and can be
shaped momentarily by the hands. We are immersed in space like a fish is immersed in water, and
we can use it as an additional organ of perception. This idea is used in Tai Chi for example, where
one is encouraged to move as though in water, and become aware of the spaces between arms and
legs.
We are particularly sensitive, for example, to the blind spot behind us, and many people, especially
women, can sense what is happening behind their backsa survival sense that has remained with
use from the arboreal forest to the urban jungle.
e) Lighting
When we look at lighting in respect to ritual, there are three major considerations: what form of
lighting can be used, its symbolic associations, and what kind of ambience lighting can be used to
project. Generally, one should ensure that the form of lighting used enhances, rather than detracts,
from the other elements of the ritual. Whilst candlelight, for example, is generally preferred to
electric lights, there should be enough light to read byif your ritual involves reading, for example. 1
have participated in too many rituals where grand invocations have been reduced to farce as the
ritualists declaiming them cannot see what they are reading properly. Over the last decade or so
there has been a good deal of experimentation with alternatives to candlelight, using everything
from coloured discolights to strobes and dreammachines. For both indoor and outdoor work for
example, 1 have found that small headtorches, as used by walkers and climbers are quite useful.
Even the strings of fairy lights more commonly found wrapped around Christmas trees may be used
successfully.
The symbolic aspects of lighting relate primarily to the symbolism of colour which is detailed at length
in many magical texts: scarlet candles for Mars, Green Candles for Venus, and so forth. There is
also, however, a degree of symbolism around the form of lighting. You might decide, for example,
that flaming brands, braziers, or roving spotlights are eminently suitable for a martial ritual, or that
jackolanterns arranged around your working space are most suitable for a Hallow's eve working.
Using lighting to project a particular ambience relates to certain arrangements. The first group rituals
I ever participated in tended to have a standard arrangement of 3 candles on the altar (representing
both the triple goddess and the 3 masonic pillars), as well as a candle at each elemental quarter.
This was very much down to 'tradition' (i.e., "we've always done it like that"). Once I had sidled away
from the straightjacket of such an approach however, I found that you can do a lot to the ritual space
by the specific arrangement of lighting in order to yield certain effects and moods. One such example
is the lighting of masks by placing small nightlights inside them so as to give the appearance of
flickering light coming from the eyes. Another is to arrange lighting so that whilst the altar is welllit,
the outer spaces of the area are cast into deep shadow. Candles may be arranged so that the
imaginative facility of the peripheral vision is stimulated. You could even consider controlling shifts in
lighting using a computer. Once you begin to experiment, the options are endless. A final thought (for
the moment) relating to lighting is that of safety. If you are using candles, flaming torches or anything
else which may pose a potential hazard to celebrants, be careful. The collision of candleflame and a
polyester robe is dramatic indeed, but not really the kind of drama that one is aiming for.
f) Incense & Perfumes
Smell has a very powerful effect upon us; in particular, it is a direct stimulator of memory, invoking
images, associations and emotions.
Some scents have recognised physiological effects on the bodymind, and a knowledge of these can
be employed when using smells as ritual triggers, adding another layer of associations to an
invocation. Incense too, can have a powerful effect. Clouds of incense rising up from a thurible is not
only a very ancient form of invocation in itself, but can serve to heighten the atmosphere of the ritual
space.
g) Clothing & Apparel
All items of magical apparel, be they robes, jewelry, hats, cloaks or whatever, can be used as part of
a 'uniform' that signifies to you (and others) that you are leaving the everyday world and preparing to
do some magic. In the same way that a doctor wears a white coat or a sewerworker puts on
overalls, clothes help to focus states of consciousness and subtle shifts in reality. The classical
monk's hood for example, signifies his retreat from the world. A hood is a simple, though effective,
piece of magical apparel. A simple way to create a hood is to obtain (or dye) a black pillowcase, and
cut a couple of eye holes in it. Wearing a hood confers a degree of anonymity, calling to mind cultural
references to masked men, bandits, etc. I was introduced to the power of the hood by a female
sorceress, who wore one whenever she had dealings with demonsin order, so she said, to disguise
her identity so they wouldn't bother her afterwards. A hood muffles the voice and causes subtle
changes in perception, without limiting one's movements in the way that a set of magical robes can.
Furthermore, if you are called to perform some act of magic in someone's house, parking lot, or
garden, wearing a robe can look silly at times. Wearing a hood usually (in my experience at least)
looks somehow forbidding, or sinister. Some sorcerers decorate their hoods with personal symbols,
or embellish the eyes to resemble owl or bat faces in order to signify that, when donning the hood,
they are enhancing their ability to see (and move) into 'other' places. It all comes down to personal
taste, but 1 feel a simple, baglike hood is much more preferable to the tight hoods which can be
obtained through the fetishwear market.
h) Music
Musical accompaniment to ritual takes two basic forms: using prerecorded music or live music. In
using prerecorded music, 1 have found that an easy pitfall is using musical pieces that, whilst
appropriate to a particular ritual (or element thereof), for some have somewhat different associations
for others. Whilst 1 find The Sisters of Mercy or The Cassandra Complex conducive to meditation,
others might not so readily agree. When preparing instrumental tapes for ritual background music, 1
have tended to stick to fairly obscure sources, and to keep these tracks for ritual use only. A related
use of tapes is to prepare cutup sequences which can be useful for throwing out random inspirations
(as in the manner of the wellknown 'cocktailparty' phenomena).
Probably the most common instrument used for providing live music is the drum. Drumming is one of
the most ancient and enduring methods of providing structure and accompaniment to ritual events,
ranging from the use of simple beats (which is all I ever seem to manage) to the complex invocatory
rhythms used in the PanAfrican traditions of Voudou and Santeria. A general observation 1 would
make is that a drummer can often exert undue control over the pace of a ritual such that if the
drummer speeds up then the pace of the ritual will invariably speed up as well, and can occasionally
lead to the ritual building to a premature climax.
1) Food & Drink
Eating and Drinking can be an important aspect of ritual. The Christian use of sacramental wine and
wafers is an obvious example. During a ritual mass, the energy of a deity may be infused in a chalice
of wine so that all celebrants may partake of the quality being invoked.
The Sumble
The Sumble as described by Don Webb originates from the Viking custom of making boasts and
toasts prior to an expedition. It basically consists of four rounds of toasts. In the first round, all
present drink to Principlesprinciples which each person present believes to be important. For the
second round, all present drink to Heroespeople living or dead, who for those present are particular
sources of inspiration. The third round is that of personal Boastseach participant shares something
that he or she has accomplished, and feels proud of. The fourth and final round is that of Oaths
each person present makes a statement of something which they are going to do. These oaths are
personal; you can't make them for others.
This simple exercise has many benefits. It is useful for each participant, in helping them to identify
what for them are important principles, personal heroes, or to own their own achievements before the
group and be proud of them (something we often find difficult to do) and to state an intention to strive
for. It also allows you to find out what other people think is important as this kind of mutual sharing
and honouring of each other's feelings and achievements can do much to help building a sense of
mutual confidence and commitment in a group (this is discussed more thoroughly in Part 3: Group
Effects).
Another angle which can be explored (particularly within the context of a specific magical or mythic
tradition) is selecting food and drink and serving and consuming it in a manner appropriate to that
tradition. This can act as part of the preparation for a particular event (i.e., to get people in the mood)
or as part of the ritual itself. Examples here might include anything from brewing mead as a
preparation for an Othinn rite, or preparing a traditional Indian sweet for use in a ritual focusing on
Ganesha.
3. The Interpenetration of Magical Reality
a) Symbolism
Every element of a magical ritual, from the props you use, to the gestures, words, colours, smells,
foods, drinks, clothes etc., can be imbued with a symbolic element. It is all a matter of degree. Some
'experts' on ritual magic do hold that before one can successfully perform a ritual, one has to have
absorbed the symbolism of the ritual beforehand. To a certain extent, this is the case, but it largely
depends on what you are doing, and the context in which you are doing it. If, for example, you are
about to perform a ritual which has been structured according to Qabalistic principles (there is an
example of such a ritual given below), then yes, it does help enormously if you have studied those
principles beforehand. If, however, you have designed a Freestyle ritual, then you need only be
aware of the symbolism which is personally significant.
b) The Magical Link
In essence, the process of making a Magical Link is simple: it is the act of making a connection
between one thing and another thingin one's mind. One of the most classic examples of making a
magical link is to take a wax doll, to ritually identify it as being a specific individual, and then use that
doll as a focus for magical enchantment, be it beneficial or malefic. Another example is the lucky
rabbit's foot. The abstract idea of good luck in itself is rare enough but when that idea is made
concrete by being identified with a particular object then we behave as though the object itself
attracts (and is responsible) for the luck. When we create magical talismans or amulets, we are
making a Magical Link between the chosen object (the vessel) and the appropriate state of
awareness which we have inflamed ourselves with during a ritual and whatever symbolic
associations we have also attached to the object.
A further example of this process is that of making a magical toast. If you desire to drink to the health
of an absent friend, you might take a vessel of liquid (perhaps alkaseltzer, Andrews Liver Salts or
any fizzy liquid), and raising the vessel, strongly visualize his image reflected in its depths. You might
also speak his name over the liquid, so that the sound ripples across it. Speaking aloud your wish,
you then drink the liquid, and meditate for a space on inner calm. If you were to do this as part of a
more intense ritual, such as an invocation of Solar power, you might visualise (at the peak of the
working) the golden rays of the Sun infusing the liquid.
In one sense, when you make a Magical Link, you are bringing the object or substance into yourself
and consciously bringing it into your magical awareness, or your psychocosm.
Magical Correspondences
The lists of Magical Correspondences which are featured in many modem books on magical
technique are useful in that they allow us to build up associative links between a particular planet, for
example, and a wide range of symbols, sensory stimuli, and other attributes. Tables of
Correspondences, many of which were originally derived from books on herbal lore, have been
around for a long time, and most of the ones which appear in modern textbooks are based on the
lists compiled by Aleister Crowley (which were in, turn based on the tables compiled by the Hermetic
Order of the Golden Dawn, and the work of the SixteenthCentury Magus, Cornelius Agrippa). It is
useful to use these correspondences in devising rituals, but one should not be afraid of adding one's
own links to them. Some lists of correspondences can get quite exhaustive, relating planets not only
to days of the week, but also to astrological periods, hours and minutes. The key to correspondences
is to use them creatively, and not get stuck into following them dogmatically. If you don't agree with a
particular set of correspondences, don't feel afraid to change them! Here are some simple exercises
aimed at developing personal sets of correspondences:
i) Helpful Lists
For each of the 8 planets, take a sheet of paper headed with the name of each planet, and write
down as many things as possible which you can think of relating to that name. For example, for
Mars, a list could include:
Mars:
"A mars a day helps you work, rest and play"
Music from the Planets Suite, by Gustav Holst
Karate Kicks, (Martial Arts), people bowing to each other before fighting
Ziggy Stardust & the Spiders From Mars
Red:
The Red Devils (football or parachute team)imagine people with scarves cheering me on?
99 Red BalloonsSongCould burst red balloon in ritual?
Like a Red Rag to a Bullbullfighterhat with horns on itexplore symbolism of bull?
The idea is that, by writing down a few things, you can quickly build associations with other things,
some of which could be brought into your ritual itself, or in the preparation for it, or reinvoking it
afterwards.
ii) Posture, Gesture, Mood and Memory
Associations can become particularly powerful if we can relate them to our own personal experience.
For example, one of the memories that I use to bring into focus some of the qualities of Saturn is that
of being in a dentist's waitingroom. The smell of antiseptic fluid, its clinical, pristine air and my mood
of "I'm not going to enjoy this but I have to do it." So, for me, the smell of hospital cleaning fluid has a
saturnian association.
The first part of this exercise is that you try and recall an experience which for you relates to a
particular planet. A surge of selfconfidence on being congratulated for something which you did
could be linked to the Sun, the memory of a particularly good conversation with a friend could be
classed as Mercury; the memory of a flash of inspiration which suddenly leapt into your head could
become the model for your Uranian state.
Once you begin to recall a particular experience, try and relive it as fully as possible. As you do, try
and notice how your mood effects your posture, your muscles, your voice tone, your emotions; can
you recall a particular scent, sound, taste or colour?
The next task is to find a body posture which for you recalls that mood and memory. You can also try
and find an appropriate gesture. It is also useful if you add to the eight planetary states a Neutral
posture/mood/gesture which can be used as an aid in grounding yourself after an exercise. In time,
the postures/gestures/moods/memories can become the basis of your own personal associations to
each of the 8 planets, which will be modified as you work with them. And of course you can use this
technique for building up other sets of personal correspondences as well.
iii) Silly Lists
A few years ago a group of us went through a phase of trying to place different things onto the
Qabalistic Tree of Life. We started off with characters from the Rocky Horror Picture Show (Brad for
Earth, Janet for the Moon, Frank N. Furter for Mercury, etc.) and went on to do Star Trek characters,
flavours of herbal tea, flavours of yoghurt, curries, and breakfast cereals. Although this is undeniably
silly, it is fun, and can actually lead to useful correspondences for ritual work. What kind of tea would
you drink before a Lunar ritual? Is there a hat that for you is Saturnian? To which planets would you
classify silk, leather or rubber? Try it out for yourself.
Magical Artefacts
What is a Magical Artefact? Broadly speaking, it is any physical object which has magical
associations for the user, ranging from specific magical tools such as a tarot deck, set of runes, or
magical weapons to items which have either general symbolic associations or those which remind us
of magical moments and evoke a particular nostalgia or mood. Whatever the nature or history of the
object, these are things which help us (or remind us) of our magical power. Some artefacts can be
classed as generic items in that they are incorporated into our sets of ritual props, whatever the
occasion. Others may have associations which are particular to one type of ritual, style, or system.
The wand, described below, is an example of a generic item. In Liber Nice, 1 have described some
of the magical artefacts which, for me, have particular associations with Erisian magic.
The Wand
The Wand (also Rod, or Pointer) is the allpurpose weapon of magic which is used to direct one's
will, be it into the aeythr, a person, or an object.
The traditional means of obtaining a wand called for the magician to cut a forearm's length of ash
from a tree (having asked the tree for permission first!) with a single stroke, at a time determined by
astrology or recourse to the tables of planetary hours and days. The first generation of iconoclastic
chaos magicians challenged this, arguing, why not use one's finger, or a rolledup newspaper, or
anything which is vaguely wandshaped? Whilst in a pinch, a sorcerer might well use anything to
hand with which to enchant his will, there is much to be said for the traditional approach, by which
one obtains a handmade weapon which is unique to oneself. It is, as Terry Pratchett would
doubtless say, a matter of headology.
Creating (or finding) a wand is itself an act of magic. As noted above, the timehonoured method is to
cut a branch from a tree. Ideally, this should be a tree in a place which is significant to you, which
you have visited frequently at different times of the year, until you have made contact with the spirit
of the place, the genius loci. If astrology is significant to you, then by all means use astrology to
determine the most appropriate time for you to cut your wand. Alternatively, you could do it at a date
which has personal significance for you. Wood is only one alternative. Many magicians favour bone:
for example, a bone belonging to some animal whose abilities they wish to transfer to themselves.
Tibetan Bon Shamans use magical weapons shaped from human bones, but this is an option which
is less popular in the West, where the traffic in murderer's indexfingers or the thighbones of saints
seems to have dropped off of late.
Other methods of obtaining a personalised wand include finding or being given something suitable.
Some years back, 1 met an elder magician who had made himself a tibetan vajra, or thunderbolt,
which so impressed me that, on my next visit to him, 1 asked him if he'd consider making me
something similar. I took with me several chandelier lustres which 1 had found in a junk shop as a
gift. On seeing these, my friend announced that we could make a vajra out of the lustres. We simply
glued two of the lustres together, so that there was a point at either end, and then used a pendulum
to determine which end was 'positive' and which was 'negative.' It had never occurred to me before
that a wand could be made of glass. The lustres had seven notches in them, which I attributed to the
seven chakras. You could peer into the facets and use them for scrying. They caught the light and
created pleasing patterns in strong sunlight. By chance, 1 had acquired a powerful sorcery weapon.
Unique, portable, and personally significant.
Obtaining the material component is only the beginning. The next step is to incorporate it into your
magical universe. The most obvious means of doing this is to use it in all acts of magic, to have it
present when you meditate, to sleep with it, to identify with it through meditation or visualisation. Call
it to you astrally so that you can feel it's weight in your hand and feel the power you have infused it
with flooding into you. Give it a name, if you so desire, and whisper to it your secrets and dreams.
Keep it wrapped up, so that by the act of unwrapping it, you know that you are about to unleash the
power of your refined will.
4. The Division of Roles
In Group ritual work, it's easy to fall into the habit whereby one or two people do things and everyone
else stands around and watches. This can become boring, and I have occasionally found myself
nodding off in long rituals! My ruleofthumb guideline for group ritual is, whenever possible, have
everyone involved doing something! For example, instead of just having one person declaim an
invocation or litany, build parts into it so others can set up a counterchant or use a calland
response sequence. If the ritual calls for an invocation of the principle of Fire, for example, a verbal
invocation can be considerably enhanced by having other celebrants dance the invocation, or use
soundscaping which combines freestyle voice, gesture and movement to convey the mood being
built up. Swapping roles is also highly effectiveso that each participant gets a chance to perform
each part of the ritual. Some groups approach role division by setting up formal roles and positions
which people take on during ritual work, so that there might be, for example, an IncenseMonitor who
is responsible for all aspects of the use of incense and scent; or an Exorcist, whose role is to assist
people who seem to be having problems in both entering and leaving the altered states of
consciousness built up during the ritual proceedings. These formal ritual roles may also be relevant
for other aspects of group work, so that, perhaps, a Firemaster role might involve not only looking
after fires and invoking the principle of fire during ritual, but also cover monitoring levels of
enthusiasm and motivation in the group as a whole.
Hopefully the above has demonstrated the rich diversity of elements which can be interwoven into
ritual magic, be it freestyle or formalised. However, it's up to you how much of this (if any) you
choose to incorporate into your own ritual style. Generally, I tend to find that simplicity of style will
always win out over complexity for complexity's sake. One approach I do find useful, particularly in
group work, is to start with a simple ritual structure, and then progressively add to it with each
working. This I find, is often more effective than dropping people into huge, cumbersome rituals.
Example Types of Ritual
Here are four examples of different rituals and discussion of their usage. My aim in presenting them
is not so much that you should try them out, but to illustrate how the elements and components of
ritual discussed in the previous sections can be combined effectively.
Banishing Ritual
A Banishing Ritual is one of the first practical exercises that a magician learns. It is also sometimes
known as Centering, which in many respects, is a more accurate term for the exercise.
A Banishing has three aims. The first is that it acts as a warm upa preparation for doing further
ritual, meditationenabling the magician to put aside everyday thoughts"what's on TV later," etc. It
allows the magician to shift into his magicianself role, and to place himself in the metaphysical
centre of his magical universe, the axis mundi.
Secondly, Banishing sets up the space being used for working as sacred, so that the loft, bedroom,
basement or whatever becomes, temporarily, a Free Area.
Thirdly, a Banishing clears the atmosphere of the area being used from any emotional undercurrents
that one usually (unconsciously) associates it with.
A Banishing can be a magical equivalent to tidying up (which should be done before working). Since
most people are not fortunate enough to have a room which can be used solely for magical work,
areas which are used for daytoday living often have to be used as ritual spaces. This creates an
atmosphere which can be sensed through unconscious cues, which it is well to Banish before
starting focused magical work or it might well disturb the ritual. Similarly, after a working, one needs
to dispel the particular atmosphere that has been created, or one might well find that it clashes with
the everyday atmosphere that is normally associated with the room. On this point, it can be useful to
Banish a room if there's been a particularly bad argument in it as the tension lingers, or if someone
has spent a period of illness or depression there.
Most Banishing rituals have three basic components:
1. A section to focus awareness on the BodyMind.
2. A section which demarcates the main zones, gates, quarters or dimensions of the chosen magical
universeat which the magician is the centre.
3. An identification with a chosen source of inspirationmerging the macrocosm (total psychocosm)
with the microcosm (self).
There follows an example Banishing ritual that illustrates these three sections.
Octomantic Banishing
This is a banishing sequence based on the Eight rays of the Chaosphere as facets of self/magical
expression, showing eight different areas of magical activity (see Liber Kaos by Peter J. Carroll for a
further exposition of these themes). Follow the sequence in the diagram. The direction of Magic can
be taken as East.
1. Begin facing East and stand, arms by your sides, head tilted slightly upwards, breathing slowly
and regularly. Clear your mind of thoughts. Reach upwards with your right hand breathing in, pause,
and then bring it down the centre line of your body whilst breathing out, visualising a beam of white
light passing down through your body, from above your head to below your feet.
Next, turn your head to the left and point with your left hand, then turn to your right and stretch your
right arm out, forming a Tau Cross. Breathe in, hold, and breathe out, visualising a ray of white light
running across your body, from left to right.
Then, whilst breathing in, bring your arms across your body so that they are stretched out in front of
you, with hands reaching out at chest level. Exhale, and visualise a circle of light around your body.
Then, inhale, bringing your hands backwards and fold them across your chest. Breathe out, and
visualise a sphere of white light expanding around yourself. Feel yourself to be supercharged with
energy, yet at the same time, calm and ready for further action.
This completes the first stage of the Banishing, serving to direct attention to one's BodyMind and
internal states.
2. Establishing the 8 directions of magic. For the first ray, breathe in, and on exhalation, snap fingers
or clap hands, visualising a chaos thunderbolt (or dorjes) flashing forth, and declare:
"RawMagic," making an appropriate gesture & hurling it outwards. Continue until you have
established all 8 'rays':
• Death Magic
• Wealth Magic
• Love Magic
• Ego Magic
• Sex Magic
• Thought Magic
• War Magic
This section serves to establish the 8 directions, demarcating the sacred space, and placing the
magician at its centre.
Then, facing East, raise arms in gesture of invocation and declare:
"These are my weapons
Expressions of my will
I grasp them lightly
I stand poised, at the centre
The Universe dances for my pleasure."
To close, run through the sequence again but with each intake of breath, visualise the thunderbolt
returning to you.
For greater effect, each thunderbolt may be given its appropriate colour. Also, each thunderbolt could
evolve into a chaosphere, or a personal servitorentity which is emblematic of that power for you. If
you wish to experiment with this Banishing, you should develop it into a form which works best for
you.
This final declaration is the magician informing himself (and any others who may be listening in) that
he is at the centre of his magical universe.
When working, Chaos Magicians choose one direction as 'metaphysical' east as the beginning point
of any ritual which involves a progression through a series of directions. As a ruleofthumb, I often
take 'metaphysical east' (when indoors) to be any wall with a window in it.
Practice
A chosen Banishing can be done as a daily practice on awakening, and before retiring. It should be
used to open and close any magical activity. In time, one will find that the ritual can be done almost
on autopilot, and the associated feelings arise without conscious effort. It should be taken as an
encouraging sign if one starts having dreams about Banishing. On a personal note, 1 find that
whenever 1 dream of doing a banishing ritual, despite having developed a wide variety of
personalized ones over the years, it is invariably the first one 1 learned (the Golden Dawn Lesser
Pentagram Rite) which features in the dream.
Ritual Mass
The key element which is shared by both a religious (i.e., Catholic) Mass and a Mass performed by a
magical group is the calling into the Free Area of the power of an entity, and the sharing of the power
of that entity by all participants. In a Catholic Mass, the focus of the ritual is the miracle of
Transubstantiation: the conversion of wine and host into the body and blood of Christ, which the
participants consume. In a magical Mass, the modus for sharing the power may be much wider. The
chosen entity is invoked into a chosen priest or priestess, who then becomes that entity (with varying
degrees of possession). The entity may then deliver a litany, which can be scripted, or be an
improvised oracle. The entity may be questioned by those attending, and may answer in any way it
chooses fit. It may choose to lead the participants into acts which it sees as appropriate, or empower
a prepared sacrament with its energy so that all may partake of its power, Or it may choose to share
its power with those present in other ways.
In a Mass, it is occasionally useful to have ritual officers who are aware that it is their task, should it
be found necessary, to banish the entity from its chosen host. It is not unknown for entities to resist
departing from a space that they have been called into. When an individual has become deeply
possessed, it is sometimes necessary to restrain him, and recall him to waking consciousness by
forcefully banishing the possessing entity and making the host recall his own identity and
whereabouts. In extreme cases, a lustration of water may be necessary to bring him out of the
possession trance.
A lessthanserious example of a ritual mass follows.
Chaos Mass 'H'
Discordians have long identified Harpo Marx as a modem avatar of Harpocrates, Egyptian God of
Silence. This Chaos Mass serves to manifest the power of HARPO, as Lord of Silence, Trickster,
and Sacred Clown.
Preparation
The individual acting as Priest is given a woolly wig, Top Hat, and horn. Other props for use by
HARPO can be placed on the altar.
Statement of Intent
"It is our will to invoke HARPO, Sacred Fool and Lord of Silent Mockery, that the glamours of magic
be dispersed, and Laughing Anarchy enter our Hearts."
Priest: "Let the Pomposity begin."
The assembly then proceed to strut about, making selfimportant proclamations about the 'serious'
and 'sacred' paths of magic, and that as mighty magi, they should be respected and admired. They
should declaim that magic is not a subject for levity, that it should be taken seriously, that there is no
room for clowning about and being silly.
As the assembly do this, Priest begins to whirl and leap about, making the appropriate gestures and
facial patterns of Harpo, silently invoking the name HARPO upon himself until the Avatar,
summoned to a room of high pomposity and seriousness, manifests.
As the Priest feels himself swept into possession, he brandishes the horn and gives the litany:
"Honk, Honk, Honk, Honk, HonkHonk
HonkHonkHonkHonk~HonkHonkHonk" (ad infinitum)
At which point the assembly freeze into statues of pomposity. HARPO then has free reign to play
whatever tricks and poses he wills, his aim being to banish selfimportance, and reduce the
assembly to laughter. (Note: a featherduster, used as a ticklingstick can be a very helpful prop
here.)
HARPO then takes up a large rubber glove, fills it with the chosen sacrament (milk ?), makes a pin
prick in the index finger, and proceeds to squirt it into the mouths of the Assembly.
He may then cut any capers and poses he wishes, until all traces of selfimportance and ego
attachment have been banished from the assembly (if only temporarily).
Closure
Priest should be captured, divested of his ritual garments, and coaxed from silence into speech.
Once he has made a few sensible remarks, the entire assembly break into raucous laughter and
cheering.
Notes
Obviously some familiarity with the Marx Brothers' films is a prerequisite to the enaction of this rite,
as is having a group of people who are willing to play at being pompous assholes, and indeed
recognising how easily magicians can become pompous assholes and the need for banishing
pomposity and selfimportance. Rites which have a silly theme are no less important than those
which are serious.
Ritual Invocation
The ritual below is an example of the invocation of a specific quality of energy (metaphorically
speaking) to power a particular statement of intent. It was originally devised as a group rite but is
suitable for modification into a solo ritual. One of my initial motivations for writing it was to
demonstrate how the symbolic structures of the Qabalah lend themselves to practical ritual magic. In
its original use, it was preceded by the celebrants spending a period meditating on the 4 Five cards
in the Tarot and The Tower of the Major Arcanathese cards relating to the action and symbolism
relating to Geburah (i.e., Mars).
Geburah: Invocation Of Martial Power
Possible Applications
1. Increase of Will, Confidence, Purpose
2. Initiating New Projects
3. Enhanced Sexual Vitality
4. Increase of energy, Courage
5. Destruction of Obstacles (internal & external)
6. Charging of Talismans
7. Charging Magical Weapons
Props & Artefacts used
1. Geburah/Mars incense
2. Scourge, Chain, Sword
3. Anointing Oil (Juniper)
4. Tarot cards: The Tower, Adjustment, The Emperor
5. Bell, Gong, or Drum.
6. Five Scarlet Candles
7. Fiery liquid (sacrament)
8. Focuspyramid solid constructed from Red card, on which are painted in black the planetary
symbol of Mars, the Elemental symbol of Fire, and the signs of the Planetary Spirit, Seal and
Intelligence.
Preparation
The Altar is set up on a cloth of scarlet. It should comprise the five candles, the Tarot cards, the
magical weapons, instruments and focus.
Ritual Officers
Master of the Temple (bearing Sword)
Priest (bearing Sword or dagger)
One or more Assistants wielding Scourges.
Sequence
1. Banishing Ritual
Following the Banishing, celebrants are arranged in rows as though they are soldiers on parade. The
M.T and assistants stand facing them.
2. Statement Of Intent
1t is our Will to Invoke the Powers of Geburah for..."
3. Purification
M.T and assistants may inspect the celebrants. The bearing of all is that of a military formation. Then
each celebrant is brought before the altar and scourged five times, then returned to his place in the
formation.
4. Invocations
First Invocation
M.T then directs celebrants to form a circle around him.
This is done so that the assisting Priest who bears a sword stands facing the priest.
All celebrants come to Attention and look upwards. MT leads them in the invocation of the God
Name of Geburah:
"I call upon the mighty one ELOHIM GIBOR, god of strength.
Above our heads there swirls an Orange Mist, and dimly, a shape forms in the mistthe image of a
mighty king; he stands in a chariot, arrayed with chains and shields. He is armed with Spear,
Scourge and a bright sword hangs from his belt. He is the embodiment of Law, Power, Discipline and
Strength."
Second Invocation
M.T raises sword and begins invocation of KHAMMAEL:
"I call upon the mighty Archangel KHAMMAEL, the Burner, the Wrathful One. He who destroys and
purifies. He who cleanses all decay and stagnation from the universe. KHAMMAEL, the embodiment
of Power, of Will, of Purpose, of Courage, of SelfScrutiny and Discrimination. KHAMMAEL mighty
Archangel of Mars, bring your force and flame into our hearts."
Whilst the M.T delivers this invocation, all visualise the mist swirling, forming a vortex. From the eye
of the vortex there descends a beam of laserthin scarletit strikes the tip of the M.T's sword and
throws a corona around it. The M.T closes the invocation with a sharp "Hah!" which signals the next
phase of the rite.
Flashing Power
M.T draws down the sword and thrusts it towards his assistant, blasting him with the power of
Khammael. The assistant spins around deosil and then hurls that power to the celebrant to his right.
This continues around the circle, until the Assistant returns the power to the M.T by projecting the
power back at him.
Third Invocation
M.T raises sword and summons the SERAPHIM:
"See the brilliant scarlet flames dancing upon this weapon.
I now summon the SERAPHIM, the Fiery Serpents of Purification and Correction, to manifest our Will
(all visualise the FireSerpents entwined around the M.T's sword)visualisation of desireforms can
be made at this moment.
M.T spins and projects power outwards with cry of "Kia!" All visualise Serpents streaming forth and
give sharp cry of exultation.
Closing
Banishing Ritual
MT: "AttenShun!"
"AboutTum!"
"StandAt Ease!"
"Stand EasyBanish with Laughter."
Notes
This ritual demonstrates how the careful arrangement of props, symbolism and actions contributes to
the projection of a particular mood or atmosphere within the ritual space. The ritual is structured
according to the dictates of Western Qabalah; the invocations act to draw power through the astral
zones, the spheres of Gods, Archangels and Angelic powers, enabling the celebrants to identify with
these forces both individually and collectively. The Flashing Power exercise is used to distribute the
force of Khammael between the participants, by turning deosil (clockwise) they take the force within
themselves and project it outwards and thereby enhancing it. If this rite is used to project a common
intent (i.e., increased confidence) the combined power of the rite is projected outwards, into the
participants' immediate future. Alternatively, to charge a magical artefact, it could be directed into that
artefact.
A Ritual Enchantment
As I have previously remarked, it is not entirely necessary to use a formal ritual format for the
purpose of casting an enchantment. It may sometimes, however, be deemed to be desirablefor
example, as an element of a group meeting or during a period of magical activity which is centred
around a specific theme or idea. The ritual below was devised whilst I was undertaking a sixmonth
period of working with the Norse god, Thor, and had been asked to demonstrate a practical
application of these researches to a group of which 1 was then a member.
The HammerCast
This ritual uses the mythic structures and symbolism of the socalled Northern or Germanic Tradition.
It uses an invocation of the mythic qualities of the god Thor, enabling the participants to identify with
the powers and qualities of the god in order to create the appropriate mood and atmosphere for
hurling forth an enchantment. Anyone familiar with Thor from either Norse Mythology or Marvel
Comics will recall that his hammer, Mjollnir, always returns to him, reinforcing the idea that the
participants of the rite will achieve their desire.
Requirements:
A Statement of Intent for creating a sigilwhich can be visualised or used as a mantric word of power.
The Sigil should be prepared beforehand, in a manner that it can be easily recalled during the rite.
0. Rite begins with the Statement of Intent (given by the leader in partsall repeat).
"It is our will to cast forth a desire, in the name of the Thunderer."
1. Deep Breathing
Leader demonstrates posture which all adopt. Leader begins 9 slowlypaced inhalation/exhalations.
Whilst breathing, celebrants visualise lightning bolts crackling around their bodies, especially
between their hands.
2. Stance
Celebrants take up Thurisaz runicposture and focus upon their sigilised desire, whilst leader
declaims the litany (see below). Celebrants visualise themselves as holding Thor's Hammer in their
right hands. The sigilised desire is focused upon the hammer.
3. Remaining in Posture, leader initiates paced Vibration of THURIZAS x 9
4. With a wordless scream, celebrants hurl the hammer forth.
THE LITANY
(variations on this basic theme)
"Mighty Thor, champion, defender of Asgard,
Lend us your strength
Indomitable one, slayer of giants,
May our aim be true,
Sky God, Judge of men,
Let our Will be pure,
Dweller in Thrudheim, wielder of Mjollnir
Let the cast fly true, Stormgod, Son of Earth,
Look well upon us.
INVOCATION
Invocation basically involves calling upon an entity and thereby identifying oneself with it, to the level
that one apparently merges with it. This technique can have profound effects, both emotionally and
physically, and like any other powerful magical technique, it can be tricky if not given due care and
attention.
Why Invoke?
For what reason might one desire to bring a Goddess, God, or other mythic entity into oneself? The
multiple entities found within polytheistic and pantheistic systems each encapsulate different
attributes and qualities. Thus one might desire to invoke Baphomet for inspiration, Pan for ecstasy
and heightened sexual arousal, one of the Nornir, for knowledge of the future, RaHoorKhuit to give
a 'hawk'seye view' of a situation, or Kali, to consume some aspect of self which one wishes to
loosen from one's egocomplex. Through invocation, one might make modifications to one's selves,
seek inspiration, or specific knowledge about a certain event or item; develop powers of heightened
perception or feel oneself to be charged with power which can be used for further magical tasks.
Invocations tend to result in an ecstatic state, whereby the recipient is so passionately swept up into
trance, that some quality or attribution associated with that entity manifests in the person, such as
enhanced oracular perception or knowledge of hidden lore. While this ability may be developed by
anyone who practises magic, most people don't do it, and thus a magical practitioner may be asked
to act as the incarnation of a particular entity as part of an event, or to bring about a similar
experience in another person'invoking upon someone,' as it is known.
Invocation serves to heighten dramatic awareness to the extent that the magician, who is identifying
(or being identified as) with the mythic figure in question, gains both access to abilities associated
with that figure, and temporarily is able to perform acts beyond his or her normal capacities. Actors
often report a similar experience of becoming so caught up in characters they are portraying, that
they find they can sing, dance or perform feats of agility which, while appropriate for those particular
characters, are beyond their own normal range of ability. It seems that, given appropriate conditions,
we are capable of much more than we usually allow ourselves.
Designing Invocations
Source books of Magic abound with examples of invocations, but, for now, it is the processes
underlying invocations which are to be considered. Firstly, it is essential to build up a framework of
symbols which can be employed to focus awareness onto the subject of the invocation. This is where
the symbolic media and tables of correspondences mentioned earlier come in useful. If for example,
a magician wished to invoke Star Trek's Mr. Spock, then the first thing to do would be to research
Spock's mannerisms, gestures, posture and Vulcan inscrutability, and adopt these as part of the
ritual. As a further aid, a pathworking could be devised based around the image of Spock walking
through the corridors of the USS Enterprise, until the magician felt sufficiently composed as Spock to
undertake an appropriate task, such as debugging a computer program, which often requires
unswerving logic, patience and calmall qualities for which Mr. Spock is wellknown. Logical?
Background Research
It's generally thought to be a good idea that before you embark on an invocation, you need to know
something about the entity you are going to invoke. Background research basically takes two forms:
using other people's material, and finding information yourself using magical approaches. Some
authorities have it that the more you know about an entity, the more effective your invocation will be,
but this is not always possible. Sometimes, all you may have to go on is a name and a vague
association. So appropriate magical research might include meditating on the name of the entity;
using mindscaping techniques in order to meet that entity on the astral plane; using divination
techniques to try and draw out more information, or trying to relate the entity to particular tarot cards
or runes; use of dream magic techniques to try and 'dream' the entity, or perhaps visiting a locality
which is associated with the entity and meditating there. Reading fiction, myths and folktales
wherein the entity features can also be an excellent way of getting into the right mood. Indeed,
invocation is basically concerned with getting yourself into the right mood for a particular entity.
Hunches and synchronicities relating to your interest in an entity are just as important, if not more so,
than literary research into the entities' history and characteristics. I think what is important is that
however you go about it, you begin to build up a feel for the entity, be it goddess, god, daemon or a
littleknown local spirit. It doesn't matter if you can't quite put your thoughts and feelings into words.
NonVerbal Invocation
The basis of nonverbal invocation is to bring forth in yourself the right mood in order to feel the
presence of the entity within or around you. I occasionally find that this mood is something which
wells up inside me, perhaps as response to other things which are happening in my life. A few years
ago I had reached a turning point in my magical direction as it were. I didn't know quite what was
happening, but I knew I wasn't happy in my current situation. The stress of trying to resolve the issue
was winding me up something rotten. The situation was complicated by feelings of both personal,
organisational and businessrelated loyalties which I felt would make it difficult to make a clean
break. This all peaked up one evening at a Seminar. Feeling sick and twisted up inside, I walked
across the venue's grounds and found a tree well away from the main building, where a riotous party
was going on. Sitting down, I began an impromptu puja and invoked 'Pasupati,' the Tantric deity who
is the herdsman, one of whose functions is to remove 'that which binds.' I'd never worked with this
god before, but emotional intensity (born out of overwhelming need) enabled me to achieve the
appropriate state of devotion, and I was stunned by a vision of Pasupati, blazing with white light,
staring back at me. In retrospect, it was the whitehot intensity of this moment which allowed me to
let go of the bindings that I felt entangled in. The effect wasn't immediate of course, but that, for me
marked the changepoint. It wasn't so much a conscious decision to invoke Pasupati, but more that it
felt right at the time. There are many different techniques which can be combined for nonverbal
invocation. Dance is one very popular approach, though admittedly not my particular forté. Many of
the elements discussed in the section on elements of ritual can be utilised. Perhaps one of the
simplest, yet most effective techniques, is the identification of particular emotional states with
entities. For example, I have a Panmood which often manifests as the desire to go off on my own
into the country, or a general hominess which I can enjoy without necessarily feeling that I have to do
something about it. Equally, I have an Isisstate which feels like a frosty regality occasionally
reflected back by watching 1930's Hollywood movie queens. Whilst these states could be intensified
through formalised ritual proceedings, it's nice just to experience them from time to time.
Nonverbal invocation can also be effective using dance and music. In a group setting, this might
comprise of the individual calling the chosen deity into himself by dancing, whilst others invoke that
deity using either stylised or freeform dance and music. Dance styles can be drawn from various
magical traditions or created for a particular deity by the group.
Verbal Invocations
When designing verbal invocations, it is important to consider Delivery. The way we speak is a
powerful way of projecting our intentions. The delivery of a speech quickly transmits to both self and
audience one's degree of confidence. A fine invocation may be written, but can quickly be rendered
ineffective if it is read out in a deadpan voice and punctuated by 'ers' and 'ums.' Words can be paced,
so that speech can excite or relax the listenerwhich can be oneself or others. A good delivery of an
invocation serves to raise dramatic awareness in both self and others. If you think of it in terms of a
feedback loop, then the more enthralling the speech, the more intense the degree of dramatic
awareness, and the more people will become caught up in the ritual atmosphere. When one person,
for example, is performing an invocation, others present may temporarily become the audienceand
participants can shift between active and passive involvement throughout a ritual. The key to
remember is that, if such be your intent, then everything that happens inside the ritual space can be
used to enhance the atmosphere. Try exploring the effect of pacing your speech, deliberately
breathing louder, and, when reaching the climax of the invocation, becoming breathless and adding a
bit of tremble. You don't have to shout to be effective, a whisper or can be just as effective (if not
more so) than a loud voice.
If you can successfully use your voice to project emotional tonessuch as awe, reverence or passion
then those listening; both yourself and others, will pick up on the emotive undertones and become
drawn into the atmosphere you are generating. As people enter different stages of trance, their voice
pattern changes.
Others present pick up on this, if only unconsciously, and so the atmosphere of dramatic awareness
is generated. In a ritual sequence, all speech can be used to project appropriate feelings which
generate the group atmosphere. This is best performed when the people speaking are confident and
relaxed about what they are saying. Hence the problem with (a) reading from textbooks and (b) using
very long speeches. If possible, it is preferable to either learn a speech so that one needs not to look
at bits of paper, which tends to be bothersome (especially when reading someone else's writing in a
dark room or windswept moor) or improvise something at the spur of the moment. Like all practical
techniques, being able to do this is simply a matter of practice and confidence. Unless one is doing
something that is particularly stylised, simplicity is usually the most effective approach.
Structure and Rhythm are also important. An invocation to a particular figure is often based on a
resume of the qualities and energies associated with it, or referring to legends or deeds associated
with it. The rhythm of speech, is also important. The rhythm given to words when delivering an
invocation can quickly generate appropriate moods in those using or hearing them. An invocation to
Pan, for example, might have a fast and frenetic rhythm which leaves the speaker breathless,
bringing to mind the wildness of Pan; whilst an invocation to Cronus, God of Time might be slow and
ponderous. Rhythms are known to have distinct physiological effects, serving to relax or stimulate
breathing and heartbeat.
It should be noted that an invocation may not necessarily read well, but all the same can sound
excellent when chanted.
The classic form of invocation has three distinct parts to it. In the first, the deeds of the figure are
given, spoken in the third person; in the second, the qualities of the figure are spoken in the second
person; and finally, the powers of the figure are spoken of in the first person. Thus the process of
identification with the figure becomes more intense throughout the invocation, uniting self and
subject. Thus, as the speech proceeds, one is moving from a position of describing that figure as a
separate being, and becoming identified with that figure to the extent that (for all ritual intents and
purposes) you become that figure. Following which, for the rest of the group, you are the earthly
avatar of a Mythic figure.
Having taken on the role, you can now act, using the power and attributes of that figure, which can
range from delivering an oracular speech to leading a frenzied dance. In the Western Mystery
tradition (such as it is), it is usual for one person to act as vessel or channel for a mythic figure, and
other participants to take on the role of celebrants (or congregation).
However, in other cultures, it is not unknown for several people at once to become possessed by the
same deity. In Haiti, there was once a celebrated case of about 300 people, all possessed
simultaneously by the God Legba, who marched in protest at the political situation to the presidential
residence!
In western magic, people tend to stick to one approach which is usually what they've been taught in a
group or coven. This is often a pity, because there are often good alternatives to be found in, for
example, the study of drama or oratory. One useful element to look at is the idea of Status Shifts. We
move through status shifts as a consequence of social interactions, along a scale of low to high
Status transactions. These transactions also occur during rituals. During a vocal invocation, you
might begin with the status position of a supplicant reaching up to a deity, and eventually act with the
status of that deity, whilst others will (or should) regard you appropriately. This often leads to a
confusion of roles, as some people find it hard to distinguish between the role someone might take
within a ritual setting, and how he behaves outside of it. Someone who becomes a goddess in a
ritual should not be treated like one after the ritual has been concluded! Hence the prime danger in
identifying oneself with Mythic figures is one of blowing up one's ego to massive proportions. If you
continually identify with a figure who reinforces some idea which you have about yourself, all you will
do is imbalance yourself towards those particular tendencies. I have known at least three people
become quite seriously disturbed because they worked exclusively with lunar, oracular figures who
accentuated their predisposed tendency to slip into passive, oracular trance states. As in all
practices, an understanding and continual assessment of oneself in terms of strengths, weaknesses,
and egoidentifications is necessary, especially if you are working with others in a teaching or group
leader role.
It's fair to say that the more that is put into an invocation, the more intense the effect will be. There
are more elements to consider, such as the use of gestures to reinforce speech; the use of lighting
and props; smell, taste, music and stagesetting. Of course the absence of speech can be as equally
effective, as can be the use of grunts, howls and cackles. Having an infectious laugh can be a very
useful skill, as well; you can literally laugh your way out of some situations. Humour is an important
element of ritual, which is often neglected by some of the eversoserious people one runs into
occasionally.
One approach to experimenting with invocations is to assemble a variety of speeches written by
other people and try reading them aloud until you hit on a delivery that feels effective. It can be useful
to tape such experiments, and even use them as background effects in ritual work. Using appropriate
music can also be productive. While it's useful to look at other people's written invocationsso you
can grasp the way that structure and rhythm can evolve through the way lines are deliveredit's
generally considered better to use your own attempts at invocation. Not only does this build
confidence and give you a good feel for what works and what doesn't, but it allows you to build up a
close contact with the figure you are identifying with. Generally, it's easier to invoke human figures
than nonhuman ones. Using the same principles in approaching shapeshifting, it would be
appropriate for you to observe a particular animal: look at its characteristic postures, facial
expression, its vocalisations, and characteristic behaviours. You would become the animal by close
identification with its characteristics. The intensity of trance would probably much depend on the
degree of abandonment that you allowed yourself to have.
Overshadowing and Possession
Invocation often results in a state of awareness which has two extremes: Overshadowing and
Possession. Overshadowing is a trance state where the recipient of an invocationthe person who is
acting as a 'channel' for the invoked entityfeels imbued with the power of the figure which has been
invoked. He may also feel varying degrees of detachment from what is going on around him, but
without losing any sense of volition. People who have been overshadowed by an entity tend to report
feelings of having an altered perception of bodily shape, and sometimes are able to distinguish a
dissonance between what they 'as the entity' wanted to do, and what they 'as themselves' wanted to
do.
In the case of possession however, the personality of the magician is almost submerged (sometimes
totally) by that of the mythic figure which has been invoked. It is not uncommon, when this occurs, for
the individual involved to have only a partial recollection (if any) of what happened during the
possession state. For example, Maya Deren, author of the classic The Voodoo Gods (1953) found
that on several occasions on viewing Voodoo rituals in Haiti, she herself became possessed. On one
occasion she awoke from trance to discover that she had been mounted and ridden (possessed) by
the Goddess Erzulie, and had led the ritual. Individuals who become deeply possessed can often do
things that, under normal circumstances, would incapacitate them. People possessed by the Loa, for
example, are able to place hot coals in their mouth without getting burnt, dance manically for hours,
and consume large amounts of rum without becoming drunk. They may also display a knowledge of
subjects which they would not normally be able to discourse upon.
Possession is a wideranging phenomena which is probably the most popular form of union with the
divine in human history. Possessionoriented rituals are apparent in ancient Egypt and it has been
shown that the earliest forms of Qabalistic practice were oriented towards this type of experience.
Possession was a recognised phenomena in ancient Greece, two examples being the Delphic
oracle, and the practices of the Theurgists, defined by Proclus as, "...in a word, all the operations of
divine possession. " Possession is a central feature of Voudoun, Santeria, and Macumba, religions
which are gaining increasing popularity, and is apparent in most tribal cultures, from America to
Australasia.
Possession also appears in early Christianityparticularly with the manifestation of speaking in
tongues which remains popular in modernday forms of evangelical Christianity. St. Paul's dramatic
experience on the road to Damascus bears all the hallmarks of a sudden divine possession, yet he
was worried by the phenomenon, and found it necessary to lecture the Corinthian Christians on the
need to carefully manage speaking in tongues: "If therefore, the whole church assembles, and all
speak in tongues, and outsiders or unbelievers enter, will they not say that you are mad? ... do not
forbid speaking in tongues, but all things should be done decently and in order" (I Corinthians, 14).
An indicator of the possession experience is that the person affected shows physiognomic changes,
such as altered voice pitch, facial expression, postures and gestures. Occasionally the facial muscles
recontract into different patterns, demonstrably different to the persons' characteristic facial
expression. These changes can act as signals to other members participating in such a rite. They
signal the arrival of the invoked figure, and serve to heighten the dramatic awareness of the whole
group. Once one person has become possessed, it is easier, should this be desirable, for others to
become so, too.
Possession enables an individual to let go of normal limitations and perform feats which are normally
impossible, or forbidden by society. Possession in Voodoo and similar cultures is an expected and
sanctioned occurrence (though often by no means pleasant) whereas in the West, such an extreme
forrn of disinhibition is usually frowned upon, and very much regarded as demonic by many people.
As such, possession is a much rarer occurrence in Western Magic than overshadowing, although in
recent years it has become a more common practice amongst Chaosoriented magicians.
The ability to lose control appears to be a key factor in the possession experience. I have seen
people who, upon attempting to take on a manifestation for the first time, clearly lose the trance when
their inhibitions over what is acceptable behaviour conflicts with the persona of the entity they have
taken on. Expectations over how to behave, even within the free space of a magical ritual once they
have been built up, are difficult to shed. The ability to release one's inhibitions and go with the
possession takes time to build up for many people, though it can equally be the case that individuals
who seem otherwise, to lack charisma and confidence, can sometimes very quickly let go and enter
possession trance. One explanation is that the possession experience gives participants permission
to act out of character. As a voudou celebrant said to S. E. Simpson (author of Religious Cults of
Caribbean: Trinidad, Jamaica & Haiti, 1970)... "What a person is afraid to do, he does when
possessed." Permission to act in a manner appropriate to the God is effectively sanctioned by
officiating officers, celebrants and audience. However, in modern rituals, the limits of permission are
not always clearly defined. Anthropological accounts of possessed persons seemingly going out of
control agree that any relating violence is approved of and expectedpart of the play of the ceremony.
In teaching others the trick of becoming possessed, it is essential to convey the message that the
individual is not responsible for the behaviour of the spirit. Once one understands that all present are
able to divorce the behaviour of the individual from the presence of the God, the need to hold fast to
one's personality diminishes.
It should be understood that possession is not merely a matter of entity and vessel, but an
experience that arises from the total interaction of those present. In some senses, possession is a
form of theatrical performance. Accounts of possession ceremonial by Deren, Seabrook, and others
indicate that the interaction between performers (those possessed by spirits), audience, ritual officers
and the Master(s) of Ceremonies cocreates the possession experience. Of particular interest is the
role taken on by the Master of Ceremonies or officiating Priest.
Keith Johnstone (Impro, 1981) notes that in Voudou ceremonial, the officiating priests have high
status, yet are "indulgent" to the possessed participants, who often exhibit childlike, or playful
behaviour. Another useful analogy is the idea of the MC as 'ringmaster,' coaxing the possessees
towards the ecstasy of gnosis and whipping the audience on. A good MC ensures not only that the
spirit behaves (or misbehaves) appropriately, but also that the audience participates in the
performance. All too often, I have seen the 'audience' in a possession working standing uneasily
round the possessee, and occasionally, being berated by the spirit for their lack of participation.
Invocatory rites are similar to evocatory rites in that they are contextderived. In my experience, the
successful appearance of an evoked goetic spirit depends very much on the ritual spacethe use of
appropriate props and paraphernalia. In the same fashion, good possession working requires a clear
context that is known and understood by all participants. Conflicting expectations often give rise to
results which are at variance with the participants' intentions. This is not, of course, an issue, in
ceremonies where the entire assembly knows what to expect of the entity manifesting. William
Sargant gives an account of a Voudoun ceremony he witnessed in Haiti, where two girls became
simultaneously possessed by Ghede, a loa who is known to be particularly sexually active: "They half
stripped each other and one girl symbolically raped the other with a masculine type of pelvic
approximation. It ended with the total emotional collapse of both participants. " Sargant goes on to
say that the group was somewhat amused by this episode, and that the girls, who were normally
restrained and quiet, had no memory of what they had done. He notes that the only people who were
upset by the incident were the boyfriends of the girls, but that they could say nothing, as it was the
manifestation of Ghede. This in itself is an important point. In many possessionoriented cults, there is
a tacit understanding that whatever possessed persons do, it is the action of the indwelling entity and
as such, they cannot be faulted. Furthermore, after the people come out of possession, they are not
told how they behaved.
It has often struck me that the size of the group participating in a possession working can also
contribute to the depth of trance on the part of the possessee. Whilst work in small, closeknit groups
allows a strong atmosphere of trust, confidence and relaxation to build up, which is conducive to
possession taking place. However, large groups, particularly frenzied workings involving strobe
lights, massed dancing and screaming, allow a celebrant to achieve a deep possession relatively
quickly. Again, the effect of being in a crowd enables the dominant personality to be shed quickly.
Also, the fact that the vehicle for possession is the focus of attention for the entire group brings on an
excitatory state of arousal, kicking in the fightflight autonomic reflex, washing away the borders of
selfimage in a flood of adrenaline.
Rhythmic drumming, dancing and chanting are three of the most popular means of creating a
possession experience, to which modem magicians have added the use of strobe lights and audio
effects. The use of Masks, and other ritual props, is an important feature in possession. In some
cults, when a celebrant begins to display the symptoms of possession, the character of the
incarnating entity is discerned by the officiating priests, and that individual is given the appropriate
props for the particular god or goddess. In Western approaches to possession, it is more likely that
the vehicle visualises himself, or is already dressed in the appropriate garb. In contemporary magic,
the vehicle for possession by a particular god tends to be chosen before the ritual proceeds, rather
than, as in Voudoun, being spontaneously ridden by the loa. Masks are particularly useful in
conferring a degree of anonymity to the wearer. Masks which are particular to a certain spirit tend to
exhibit consistent behaviour, no matter who is wearing them. As has been noted, spirits tend to a
certain conservatism and the invading spirit may be defined as a mask, an arising character which
has its own behaviour and personality, as defined by belief and context. This may not, however, be
the case for 'unfinished' gods, that is, entities who are not reinforced by an informing tradition, belief
system or even a general expectation of character formed from the pool of celebrants' experience.
This appears to be the case for entities such as Baphomet.
Whilst in a religious context, the direct experience of the indwelling entity serves to validate belief in
that religious system, possession can occasionally be problematic from a magical perspective, where
certain, unshakable belief is not quite viewed in the same light. While within the ritual space, it is
important to invest total belief in the possession experience, the continuance of uncritical belief
outside it can become dysfunctional. This, however, calls into question the function of possession
experience, particularly within the context of Chaos Magic. 1 have often heard an incarnating entity
utter oracular or prophetic statements during possession workings. In a context of generalised belief,
one assumes that the results of possession workings would be integrated into the successive
experience of the participant. I often wonder how far this is the case in Chaos Magic, where
consensual belief in the reality of the experience may be shed as soon as one leaves the temple
space.
A second problem which relates to possession is that of knowledge of the entity. It may occur that an
entity manifests within a vessel that is unprepared. By this, 1 refer to an individual who has no prior
knowledge of the entity, in terms of its character, mythological associations, or relevant behaviour.
This is particularly relevant when we consider entities that have knowledge of specific areas. In
possessionoriented cultures, it is usual that entities who can offer diagnostic advice manifest
through healers or witchdoctors. It would be difficult for someone with no knowledge of such
specialisation to give a coherent delivery, even if he was possessed by the relevant spirit. A related
problem is that individuals who are new to the possession experience may not have the skills to
accurately deliver a message. Again, the ability to let go, as discussed above, is relevant.
Thirdly, there is the problem of fixation. Some magicians appear to become fixated on manifesting a
particular persona, often to the point that regardless of the character of the entity, the same
behaviour and persona is apparent. Arguably, this is not true possession, but an expression of ego
reinforcement in front of an audience. This can result in obsessional mania, as the self being
continually reinforced dominates the magician's behavioural repertoire, to the point where it is difficult
for any other selves to manifest, and the individual's beliefs and behaviour are limited to that of the
dominant self. There is often a deeprooted insecurity behind such fixations.
A fourth problem with possession is related to the idea of banishing or earthing. It is not unusual for
individuals to remain possessed even after a rite has been concluded. There are instances of
participants in such workings becoming spontaneously possessed hours or even days after the
event. In the religious context, this tends to lead to conversion experiences. Some psychological
models of possession relate the experience to the release of accumulated tension, and if the
experience does not culminate in exhaustion (it's own banishing) or collapse, then the effects of it
may linger. Those who wish to make use of possessionoriented work would do well to bear this in
mind.
Like many other types of magical experience, possession is a learned response. When an individual
first experiences possession, it may have farreaching consequences as a lifechanging agent. It
may occur suddenly, or gradually, and in some accounts of possession, it can be agonizingly painful.
The degree of resistance to the experience is interesting in this light. William Sargant notes that
often, the more one resists the onset of possession, the more intense the experience actually
becomes. I have noticed that, in my own experience of being possessed, whenever I have
consciously tried to limit the depth of possession, it has in fact, proved to be much more intense than
I expected. With practice, one may achieve a state of possession relatively quickly.
Whatever the setting or the context, the key elements of possession remain similar. Warmup rituals
such as banishing prepare for the main event by helping the celebrant to focus attention on the entity
to be manifested. The use of excitatory gnosis such as drumming and dancing place the body under
stress, allowing awareness to be inflamed with the image of the incoming entity. Individuals may
spontaneously become possessed, or the possession may be directed into one individual chosen
specifically to be the vehicle. Whilst it is possible for someone other than the chosen vehicle to be
possessed by the entity, it appears rare that entities other than those being invoked manifest. As
Sargant says, Christian revivalists do not become possessed by the Goddess Kali. Since the gods
have a certain amount of regality, they often react badly to being commanded, yet can be steered by
weaker commands. Hence the indulgence on the part of officiating priests as noted by Keith
Johnstone. It is often the case that the God is reluctant to leave the vehicle. In modern magic, this
tends to be dealt with by placing the celebrant under further stress by capturing them (if necessary)
and calling them out of trance until the invading persona has departed.
Possession remains a powerful form of magical work. It can be used to derive oracular information
(as used by the Greeks and Tibetans), to charge magical weapons, to share in the power of the God
(as in ritual Masses) or 'live' a particular mythic transformation. In constructing possessionworkings,
it can be useful to examine magical and religious paradigms where possession is a recognised and
culturallydefined technique. The experience itself can be related to wider phenomenon such as
religious conversion, hypnosis, and abreactive therapy. As with all types of magical technique, it's
use requires careful analysis and evaluation if it is not to devolve into a habituated limitation. In
general, magical possession is both useful and enjoyable, if a little hairraising at times.
As ever with magic, the more the care is given to the ingredients, and the skill with which they are
compounded, the more intense the experience will be. No amount of theorising can put across the
actual feeling of what possession is like. It needs to be experienced, and practised, to be fully
understood.
Devotional Magic
In his Liber Astarte, Crowley offers a more complex schema for invocatory design, which involves
seven different stages: one begins by addressing the entity as would a slave to one's master, then as
a vassal to his lord, then as a child to its parent, a priest to a deity, as one sibling to another, as a
close friend, and finally, as a lover. This particular schema requires that the magician make
appropriate paradigm and status shifts, and is particularly useful when embarking upon a magical
'monasticism'a period of days, weeks or months during which one particular deity is invoked
progressively, on a daily basis, sometimes referred to as a magical retirement. Progressive
invocatory work of this nature can yield up a great deal of information about the nature, qualities, or
aspects of a particular entity. It also allows the magician to create a personal relationship with a
particular entity. Other useful approaches to devotional invocation include:
(a) Behaving in a manner which you feel would please the entity throughout your daily life.
(b) Discerning the 'hand' of the entity stirring events in your everyday life.
(c) Establishing a personal shrine to the entity and regularly giving offeringsmoney, incense, flowers,
sweetswhatever you feel is appropriate.
(d) Devising personal prayers, visualizations, mantras, meditations etc., that can be used anywhere
in any place. For example, at one place of work, I had a large image of Ganesha depicted as the lord
of scribes on my computer, thus allowing me to offer devotion to Ganesha both easily and
unobtrusively.
In terms of devotional magic (and I feel this is also true for any magical activity) it matters little
whether you are doing formal ritual or informal, offthecuff actions, so long as what you are doing is
genuine for you and from the heart.
EVOCATION
Evocation is concerned with the calling forth of an entity into a defined space (such as a triangle,
crystal, bottle, etc.), within which it can be bound to carry out a specific task, or a series of tasks
within a particular sphere of influence. The practice of evocation has tended to receive less emphasis
than invocation in modern magic, as it has acquired a sinister glamour through association with
popular grimoires such as the Lesser Key of Solomon the King and popular films such as the Dennis
Wheatley classic, The Devil Rides Out. Also, those magical paradigms which have an undercurrent
of transcendentalism, tend to deemphasise the technique, as selfdevelopment is held to be the goal
of the magician, rather than merely manipulating the physical world.
However, for the pragmatic sorcerer, evocation may be an immensely useful technique.
Evocation has a very wide range of applications. Evoked entities may be sent forth to perform
specific resultsoriented tasks such as healing, protection, giving inspiration, operations of an
offensive nature, etc. They may also be employed to modify one's own behavioural and cognitive
patterns, act as guides for dreamwork and astral magic explorations, and can be set to patrol a
given area, such as one's house, possessions or an outdoor space. A popular contemporary use of
evoked/created entities is to place them as site guardians at areas that are environmentally at risk.
The Dynamics of Evocation
Regardless of the language and glamour that one uses to describe the practice of evocation, the
basic technique consists of the following stages:
1. An Entity is either chosen from an existing grimoire of spirits, created by the magician, or
otherwise contacted (i.e., through dreamwork, trance, or scrying).
2. This entity is then called forth into a defined space. The parameters of this space depend very
much on the system or glamour that the magician chooses to work within. Thus a magician using the
Lesser Key of Solomon would use a triangle inscribed with the symbols of that system, command the
demons into appearing, subjugate them into obeying his commands, and then send them forth.
Alternatively, a magician working within a shamanicoriented paradigm might first embark on a
psychoactiveassisted visionquest, during which he meets the spirit, learns its name, shape and
form, and upon returning from trance, calls forth the spirit from the otherworld into a prepared
receptacle such as a bottle, stone, crystal or mask. The terms and techniques may differ, but the
underlying procedure is the same.
These two phases may be further examined as:
1. Identification
Here, the magician is concerned with discoveringlcreating the entities' name; shape; number (if
appropriate); form, and perhaps even persona. That is, the magician defines the entity as an
individual unit, and relates to it as though it were so, for the duration of the working. The paradigm
that one is working within will provide the belief buffer as to the nature and aetiology of that entity. By
allowing the entity to have, to varying degrees, a sociallydefined mask or independence, then the
magician is able to interact with it as if it were an independent being.
2. Environment
The environment of the entity can be understood to be the general paradigm which the entity is being
worked within; from background belief to the very parameters of the ritual being used to establish the
entity as a discrete unit, allot it a task, and send it forth. During this stage, the magician can also
decide upon any specific qualities, symbolism, or organs that are appropriate to the nature of the
entities' task.
3. Data
This stage covers the isolation of any variables concerning the operation, such as a time limit, a
particular window of opportunity, optimal conditions for success, or if the entities' operation is to be
linked to specific cues, such as timeperiods, astrological conjunctions, moonphases, or command
words used by the magician. For example, an entity whose task is to seed the magician with new
ideas could be brought into operation whenever the magician vibrates a particular word or phrase.
4. Procedure
This final stage concerns the construction of the Statement of Intent: the encapsulation of the task
that the entity will perform and when, where, and how.
These four stages are taken from the procedure of writing a computer program in the COBOL
language. To further the analogy, one may consider that an evoked entity is a program shell, with a
particular name, identity, functions, and the ability to process variables. The magical operation
serves to launch the program, and set it working upon a userdefined operation. The magician acting
within the ritual procedure to summon, bind and command the spirit, forms the input device. The
output device, is the world (or worlds) into which the spirit is launched.
An entity which is specifically created by the magician to perform a set range of tasks is known as a
Servitor (derived from Latin, it means, "a male servant"). Servitors can be created to perform a wide
range of tasks, from the specific to the general, and may be considered as expert systems which are
able to modify themselves to take into account new factors that are likely to arise whilst they are
performing their tasks. They can be programmed to work within specific circumstances, or to be
operating continually. There is some evidence to support the proposition that evoked entities tend to
operate according to the ritual process and background paradigm that they have been created within.
If, for example, a magician working within the paradigm of classical Goetia believes that its demons
are dangerous and prone to become uncontrolled, then it is likely that such will be the case.
Whatever the paradigm being used, it should be borne in mind that there are always likely to be
hidden variables in any such operation, and that due care and attention should be paid to all aspects
of the operation. There is a good deal of magical apocrypha relating to the notion that bound entities
may, at some point, become uncontrolled. Despite the anecdotal nature of such stories, it is only
common sense to act with care, when utilising this technique.
The very act of Evocation begs the question of the nature of such entities. A Pantheistic perspective
would have it that Spirits are real, and have an independent existence from humanity. Those of a
religious persuasion would probably agree with this view, adding the rider that only their gods are
real, and that the others are all demons. In contrast, a Psychological explanation might be that all the
gods, devas, allies, demons etc., are aspects of the human psychethat gods are expressions of a
Higher Self, while demons are expressions of a Lower Self.
A third model for the understanding of Spirits is the Interactionist Perspective. This model proposes
that Spirits have some of their origin in the human psyche, but also have an independent existence
from the psyche. Spirits may be generated by an act of will, or unconsciously. We may give them
shape, form, identity, qualities, and powers to act, and they are seemingly able to act independently
of their original makers. Over time, they may become independent, and have the appearance of
sentience.
Regardless of the explanation, magicians relate to Spirits as though' they are real and independent
entities. One may consider that Spirits are everywhere. It is a limiting trap to fall into the limitation of
viewing Spirits only in classical magical terms. A behavioural habit, addiction or obsessing fantasy
can be understood (and hence worked with) in terms of being a form of magical entity. One might
choose to look wider than the classical division of Elemental powers and consider the Elementals of
petrochemical reactions, electricity, or nuclear fission. There is much magical writing about the Spirits
of Nature, but who considers the spirits generated by life in the large urban sprawls where most of us
actually live? Is there some form of machineelemental arising from the tendrils of the worlds'
computer networks? If so, can magicians interact with it?
Imagination is a key factor in dealing with Spirits. Out of belief imagination, and timesense, the
'moviedirector' faculty in the mind creates its own special effects, which may be dimly glimpsed from
the corner of one's eye, or faintly seen within the heightened tensions of a magical operation. If one
sets up the conditions where one person can 'see' an entity, then it becomes more likely that other
people will be able to see it, tooas indicated by numerous 'UFO & Monster flaps.' Parapsychologists
have written fictional biographies of spirits which have enabled test groups to 'receive' information
from the spirit.
The dynamics of humanSpirit interactions can also be modelled as an Ecosystem. It is not so much
a case of one factor, but many interwoven factors which conspire to create and maintain the
experience: from electromagnetic shifts to increased levels of neurotransmitters; from embedded
belief to the history of a given place; from local myth to expectations. For the Chaos magician
though, the experience is more important than the explanation. Explanations and models arise from
personal experience, and models allow us to work with Spirits in areas which have been previously
untouched.
Evocation & Cybersorcery
To Extend the cybernetic analogy further, there follows an approach to evocation which diverges
from the approach outlined above.
Generally, the approach to Sorcery & Results Magick is to take one particular variable in a situation
and magically nudge it so that the situation develops in a way that turns to one's advantage. This can
be likened to flicking just the right pebble at the top of a mountain, to produce an avalanche in a
certain direction. Microscopic (unnoticeable) changes build up into a macroscopic event. This
approach however, uses the technique of writing a program which can handle a series of diverse
variables and conditions at any one time. Each stage of the program is assigned a spirit to oversee
the development of a specified condition. The spirits work in coordination, with an overall controller,
to carry out the overall operation. The various stages in the program are presented in the form of a
flowchart of events and levels of operation.
Flowchart Design Sequence
1. Define General Magical Intent with respect to the situation.
2. By intensively analyzing the situation, identify as many different variables within it which can be
used to influence it in the desired fashion. It is important to consider how changes in these variables
may affect the development of the situation. The SWOT Analysis pattern may come in useful at this
stage:
Strengths:
Here we look at data which enhances your position, such as information, being able to visualise the
target, astrological conjunctions, or anything else that you think will help effect your intent.
Weaknesses:
Now we look at factors which go against the success of the operation. There's no point trying to
conjure for something which you haven't any pathways for it to manifest along.
Opportunities:
Here we look at what longterm consequences are expected if the operation is successful, at time
factors and anything else which should be considered.
Threats:
Here we consider what happens if the operation goes wrong: could you be compromised by it? What
happens if one of the variables you are trying to effect changes very quickly? How do you cope with
new events appearing?
Any schema which enables the magician to break down an overall situation into different elements
will be useful at this stage, such as using divination systems to gain a broad overview and identify
points which might be usefully tweaked magically.
3. Once the situation has been thoroughly analyzed, one may begin to design the program's
flowchart. Examples of levels of operation may include: Cognitive behaviour, Behavioural Patterns,
SelfReferential Statements, Emotions, wild events (that is, generating a sphere of availability for
appropriate external variables to arise within the situation) Time factors, the appearance of specific
cues and signals, and events beyond the immediate parameters of the program.
Once the flowchart has been created, it can be sealed in an envelope and forgotten, for example, by
being filed away.
Alternatively, a working may be devised to ritually, fire it into operation. Experience with this
approach has shown that it is not necessary to ritually assign a spirit to each stage in the sequence
(though this could be done, using for example the hierarchy of Spirits in the Lesser Key or generating
specific entities from the Enochian tablets). It is the process of analysis and flowchart construction
which suffices to create a sequence. The sequence may be fired by any chosen factor: from
astrological phases to a command word or behaviour from the target of the sequence.
The advantage of this approach to evocation has is that it acknowledges the complexity inherent in
any life situation. If nothing else, the rigorous analysis of hidden variables which might arise in any
given situation allows the magician to build a much broader perspective on a developing situation
than might otherwise be the case with the singleshot approach. A simple example of this kind of
approach is a discussion I had with a colleague concerning his efforts to magically affect his chances
of promotion at work. Following a lengthy analysis of his work environment, we decided that simply
enchanting for better promotion chances was not likely to yield results unless there was the
possibility of an empty slot in the hierarchy for him to step into. Accordingly, we decided that a more
effective approach would be to work to give a fellow worker a step up the ladder first, and then for my
colleague to form a good relationship with the person who had been promoted in order to become his
assistant. In general I find that the more rigorously one analyses a situation, the more one is likely to
discover a novel approach (or three) which supplies the key to twisting it in the way one would like it
to unfold.
ASTRAL MAGICS
The astral plane. Is it real, or what? It's the place where your astral body goes when you're dreaming
or having an OutofBody Experience. It's populated by demons in the lower regions and angels in
the higher levels. The dead can be found there, too. Once you're there, you go anywhere in time and
space. It's an extension of our imagination and a region of consciousness. These are just some of
the properties that are popularly attributed to the astral plane. Astral experiences can include flights
of fancy, dreams, mindwandering, neardeath experiences or even encounters with ghosts or aliens.
There are a vast number of explanations of how it operates, from the Theosophicallyderived
multitudes of planes, to those which attempt to set the astral plane on a scientific footing. Personally,
I find that trying to explain astral experience rationally does my head in, and as with many other
facets of magical experience, I have stopped tryingat least on paper. Thankfully we have the work of
Aleister Crowley to turn to as a source of much clarity on this often confusing subject. In his essay,
Liber 0, Crowley warns the reader against attributing either "objective reality" or "philosophical
validity" to the experiences one might have therein.
Not only are there allegedly a multitude of astral zones to contend with, but it is also believed that the
astral plane is coterminous with physical reality, to the extent that everything on the physical has an
astral counterpart, and that intentional actions cause ripples or echoes on the astral plane. Thus if I
raise my arm and draw a pentagram, visualizing it blazing fiercely in the air before me, that
pentagram exists on the astral, and can be perceived both by entities which dwell on the astral and
human beings with clairvoyant talents. So it is often useful to bear in mind that when you are doing
rituals on the physical level, as it were, you are also operating on the astral level, too.
Astral work can be one of the most troublesome areas of practical magic. It's not that it is particularly
difficult or dangerous, but one does need to get to grips with the whole question of veracity of the
experiences one has while there. Some years ago, I met a woman who told me she'd made astral
contact with the shade of Samuel Liddel Magregor Mathers, one of the leading lights of the Hermetic
Order of the Golden Dawn. "And how did you know it was him?" I asked. "Oh," she replied, "he
spoke with a strong Scottish accent and he signed his name Magregor Mathers." Somewhat
bemused, I replied that Mathers was a Hampshire man, and that it is on record that he only visited
Scotland once in his life, to inspect the Golden Dawn. AmonRa temple in Edinburgh. I could see that
the woman was rather proud that Mathers had singled her out as it were, for contact. I don't think my
comment about Mathers not being Scottish troubled her for a moment. Now while it is easy to
dismiss this sort of thing, she did go on to tell me that Mathers had instructed her to find out about
the Qabalah, which he said was important for her spiritual progression. Naturally I pointed her in the
direction of Mather's fine book, "The Kabbalah Unveiled" which she wasn't aware of.
There are 2 points to be made about this example of an astral event.
1. An individual encounters a spirit which gives them a pointer to information.
2. The individual accepts the reality of the event at face value. The spirit presents its credentials and
they are accepted.
The first point relates to the process which is apparently occurring. The second point relates to the
question of the 'veracity of the experience.' How much credence the individual gives to the surface
'realness' of the experience.
Crowley points out that the danger of the astral plane is that it presents experiences that conform to
one's phantasies and offers up egoinflating delusions. It can be understood as a feedback loop: if
you secretly suspect that you are a great magician, then you may well have astral experiences which
serve to reinforce your belief about yourself. In simple words, all astral experiences should be taken
with a pinch of salt.
What is commonly termed as the astral plane can be understood as a metaphor for a wide variety of
experiences which we don't quite understand, but tend to accept with varying degrees of validity.
Whatever the surface experience seems to consist of, be it meeting spirits in dream or vision,
clairvoyantly perceiving entities, meeting people (be they friends or dead Magi), or journeying to
bizarre and magical landscapes and conversing with strange denizens, it is important to be able to
look beneath the surface of what appears to be going on, and be aware of what is occurring in terms
of the dynamics of the experience. Thus, to go back to the example given earlier, it is not so
important that the woman of the example met up with Magregor Mathers. What is important is that
the experience prompted her to investigate what was, for her, a new branch of magic. In an earlier
edition of this book, I tried to discuss astral experience using the metaphor of Virtual Magic. In
retrospect, this doesn't work very well, though what I was trying to get at was that, to some extent,
we create and contribute towards our astral experiences in ways that are not always immediately
obvious.
There is a famous example of a dialogue between a student of Zen and his teacher. The student
says, "Master, whenever I meditate I have a vision of the Buddha." To which the master replies, "Oh
everyone gets that. Just breathe deeply and it'll go away." This is the kind of attitude which is helpful
when one approaches astral work.
Mindscaping
This is a very common technique whereby the magician uses a set of cues (usually visual or oral) to
focus attention onto a particular facet of experience, which is then entered as a discrete astral space.
In a guidedjourney or pathworking, the user might be presented with a written narrative which he or
she reads through or listens to (read by someone else or taped). In much a similar way that we
become totally absorbed in a novel or television programme, the user is caught up in the narrative.
Journeys are often written so that they provide not only visual cues, but also cues for all other senses
and feelings, in order to enable the participants to feel themselves to be there as much as possible.
Some journeys are purely passive in that the participant goes along with the story, whilst some are
interactive in that they allow varying degrees of freedom for the participants to have their own unique
experiences within the narrative. Journeys can also be based on images: tarot cards are often used
for example, as a basis for setting the scene for a journey.
There are some similarities, I feel, between participating in a guided journey and participating in
fantasy roleplaying games. An observer, watching a Fantasy RolePlaying Game in progress might
see only a group of people, surrounded by pieces of paper, rolling dice, and moving a few props
around. The participants however, have, from a magician's viewpoint, transferred some of their
attention into a virtual enclave wherein they can experience their largerthanlife roles within a
defined and constructed space. Any physical props act as reference points; the flow of the game
provides a contextual narrative, and group collusion supports and maintains the fantasy (virtual)
reality. A good roleplaying game session requires both a supportive narrative and a degree of
'freedom' for the game characters to interact within, and explore the game world. To play a role
successfully depends not only upon learning a script, but also entails drawing on your own
experience thereby showing aspects of yourself through the character.
Roleplaying can often lead to surprises as the roles which we engage in help us to define ourselves.
Assuming a role which is outside of your normal repertoire can lead to the discovery of unexpected
capacities. Often, these are latent possibilities which we have rejected or repressed as incompatible
with our selfimage. RolePlaying can itself be a useful magical exercise, done as a groupdefined
fantasy in which participants meet aspects of themselves in specific situations. The same dynamics
that maintain a fantasy game can be used to create a group mythos which can then be explored and
modified according to the participants' experiences.
Mindscaping has a wide variety of uses. One might decide to journey into the landscape of the tarot
card, The Tower in order to gain insights into the meaning of that card. Alternatively, one might
construct a journey to visit the Goddess Freyja in order to ask her some pertinent question. It's
common for psychologists to get people who are nervous about social situations to rehearse
situations prior to going into them in reality in order to reduce stress and anxiety. If effective, a
journey will evoke emotions, insights and even revelations which are concordant with the theme of
the imagery used. In meeting Freyja during a journey, one might be moved by the experience and be
given an answer or perspective on a particular issue which so far has escaped one's attention.
Mindscaping is also useful in that it can help develop imaginative spontaneity. The mind has a
wonderful capacity to create virtual realities internally and very quickly. Confabulation is a
psychological defence mechanism whereby the mind can quickly construct false realities to cope with
a situation of anxiety. Such false memories, which are often highly detailed and consistent,
sometimes appear when a subject is questioned while under hypnosis, and emerge, depending on
the situation, as memories of UFO abduction, past lives, or involvement in satanic rituals.
A Group Astral Temple
The creation of a group astral temple further enlarges the spatial significance of the group as
individuals contribute to the formation of a shared dreamspace for exploration and group magics. An
example strategy for creating a group astral temple follows:
The initial considerations are twofold. How to create a shared astral space, and how to create an
astral event whereby participants can interact with each other within this nonlocal space. The
following design was drawn up for a group of three people to work with.
Spatial Design
A black, square room, with doors in the W, N, & S walls, and a large, circular 'black mirror' set into
the eastern wall. From the centre of the ceiling, there floats a black chaosphereready to act as focus
for power and energy as an aetheric lamp for the temple. On each of the doors is etched, in glowing
light, the sigil of one of the members of the temple. On the floor of the temple is a glyph which is
made up of each member's individual sigil, set in an interlocking pattern.
This design is quite simple in the initial stages of practice, so that each participant can easily
visualise it, and attempt to project themselves within it. When all members can accomplish this
easily, the group may add further rooms, corridors and points of egress into other dimensions. To the
basic elements of design may be added sensations such as smell, touch, humidity, colour, sound,
etc., to create the internal representation of the area.
To begin this experiment, each member of the group would agree to attempt to enter the temple, and
record their experiences therein (having perhaps chosen common times and dates to try the
experiment). These can be later discussed, and any common details can be taken as a success.
Techniques to assist Entry
In this example, the following techniques can be used to assist the projection of awareness into the
temple space.
a) Scent as a memory enhancer.
A specific perfume could be created, and used within a ritual designed to promote group trust,
empathy and bonding. When used individually for projection into the virtual temple, it can act as a
memory enhancer for the appropriate emotions and images.
b) Photographs to aid visualisation
To aid the individual visualisation of other members of the group, photographs of each member, in
their ritual garb, can be prepared.
c) Mantra tapes
A standard mantra to be used by all participants can be prepared. All make an audio recording of
themselves performing the mantra, and exchanges them, rerecording them into a cutup sequence
so that each person could can the audio illusion of the other members joining in with the mantra.
To enter the temple, each member visualises the Temple's sigil and sees himself stepping through
the appropriate door, seeing the others also stepping through their doorway. Each member then
sends a bolt of energy into the Temple's Chaosphere, which activates it.
The conditions by which this experiment could be judged successful can be agreed, initially, as
reported experiences wherein each participant entered the temple space and saw the other
members there. Once this has been achieved, other conditions can be set, which include, for
example, one member giving a signal to the others such as a particular gesture, or the telepathic
projection of an image or emotion.
Further experiments can be attempted whereby two members use the temple to 'draw' another
member into it. This can be attempted by having one member of the group meditate passively, whilst
the other two enter the temple space and enact a virtual ritual:
Astral Tractor Beam Exercise
1. Participants begin in Astral Temple, having charged Chaosphere.
2. Statement of Intent:
"It is our will to send power to ... (name)... to aid them in transferring awareness to this space."
3. Participants repeat Temple's powermantra, whilst projecting pure Octarine (magical) energy into
the chaosphere. Gradually the chaosphere becomes orange, the colour of mercurial
(communications) magic.
4. The participants visualise the face of the person they wish to draw into the temple, and begin to
chant "...(name)... be here now."
5. They visualise a beam of Orange energy extending from the Chaosphere and striking the body of
the target. The beam then draws the target person towards the temple.
6. Participants concentrate on the door bearing the person's individual powersigil, and chant "...
(name)... you are here now." Until they 'see' the person appear through the appropriate doorway.
Other suggestions for experiments within the virtual space might involve one person, using the
temple's dark mirror, firstly attempting to project messengerservitors into another member's dreams,
and later, to project themselves into the other's dreams.
Part III
Groups effects
INTRODUCTION
Magic in the twentieth century has been characterised by the formation of both small groups and
large organisations, over the pursuit of magic as a purely individual stance. A group setting provides
a source of social support for an individual. It also enables the individual to participate in a cross
fertilisation of different ideas, skills, and techniques which he would not be able to access if operating
on his own. Groups can command more resources in terms of space, information, and materials with
which.to operate. Working in magical groups can also be great fun!
Having spent a good deal of my magical career working in groups (ranging from small groups to
large magical organizations) I am admittedly biased towards the desirability of magicians becoming
involved in group work. For me, the prime benefit of working in groups is a sense of community, of
belonging and participating in a group where my own ideas can be validated, tested or challenged, in
an atmosphere of acceptance.
What is important and valuable about being in groups is often very tenuous and difficult to get to a
handle on. In an attempt to get to grips with this, I asked a few friends who are all part of a group
what was, for them, important about the group. This particular group has been running for 34 years,
and meets twice or three times a year, usually at campsites. There is a core membership of 89
people with others who attend meetings more infrequently but remain part of the overall contact
network. Most of the people in the group have known one another in varying capacities prior to the
groups' inception. The group is not focused around any one particular system of magic, and its ritual
events are celebrations of freeform dance and music, arising organically out of the interactions of
the members, rather than using any predetermined patterns.
T.. Gossip! There's no point in being in a magical
group if you can't have a good gossip!
C: I don't work in groups normally, but being in our
group, 1 find there's a feeling of family. For me its about being with folk who I don't have to pretend to
be anything else with.
T.. I wonder whether the feeling of family came with the group or it was there already, and the group
became an expression of it that we hadn't had before. And that within the group, the sense of family
grows.
It's also the chance if you're a solo worker to work in ways that you can't do on your own. All our
music and dance stuff. It's so nice either to be dancing with other people or to be listening to other
people playing. Much better than banging a drum on your own.
C: Also, in our group, there's a trust that you are safe to be whatever you are, and I don't feel judged
on it.
T.. You're right. There's also earwigs. Cream teas. Cuddly toy rituals that you can't do on your own.
Shopping expeditions.
L: There's also something about not having to be vigilant. Not having to constantly put up barriers.
You can also rely on other people to take care of things.
T.. Yes, you can trust people to be looking after the practical bits, like looking after fires or getting the
kettle on.
L: And that people can handle that themselves; you don't have to look after them.
C: I did several years in one group and that was sometimes really frustrating and at other times really
empty and at other times really full. There was always a purpose, and sometimes you weren't in the
right space to be there for that. We'd have meetings before the ritual to discuss what we wanted to
do and they were often the more comfortable. It was very social and there was a lot of interaction
rather than just a need to come together to perform. Those times were sometimes brilliant and
sometimes just damned awful.
P: I think some groups get very taskoriented and the socialising is seen as somehow less important.
T But then I you ask people why they are in a group they'll talk about community, even though the
group may be very taskoriented. I think it's one of those illusions which people are fostering that you
don't need to socially interact with others. If you're with somebody once a month and you do your job
and then you go away, then you're part of a community; ignoring the fact that communities are much
more about the social side. Because if the social side is good then you can work anytime, but if the
social side isn't sorted the work won't, in the end I don't think, last, because of all the stuff which isn't
resolved.
L: What's good about our group is that we get together for a weekend.
T. Whips & chains & scorpions!
M: Yes, because we get together for a weekend or sometimes a week, it just flows really naturally; it
all develops and at some point we'll say "Oh yes, now's the time to dance and drum." It's not
organized or regimented. If someone does try and organize too much, its like we're all not interested.
C: I think the thing about actually living together for a few days is, again, about community. And it's
really nice to unzip your tent and see who's face is poking out of theirs.
T You can see who didn't get their paint off the previous night.
Again, this is part of the way our group is. Without having to have a development plan, we either talk
through things or sense what's changing in the group. People are talking now about having time
where we've got two nights to play and dance, rather than one night and then go. One of the others
was saying that he's feeling us allthe whole thingmoving on as the energy gathers, into a stronger
space every time. And that's something that we're not planning. It happens because of the sense of
community.
P: We give each other time to get to know each other again at each meeting. You don't always get
time for that at a twohour meeting. You don't always get time to find out how other people have
changed since the previous meeting. What I like about our group is that we have time to settle back
into each other.
C: Yes, that's what happened sometimes with the other group I was in. We'd come with stuff which
wasn't part of the ritual: who we were, what was going on for us. Sometimes it could be left,
sometimes we met at the right point, but when we didn't, things felt weird, false. I felt discomfort. In
any group you're going to get some who socialise better than others. Some people are going to
socialise more outside the group than others. In the working group I was in, there was one person
who continually tried to sabotage the group and felt the need to control the others. In the end we just
had to finish. That was not a nice situation.
L Our group isn't as important as the individuals in it. Its very nice that there's a strong sense of
everyone's individuality. I really enjoy conversations and finding more out about each person.
P: When a group subsumes individuals so that they feel powerlessthat their voices are not heard
then you get problems.
C: If you're working in a magical groupwhatever form that magic takesI think you have to have a
trust in others, but its not always there. There's something about that lack of honesty that undermines
everything else. In another group that I was in for a while, one person wanted things this way,
another person wanted things another way, and they didn't trust each other at all, but they never
communicated that. Consequently, every time we got together and tried to do anything, nothing
worked. And people are in groups for different reasons, and that's something else: why people are in
a particular group and what they want from it. That's something that came up in one group I was in:
why were we together; what were our objectives; what did each person expect from it. These
questions don't always get sorted out, agreed upon and in some way or another made clear. So you
get hidden agendas that sabotage everything that you do. If you're not clear on things within the
group, you go away with feelings of dissatisfaction.
We don't have a common way of working in our group now.
T. There isn't a common mythos. We're not claiming a single traditionjust claiming insanity.
L: Again I really like the individuality of that. It makes for a creative tension.
T.. A very exciting synthesis.
P: There's nobody who wants to force their way of doings things onto everyone else.
C: Maybe we should all have tantrums next time.
T.. Yes, a Tantrum Afternoon!
To create an effective magical group requires more than a room full of people, a few props, and an
elaborate charter from any Secret Chiefs. There must also be some awareness, and attention to, the
dynamic processes of group behaviour. Also, just as Know Yourself is an important dictum for the
individual magician, then Know Each Other is equally important for a magical group. Furthermore, it
should be recognized that groups are complex entities, because people are complex entities. On the
surface, magical groups look deceptively simple. People turn up, do whatever magical work has
been arranged, and go home again. If things are that simple, why then do problems arise? Groups
require work from each member if they are going to be effective in fulfilling the needs of each
participant. To be effective in groups, we need to be aware of how we behave in relation to other
people, and vice versa. I also feel it is useful to gain some insight into the dynamic processes which
underlie group behaviour. Working in groups requires particular skills. It requires both personal and
interpersonal skills and an awareness that this kind of learning never ends and that what might work
in one situation does not necessarily carry over into another. When we look at how we have behave
in groups, we also have to acknowledge that despite having spent years assimilating the complete
works of Aleister Crowley or probing into hidden astral dimensions, we might still be somewhat
deficient in the getting on with other people department.
WHAT IS A GROUP ?
Groups differ according to size, duration of existence, objectives, activities, significance to their
members, formality, and internal structure. Generally, there are five key points which distinguish a
group from a collection of individuals. These are:
a) Interaction
b) The sharing of common Goals
c) The presence of group Norms
d) The development & recognition of Roles
e) Cohesiveness
Interaction.
Group activities and goals are reached by the interaction of members, necessitating a degree of
interdependence between them.
Common Goals.
It would be difficult to conceive of a group where there was no drive amongst
members to achieve a common goal. Having said that, common goals may not be clearly explicit
within a group, and participants' individual perceptions of what the common goals are may vary
widely and become a source of conflict. When the goals of individual members are wholly
homogenous, the group would be expected to run smoothly. However, in magical groups, this is
often not the case. Individual members may well have conflicting agendas and there may be a
certain degree of conflict between an individual's own magical exploration and the general direction
which the group has taken or chosen. This situation is further complicated by individual's
expectations of the group and its perceived purpose. Also, different levels of magical ability and
interest within the group are also a further complicating factor.
Norms.
Groups develop normative values concerning what is appropriate and inappropriate behaviour within
the group. Norms are thus group rulesideas which the members hold about what should be done
and what should not be done by members under certain specific circumstances. It should be noted
that these norms derive meaning not from a particular act in itself, but from the significance that the
particular act has for the group. For example, studies of work groups in factories shows that there is
often an implicit norm that workers should not exceed a particular production quota, and act to
regulate new workers who work faster as it is perceived as being detrimental to the work group as a
whole.
Norms may be made explicit by members of a group to each other, but it is often the case that they
are implicit (that is to say, under the surface) and may only arise when a situation occurs which one
member is felt to have broken or transgressed them.
Norms tend to arise slowlythey are not usually formal rules which members consciously decide
upon. Rather, they can be understood as shared values relating to what is appropriate behaviour
within the group.
Roles.
Group roles may be formally assigned (Magister Templi, Archivist, Insubordinate are formal temple
roles within the IOT Pact, for example), but most roles are assumed (often unconsciously) as a
product of interaction. Questioner, critic, enabler, tensionbreaker, arbitrator, are some of the informal
roles which individuals may take on temporarily, or habitually assume. Of group roles, the most
important is that of the group leader. Leadership is a complex issue in itself, but it should be noted
that there may well be a distinction in a group between the assigned leader and the real leader.
Since groups need to maintain themselves and also to accomplish their tasks, it may well be the
case that different individuals fulfill the different styles of leadership role necessary.
Cohesiveness.
Group members recognise that they have shared experiences together which creates a difference
between them and others who have not done so, giving rise to a sense of cohesiveness. This latter
point is a key feature in magical groups. Cohesiveness is what binds the members together and
gives the quality often referred to as 'weness,' where group members feel united by common
interests, shared experience, and reciprocal sympathy. It also includes the feeling of morale: the
esprit de corps. Belonging to the group is expressed by the frequent use of "we" and "us." The
importance of cohesiveness in determining the effectiveness of a group cannot be overstressed.
Groups become more attractive where there is increased cooperation and participation in activities.
Members become more inclined to remain with a group as they get to know other members and
mutual trust arises. The stronger the feeling of 'weness,' the more likely it is that members will
accept the groups' norms and participate in its activities. There is a positive correlation between the
sense of cohesiveness in a group and the intensity of interaction between members. This is an
important point. Some groups shatter when conflict arises as members are unwilling to bring up
tensions and problems within the group. What tends to happen is that these conflicts are nurtured by
individuals or cliques within the group until they pass the point of being resolvable within the group.
The result being that members either leave, or tensions within the group render it ineffective. This
often results in group members complaining about each other behind each other's backs or to
friends. Also, it is not uncommon for individuals to scapegoat the group as a whole "It's all Your fault
"rather than admit personal responsibility in conflicts. When cohesiveness is strong, group members
feel safe enough to explore areas which have previously been avoided. This also contributes to self
disclosure as each member tends to reveal more in order to clarify his own position.
Cohesiveness is particularly important for magical groups. Not only is cohesiveness an important
factor in group magical events, but it also contributes to selfexploration and selfdisclosure for each
individual in the group. When members feel that they belong to a group and feel supported by it, they
are more likely to open up to others about how their magical work is affecting them at a deep,
personal, spiritual level. This may well involve taking interpersonal risks within the group, for example
telling another person how he feels his relationship towards them has changed over time. It also
becomes easier to offer critique of a particular approach, technique or belief without fear that the
critique will be taken as a personal slight on behalf of the other. Magical groups use ritual and
celebration to promote cohesion, examples being initiations which act as a rite of passage of
demonstration of commitment to the group ethos and Events for celebration as in births, marriages,
deaths and seasonal changes. Not only are such events important for fostering a sense of 'weness'
between group members, they also reinforce the feeling that the group recognises each individual's
unique experiences outside of the immediate group and values that uniqueness, whilst creating a
space for the group as a whole to share significant personal events for each individual.
What is a Magical Group?
Groups of magicians vary from small, informal groups to large Magical Orders. Most magical orders
are subdivided into small groups, whether they be dignified by terms such as Temples, Working
Groups, Lodges, PowerZones or Encampments. In the present context, a magical group is a small
group of people who meet regularly to practice and discuss magic, whether independently or as part
of a larger overall structure. Whilst magical groups are subject to the general principles of group
dynamics, they also have unique features (and problems) which distinguish them from other types of
small group, such as therapeutic or work groups.
The Magical Group is a Primary Group
The term 'Primary Group' was first coined by Charles Cooley in 1965. Technically, the feature that
distinguishes primary groups from other types of group is that the interaction between members
takes place on a facetoface basis i.e., directly, rather than indirectly.
Members of primary groups share a distinct psychological unity which arises from this direct, faceto
face interaction. I feel it is appropriate to consider magical groups as primary groups, as magical
work necessitates a good deal of selfexploration, If "Know Thyself" is an injunction for individual
magicians, then "Know Each Other" is the corollary for magical groups. As such, members will, to
varying degrees, be engaged in deep levels of selfexploration and selfdisclosure on an
interpersonal basis.
The Importance of SelfDisclosure
Selfdisclosure is an important element of interpersonal dynamics. Selfdisclosure is generally
understood as the revealing of personal secrets or some significant experience in a person's life.
Studies of groups have shown however, that there are both appropriate and inappropriate forms of
selfdisclosure, and it is generally considered by social psychologists that the most appropriate form
of selfdisclosure in groups occurs when members disclose themselves as a reaction to what is
taking place in the group in the here and now. It is not enough to simply reveal intimate details of
one's past history alone, but to do so in order that other members might understand how this
disclosure is relevant to one's reactions in the present. Selfdisclosure is not merely the revealing of
facts, but of the self at the present moment. If facts are revealed, it is in order to support the
revealing of self.
Social psychologists studying selfdisclosure in groups have made a distinction between 'history' and
'story.' In 'historical' disclosure, a person may relate many facts about his experiences but does so in
such a way that his self remains hidden. In contrast, 'story' is an invitation for dialogue. It is not
merely a recounting of facts, but a demonstration of how selective facts reveal the person as he is
now through his experiences.
Such selfdisclosure can only take place in an atmosphere of good interpersonal relationships within
a group. As this latter can only form gradually, then it follows that selfdisclosure is also a gradual
process, acting in turn to strengthen relationships and the group as a whole.
Group members are often wary of people who jump into selfdisclosure too quickly. It may be that too
much selfdisclosure, as much as too little, may be a sign of underlying disturbance. Inappropriate
selfdisclosure can sometimes be understood as an exhibitionistic tendency on the part of the
individual. It can occur, for example, in discussions of particular magical techniques, that one person
recounts a personal instance that he feels is appropriate to the discussion. Others may see this as a
chance to score points by recounting their own experiences, until the discussion devolves into a
mass of anecdotes where the implicit aim is for people to top each other's accounts. Thus, one
person's 'story' can incite others to proclaim their 'history.'
A colleague once remarked to me that "magical groups are not therapy groups." In the present
context, this relates to the fact that some people will use a magical group as a vehicle for exposing
themselves psychologically: to use the group as a soundingboard for their own problems and
opinions, in order to satisfy themselves, rather than contributing to the group development as a
whole. Group leaders need to be aware of the dynamics of disclosure, in order to be able to judge
whether or not disclosure is appropriate to the circumstances of the group. Whilst acknowledging the
point that magical groups are different in character and objective to therapy groups, it should also be
noted that magical groups do necessitate close interpersonal relationships and depth of feeling
between group members. Magic is not merely an intellectual pursuit, and whilst it is often presented
in the same factual light as the exoteric sciences, it touches us on deep, intensely personal levels. It
should also be recognised that group members will not move towards selfdisclosure (or for that
matter, any other group stage of development) uniformly.
Just as selfdisclosure is appropriate when it takes place within the context of interpersonal
relationships, interpersonal relationships can only develop through mutual, appropriate,
selfdisclosure.
The benefits of selfdisclosure are firstly personal ones. Lack of selfdisclosure tends to result in
limited opportunities for reality testing as this lessens opportunities to obtain valid feedback.
Individuals who never disclose themselves to others lack selfawareness, in the sense of self
knowledge or insight into self. Selfdisclosure is, therefore, necessary for selfknowledge in that, in
communicating with others about ourselves, we also communicate with ourselves. Self
communication is not merely the recitation of personal facts, but concerns the impact which these
facts have on our lives and the ability to allow our feelings into consciousness and to own these
feelings as parts of ourselves.
This alone is an important point in respect to magical groups. One of the main strengths of a magical
group is that it allows members to confront their own magical experiences and beliefs with those of
others. This provides an unparalleled opportunity for the reality testing of one's magical worldview.
All too often, magicians who work entirely alone become prey to obsessional complexes wherein
they become powerful, superior beings who, despite a complete lack of social skills, are merely one
ritual away from becoming allpowerful adepts. In a group situation however, it is more likely that
anyone displaying the symptoms of Magusitis (see Condensed Chaos for a further discussion of
this), or emotional and behavioural obsessions which are the consequences of continually invoking a
deity which boosts one particular self to the detriment of others, is going to have this pointed out to
him. Through feedback from shared magical experiences, one may come to know oneself better.
This feedback is also important for behavioural change. If individuals do not have (and use)
opportunities to reveal to themselves how they see and do things, they are unlikely to receive
feedback information that will enable them to decide whether they want to make changes in attitude,
belief or behaviour. Since magical development as it is generally understood implies (and demands)
behavioural change as a result of one's practice, the relevance of the above to magical groups
should be obvious.
STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
Since the 1940s, a number of models which account for stages in group development have arisen. A
great deal of research into group dynamics has been prompted by the popularity of psychotherapy
groups, selfhelp groups, consciousnessraising groups, counselling groups, the human growth
movement, etc. This diversity of theories provides a rich framework for analysing group behaviour.
Some models of group dynamics propose that groups move through a series of linear stages, whilst
others point out that particular phases in a groups' development may recur throughout its life. This is
a particularly important point. The assumption that, once a particular conflict or issue has arisen and
been resolved by a group, then it will not recur again, is a common fallacy. It is more realistic to say
that groups learn that problems and conflicts will reappear, and that the effective group will accept
this and work through them, each time at a deeper, and more satisfying level.
A muchquoted model of the developmental processes underlying group behaviour has been
proposed by Bruce Tuckman. Following an extensive review of research into group dynamics he has
proposed the following stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing.
Forming
Groups start in a wide variety of ways and individuals have many different motivations for joining a
magical group, some of which may be unconscious. These include: the need to confirm one's ideas
(including selfimage, both positive and negative), the need to belong (security), enjoyment, and
achievement. The state of members in this first stage is, to varying degrees, one of uncertainty and
anxiety to the unknownthis being the intentions of the leader, and other members of the group.
Perhaps most importantly, members will need assurance of being accepted and recognised. This
anxiety is likely to be heightened if there is no sense of direction in the group, if the leader assumes a
nondirective role. A common coping strategy which members fall back on is to limit themselves to
polite social interaction. Relationships at this stage tend to be formal and cool as members try and
present a good impression of themselves. Members who know each other from outside the group will
tend to interact with each other more frequently than new members.
A deep level of selfdisclosure is not expected to take place at this stage. Indeed, any such
disclosure may not be appropriate, as one person doing so may well scare others who do not feel
settled enough in the group to go so far themselves. The expression of deeply personal values does
not tend to occur until people are sure that these values will be accepted by other members of the
group.
Storming
The storming phase begins when members begin to come out from behind their formal masks of
politeness. In a new situation, this gives rise to feelings of vulnerability, and thus gives rise to
tension. Also by this time, members will have an increased knowledge of each other (through both
verbal and nonverbal communication). They will have decided who they like and who they don't like
within the group. Being vulnerable in the presence of people whom one is not sure of is also scary.
Increased interaction throws up differences and incongruencies that will not be acceptable to all, in
the same way. Another source of conflict is the tension between individual and group. In accepting
the direction of the group as a whole, some members may feel that their sense of identity is being
subsumed by the group and that they are sacrificing their sense of identity to it.
Conflict with the leader
The storming phase is also characterised by tension between the members of the group and the
leader. For example, if a member feels his own sense of individuality to be threatened, he may
attempt to counter this by becoming hostile to the group leader or other members. This tendency
may be heightened if there is a perceived lack of direction or structure in the group. Polarisation can
occur when some members try to play it safe rather risk confrontation and challenge.
Norming
Once the immediate concerns over authority and intimacy have been resolved, members accept the
idiosyncrasies of each other and of the group as a whole. At this stage, group norms and values start
to emerge as an expression of the groups' cohesiveness. Group values reflect the mutual desire for
tolerance, support and openness. As the group moves out of conflict into cohesiveness, members
will become more involved and committed to the group, placing it higher in their personal scale of
commitments. However, the response to earlier conflict in the group is often expressed as a need to
maintain harmony at all costs. So the sense of group cohesion is fragile. There is sometimes
pressure expressed towards members who do not conform to the norms emerging in the group.
Gradually this gives way to tolerance. Related to the development of norms is the identification of
roles within the group. This is not about the formal roles, but the informal roles such as who is best at
clarifying issues, who gives support, who questions best, who acts to mediate between others, etc.
The Leader becomes an Equal
This phase is also characterised by a shift in attitude towards the leader. The leader is no longer
seen as an expert, authority figure imposing his will onto the group, but as an equal member, whose
input is sometimes useful, and at other times, not.
Performing
During this phase, the group is oriented towards its task. Members will adopt roles which enable
them to accomplish the group's activities, having learned to accept and relate to each other as social
entities. The group functions as a whole and members acknowledge each other's individual
differences and allow them to emerge within the group. During this phase, the possibility for positive
confrontation emerges. Members become relaxed enough to challenge both the group and each
other regarding decisions and choices in an atmosphere of mutual respect.
The above model provides a useful device for exploring and interpreting group behaviour. It should
be remembered that there is unlikely to be, in any one group, a clear transition from one stage to the
next. A group may periodically cycle through these patterns, for instance, as a consequence of new
members joining the group, or changes in the external social environment. Whilst a group is forming,
it will also be performing, and vice versa. During the forming phase, performing will be overshadowed
by forming, and during the last phase, it will be mainly performing, and forming to a lesser degree.
The strength of this model is that it provides useful guidelines for group facilitators and leaders. For
instance, inexperienced leaders are often taken aback when conflict towards their role is expressed.
They tend to take this hostility personally, and become defensive. A common attempt to alleviate this
hostility is to become nondirective or increasingly authoritarian; either approach tends to increase
tension rather than reduce it, leading to emotional explosions which further damage the ability of the
group to move towards cohesiveness. Similarly, leaders need to be aware of the dangers of
attempting to maintain an illusion of harmony within a group at the expense of acknowledging
underlying problems and conflicts. If tensions are not acknowledged within the group, members will
tend to express them amongst themselveswith friends and in small cliques. If resentments are not
allowed to emerge, individual members tend to foster them alone, until they display them
aggressively or leave the group (often both). This also tends to give rise to a feeling that leaders do
not care about member's problems, or that whatever they say will not be taken as being important.
Members who express unresolved issues are often made into scapegoats by the rest of the group.
Members may be relieved that a problem has been brought up, but also scared about the disruption
to the (apparently) smooth function of the groups' activities.
The Group and the External Environment
Groups do not operate in a vacuum, they are also influenced by the surrounding environment. For
example, there are great differences in the group dynamics between people who live in a village as
opposed to living in a large city. Some magical groups exist within a larger organisation and may well
be influenced by tensions between the immediate group and what is perceived to be the rest of the
organisation. The history of the group itself may be considered part of the surrounding environment
as this is everpresent and influences its behaviour. What is perceived to be the group tradition
might, for example, become a rigid norm which prevents adaptation and flexibility giving rise to the
view that "we've always done ... that way." There is also the factor of crossmembership with other
groups to bear in mind. In a provincial town, the magical group may well be the only game in town
and henceforth be of primary importance to an individual who wants to work magic in a group. In
contrast, large cities (such as London or L.A.) might have a great many groups operating, and it
becomes easier for individuals to move to another group. An individuals participation in a group is
influenced by the importance that he attributes to the features of that group in relation to the
importance attributed to other groups of which he is also a member. In other words, when members
belong to several groups simultaneously, they will tend to prioritise participation in one group's
activities over another, based on the importance of those groups to them, and the level of satisfaction
that they obtain from participating in these groups. This is a problem for group leaders to be aware of
for, after all, it is difficult to resort to draconian tactics such as insisting that members put one's own
group first (I have seen this done, with the effect that the person immediately reduced his
membership of different groups by leaving the group concerned with his commitment to them).
Glamour Projection
Modem magical groups are as much concerned with creating an overall image as any other group in
society. This image may be projected through the use of distinct symbols which have particular
associations. The Chaosphere has, for example, different associations than the inverted pentagram
& goat's head.
Some groups promote a certain style in terms of dress, haircuts, and membership through particular
behaviours and codes. The secret signs and signals employed within magical organisations become
part of this overall glamour, which is as important for participants as its overall relationship to other
groups. There is always a certain degree of tension between the desire to project such a glamour on
a wide scale, and the point where the glamour becomes a fashion which is distinct from the original
group, and will be taken up by others outside of the group's immediate membership.
ISSUES SPECIFIC TO MAGICAL GROUPS
Perceptions of Magic
Individual members of a magical group are highly likely to have vastly different perceptions of what
magic means to them. To a large extent, this factor is related to the consensual belief system shared
by members of the group. For purposes of discussion I will make the distinction between loose and
tight consensual belief systems. An example of a tight consensual system would be a Wiccan group
wherein all the members share the overall belief system known as Wicca. In contrast, a Chaos Magic
group could be generally characterised as loose, in that members would be much more likely to have
divergent personal beliefs, and loosely agree on a few principles. This is an important issue as
engagement in a shared tradition or belief system can be a contributing factor towards group
cohesiveness. Where beliefs are convergent, members can feel assured that their personal feelings
are more likely to be shared and therefore, understood by other members. When beliefs are
divergent, members will have to explain themselves more and therefore incur risks with each other.
The Challenge of Change
Similarly, a group will be affected by the divergence of belief which arises out of its performance. It is
in the nature of magic that as individuals progress with their own work, and in the work of the group
as a whole, their attitudes, beliefs and values relating to magic change. This change may be gradual
or sudden, as in the case of members experiencing spiritual revelations, illuminations, or initiatory
periods as exemplified by what St. John of the Cross termed "the Dark Night of the Soul." It should
be obvious that these changes can lead to conflicts and tensions within the group. In a tightbelief
group, the expression of changes of belief can become problematic, particularly if group norms
consider the tradition of belief to be inviolate, that is, not open to question or change. Even in
comparatively loosebelief groups, apparent threats to the groups' established norms may be met
with hostility. This is particularly apparent in groups where allegiance to the groups' tradition is given
a higher normative value than that of individual flexibility. Hence the phrase I magical differences'
which is often used to explain the reason why individuals leave a group.
Conflicting Values
This issue is further complicated by the tendency for group members to assume that the group as a
whole shares the same general beliefs and attitudes towards aspects of magic that they themselves
adhere to. A prime example of this occurs in sorcery workings, where a member proposes that a
healing or cursing operation take place, assuming that other members share the same values
relating to these acts. This can become a problem when the assumption is challenged. When a
group norms have been established (usually implicitly rather than explicitly), on the lines that all
members' contributions are valued, and that all members should support each other's magical work,
members whose proposals are challenged tend to feel personally slighted. Equally, members who
challenge are likely to feel uncomfortable in interrupting the group task, in having to disclose their
personal values, and challenging another member. This kind of situation is accentuated when the
group is under a time restriction. Often, it is felt that it is easier to go along with a situation which one
is not entirely comfortable with, rather than rock the boat.
Related to this is the consensual belief, often held to be factual that magical workings by a group are
somehow more powerful than solo workings. When a member asks the group to support a working,
there is usually an implication that it is of great importance, therefore a challenge made concerning
the value, subject, or morality of the working is more likely to be taken personally. Confrontations of
this type challenge the assumed 'weness' of the group but also provide a focus for the elaboration of
personal differences and divergent opinions within the group. This requires careful management.
Group members need reassurance that the challenging of one particular instance of their ideas is
notas it is often takena challenge of their entire historical input to the group. Phrases such as "we
all feel..." or "we all should..." are often used to make allinclusive statements which, whilst appealing
to the mutual sense of 'weness' in the group, also use that 'weness' feeling as a block against being
challenged.
One effective approach is for the leader to draw attention to the divergent beliefs and interests within
the group at an early stage and encourage discussion of this diversity, perhaps suggesting that the
group could spend a period exploring any specific interest areas in turn. This provides an opportunity
for members to appreciate each other's magical backgrounds, to find out where each individual is
coming from, and in what directions the group can move. This can be effective if each individual is
willing (perhaps with assistance) to lead a session exploring his own interest areas. It is of course
useful if group members can discuss issues relating to personal and shared values prior to actually
engaging in magical work which might relate to those values. It is also useful for the group to discuss
a general proposition that, whilst members are encouraged to support the work of the group as a
whole, they each have the right not to participate in activities which they find repugnant on the
grounds of taste, ethics, or personal preference. If a member of the group doesn't wish to participate
in a particular ritual or event, they should be able to say so, without feeling that they are letting the
group down or causing problems for everyone else.
Contribution to the Group Process/Task
A common source of conflict which can arise in groups is that of perceived differences in individuals'
contributions to the overall group process and its tasks. This tends to be voiced by phrases such as
"I do all this ... and I'm not appreciated by you" or "Without me the group couldn't function."
Individuals who put a lot of effort into a group may at some point come to expect an unrealistic level
of appreciation from other members, which is often related to issues around respect for their
perceived status within the group. When their views or ideas for the group are challenged, they
become defensive and threaten the withdrawal of their input, often citing their historical contribution
to the group in order to illustrate the unfairness of how they feel they are being treated. There is thus
a misperception on the part of the individual that their high level of contribution to the group affords
them a higher status within the group as a whole, so that they do not expect to be challenged about
their ideas or behaviour.
Magical groups often attract dynamic individuals who will quite happily take on set tasks within the
group but also see the need for other tasks which have not yet been identified by the group as a
whole and throw themselves into creating them. For example, a member might feel that the group
needs a newsletter, a historical archive of member's magical work, or an extensive range of props for
ceremonial or ritual use. These ideas are usually met with approval from other members. The
problem here is not so much that individual members want to do more work for the group, but that
having decided to take these additional tasks on, members may well come to have unrealistic
expectations about the consequences of their additional input, leading into the scenario outlined
above.
Related to this is the issue of tangible, as opposed to intangible contributions to the group process.
Members who make tangible contributionsthe newsletter, magical archive or elaborate ritual props
to the group may discount the contributions of group members which are less apparent, such as the
individuals who manifest the roles of 'supporter,' 'questioner' or 'joker' within the group.
Conflict over this issue can result in the aggrieved individuals leaving the group. It becomes
extremely difficult to resolve the situation unless those members become willing to examine their own
personal motivations which underlie their impetus towards making contributions over and above the
norm as it were. Such individuals need reassurance that their contributions to the group are valued,
but also need to acknowledge that they should not expect a higher status within the group as a direct
consequence of their extra efforts. This can be particularly difficult when it is felt by such members
that the rest of the group is not giving sufficient support to a project which they have started on their
own initiative, so that it becomes the fault of the group, for example, that the newsletter is not being
supported. It is often easier for the aggrieved member to blame the group for not supporting their
project rather than saying "well perhaps we don't really need a newsletter." Again, this relates to the
perception of common aims and values within the group. Support or tacit agreemerit by the group as
a whole of an individual member's project does not necessarily mean that the rest of the group will
automatically give the same level of importance to the project that the member who initiates it does
though this is often assumed to be the case.
Orientation of tasks within the group can require careful management. If, within a group situation, the
major contributions to its work is continually coming from the same people, they are likely to very
quickly become bored with continually supporting the others. Unless a magician is purposely seeking
to have a group who entirely follow his ideas and plans, this is a very unsatisfying situation for all
concerned. Task orientation needs to be formalised, to varying degrees, and set up on a rational
basis. Ability, interest and responsibility are the main criteria here. Giving someone a task to perform
because he is liked or disliked does not serve the interests of the group in the long run, nor does
continually giving someone a task that, in time, becomes his exclusive property alone. Everyone
within the group should be given the opportunity to develop the skills necessary to perform
appropriate tasks.
A simple example of effective task orientation is in regard to organising a seasonal celebration. This
can be broken down into particular tasks, which might include:
Finding a suitable site
Organizing transport and routes to the site
Preparation of incense and lighting
Preparation of any props required
Selecting individuals to take on distinct ritual roles
Writing and distributing an appropriate ritual format for the event
Each task may be assigned to a particular member, and then rotated for successive events so that
each member gets the chance to have a go at different tasks. This useful in a group situation as it
promotes cohesiveness and commitment. If people feel that they are essential to the success of the
group, then they are more likely to show commitment to meetings. Furthermore, this can aid the
process of members forming friendships which go beyond the immediate group meeting place. I
have found that in general, group members who restrict their interactions with other members to
formal group meetings find it harder to participate in the more intimate aspects of the group's
experience.
Challenges to Authority
Magical groups often attract individuals who desire to be perceived as authorities on the subject, by
virtue of their professed expertise, or having attained some particular degree of initiation. Such
individuals may not be formally recognised or designated as leaders in the group, although they may
be accorded a high status within the group if other members collude with their identification of being
authorities. Conflict can arise within a group when an authority or other members feel that the
position of the particular authority is being challenged.
The legitimisation of authority is a complex issue. It can be that the perceived authority is held to be
the most experienced person in the group. Alternatively, the 'Star Syndrome' denotes individuals who
become authorities by having gained some degree of notoriety or having written x number of books.
There is also the issue of authority which stems from socalled 'spiritual' initiation. The problem with
'spiritual' authority is that it is rarely open to close inspection by others, and it is fairly easy for a
charismatic and forceful person to claim moral superiority to others on the basis of a higher initiation
which is not, a priori, open to inspection. Such was the position of some of the leaders in the Golden
Dawn, and many of its imitators since. Anyone may make the claim that due to a divine illumination,
he has a mandate to lead and inform others but of course not everyone is in a position to carry it
across in a group. The magical group, of course, is often the ideal place to make such a claim and
make it stick, and so a good number of wouldbe gurus and magi have managed to fool at least
some people, for quite a long period of time.
The problem with having, as it were, "God on your side," is that it tends to inspire the individual with a
tendency towards absolutism. Paranoia is an inevitable consequence, probably due to the feeling
that anyone who dares to criticise or merely express a different opinion is also calling into question
the very authenticity of the person's initiation, and therefore, authority.
In the present context, perceived challenges to established authorities within the group can easily
become a conflict which polarises the group into 'followers' and 'heretics.' This can lead to
dissatisfied members leaving the group, or schism within a larger organization. Internal schism within
a group is, in a way, selfregulating, in that it makes a further polarisation between 'followers' and
'enemies.' Having a group of exmembers that the group can categorise now as enemies tends to
bond the members together again, using the glue of mutual paranoia and ruffled feathers. The next
course of action is all too familiar: psychic attack, magical battles, sniping through the pages of the
occult press and so forth. If the members feel that they have 'Truth', 'God', or 'The Great Work' on
their side, then the perceived enemies automatically become black magicians or satanists. The
threat of dealing with internal contradictions within the group can be brushed aside as the
membership roll their sleeves up for the important task of defending Cosmic Truth against Ultimate
Evil, just in the same way that adroit politicians use wars to distract the populace from trouble at
home. Studies of groups such as religious cults indicates that groups are remarkably resilient in
upholding their shared beliefs in the face of threats to their continued existence.
Authority in a group is very much a twoway process, dependent as much on how group members
perceive authority figures as on how those who desire to be taken as authorities present themselves.
Transgression of Group Norms
Group normative values tend to be implicit rather than explicit and one often doesn't find out what
they are until one unwittingly transgresses them. 1 have met people who have been censured by the
rest of their group for actions as simple as laughing during an invocation or lighting a cigarette after a
meditation. In magical groups, simple transgressions may become elevated due to the
magical/spiritual context against which they are interpreted by others. Thus laughing during an
invocation may become 'being disrespectful to the Goddess' whilst lighting a cigarette can be turned
into 'desecration of the circle.' Often, such transgressions are not voiced openly and the maldoer
gets the coldshoulder treatment from other members and is left to work out himself what he has done
wrong.
Sexuality in Groups
It's undeniable that some people seek out magical groups with a hopeful eye on getting laid or finding
a magical partner. Of course, this will be the case for any type of group. It is also, sadly, the case that
the leaders of some groups tend to view new members as new sources of nookie. Of course, this is
rarely stated boldly, and so new members to magical groups are sometimes informed that they have
so much potential that they are going to be immediately given a higher initiation which involves
sacred (of course) sexual intercourse with the leader(s) of the group or that they were soulmates in a
previous incarnation. Sexual behaviour between group members, like any other form of behaviour,
gets justified on the grounds that it is somehow magical which means that normal discrimination,
preferences or feelings ideally, shouldn't apply. The argument one often hears is that magicians
should be able to rise above personal feelings when one learns that, for example, the High Priest of
the group has been shagging your partner for the last two months. That members of magical groups
should experience strong feelings for each other, which may or may not manifest as sexual activity,
is unsurprising. What makes all the difference of course, is how the individuals concerned, and to
some extent, the group as a whole, handle it. Like other group issues, this is often tricky, particularly
as we tend to think of our sexual lives as personal and no one else's business. It is naïve however, to
believe that sexual interchanges that go on between group members will pass unnoticed by
everyone else. Its as well to be aware that personal feelings, fears, attitudes, inhibitions etc., do not
simply go away when the circle is cast or the Temple door closed.
Magic, as seen through the lens of the popular media, is very much associated with sexual orgies. It
may be paradoxical then, when we consider that even though magicians acknowledge the power of
sexuality, its group effects have received little attention. Group sexual gnosis tends to manifest only
in fairly welldefined spaces and usually at times when normality has been suspended, to avoid later
conflict and repercussions. Use of sexual gnosis in a group situation does not necessarily imply an
orgiastic freeforall, merely the awareness that sexual behaviour is a powerful route to ecstasy.
Again, sexual gnosis can appear as a feature of mindcontrol groups, but while group sexual gnosis
can be a powerful conditioner, it may also be a powerful Deconditioner. To be utilised successfully, it
requires careful group management, prior, during, and after any operations. It is imperative that
participants feel emotionally secure with each other and that a high level of trust has been secured.
However, it should also be noted that when the focus of a group's behaviour becomes entirely based
around sex, it tends to lose any wider impetus.
Running Groups
Before I get down to practical issues, the first thing to look at is one's own motivations to run a group.
Personal motivation to get something going can be complex. It may be, for example, that you
suddenly perceive a need for a type of group in your area, and with the absence of anyone else
willing to set something up, decide to take the job on yourself. When it comes down to it, setting up
and managing any kind of group is hard work. Also, I would stress, it can be fun, rewarding, and
instructive. It can be rewarding, in that it helps get your name around the occult scene, which can be
valuable if you want to build a reputation as someone who Gets Things Done. It can be both
rewarding and instructive in that managing groups requires a variety of skills, related to Organization,
Promotions, and People Management, all of which are readily transferable into other Life Areas, and
which are difficult to acquire passively. Also, if you are involved in any kind of Group where learning
is going on: transfer of skills, theory, practice, etc., then you are widening your capacity for
experience in these areas.
This latter point is particularly relevant for magical training groups and workshops. While some
magicians start groups to dispense their Occult wisdom among those less fortunate, others run
groups so that they can share information, skills, resources, etc., to the mutual advantage of all. One
of my own primary motivations for running a magical group is that it provides the impetus to do things
that otherwise, I would probably not set aside time for.
Working with people in groups can enable you to learn a lot about:
Yourself
Other People
Group Dynamics
Organization & Management
Shared Magical Experience
Of course, if you are setting up any kind of magical teaching group, then the responsibility for
teaching rests with you. Teaching others practical magical skills can be either boring or highly
rewarding and instructive. It can be boring if you find that you are the only person in the situation who
voices an opinion. On the other hand, it can be rewarding and instructive for you, if the people you
are working with are lively, committed to their own magical development, eager to try things out and
experiment past magical dogma, and can come up with their own ideas.
Teaching is also useful because it necessitates that you revise what you already have assimilated
and, by preparing Teaching material in a variety of formats, you can often discover aspects of it that
you were not quite, previously, aware of. Also, if you can successfully transmit an idea or skill to
others, it demonstrates that you are:
Confident of your own ability
Able to communicate successfully
Able to organize yourself and your resources.
To be a successful teacher requires that you develop the ability to organize the way you express
your ideas, in order that others can understand them. This is particularly useful when it comes to
turning feelings into words.
Practical Considerations
Aims & Objectives
Obviously, before one proceeds to start a group, it does help if one has defined clear aims and
objectives for the group. This is tantamount to defining your Statement of Intent. Of course, this is
also something which may well change, especially when other people get involved. Being clear of
your own aims and objectives is good, if only because nothing looks worse than getting a group of
people together and then being vague at them. However, it is possible to go overboard on this. I
have occasionally met individuals who have produced huge charters and lengthy dissertations about
what their group will be about. This, I find, is not terribly effective. Firstly, if you present a group of
prospective members with a lengthy essay on what the group is going to do, then it tends to come
across that you are not leaving people room to give their own ideas to the development of the group.
Secondly, you're setting yourself up for disappointment, since the more fixed ideas you throw up
about how the group should operate, the more likely it is that people will disagree with you. Like a
magical Statement of Intent, keep your initial aims/objectives clear and simple.
Spreading The Word
Letting people know about your Intent is the next step. This can range from Word of Mouth to cards
in shop doorways, posters in alternative/occult shops, listings in occult magazines to even adverts in
local papers! Obviously, how much advertising you do depends very much on the type of group you
want to start, and how widely you wish its existence to be known. It also helps if you have some idea
as to who the target audience is for the group you have in mind, and what kind of publications, for
example, it is appropriate for you to use.
Points Of Contact
Also at this point, it is useful to consider how people can get in contact with you. Assuming that you
don't want your home address available to all and sundry, you should consider what other options
are open:
Telephone
Whether or not you give out your telephone number depends on (a) how much privacy you want, and
(b) if you're sure that no one else will object to strange people ringing up. Not therefore a good idea if
you live at home or in a multioccupancy dwelling.
Box Numbers
Getting a Box Number is generally considered the best way of ensuring a Contact Point with a
reasonable degree of anonymity. The main two sources for Box Numbers (in the UK) are the Post
Office, and British Monomarks. There are also various companies who provide Accommodation
Address Services (forwarding mail, taking fax messages etc.), and some news agents and
alternative businesses also provide box number services. The Post Office Box Number service has
several drawbacks. The first of these is that you are assigned a Box Number in the nearest Sorting
Office to your home address. If, for example, you don't work near to where you live, then actually
collecting your mail regularly can be a problem. Also, there are two different tariff scales according to
whether or not you want to receive letters and parcels, or just letters in your box. A third issue is that
if any official bodies ask the Post Office who uses a box, they will instantly give out your details.
Finally, when you are going to collect your mail, you should take some form of identification along.
Since the last wave of bomb scares, the Post Office have become more securityconscious and you
might well be asked to prove your identity. If you don't think any of the points raised above will affect
you, then a P.O. Box might be just what you require. You have to pay for the box on a yearly basis.
British Monomarks are a Londonbased company who are behind all those BM/BCM addresses used
by a wide variety of groups and publications. You pay a flat rate for a BM number, and any mail that
comes to your number is then forwarded to your home address (which you are also charged for), or,
if you can, you can go and pick it up from the office. Unlike the Post Office, British Monomarks don't
start getting awkward if several people seem to be using the BM number at once.
Personal Referral
This means that you meet people on the basis that someone else either recommends you to them, or
them to you. If for example, you regularly turn up at some open function, then someone else may be
pointed in your direction, or equally, you could be pointed in theirs.
Finding A Venue
Another fairly practical consideration is the Venue for your group. Again, this depends on the type of
Group. Socializingbased groups tend to meet in comers of Pubs, or peoples' front rooms. Discussion
Forums tend to be found in hired rooms in Pubs or Hotels. If you are running this kind of group, then
establishing a good relationship with the management/publican is a priority. If a pub landlord knows
that an event will bring in at least 20 people who will use the bar (i.e., not sit crowded around one
glass of mineral water all night) then he may let you have a room for free. Hotels tend to be less keen
on making this kind of arrangement.
If you plan on doing something a little more practical, then you need to find somewhere appropriate.
Assuming that you don't have access to a ruined castle, stately home with grounds, decentsized
cellar or any other space where you live, then here are some options to consider.
Local Community/Adult Education Centre
These places often have rooms to hire for a fairly cheap rate, especially during the evenings. Some
give access to useful facilities like coffee or licensed bars, photocopiers, etc. Beware of prowling
caretakers and lost people looking for their wordprocessing or quilting class. Check out any possible
drawbacks. One Centre I used for group meetings rang the fire alarm 10 minutes before closing time,
which did on one occasion, shatter the carefully builtup tranquillity of a Pathworking Session.
Drama/Dance Studio
If you can find such a place that isn't booked up until next year or horrendously expensive, then this
can be an excellent choice for a working space since a lot of shouting/weird noises/thumping etc., as
well as people dressing up in odd costumes is likely to be easily accepted.
Rehearsal Studio
A favourite of chaos magicians in London. Again, they tend to have a high tolerance for weirdness,
and can often be hired for a reasonable price. A problem can be that the hourblocks that rehearsal
spaces tend to be booked for do not always suit the needs of the group. Other considerations are
that your rites will tend to be accompanied by the sounds emanating from the band in the studio next
door, and also it has happened that the group who have booked your room next may decide
(especially if they can't hear music from within) to wheel in their amps, etc., at the most inconvenient
moment.
Therapy Space
These can be expensive, and many are run by groups of politicallycorrect New Agers who might
well object to their space being used to summon demons.
Outdoors
Working Outdoors has obvious advantages, but can require a lot of planning. These include:
• Insuring privacy from wandering dogwalkers, drunks, policemen, etc., both noise and vision should
be considered.
• Getting thereand Getting backespecially in darkness. I have found in general that people who are
charged with the job of driving the group car or minibus back to base after a rite tend to have a bad
time of it, particularly if they're still a bit gnosticated from the rite.
• The Weather (time to get good at weathermagic?)
• Fires. Firewood can be gathered in the daytime, and then hidden, ready for when you get to the site
in the evening. If you work outdoors regularly then you might consider making a portable fireplace;
for example, half an oil drum with 4 holes in it. You take the drum with you to the site, then after you
have finished, extinguish the fire, slide two poles through the holes and immerse the drum in water,
then carry it back with you.
• Tidying the site up afterwards, unless you want evidence of your ritual circle to suddenly appear in
the local paper as 'Satanic Ritual Sacrifice in local Wood.'
• Site preparation: clearing a working space.
Nom de Plumes
If you're considering hiring somewhere to use as a Venue, then you might want to make up a cover
name for the meeting. The word "Folklore" is much used by various socializing and Discussion
Forums, while magical working groups tend use names which include terms like "Experimental
Drama." Examples of this are: Personal and Cultural Transformations, Isle of Thanet Drama Group,
and DramaExperimentMovementOriginationNetwork. This sort of thing will only work if everybody
in the group knows what the nomdeplume is.
Booking Rooms
Most places that hire rooms will require money up front the first time, or at least a deposit. Bookings
can be done by telephone, but it's a good idea to go down and, if possible, have a look at the space
you'll be using. If for any reason, you have to cancel a booking, give the venue's management as
much notice possible. Good venues can be hard to find, so if you do find somewhere suitable, its
good to keep a friendly relationship with the management.
People Management
Running a group requires some skill in the arts of People Management. What this involves, again,
depends on the kind of Group you are setting up. For example, an open social forum, where people
turn up to socialize and meet each other may only require 'loose' management in terms of the group
environment, for example, introducing people to each other for the first few meetings.
Leadership
The first point to mention is that in Pagan/Occult circles, people often don't like the idea that groups
need leaders. This has given rise to some spectacular mangling of the English language, and much
talk of Organisers, Facilitators, and so forth. When all's said and done, groups require that someone
initiates decisionmaking, and sees to it that things get done. The larger the group, the more
necessary this is. Another issue to bear in mind is that if you set up a group, then you are to some
extent responsible for how that group develops, and are likely to be perceived as being so by other
members.
Critics of hierarchical magical groups (which use a system of magical grades to denote positions of
responsibility within the group's structure) tend to accuse such groups of being 'topdown' structures,
they complain that decisions come down from above and lowergrade members do not participate
equally in what goes on in the group. The antidote to hierarchy is proposed as being the socalled
'Structureless' or Consensus Group. The Consensus Group, it has been argued, is noncompetitive,
leaderless, loose and informal. In terms of Group Dynamics, the idea of a structureless group is
something of a contradiction in terms. Any group of people meeting together over time, will inevitably
structure itself in some fashion, regardless of the intentions of its members. If no formalised structure
has been laid down, an informal structure will arise, which may be even more open to abuse than a
hierarchy, as its implicit rules are not open for all to be aware of. What we should remember is that
any group is much more than its overt structure; hidden hierarchies of status can arise quietly in
loose networks, and what seem on the surface to be hierarchical groups can behave as networks. In
my experience, formal position in a hierarchy is not as important in the long run as being in with the
right people. A general point about all complex group structures is that they are not static and they
change as people move in and out of them, as ideas and concepts change, and the members who
remain committed to the organization develop new patterns within it.
When examining the role of group Leader it can be useful to break it down into a series of
appropriate tasks and functions, and then look at who performs these tasks and how. Magical
Groups and Orders often run into problems as their leaders tend to be charismatic personalities
whose influence over the group as a whole is not balanced by their being accountable to the group
members. Just as a group leader may criticise the performance of a group member, then a group
member should be able to criticise the performance of the leader without the whole thing devolving
into personal or magical differences which lead to schism or a split in the group. Knowing when to
act, when not to act, and how to act as a leader is a delicate art in itself.
There seems to be a general assumption within the occult milieu that, as Antero Alli has pointed out,
someone who thinks of himself as a good magician automatically tends to assume that he will
automatically be a good leader. Implicit in this assumption is that both magicians and leaders are
born rather than made. Aside from being somewhat judgmental, this assertion is not supported by
research into the dynamics of leadership, into which there has been a good deal. Leadership is one
of those complex skills which can only be learnt 'live,' as it were. However, one can learn a great deal
from both observing other leaders in action and reading about the various approaches, strategies,
and theories of leadership.
A first general point to consider is that leadership is contextual. That is to say, the role of leader is
only relevant within a particular social context. In a magical group for instance, the leader may well
take charge within the context of formal group proceedings, but in a more informal social meeting,
taking charge may not be entirely appropriate. Problems can occur in a wider social setting where
the status which the group gives the leader might not be recognised by outsiders. Leadership is also
contextual in that whilst an individual may be given the formal title of leader this does not necessarily
mean that other group members will automatically regard him as such. So giving someone the title of
leader is not enough for him to be regarded as a leader. In a sense, the group as a whole gives
permission for one individual to act as a leader.
This brings me to a second general point: that effective leadership is responsive to the needs and
situation of the group as a whole. There is a popular idea that leaders act to impose their will onto the
group regardless of other people's feelings. This can only occur, however, when other members of
the group collude with the leader. If they come to feel that they are not supported or recognised by
the leader, they are likely to withdraw their support. A common occurrence is that group leaders,
having set up a particular agenda for the group to work throughfor example, a series of rituals
attempt to work through that agenda, sometimes overlooking or ignoring indications from others that
the set programme is, for whatever reasons, no longer appropriate. Whilst one of the functions of the
leader is to direct the group towards performing its formal tasks, the leader also has to be flexible
enough to discern when it is appropriate to direct the group to its task, and when it might be better to
do something else instead. This requires an appreciation of the subtleties of group mood, which
more often than not, is not so much discerned through direct questioning of people, but through
observing body language, and not so much what people say, but how they say it. People might well
voice assent for going along with something, but there's a whole world of difference between
someone saying "Okay, let's do it enthusiastically, and just going along with what the leader is
suggesting.
This also brings up a third general point: that the leader must effectively express the norms and
standards of the group. Although a good magician does not necessarily equate with a good leader, a
good leader in a magical group context must be perceived by the group as a whole as a good
magician. This in itself can lead to problems arising. If there are, for example, unrealistic
expectations about what constitutes a good magicianthat adepts are wise, superhuman beings
incapable of errorthen the leader is likely to be judged unconsciously by this standard and any
mistakes or errors in judgement (which are inevitable) are likely to be viewed as serious
transgressions of the standard, rather than forgivable mistakes. A colleague once remarked to me
that being the leader of a magical organisation was rather akin to sitting on top of a stepladder at the
business end of a firing range! In a magical group, a leader may be perceived both as an exemplary
rolemodel and at the same time, become the target of member's feelings and projections concerning
authority and parental figures. I have tended to find that those who most fervently deny that they
have the authority or status of leaders within the group are, nevertheless, perceived by others as
being leaders, perhaps due to virtues such as age, experience, or sociability. Refusing to recognise
this can be as damaging to the wellbeing of the group as much as attempting to grasp too tightly the
mantle of leadership.
The Three Circles Model
The above diagram shows the interaction of three areas of need within a group: Task Needs, Group
Maintenance Needs, and Individual Needs. These three areas of need are interdependent. For
example, if there is a lack of trust and mutual understanding within a group, this will affect both task
performance and individual needs. If individuals within the group do not feel that their contributions to
the group as a whole are valued, then they will be less likely to contribute to the group's common
task, and the 'weness' of the group will also suffer. Conversely, if a group has a welldeveloped
sense of team spirit, it is more likely to rise to the challenges of its chosen tasks, and individual
members will feel more personal satisfaction from being involved with the group. The question for the
leader is, how to contribute to these three areas of need? To be effective, the leader must firstly, be
aware of what is going on in the group (both on the surface and the underlying dynamics); secondly,
have an understanding of what is required at any given moment; and thirdly, the skill to put what
needs doing into effect. The effectiveness of the leader's actions can be evaluated on the basis of
how much the group responds. In terms of the 3 circles, the leader's task is to (a) achieve the task
(b) build and maintain the team (c) respect and develop individual members.
Clarifying
A primary responsibility of a leader is to ensure that the group achieves its common task. The phrase
common task should be stressed as, if group members cannot relate to a task or see that it has
value for themselves, the group, or some wider whole, they are less likely to give it wholehearted
support. Whether the task is the planning and execution of a series of rituals, a performance for
others or a skillsharing session, it should be meaningful to all concerned. In order to achieve this
consensual clarity, the leader must be able to communicate effectively. Communication is not only
being able to outline your ideas to others, but being able to elicit from other people their
understanding of what you are saying.
It is also necessary to be able to take something which is quite general and vague, and turn it into a
series of specific steps and, in turn, be able to relate the particular to the general. An effective leader
is therefore aware of both the big picture, and all the little details inbetween, and how they relate to
each other. The leader has not only to be able to say what has to be done, but why perhaps, it has to
be done in a particular fashion. Clarity about the task is essential if it is going to be achieved
successfully, and the leader has to be prepared to reinforce clarity whenever the need arises.
An example of these leadership functions in action might be the performance of a group ritual where
many celebrants may be working together for the first time. Here, the leader's primary task is to
ensure that all participants know why the ritual is being performed (this includes understanding of
any general and specific objectives related to the ritual), how the ritual will be performed and what is
expected of individuals during the rite and, perhaps most importantly, if anyone requires clarification
or further explanation of any aspect of what is going on, be it practical or theoretical.
Planning
Planning comes in answer to the question, "How does the group go about achieving it's common
task?" Planning can sound boring, but it need not be. For me, being a member of a group that is
actively and enthusiastically planning a ritual or event is just as exciting as actually enacting that
plan, if not more so. Plans develop from ideas, so perhaps an important aspect of the leader's role in
planning is in ensuring that as many ideas come forth as possible, whilst at the same time, being
able to take divergent ideas and thread them into a whole. In order to be able to do this, the leader
needs to be aware of resistance to new ideas. One of the most common forms of resistance to new
ideas is the "Not Invented Here" syndrome, which can manifest in forms such as "If I/we didn't think
of it, it can't be any good" or "That's not part of our tradition." I used to be surprised how easily
people, who were otherwise open to magical ideas, could quickly reject new ideas which came from
another directionbe it science fiction, dramatherapy or psychologyprecisely because those ideas
weren't obviously 'magical.' Group games such as Brainstorming have become popular methods of
getting people to generate ideas whilst suspending judgement, but leaders can also use other
methods to stimulate idea generation:
a) Encouraging members to bring in outside experience to the present issue.
b) Taking one person's suggestion as a startpoint and inviting ideas to build on it.
c) Developing a team solution by including different member's suggestions into the emerging plan.
d) Being positive about all suggestions. This latter is significant. Someone might, for example, come
up with a plan that is unfeasible at the present time. Acknowledging that the person has made a
good suggestion, but that you feel it is unfeasible for the present ('perhaps we'll come back to it later')
is a better strategy than dismissing it out of hand. A leader needs to help others feel that their
contributions to the group are valued, regardless of whether or not they are acted upon. Its better to
have people coming up with wild and wacky ideas than to have your request for input met with sullen
silence.
It's also worth bearing in mind no matter how much you tweak a plan, it's never going to be perfect.
The more complex a plan for something, the more likely things are likely to go awry. This is
particularly relevant to the planning of complicated ritual events, if only because the goddess Eris
might be watching, and wants to see what happens if someone drops a sword at a critical moment,
scattering burning incense onto bare feet and furnishings! Plans should be flexible, so that if, at the
last minute, Frater Implausible fails to turn up with the ritual props, the rest of the group is not stuck
there standing around looking sheepish. When I was trained in the running of groups, I was taught to
have a 'plan B' ready waiting in the wings if need be, and beyond that, have a set of standby
exercises that I could draw on if I really needed them. In short, plans may look perfect until they
come into contact with other people.
Planning is also necessary for effective communication. In the above example of a leader seeking
clarification from celebrants prior to a ritual performance, the leader needs to be able to think ahead
and plan what he or she is going to say. The message needs to be clear and understandable. People
who are new to group rituals often feel insecure and it certainly does not help when leaders explain
rituals using complex or obscure tenninology. Complex procedures can be clarified by breaking them
down into a set of points. In addition, the leader needs to not only transmit facts, but also enthusiasm
for what is about to be done. Using colourful language, nonverbal cues and humour can be helpful
here, but this requires confidence to do effectively, which in turn takes practice and planning. This
kind of planning really involves developing a general skill which has an almost limitless range of
applications. If you can plan what you are going to do in a situation, you can go on to plan how you
might try and affect a group situation in order to promote teamwork, creativity, or encourage
particular individuals. As I have said, plans rarely survive contact with reality, but you are only going
to find out what works, and what doesn't, through experience.
Invisible Leadership
A leader is best
When people barely know that he exists
Not so good when people obey and acclaim him,
Worst when they despise him.
Fail to honour people,
They fail to honour you;
But of a good leader, who talks little,
When his work is done, his aim fulfilled, They will all say, 'We did this ourselves.'
Lao Tzu
There is a common idea that leaders impose their will on the group, and that the group does what a
leader tells them. An effective group is, to a large extent however, selfdetermining, regulating its
own performance by its own standards and norms. The more the leader has clarified the group's
common task in terms of what needs doing and how, then the more likely it is that each individual
member will share that clarity. It may be that a leader needs only to intervene in the group process
gently, rather than heavyhandedly. A quiet word or even a glance can be more effective than
coming on strong as the leader. Developing the ability to quietly but firmly silence someone, and the
ability to equally quietly test for consensus (without making group consensus a big issue) is more
useful in the long run, than being overbearing and bombastic.
Motivating
If you are setting up a group which will require other people to take on distinct roles or jobs, then one
of your immediate concerns will be the ability to motivate others. It is essential, in this kind of
scenario, that once you have delegated a task to someone, that it gets done, and that you don't end
up running everything yourself, which is an easy situation to get into. Often people will volunteer
themselves for jobs without really thinking the matter through. I tend to look at this on the basis that
people get one (maybe two) chances at doing a task and if they don't actually do it, then (regardless
of their excuses) that's it as far as I am concerned. Having said that, if someone does volunteer to do
something, then you should check out if he has (a) the resources necessary (Time being an
important one) and (b) the requisite abilities. If he doesn't ask you exactly what the task entails, then
you should tell him and giving out a checklist of tasks is often a good idea. It's a common enough
scenario that managers give people a job to do without actually saying what the job entails and then
complain because it hasn't been done to their satisfaction. People who know exactly what they're
supposed to do (and how to go about it)are usually much happier and more likely to be self
motivated about going out and doing it. So if you want to motivate people into helping you then
support them. As Ralph Waldo Emerson put it, "Trust men and they will be true to you. Treat them
greatly and they will show themselves great." Equally important in motivating others is the leader's
ability to recognise other's achievements. This needs to be done equally across the group. In any
magical group, particularly the larger orders and organizations, there will be individuals who excel at
edging themselves into the limelight. If the group is to maintain a strong sense of 'weness' however,
it's important that everyone and not just the high flyers can feel that his achievements (no matter how
small) are recognised (this is where techniques such as the Sumble discussed previously can be
helpful).
SelfAssessment
Being an effective leader is not something which happens overnight. Like any longterm magical
endeavour, it's something that you grow into. Whilst reading books and going on courses in
leadership can be helpful, it's something that most of us tend to pick up as we go along. Just as
developing interpersonal skills is important in being able to relate effectively to other people, as a
leader you must be capable of assessing your own performance in that role. Of course, the ability to
assess oneself, in terms of feelings, experiences, behaviours, ideas etc., is fairly central to magical
development. It is particularly important in group work though, and even more so if one is a group
leader.
Bringing People Into the Group
Who Gets In, And How?
These considerations are pertinent for the more practicallyoriented group, such as a small Magical
Working or Training Group. Firstly, I'll look at some approaches for candidate assessment.
Interviewing
An interview is probably the best way of finding out whether someone is suited for the group, both in
terms of what he has to offer you, and letting him know what your group is about. If you arrange the
meeting in a public place, and he doesn't turn up(which is often the case), then you can take this as a
very clear message about the sincerity of his intentions. Interviews can be done on a onetoone
basis, or by a panel of existing group members. If this is done, you at least have the benefit of other
people's opinions of the candidate, and, someone to talk to while you're waiting for them to turn up!
Letters
Often, your first contact with a potential candidate will be a letter. The contents of the letter can tell
you a great deal. Do they enclose an SAE? If the letter is an illegible scrawl written on a scrap of
paper the size of a bus ticket, do you think they are the sort of people you want in your group? Look
at how the person presents himself. Does he give any details which helps you get a picture of what
he could be like?
What Next?
Assuming that the candidate has got past the first stage of your induction procedure then the next
step to consider is bringing him into the group. You could, for example, invite him to a meeting of the
group and afterwards, invite comments from the established members, or bring him in on a trial
period, as is done with the YearandaDay waiting period between working with a Wicca Coven and
being Initiated into the group proper. It is not unknown (though hardly good practice) for candidates
with certain recognized physical attributes (i.e., girls with big bazooms) to bypass the usual
procedures and quickly become high degree members. However, if posing as a Magister of a
magical order is the only possible route you have of getting laid, then you are a sad person (Note:
the occult world is full of SAD persons).
As to Who Gets in: this very much depends on what you're looking for in your candidates. If you are
seeking magical sycophants or people sad enough to think that opening their legs for you will give
them the keys to the universe, then so be it. If not, here are some considerations worth bearing in
mind:
Can you get on with them as people?
This is at the top of my list as a candidate might well know Crowley's Liber 777 backwards but if he
manages to piss everyone else off within ten minutes of meeting, then he might well be a problem.
Do they strike you as interesting, with something to offer?
Regardless of magical experience, or lack of, if someone comes over as being enthusiastic, and can
converse readily and easily then the fact that he hasn't read loads of books shouldn't matter. In fact, I
tend to find that people who aren't wellreadmagically speakingtend to come up with some very
innovative ideas about magical practice as they don't know any 'better.'
What can they offer the group?
Here, you should take into account skills and resources that the candidate has. This puts me in mind
of one applicant I interviewed who, although a complete beginner to practical magic, drove a large
van, had a room suitable for meetings, and could light bonfires in the pouring rain!
What do they say to you?
This is often neglected, yet important. People who are merely 'head nodders' to what you tell them,
tend to become 'head nodders' in a group. A person who, at an interview, makes intelligent
comments about what you have to say is likely to take the initiative when prompted, or often, without
being prompted at all.
Any prior magical experience?
This may be a benefit, but much depends on what type of experience they've had, how successful (in
their terms) it was, and whether they can accommodate themselves to the working style of the group,
or whether their experience is such that they feel that they have to point out that what you're doing is
WRONG because their last High Priestess/Magus/Guru said so.
Is it better to only have people you know personally in the group?
I was asked this in regard to group management recently so here goes: if you know enough people
who are serious about doing magic to start a group then all well and good. Even if I knew someone
well, and knew their magical history too, I would still have a formal (or semiformal) chat with him
about joining the group. But bear in mind also, that if things don't work out, you may have to ask him
to leave, which can have damaging effects on a personal relationship. At some point, I think you'll
have to consider someone you don't know well (if at all)hence the suggestions above, which are
informationgathering strategies to help you make the necessary decisions.
Does Size Matter?
It is generally agreed that the optimum size for a small magical group is 812 people. For any other
type of group, number is often determined by the size of the venue you are using for meetings.
Refusals
Refusals can be tricky to deal with. A great deal depends on the type of group you are running. I
have heard, for example, of cases where open discussion groups or workshops have been declared
singlesex only, as it was the only way they could avoid having one particular person turning up and
disrupting proceedings. This may well be the reasoning behind some womenonly groupsavoiding
the situation of having a male who is a known sexpest/painintheneck turning up.
Another tricky situation is one where you as group leader might get on well with a particular person,
but no one else does. This is particularly important when it comes down to magical groups. It is all
too easy for a leader, when faced with other peoples complaints about someone else in the group to
make excuses because he personally liked the person being complained about. If X and Y have a
problem, then it is not just a matter between and Y, but also your problem. Deal with it objectively
and fairly, and this will come across to your members. If the problem can't be easily sorted out, then
at least your members can see you are taking all viewpoints into consideration.
Whatever the case, refusals must be dealt with firmly and fairly. Give people a good reason (the truth
is often best), and if you handle it well, then they are less likely to become embittered and go around
spreading malicious rumours about you and your group.
The Lemming Effect
It is worth noting that if people are not happy with a situation regarding a group, they will usually vote
with their feet and leave. Occasionally, it may happen that if X leaves, then Y, Z, and W (all friends of
X)might leave also. This may not sound like a huge problem, but it can happen that people suddenly
decide to leave without giving a reason. This happened to me once when four people in an open
group left in two weeks, and I didn't find out until much later that it was due to an offhand remark
made by another group member (who remained).
Expulsions
Barring someone from attending a meeting, or expelling someone from a magical group, is usually
unpleasant, but often necessary. Expelling someone might well be a last resort, but it should never
be done in desperation. A colleague and I had to expel a person who, despite verbal assurances of
commitment, was consistently late or failed to turn up at all for meetings which, since we only had a
twohour work window, caused some disruption to the progress of the group. After three verbal
warnings, we called a group meeting and threw the miscreant out. All the other members were
present, which reinforced the fact that this was a group decision, and not just the decision of the
group coordinators alonethough of course we delivered the judgement.
Again, this area of group work requires careful management. I feel that honesty is the best policy,
and if the expulsion has been prefaced by giving the offending person due awareness of the
situation, then if he hasn't made any effort to sort himself out, then he cannot really complain.
PART IV
Liber Nice & Liber Nasty
LIBER NICE
All Hail Discordia!
The phenomena which has come to be known as Discordianism is of even more recent origins than
the Cthulhu Mythos. Much of the mythic origins ofpiscordia have been popularised in Robert Anton
Wilson & Robert Shea's Illuminatus! trilogy, and in Malaclypse the Younger's Principia Discordia,
which sets out the basics of what appears to be, at first glance, a religion centred around the Greek
Goddess, Eris.
According to Classical sources, Eris was a daughter of Nox (Night) and the wife of Cronus. One of
the primal Titan Goddesses, she gave birth to Sorrow, Forgetfulness, Hunger, Disease, Murder, and
Lies. She figures in the story of the Judgement of Paris, as it was she who caused the argument
between the Goddesses Athene, Hera and Aphrodite, by casting a golden apple, inscribed with the
word KALLISTI ("to the prettiest one") into the banqueting hall where the Olympians were feasting.
All three Goddesses claimed the apple as their own, which led to the Judgement of Paris, the
outbreak of the Trojan War, and a major turn in Greek History.
It is related, in Principia Discordia, how Eris made an appearance in the early 1950's to two young
Californians, who as a result became Omar Ravenhurst KSC, and Malaclypse the Younger. Eris
appointed them 'Keepers of the Sacred Chao' and gave them the message "...tell restricted mankind
that there are no rules, unless they choose to invent rules." After which Omar and Mal declared each
other High Priest of his own madness, and declared themselves to be a Society of Discordia,
whatever that may be.
Thanks to the Discordian tactic of declaring everyone on the planet to be a Discordian 'Pope' by
using 'Pope Cards' etc., anyone who wants to be a Discordian can declare themselves so. But acting
from a Discordian stance is very much a Social Perspective.
Discordians tend to be known through their actions, which, from an archetypal point of view, are
related to gambits of ' sacred clowning' or poking fun at authority figures and injecting a much
needed dose of humour into any dimension. It was Discordians who pointed out that amidst the
massive lists of categories and dualities drawn up by magicians, the duality of humourseriousness
had too long been absent. Discordians thus tend to be engaged in placing humour into areas which
have hitherto, been perceived as entirely serious areas. Using techniques borrowed from Surrealism,
Dada, Pataphysics and Situationist AgiProp, Discordians may adroitly put across a message
wherein humour and seriousness are indivisible elements.
Key elements of the Discordian stance can be seen in the historical processes that generated this
metamovement. This includes: the endemic paranoia of the fifties; the optimism of the sixties turning
to cynicism before the end of that decade; the growth of conspiracy theories entwining everything
from the Kennedy assassination to UFOs in a tangled mesh of suspicion and myth. The death of
'truth' as reality becomes increasingly magical, manipulated by the mass media to serve up the
hidden agendas of the multicorporations and government cliques. The Discordian perspective
prompts a reaction of humour to the perceived banality of Consensus Reality, and the desire to prick
at the bubbles which the fagade of normality form.
From a magical perspective, Discordian elements enter magical processes to demonstrate the
danger of taking oneself, or one's enterprise, too seriously.
Erisian Sacred Weapons of Power
Here are my weapons of power (and some other stuff) that I associate with Eris. Of course Eris
doesn't need any weapons of power dedicated to her, being mostly too busy causing chaos and
confusion to bother with what her worshippers are doing.
Dice
Dice are of course associated with chance, gods of the long shot and taking risks. I got into dice
magic after reading Luke Rheinhardts' classic novel, The Diceman. The basic method here is that
you select six courses of action or behaviour and then decide which one to do on the roll of the dice.
There are also divination systems based on dice, and the cube itself has a lot of magical
associations, though offhand I can't recall any of them. Rolling dice is a good time to ask Eris to look
favourably upon you.
The EgoHammer
At least two partners have threatened me with hammers when I started to rant/lecture/pontificate on
subjects they were not really into hearing about at the time. The original egohammer was a 10
pound lumphammer but it has since been replaced with a large, brightlycoloured inflatable hammer.
This is used with the powermantras "Bonk" or "Biff" and a suitable litany such as "Lo, you are talking
through your bottomAgain."
The Chaos Grenade
The Chaos Grenade is an etheric weapon formed by compressing Murphy's Law, Heisenberg's
Uncertainty Principle or anything you like into a ball. To activate, take it in one hand and make the
sacred gesture of pulling the pin, and then hurl it into any space or group that you feel would benefit
from an injection of Erisian wackiness. To activate it upon yourself, simply hold the ball and throw the
pin and you will be illuminated. Or not.
Smartie Servitor
The Smartie Servitor is a ritual aimed at increasing the level of 'nice weirdness' in your town.
Smarties, for those unfamiliar, are brightlycoloured chocolate drops which come in a tube. Since the
mid70's, the television advertisements for them have been markedly psychedelic.
1. Statement of Intent:
"It is our will to make (your town) more fun!" If you like, at this point, you can all visualise a Discordian
Chaosphere. (A Discordian Chaosphere is just the same as an ordinary one, but the central bit is a
smiley face and the arrows are wobbly.) It represents the happiness which can be found when you
accept chaos into your lives and understand that Eris has a hand, or maybe a finger, in everything
that happens to you.)
2. "Airburst" Group Visualisation:
a) Group sit in a circle, arms linked, breathing deeply and rhythmically.
b) Feel a circuit of energy build up, running between group members.
c) Each member projects a cord of energy flowing from himself into the centre of the circle.
d) These cords entwine about each other, forming a column.
e) The column is visualised as freestanding. It pulses with rainbowcolours.
3. When the ritual leader feels that the visualisation has been established, the group begins to
summon the four avatars of Chaos: HARPO, CHICO, ZEPPO, GROUCHO by chanting their names
and visualising waves of power expanding the tube until it extrudes a wobbly sphere (this can be
accompanied by a slow drumbeat, gradually becoming faster.
4. Chanting becomes progressively faster, as does the drumbeat. The leaders begins countdown
101, shouting "BLAST OM," at which point all visualize billions of brightlycoloured Smarties, each
with the word FUN written on them, spurting out of the tube and raining down upon **** , showering
cars, people in offices, policemen, childrenall radiating the weird glow of magical possibilities.
Banish with Laughter.
Spiral Pentagrams
The traditional fivepointed star or pentagram is a very solid geometrical figure. Whilst in a phase of
magical work with Eris, I began to wonder about using a pentagram made up of curves. The result of
a few minutes with a compass can be seen below. It is much more organic. When using this
pentagram in rituals, visualisations, etc., I visualise the outer petals spinning clockwise, and the inner
petals spinning anticlockwise, the whole figure becoming a 3dimensional tunnel, twisting into infinite
space. This seems to me to be appropriate for the ritual invocation of Eris, and I've also had them
turning up spontaneously in dreams as astral doorways. To seal them I simply reverse the direction
of the spin, visualising them becoming flat figures again.
For Discordian magicians, the Goddess Eris may be seen as the hidden hand of Chaos. She is the
prime instigator of weird phenomena, coincidences, Fortean events, and fortuitous occurrences. Her
flipside manifests as the patroness of Bureaucracy. All these are organising structures which
eventually lead to an increase in chaotic behaviour amidst a maze of rules and regulations. She is
related to the happy anarchy of children, clowns and fools, as opposed to the primal Chaos
associated with the Great Old Ones of the Cthulhu Mythos. She may be understood to be present in
all events which defy rational explanation.
"The past knows me not. Each moment is a new beginning. The future is traced by the folds of my
gown. And I have shed my gown, the possibilities of all things not yet born.
Eris, The Stupid Book.
Eris may be invoked for inspiration, information from an unlookedfor source, or to increase the
general level of synchronicities within an unfolding event system. Be warned though, devotees of
Eris report that though affable towards humanity, she displays a bizarre sense of humour towards
those who would propitiate her!
The popular appeal of Eris has paved the way for a proliferation of thoroughly modem deities which
have arisen from the contemporary mythical landscape. These include cartoon characters such as
Hiroshima the nuclear goddess, archetypal tricksters such as Bugs Bunny and Wile E. Coyote, and
characters from pop music or Rita, goddess of parking, all being examples of this trend which I have
came across. Grant Morrison, (creator of DC's Invisibles series) has also elevated John Lennon
himself to godhood and, hence, a subject for magical invocation.
The appeal of these new gods is that one does not have to have bought into the general belief
system of the occult to appreciate them. In the mideighties I helped orchestrate a series of open
Erisian events. Most, if not all of the people attending them, were not interested in magic or the
occult per se, yet they were hip to the idea of a wacky Chaos goddess stirring up eddies of events
around them.
An argument which is often raised against these modem gods is that fictional entities are not as valid
as properly historical gods and goddesses. This is very much the same argument which says that for
a magical method to be valid, it must be old. It also presupposes that the mythological deities
themselves are somehow, unchanging. Underlying this argument is the assertion that magical beliefs
and methods are special and divorced from any modem practice, no matter how similar it looks. For
exponents of this view, a magician in a ritual space invoking Isis or Pan is a magical event, but a
teenager surrounding himself with posters and icons of his favourite pop star, and modelling himself
on his or her appearance before going out to a gig, isn'teven though the underlying intent (behaviour
change and empowerment through identification with a largerthanlife mythological figure) is
essentially similar, and the effect no less (perhaps even more) efficacious and perhaps more so. For
me, the only real difference is that the magician has had to learn how to invoke, while the teenager
just goes ahead and does it.
Humour, enjoyment and celebration are key elements of historical paganism. Newcomers to the
occult milieu might be surprised by this, given the number of injunctions that magic is a 'deadly
serious' affair and that in some circles, humour aimed at the gods themselves tends to be met with
apoplectic accusations that one is behaving inappropriately. There is an inherent tendency for
modern magicians to be terribly respectful of their gods, in a way that is somewhat reminiscent of
Christianity. After all, it's difficult to imagine Christians joking about Jehovah in the same way that the
Nordic peoples told amusing stories about Loki getting one over on Thor. The idea that a God or
Goddess is 'sacred,' yet at the same time we can laugh about their doings, is almost taboo in some
modem pagan circles. Personally, 1 have always warmed to gods who like a good laugheven if at
times it is at our expense. Yet the myths of the gods resounds with the laughter of their ancient
worshippers. It's difficult not to smile at the thought of Thor sitting in a dress, seething whilst Loki
extolled the virtues of the 'bride' to the Giant groom.
Magic is itself a form of playing around. For me, one aspect of the statement "Nothing is True,
Everything is Permitted" is the proposal that magic is as much related to the domain of play, humour,
and entertainment as it is to 'serious' endeavours, be they scientific or otherwise. Despite the
tendency to undervalue play and entertainment, they are probably two of the most significant human
endeavours. There is no doubt that play is the source of much of our learning and development. Both
magic and play share the common feature that both are defined in terms of their contrast to the
'ordinary' world. The various forms of entertainmentpoetry, painting, sculpture, drama, etc.do, at the
same time as providing entertainment, serve to formulate, clarify or advance magical themes. Both
magic and entertainment serve to draw the participant out from the 'ordinary' into the mythic, or
largerthanlife world. Furthermore, for the majority of people who are interested in magic, it is a
leisure pursuit, rather than an active engagement. Numerous forms of divination have gamelike
aspects, such as Tarot, I Ching, etc., and likewise, games can be turned into divination systems.
Further, one of the central themes of modem magical exploration concerns the nature of personal
identity. Play and entertainment also trade on this theme, particularly comedy, where several core
themes revolve around the disguising or confusion of identity. There is also an overlap between
folklorewhich is both instructive and entertainingand the anecdotal narrative which is the basis of
most reported magical experience. The history of magic is also replete with hoaxes, and the trickster
figure, from sacred fools to Aleister Crowley. If magic is entertaining, the sceptics are merely those
people who refuse to join the fun. Can we see magic as a form of Comedy? Banish with laughter! On
a practical level, magic as Play can be appreciated when we examine the technique of Invocation.
Modern magical theories relating to invocation tend to both explain and distance the individual from
the entitles being played with. There is much talk of subpersonalities, archetypes, etc., which, for me,
intrude on the magic of the experience itself. From the play perspective I would much rather interact
with deities on the level of what we might term imaginary friends. From the viewpoint of a child,
imaginary friends are more significant than parents and peers. The technique of Evocation can also
be viewed in this light and when we're evoking something, we're clothing something indefinable in
the bright colours of our imagination.
Magical Misdirection
Magical misdirection 1 s concerned with the obscuring of roles. Infamous magicians, in both myth
and history, have had a trickster or clown side to their character. Aleister Crowley, for example, is
wellknown for his love of pranks, practical jokes and alter egos, as was Alex Sanders, the infamous
'King of the Witches.' The WiseFool is a figure found in many cultures and systems: the Fool of the
Tarot, the African SpiderGod Anansi, and the Norse trickster, Loki. The magician, as the Fool, both
mocks and threatens the establishment. Despite their poses and games, sacred fools often have a
high status within their community.
To act the fool is to be deceptive. Once you have been established as a fool, there is a lot that you
can get away with. This is a lesson that many magicians have appreciated. It is often better to be
dismissed as a crank and laughed at, if being taken seriously means imprisonment and torture.
Zen masters in particular are famous for disguising their status, often responding to the questions of
their disciples with humour or obscenities:
Q: Are all Magicians like you, such a mixture of the base and the divine?
A: No, some are taller.
Social Disguises
Don Juan, the (fictional?) Yaqui shaman made famous through the writings of Carlos Castaneda,
says that to become a brujo (magician) one must first move away from all family and friends, to a
place where no one knows one's past self, where one can cultivate the 'mask' of a brujo (i.e., the
magical personality). The cultivation of status and status disguise is an important consideration for
magicians, especially for those who work in or with groups. The higher the status people will accord
you, the easier it is to induce trancestates in others, or perform acts of healing or similar magics. A
group director who is playing a high status role can enable other group members to let go during an
intensive ritual, since they are confident of the leader's ability not to let things get too far out of hand.
Note that playing high status in a group is a role which can be adopted and then put aside when the
situation warrants it. The desire to have one's fellows accord permanent high status to oneself has
often led magicians into claiming all kinds of exalted titles and grades, in a kind of oneupmanship
that is usually destructive for all parties concerned and tedious to watch. We all play status games
with each other though, from time to time, and the following games can show up the differing status
roles we pursue.
Gurus and Disciples
For this exercise, one person takes on the role of a guru, and other people become the guru's
disciples, and beseech him to answer questions on life, the universe and everything. The Guru
explains and the disciples hang breathlessly on every word. It's not so much what is said that counts,
but the way it is said.
Unfortunately there do seem to be a great many people who are hunting for some kind of guru. In
direct proportion, there are those who would readily become gurus for the benefit of the rest of us.
Whilst some experienced magicians are involved in passing on information and helping others, there
are also those who are motivated entirely by financial gain, power over others, sexual exploitation or
just feeling important. For those who would pursue Gurus, discrimination before opening one's mind,
wallet or legs is to be counselled. It would be prudent to, rather than accepting a teacher at face
value, to ask why they are acting as teachers in the first place.
Often, all it takes is an impressive symbol system, either esoteric or quasiscientific, to raise a
person's status in the eyes of others. There are many cases of fringe medicines, which were
successful, largely due to the clients' capacity to invest belief in them. When the various techniques
were exposed as fraudulent, the rate of cures dropped dramatically. Much of magical healing
involves tricking a person to heal himself through his unquestioning belief in the power of the
magician.
Merry Pranksters
The Hidden Hand of Discordian activity can sometimes be inferred through peculiar signs and
leaflets, strange messages or hoaxes which crop up from time to time. An example of Discordian
type street theatre is 'The Money Ritual.' The Money Ritual took place on the second of November
1985 in Leeds, England. Twenty people dressed as businesswomen and men enacted a piece of
street theatre, illustrating the religious importance given to money in everyday life. They started by
walking in single file behind their leader, who held high a large cardboard cutout of a pound sign,
through a busy shopping centre. With hands clasped, prayer fashion, they chanted "Money, Moneya,
Money, Moneya," and "Praise be to Money." They eventually stopped outside a bank, where they
swore allegiance without conscience to the worship of money. They then continued through the city
centre, where some people reacted by throwing money at them. At their final performance, the police
moved in, and three members of the cast were arrested.
Advertising As Sorcery
Despite the increasing encroachment of the mass media upon our senses, there have been few
attempts to examine the modern communications media from a magical perspective.
Advertisements, the messages which slip through our visual field in the form of film and TV shorts,
billboards, and in the countless magazines and newspapers, can be considered as a development of
Sorcery Enchantment.
Advertisements have a Mythic dimension to them, as they display slices of a world which is larger
than life and hyperhyper6real, in fact. Advertising presents complete encapsulated mythologies,
which concentrate imagery, symbolism and narrative in an economic, yet highly intense fashion,
articulating and reflecting the dominant myths or latent imperatives relevant to that section of the
population they are aimed at. Advertising is structured to cause an immediate impression. It is a form
of persuasion which is subtle in the extreme, since it does not matter if the viewer perceives the
mythic nature of the image, since the action of the presentation is stronger than any rational
explanation.
Advertising is aimed almost directly at the unconscious strata of selfhood, and it may well contain
elements such as humour or selfparody, to misdirect awareness away from its hidden messages.
Many advertisements are structured according to three key factors: A problem, to which the advert
offers a promise, which is made relevant to the target viewer by overt or covert reference to a myth.
The mythic dimension makes an appeal to beliefs held by the viewer, who may be momentarily
captured by the spell being woven, whereby particular aspects of the egocomplex (identity,
attitudes, fantasies, worries) are reflected, reinforced and made flesh, momentarily, within the context
of the image. This immediate appeal to components of the psyche is as much an unconscious
process for the creator of the image as the viewer, as advertisers tend to discuss their creations in
terms of appeal, although the specific narrative of an advertisement may be deliberately targeted at a
specific population. The use, by advertisers, of media personalities, popular music from a variety of
genres, and contemporary mythic images adds additional layers of inference to the power of the
enchantment.
It is the everyday quality of advertisements which allows them their power for subtle influences.
Modem advertising often recuperates images from religion, art, science and other genres of
expression to express particular myths. The images may be laced, for extra effect, with a subtext
which evokes, if only fleetingly, a social taboo or source of anxiety within the chosen population.
The mythic elements also function in such a way as to reduce levels of dissonance which arise within
the viewer. Some advertisements can act to slightly raise levels of dissonance within a viewer by
hinting, obliquely, at the contradiction experienced between the 'ideal imperative' of life as projected
in the image, and the real experience of the viewer. Hence the problem is brought into focus, and the
advert follows through with the promise of the resolution of this dissonance, within the salient
mythical context, within which the viewer may, to varying degrees, identify himself. In this form of
sorcery, the aim is the manipulation of desires and tastes, using images and sounds which have
become commodities in their own right.
Advertising pushes at the deepseating cultural conditioning that we are engaged in, over the issues
of sex, money and power. The most successful advertising enchantments are those which influence
the market in order to create a particular glamour of taste and style.
Profaning the Sacred
Discordian activists have, on occasion, appropriated and subverted the mythic nature of advertising
for their own purposes. The production of advertising material which, on the surface, looks
innocuous, but has a subversive message, can be used in a similar way to the sorcerous projections
of the mass media. Billboard advertisements have, from time to time, attracted some ingeniously
witty ripostes which actually contribute to the memory of the advert. A wellknown example is the car
advert which was captioned "If it were a lady it would get its bottom pinched" which had the rejoinder
added "If this lady was a car, she'd run you down." Graffiti has shot from being regarded as a
nuisance to in some quarters, being regarded as an art form in its own right. It also has a magical
dimension, as a means of making 'hidden voices' heard; of reclaiming space and territory within the
urban environment, and may even become a form of magical tapestry, denoting places of power,
bursts of experience, and a personal or collective tarot of colliding signs. A sign can have many
meanings, quite distinct from the intentions of those who created it. An anecdote. I used to work at
an occult publishing company in London. One morning, we found four weird symbols chalked on the
pavement on the block where the shop was situated, forming a square. The priest from the church
round the comer came round to complain that it was obviously one of our customers who had done
it. I was sent out with a notepad to draw them, and theories of their origin and purpose began to
abound. They were someone's attempt to magically attack the shop. They were symbols made by
the local Tongs. They were Fascist symbols denoting the proximity of foreign businesses which
would shortly be attacked by gangs of thugs. This theorising went on all day. Phone calls were made
and faxes were sent, drawing in more ideas and feeding more fantasies. And in the end it emerged
that a band had hired the church's cellar for a gig and the weird symbols were nothing more than
markers for the band's fans showing them how to get to the gig. So, red faces all round, then.
Symbols escape from their makers. Art crawls off the written page into the landscape. In Grant
Morrison's Invisibles comic book series, the barbarous name 'Barbelith' appears as magical graffiti in
his virtual Liverpool. Magicians in the real Liverpool, hip to the message of Invisibles, have started
spraypainting Barbelith on walls. This may well lead to some confusion in those who are reading
Invisibles as to the 'reality' of Barbelithis it something Grant has made up or is it somehow real
beyond the comic narrative? The power of entirely contrived magical fragments to take on a life and
coherency of their own will be explored further, in Liber Nasty.
LIBER NASTY
In contrast to the playful anarchs of Discordia, I will now examine one of the socalled 'darker'
aspects of modem occultismthe magic of the Cthulhu Mythos. This current has been of interest to
Chaos Magicians, and Chaos Magic has been described from time to time as a form of LeftHand
Path magic, or even "the blackest form of dark power," so what better way to illustrate this than
delving into the forbidden lore of things with tentacles...
Cthulhu Mythos Magic
For the last three decades or so, there has been a growing interest amongst contemporary
magicians towards developing magical perspectives from nonhistorical sources or mythic worlds
which are not rooted in a particular culture, but which have arisen from literature, science fiction, or
modem, urban myths. A prime example of this kind of appropriation of beliefsystem is the Cthulhu
Mythos created by the New England writer Howard Phillips Lovecraft and his associates in the
1930's, and embellished further by successive authors writing 'Lovecraftian' fiction.
Lovecraft's basic theme is that there is a group of alien entities called The Great Old Ones, who once
ruled the Earth, but in the 'now' of his fiction, can only make themselves manifest through the rites of
their followers and slaveraces, or at critical periods "when the stars are right." Some of these entities
hail from the distant stars, others, from other dimensions. Humanity, he hints in some tales, may well
have been an experiment by one of these alien races, anticipating perhaps, the contemporary
conspiracy theories of the "Greys." By carefully blending his fiction with real astronomical and
historical facts, and creating a consistent narrative, Lovecraft made his tales atmospheric and
believable. His narrators are ordinary people who consistently disbelieve in the buildup of
supernatural events, until it is too late, and many of his stories end in gory death or a shocking
revelation which changes the participants' lives forever. Other writers who contributed to magazines
such as Weird Tales and who were associates of Lovecraft, used his fictional entities and added their
own.
In the Cthulhu Mythos, humanity appears insignificant compared to the vast, cosmic beings from the
void, whose very nature it is difficult to grasp. Even the briefest glimpse of them can shatter one's
sanity. Despite the efforts of scientists to come to know the universe, contact with the greater reality
of the Outer Ones brings home the truth that, as Lovecraft put it, "we live on a small island in a sea of
chaos, and it was not meant that we should voyage far." Although Lovecraft is associated with horror
fiction, his works contain more elements of science fiction, but the horror is there: the horror of man's
insignificance revealed, and the horror of what is 'out there' beyond the boundaries of civilisation and
rational science. Lovecraft's fiction is pervaded with cosmic agoraphobia: a subconscious feeling that
behind the facade of Consensus Reality, there lurks deeper, darker, secrets; alien presence's which
regard humanity in the same way that we might regard ants. Lovecraft also echoes the statement
"Nothing is True" in his fiction, as the revelations experienced by his protagonists often render their
former beliefs about the world to be invalid.
The return of the Old Ones involves, as Wilbur Whateley puts it in The Dunwich Horror, the "clearing
off' of the Earth. That is, the clearing off of humanity, apart from a few worshippers and slaves. This
apocalyptic reference can be asserted as metaphorical, or as referring to an actual physical
catastrophe, Nuclear holocaust perhaps? Lovecraft possibly wished to emphasise that the Great Old
Ones would give no more thought to wiping out humanity than we might give to wiping up water on a
table. Exactly why the Old Ones wish to return to Earth is never clear, but we might assume that, for
them, Earth is close to the bars and convenient for bus routes!
Lovecraft is careful to point out that most of the Old Ones are, in fact, mindless or 'idiot gods.' Only
those who are already insane or degenerate could worship them sincerely. Only Nyarlathotep, the
Crawling Chaos, is given a human semblance of intelligence. The Great Old Ones do not form a
distinct pantheon, and in Lovecraft's original formulation, did not correspond to elemental stations or
any notion of good versus evil. Such modifications of the Mythos came from August Derleth and later
writers. When it comes down to it, the Great Old Ones are huge, horrible, and hungry. Little is known
about them since to get a good look at them is usually more than any human can stand, and most
encounters with them are inevitably terminal in Lovecraft's fiction both for the protagonist and
innocent bystanders (whom the creatures often consume as hors d'oeuvres before making the
narrator the main course).
The Cthulhu Mythos contains all the key elements of a magical beliefsystem: information borne in
dreams, a sacred topology which includes both Astral Spaces, 'Dreamlands', and sacred sites and
locations. Though incomplete, there are relationships made between the various Elder Beings and a
multitude of slaveraces which lurk beneath the sea and under the hills, and which, occasionally,
mingle their blood with humanity, producing vigorous and powerful mutant hybrids. Moreover, the
Cthulhu Mythos entities are beyond all existing frames of reference.
Though various magical writers have attempted to fit them into existing magical models such as the
Qabalah, they are, by their very nature, 'undimensioned and unseen.' They can be perceived only
through dreams, pathworkings, subconscious messages, or called briefly into manifestation through
rituals enacted at power spots, or sometimes, through a human vehicle. In the Mythos, there exists a
worldwide conspiracy of cults who seek to worship and bind the Great Old Ones to their own ends.
Embedding the Cthulhu Mythos
The most common entry route into the Cthulhu Mythos is made by reading the Mythos tales of
Lovecraft and associates such as Clark Ashton Smith. It is often reported by magicians who work
within this paradigm that the stories have a subtle emotional impact, which can often blossom into a
creeping paranoia, or fear.
This often announces itself through dreams, which is appropriate, since Lovecraft's inspiration came
largely through his dreamexperiences. Some magicians may feel prompted to make images of their
visions or feelings. Again, some of Lovecraft's characters attempted to encapsulate their fleeting
experiences into sculpture, art, or prose. Such attempts at imaging are the first results of the process
of embedding the paradigm into one's awareness; the mythic breaking through the veils of conscious
waking life, resulting in icons which may be usable as fetishes or talismans for later, willed
exploration within the Mythos.
Drearnscaping
Dreamscaping is a technique which can be useful within a magical system such as the Cthulhu
Mythos. A rigorous dreamdiary is kept, and dreams which have consistent Mythos elements can
become the basis of astral sequences of images, performed as a meditation. If these sequences are
followed through as one drifts into sleep, one may find, in time, that Mythos Dreams become
increasingly vivid, and the dreamexperience can continue the consciouslycreated narrative.
Eventually, one can search for specific clues and locations within the Personal Dreamtime which is
being woven. An example of a Cthulhu Mythos drearnscape sequence follows:
I stand upon a deserted tropical beach. It is night, and all is silence and stars, exceptfor the muted
creaking of the cicadas.
The stars are nameless and unknown; cynical even. Yet I recognise a subtle pattern in them; the
foreshadowing of a vast glyph or sigil. The waves lap against the shore gently. Shimmering of blue
and silver, flecked with gold. I know that this is a meeting, about to happen.
Gradually, I make out a shape bobbing seallike amidst the foam. It comes towards me, an oilblack
figure rising soundlessly from the waters. 'A Deep One,' as it moves closer. But not one of those that
Lovecraft wrote of, this. A barelyformed messenger of shadow and abysses. It offers a goblet, and I
drink a black, brackish fluid. Glutinous like treacle, but bitter. A moment of surging nausea, and I
begin to retch blackfluid upon the golden sand. I vomit and vomit andflow, until...
A moment of disorientation. I am sinking gently through a dark green mist. Below, I dimly perceive
the outlines of masonry. Vast tumbled blocks of living stone.
R'Lyeh.
I settle upon the foothills of rock. Glide easily across the great blocks. Pour myself through cracks
and crazy angles. I divide myself into globules of consciousness, separated, yet united by the will to
become. Exploring the pathways, oozing under doorways and reuniting when the spaces allow.
Flash of insight. A human form could not do this. This Shoggothbody is idealfor traversing the
tunnels and exploring the angles.
Fractal synthesesia; feeling bright, pulsing colours, flowing over crystal shards, sensing the tentacle
bearded faces which start from the pillars. A growing sense of being guided to a specific destination.
There. A crystalline space without entrance or exit. I have reached it by dripping through cracks and
fractures between the growths. I focus on a spot on my surface, and concentrate. Pull it back to my
centre, the place where the 'I' of mind floats. Draw inwards and pull and shape and vomit backwards.
"Abaddon. " And I am remade in human form.
Before me, there is a boxlike structure. Not easy to identify. Something of which Escher may have
seen in vision but never attempted to translate upon a draughtsman's table. A scrying glass, key,
gateway, locusall of these. Protected by a shimmering field of energy.
I reach for it with my left hand. It squirms at my touch and a shock of energy runs through my arm.
Ah, outrage! Feeling of a vast eye opening. Webbed lids peeling slowly backwards. A curtain of
darkness falls upon me like a hammerblow. Sensation of being entombed under a mountain.
Helpless. Then I am whirled away into the hinterlands of everyday dream.
This example attempts to carry over the emotional, or psychic, experience of working within this
mythos. It should be noted that entry into this paradigm is a fairly slow process. Lovecraft's fictio n
gives the necessary clues to the appropriate techniques which the magician can employ to explore
its possibilities.
Although Lovecraft wrote numerous horror stories, he had no belief or particular fascination with the
actual occurrence of the fantastic. While he vehemently denied the existence of occult phenomena,
his dreams gave him access to a wide variety of occult experiences and concepts, which he was
unable to accept, and so branded the Great Old Ones as evil, and their cultist's practices as
blasphemous. Magicians however, recognise the power of dreamborne images. The capacity to
experience lucid dreams that are internally consistent and contiguous to each other is a primary
element of shamanism, indeed in some cultures, potential shamans are recognised by the
characteristics of their dreams. The dream as a psychic gateway for the vibrations of the Great Old
Ones to enter human consciousness is a concept that recurs many times in Lovecraft's tales. His
protagonists sometimes attend astral sabbats in which they are initiated into secret cults, are shown
sanityshaking mysteries, and receive the dubious benefits of the Elder Lore. Such experiences are
fairly common amongst magicians working in any system, as both spontaneous events and the result
of willed dreaming (using sigils for example) and experimentation with psychoactive agents.
Several of the Great Old Ones appear to those who seek the Elder Lore through dreams (or whose
search into the unknown attunes them to the transmissions of the Old Ones), and the most
prominent Old One is Cthulhu, a winged, cephalic starbeing who lies 'in death's dream' inside a
crypt within the elder city of R'Lyeh, beneath the Pacific Ocean. Lovecraft's story The Call of Cthulhu
relates the events surrounding the brief appearance of R'Lyeh, which is heralded by a worldwide
wave of insanity, as certain sensitive individuals pick up on the dreamtransmissions of Great
Cthulhu. In the Mythos, he is the lord of dreams, and acts as a kind of intermediary between human
consciousness and the truly alien nature of the Old Ones such as Azathoth or YogSothoth. His city,
R'Lyeh, has recently been identified (by Dr. Michael Aquino) with NanMadol, a ruined stone city
consisting of artificial islets on the Pacific island of Ponape. In the Mythos, R'Lyeh is constructed
along the lines of a weird, nonEuclidean geometry, with strange angles and perspectives, in which
the unwary can be swallowed up. The entire city is a series of gateways to other dimensions, and
can be seen as a form of Kenneth Grant's Tunnels of Set. Weird angles and mathematics were also
an interest of Austin Osman Spare, who perceived such things in dreams, but could not set them
down on paper. R'Lyeh is a psychic gateway to the deeper strata of consciousness and dreams form
the interface whereby there is twoway traffic of images from the waking awareness to the Deep
Mind.
The Necronomicon
The central text associated with the Cthulhu Mythos is of course, the infamous Necronomicon, an
ultimate grimoire of forbidden lore and blasphemous rites. The Necronomicon makes its first
appearance in The Nameless City (1921) along with the nowfamous couplet:
"That is not dead which can eternal lie
and with strange eons, even death may die."
In creating this mythic tome (which has in turn, acquired its own mythos) Lovecraft unwittingly
created the enduring belief that his Cthulhu Mythos fiction was based on some arcane 'truth.' Having
created this urtext as a literary device, Lovecraft embellished the myth by writing a 'History' of the
Necronomicon, and encouraged other writers to use it, and to add their own forbidden books to the
mythos. Lovecraft received letters from fans asking him where the Necronomicon could be obtained,
and since his death, the search has not abatedthere are several books published which claim the
'title' of Necronomicon, and individuals still pop up from time to time claiming to have the 'true' text in
their possession.
Lovecraft received the name "Necronomicon" in a dream (he describes this in a letter to Harry
Fischer, February 1937). In attempting to translate it into Englishas "An Image of the Law of the
Dead" (NEKROS corpse NOMOS law EIKON image)he was in effect, according to Lovecraft scholar
Robert M. Price, doing something similar to that of the ancient oracles when they interpreted the
glossolalic messages of the gods. Divine or oneiric revelations cannot be rendered directly into
language and all one can hope to do is sketch the edges of the fading afterglow. A few years ago, for
example, in a dream of a cyclopean monastery atop the Plateau of Leng, I was shown a series of
tarot images of such intricate detail and vivid colour that, although it was (and remains) quite
impossible for me to set them down, it is quite easy for me to call them to mind even as I write this
article. The keeper of the images was quite willing to display them, but as he cynically commented at
the time, knew that 1 would not be able to translate them from the dreamworld to the physical world.
Both literary scholars and occultists have treated the name "Necronomicon" as a puzzle, attempting
to discern a 'true meaning' in order that it might yield up its secrets, giving it a variety of translations,
the "Book of Dead Names" is one popular version or they subject it to analysis using a variety of
Gematrical methods. But the secret of the Necronomicon is elusive. Reading Lovecraft, we find that it
becomes a hall of mirrors. When Lovecraft allows the reader to look over the shoulder of his
protagonists who come across the dread tome, we find that the contents of the book are at best,
cryptic. Phrases such as "nervously hinted" or "mercifully cloaked" are used to tantalize the reader
into the necessary suspension of disbelief that all narrative rests upon. The awful truths in the
Necronomicon are never disclosed but they are continually deferred through hints, allusions, and
vague suggestions. Occasionally Lovecraft uses the Necronomicon to allude to stilldarker tomes of
arcane lore, such as the Stanzas of Dyzan or The Book of Thoth. (Not Crowley's work bearing that
title!)
The promise of revealing whilst actually concealing or deferring information allows the reader to fill in
the gaps as it were, and is a wellused literary device. Lovecraft himself may have been influenced
by Robert W. Chamber's storycycle, The King in Yellow which features a forbidden book which,
much like the Necronomicon, the perusal of brings madness, terror, and spectral horror (Lovecraft
'reviews' The King in Yellow in his essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature"). This device was much
used by the early chroniclers of Tantric practices. The Revd. William Ward, writing of famous tantric
texts such as the Yoni Tantra, reverted to asterisks occasionally whilst describing "...things too
abominable to enter the ears of man, and impossible to be revealed to a Christian public...."
The noted British occultist Kenneth Grant also employs this device in such a way that it becomes a
magical technique. His 'Typhonian Trilogies' are not so much literal occult texts (he makes it very
clear that they are not to be considered as practical books) as attempts to entice the reader away
from reliance on text, towards the liminal source of magic; towards Gnosis, in the sense of insight or
direct 'knowing' (the word Gnosis is derived from the Greek gignösko, which implies wisdom arising
from revelation, rather than mere knowledge).
In this sense, the 'secret' of the Necronomicon is that there is no secret and like the inner temple at
Jerusalem, it is empty. The Necronomicon excites and entices by generating a sense of anticipation,
much like a door in a nightmare which is always slowly opening, but never quite reveals what is on
the other side. This simultaneous concealment and revealment is itself paradigmatic of both the
Cthulhu Mythos, and magical processes in general. The Mad Arab can only ever hint at meaning;
Lovecraft's doomed protagonists must, of necessity, draw a veil over their shattering experiences.
The horror must, to be effective, remain unrevealed. William S. Burroughs puts it this way:
"As soon as you name something you remove its power... If you could look Death in the face he
would lose his power to kill you. When you ask Death for his credentials, his passport is indefinite. "
The Place of Dead Roads
It is for this reason that the published works which claim the title of Necronomicon are ultimately
disappointing. No literal work can live up to the reader's imaginations of what might be blasphemous
horror. After all, some people found Fanny Hill to be blasphemous. The only book bearing the title
Necronomicon that I have at all found unsettling is the artbook by H.R. Geiger. The others, spell and
ritual texts reminiscent of the medieval grimoires, are not blasphemous in themselves. If one
chooses to work them, they may lead the magician towards shocking revelation, but this requires an
individual leap into gnosis. Part of the glamour attached to the Necronomicon is that one hopes to
come across it by chance in the depths of some dusty antiquarian bookshop, rather than under the
bright lights of a modern general bookstore.
A useful magical perspective on the Necronomicon is to regard it as an Astral Book. Astral Books
can only be accessed through dream or vision, and transmitted via automatic writing, channelling or
perhaps possession by a suitable entity or the book itself! Astral Books are uniquely personal to
those who receive themas messages springing forth, or perhaps hacked from the void by individual
magicians. They may be of interest to others with similar interests and indeed, many such
communications are interpreted by those who receive them as new 'truths' of which they are the
prophets, and so feel impelled to spread the word, often through the medium of a vanity press! It is
said that everyone has at least one book inside him, and I have occasionally used the following
exercise to help others discover what the nature of this 'book' might be:
You are an author. In front of you is a large bookshelf. Study it until you find your book. What colour
is the spine? What shape and colour is the lettering ? What is written on the spine?
Take the book from the shelf. Weigh the book in your hand. How does it feel? Does it give off a
smell? What does the paper feel like? What is the first thing you see on the front cover? Describe the
front cover. What is written on it? Open the book and flick through the first pages. What does the text
look like? Find the first page and begin to read...
I usually find that people can get as much as two to three pages into their book before the realization
of what they are doing jerks them out of trance. It can be a useful start though. Other routes into this
process include casting sigils to discover a book through dream, devising an astral journey to
discover a book, or the similar technique of dreamscaping, which is described above. An astral book,
however, may not take the form of linear text and sigils, diagrams, images and poetryeven
adumbrations of strange entitiesmay be received by this process. The key is to resist the temptation
to consciously interpret what flows forth and allow whatever arises to come out in whatever form it
chooses. The artistmagician Austin Osman Spare was a master of this approach, often awakening
from trance to find a finished picture before him.
Other Magical Elements in the Cthulhu Mythos
Scrying
Another key to unlocking the secrets of the Elder Lore is the technique of scryingin a glass or crystal
ball. Scrying glasses, mirrors and crystals which are attuned to transmit certain vibrations crop up in
Cthulhu Mythos tales, often as a twoway process. The person who uses these devices glimpses
other dimensions, but at the same time, the inhabitants of those dimensions become aware of the
seer and eventually menace him. This phenomena is not unknown to magicians. The magical
records of both Doctor John Dee and Aleister Crowley mention instances of spirits emerging from a
scrying glass or mirror and manifesting. This echoes an old English folk myth that if you look in a
mirror the Devil will come and catch you. Mirrors are weird things at the best of times. Gerald
Durrell's short piece of horror fiction The Entrance is a fine example of the psychological horrors
associated with mirrors. A basic approach to scrying is described in Condensed Chaos.
ShapeShifting
The transformation or mutation from human to beast is a recurrent theme in Lovecraft's Cthulhu cycle
of tales. It is often associated with the idea of degenerate countryfolk or 'primitives' who have mated
with one of the slaveraces of the Great Old Ones, such as the Deep Ones. Occasionally, the
protagonist himself (Lovecraft's protagonists are invariably male and women tend to be portrayed
negatively as characters, when they appear at all) is, unbeknown to himself at the outset, a human
monstrous hybrid or has an ancestor who is an evil sorcerer, the genetic characteristics of which
resurface as the tale progresses towards the inevitable climax where the protagonists accepts and
embraces his genetic destiny. Another example of this theme is the artist Richard Upton Pickman
who, in the story Pickman's Model, turns away from the human world in order to traffic with flesh
eating ghouls. He reappears in The DreamQuest of Unknown Kadath as a ghoul himself! Again, this
is a reminder of Lovecraft's message that direct contact (gnosis) of the forbidden lore irrevocably
changes the individual. Once you have stepped (whether unwittingly or willingly) into the world of the
Cthulhu Mythos, you will never be the same again.
Magical shapeshifting takes two basic forms. Firstly, there is the practice of Astral shapeshifting
which basically consists of taking on zoomorphic forms in order to penetrate astral spaces. It is held
that, in some magical systems, zoomorphic deities are best approached on the astral in bestial
forms. The example of Drearnscaping above incorporates astral shapeshifting. Taking on astral
animal shapes may also be useful for working with socalled power animals. The other main approach
is physical ritual whereby celebrant(s) take on the possession of animal or zoomorphic entities. This
can involve the use of masks and the development of personal animal dance sequences and,
sometimes, elaborate costumes. Entities discovered or encountered on the astral can be manifested
through dance, costume and the crafting of masks. An example of this is the hiveentity Zannum,
which was first encountered during a scripted guided journey into a beehive and later used in ritual
work via the use of a mantra, dance, and a simple mask comprising of exaggerated compound eyes
and waving antennae. It is common, during ritual shapeshifting, for celebrants to visualise and use
kinaesthetic sensory techniques to invoke the astral form onto themselves. Shapeshifting into
animal forms can result in altered sensory perception (cognisant with the animal used as a basis)
and physiological oddities. Some magicians have reported, for example, that celebrants possessed
by wolfspirits give off a rank, animal smell.
Strange Angles
The imagery of labyrinths and mazes features strongly in Lovecraft's descriptions of placesfrom the
twisted forests around Arkharn to the winding, claustrophobic streets of the decaying slum areas his
protagonists are forced to traverse. Again, this recalls the process of inwardturning which is the
inner journey towards the unconscious or revelation which is a subtext in many of his tales. That one
must lose oneself in order to find one's true self. This theme also appears in his description of
R'Lyeh, Cthulhu's abode, in The Call of Cthulhu. It is further reinforced by Lovecraft's use of Non
Euclidean geometry and abstract mathematics. In The Dreams in the WitchHouse. Lovecraft seems
to suggest that the revelations of quantum physicists may lead towards the gnosis of the Great Old
Ones. Bizarre imagery, somewhat reminiscent of Fractals, is also used in stories such as the Call of
Cthulhu, At the Mountains of Madness, and Through the Gate of the Silver Key. In the latter,
protagonist Randolph Carter is surrounded by "...dim halfpictures with uncertain outlines amidst the
seething Chaos ... it was not chance which built these things in his consciousness, but rather some
vast reality, ineffable and undimensional, which surrounded him and strove to translate itself into the
only symbols he was capable of grasping. "
Frenzied Rites
In addition to the primarily solo techniques discussed so far, Lovecraft also alluded to frenzied rites
by which groups of cultists summoned the beings from beyond the stars. These rites are reminiscent
of Witchcraft, Shamanism, or Voodoo, or perhaps more accurately, rationalist perceptions of them.
Such rites are related to physical power spots: typically stone circles, specially constructed buildings
or strange landmarks. They often involve animal or human sacrifice, incestuous interbreeding, and in
The Dunwich Horror, a hieros gamos between the entity known as YogSothoth and a female cultist.
Lovecraft continually alludes to the degenerate nature of Cthulhu cultists, probably reflecting his
attitudes to race and intellectual attainment. But there is also an awareness of the degeneration of
cult practices as the influence of the Old Ones dwindles in the world, due to the spread of
materialism and the decay of rural communities. The entity Nyarlathotep occasionally appears as the
mythical 'black man' or leader of the cultist's sabbat gatheringsuggesting a human avatar as a base
for cult worship, using the more physical routes into Gnosis such as dancing, flagellation, sex,
chanting, drumming, hyperventilation and other ecstatic modes. Modern commentators on Cthulhu
Mythos magic have mistakenly assumed that Terror is the main emotional gnosis, because this was
the feeling often experienced by Lovecraft's protagonists (and indeed, Lovecraft himself). Although
fear may initially be employed, it soon palls as an effective lever for gnosis, however.
What is important here is that within the Cthulhu Mythos, such rites demonstrate the interpenetration
of magical realities: those of the beliefs of the celebrants, the sacred landscape, awareness of the
terrors of Nature, and the dimensions from which the Great Old Ones can be called. Moreover, this
perspective echoes the classical pagan viewpoint of the relationship between Nature, the gods, and
humanity. For Lovecraft, the landscape itself is inimical to man. Man has no business there and if he
does venture into the haunted forests and hills, he had better watch out. Lovecraft is well aware that
the landscape is itself sentient and aware, that it has a soul, and moreover, that this soul can
become somehow tainted. For the ancient Greeks, certain places were designated as belonging to
the gods and, therefore, forbidden to mankind. Theopompus recounts the popular folkbelief
concerning a sacred enclosure on Mount Lykaian:
"There is a precinct of Lykaian Zeus on the mountain, which no person is allowed to enter. If you
disregard this law and go in it is absolutely certain that you will die within the year. And there was a
further story they told, that things inside the precinct, man and beast alike, cast no shadow;... "
Lovecraft used sound as a herald of the onset of dread in a landscape describing the piping of
whippoorwills or the sounds of flutes or highpitched piping, or the croaking of bullfrogs. These
sounds imbue the dreamlike quality of Lovecraft's landscapes with a dreadful foreboding. Again, this
is reminiscent of Classical pagan beliefs. The Greeks were all too mindful of the power of a panic
landscape; a place where strange things happen, irrespective of human will. In such places, humans
are prey to powers greater than themselves and must respect a variety of ritual precautions. Such
wild places are the domain of Pan. The association between such places and strange noises is also
identified, as Apollodorus of Athens, writing in the 4th century BC points out:
"The mountains, the glens and all the grottoes of the mountains are liable to echo. There are all sorts
of complicated noises in the mountains produced by dogs and wild and tame animals: their echoes
become mixed together. So it often happens that people do not see the animals making the noises,
but hear only the disembodied sound by itself, and so say that Pan is sounding the flute and syrinx in
the cave with the nymphs. "
Barbarous Names
The Cthulhu Mythos also makes use of barbarous names from the titles of the Great Old Ones
themselves, and the primal language used by cultists and slaveraces (which some magicians have
used as the basis for crafting Cthulhuold languages). These tonguetwisting phrases are reminiscent
both of the glossolalic speech so often encountered in possessionworkings, and the barbarous
speech found in the classical grimoires. Again, these serve to enhance the plausibility of the Cthulhu
Mythos.
Given the above, then, it is unsurprising that contemporary occultists should be interested in the
Cthulhu Mythos. Lovecraftian rituals have been served up by writers such as Anton LaVey, Michael
Aquino, and Peter J. Carroll. Kenneth Grant, in his progression of 'Typhonian' works has made much
use of Lovecraftian imagery in his interpretations of the work of Aleister Crowley and Austin Osman
Spare. Michael Bertiaux, head of La Coulvoire Noir, the VoodooGnostic order, has also
incorporated elements of the Cthulhu Mythos into his work.
The attraction of the Cthulhu Mythos for magicians should now be obvious. While the magician may,
initially, be attracted by the feeling of empowerment due to his moving into spaces where few others
have dared to go, it is also important that the Great Old Ones are outside most human mythologies,
reflecting the shadows of the Giants in Norse Myths, the preOlympian Titans in Greek Myths, and
other groups of universebuilders who are thought to be too chaotic for the polite company of the
gods of the ordered universe. The nature of the Great Old Ones as shadowy beings who can only be
partially glimpsed is attractive and they cannot be assimilated and bound into orthodox systems of
magic, and devising suitable approaches for working with them may well take the magician into
areas of experimentation which he may not have been attracted to previously, such as exploring the
dynamics of places of power, folklore, atavistic resurgence, or dreamworking. The Cthulhu Mythos
works because it contains gaps which the individual (reader or magician) can fill in by imagination.
Rather than being a closed system, presented as a literal text to be followed, it invites personal
exploration and elucidation via the individual's own liminal experience.
Beyond Good and Evil?
A strong undercurrent throughout Lovecraft's writing is a rejection of modernity. There is often a
conflict of belief between civilised citydwellers who are dismissive of superstition and folklore, and
countryfolk who are steeped in the wisdom of the Great old Ones, yet somehow degenerate and
decayed. Lovecraft continually alludes to the degenerate nature of Cthulhu cultists which, as
previously mentioned, probably reflected his attitudes to race and intellectual attainment. But there is
also an awareness of the degeneration of cult practices as the influence of the Old Ones dwindles in
the world, due to the spread of materialism and the decay of rural communities. Some commentators
have accused Lovecraft of racist attitudes, but I feel it would be more accurate to say that in
Lovecraft's fiction, no one individual or group can escape his sense of doom; scientists will at some
point stumble upon the horrifying secrets of the universe, whilst countryfolk, European Slavonics
and Southsea islanders will degenerate into nonhuman mutants. Sorcerers who summon the Great
Old Ones will at some point pay the price of insanity or death. Everybody gets it and the horrifying
madness of what is out there, waiting" is only a footstep away. Once you have passed into the realm
of the Old Ones, there is no turning back.
There is no room for dualistic concepts of 'good' and 'evil' in Lovecraft's mythos. There are no forces
of light who might be invoked to save us from the horror of the Old Ones. They may occasionally be
outwitted, but this is more a matter of blind luck than any skill or ability of the part of humans. Even if
one of Lovecraft's protagonists survive an encounter with the Great Old Ones, they are burdened
forever with the knowledge of what lurks out there.
Some intellectuals, enthused by Lovecraft's visions, have attempted to place his mythos within a
Nietzschean perspective, saying that the Great Old Ones represent the forces of Superman who
stands beyond good and evil, aware only of primal desires and passions. Lovecraft makes it clear
that the Great Old Ones are not merely a castingoff of traditional morality, that they have about as
much interest in us as we do in cattle. Sooner or later, even the devout worshipper of Cthulhu will be
eaten up.
Lovecraft's vision, his futilitarianism, is particularly appropriate to our current age, where
postmodemist thinkers claim to have destroyed the future and ransacked the past in an endless
search for kicks of one sort or another. Increasingly, we are echoing Hassan I Sabbah's statement
that "Nothing is True," or perhaps more accurately, nothing can be trusted. Living as we do, in a
society which is rapidly mutating itself by means of computers, camcorders and cable TV; in which
men can walk on the Moon, whilst others sell their children to the organ dealers; where the mysteries
of life are probed during DNA manipulation and the realities of other people's death served up on
primetime television, it is easy to be cynical, and difficult for any concept of truth to remain inviolate
and essential.
In a culture where the edges of present time are crumbling into the future at a rate that is often
difficult to comprehend, the sense of connection to historical time is vague, to say the least. The
contradictions of postCapitalism have fragmented consensus reality to a point where alienation and
powerlessness are endemic in our culture. Occultism offers an alternative: a sense of connection,
perhaps, to historical time when the world was less complicated, where individuals were more in
touch with their environment, and, (allegedly) had more personal control over their lives. The occult
subgenre holds up a mirror to Consensual reality. Occultists readily sneer at SlaveGod religions
and then piss themselves in ecstasy buying a genuine set of Aleister Crowley socks. There is much
talk of the magician as a dangerous rebel or anarch of the soul by people who go on to legitimate
their position by waving charters, certificates and copyrighted logos. I mean, who really gives a fart,
other than those who will buy into anything which resembles even faintly ancient wisdom. This is
often the position taken by socalled magicians who seek to elevate themselves (in the eyes of their
peers) by claiming to evoke demons, summon Satan, or command entities such as the Great Old
Ones from other dimensions. These are the cries of the powerless and fatuous attempting to elevate
themselves by claiming authority over forces which they imagine can be controlled by such as they.
There does seem to be an attraction between wouldbe superman occultists and an exhaustive
range of dark gods, dead gods, deepfried gods. It seems to me that the wouldbe
superman/satanist/mighty adept magician (delete as appropriate) is, underneath all the justifications,
out for legitimisation of himself as outsiders as it's easy to maintain such a view of yourself as the
noble, doomladen outsider, whilst at the same time being invisible and insignificant. Lovecraft's
vision is that of the utter insignificance of humanity in the rolling darkness of the cosmos. 1 have
usually found that those who profess to know this void, who call themselves Satanists, Supermen
and Outsiders, are entangled in two virulent memesBEING RIGHT and GETTING EVEN. Alas, apart
from imagining themselves as the lords of De Sade's Castle of Silling, or dreaming of power without
responsibility found in some paperback tome with a Latin name, these selfavowed creatures of
darkness never quite seem to manage any actualisation of their 'will to power.' William, S. Burroughs
once commented that "anyone who can pick up a frying~pan owns death." All too often, it seems that
many people are content with vicarious thrills, attempting to own death by surrounding themselves
with the icons of their heroes. Isn't it a shame that most of those who cry that "Might is Right" will
never get the chance to stamp on the weakunless of course they cease to be 'outsiders' and join
some institution which allows them to do so with impunity and government approval.
Mythos Madness
Within the occult milieu, there is a generallyheld view that magical work with the Great Old Ones is
considered inadvisable, due to various unspecified dangers. One explanation I have come across as
to why this is so is that "...the Cthulhu Mythos entities do not respond to normal banishing rituals." In
other words, they don't conform to normal expectations, so avoid them. Others say that the Cthulhu
Mythos has a tendency to tip the unwary towards obsession or madness. To which 1 can only reply,
"Yes, but so what?" Working with any magical system can lead you into madness, if you're up for it,
as it were. The trick of course, is getting out of madness again, or at least learning to disguise it to
everybody else. The fear of insanity when doing magic has to be confronted headon. It will come
whether you're messing with "things with tentacles" or the most basic book on new age witchcraft.
Okay, Lovecraft's protagonists inevitably fear for their sanity, go stark staring bonkers or end up as a
Cthulhu breakfast snack, but that doesn't mean that the intrepid magician has to as well. But if you
want to stay the same, why are you doing magic in the first place? Consider instead that becoming
'obsessed' or dwelling on 'lurking things' might actually be good for you. In some ways, it is not
dissimilar to childhood fantasies and fears about things under the bed. Whilst going into these states
is undeniably weird, they are also intensely magical. I feel that part of the issue which makes these
states problematic for some people is that as one tips into these weird states of mind, one begins to
feel that one is losing control of what is happening. More accurately, one is losing the illusion that
one is in control of what happens to one. It is the fear of what might happen, where one might go,
that is often worse than the process itself. The fear holds us back from surrendering to the embrace
of derangement. Occultists writing about Lovecraft sometimes say that he "drew back, on the brink of
the abyss." And well he might, for it is difficult in the extreme to surrender oneself to an overwhelming
sense of derangement. Yet at some point, one may find oneself driven to do exactly this.
,Generally, my experience of personal identity work (Ego Magic) is that people (myself included!)
only work on a particular issue (behaviour, attitude, etc.), if they recognise it as something which
requires attention, and further, only if the drive to change outweighs the desire to stay the same.
Sometimes we have to get into extreme situations before we realize how our behaviour contributes
towards what happens to us. It can happen that, in working with extreme magical belief systems
such as Cthulhu Mythos magic, our hidden demons take the opportunity to leap out, manifesting as
dysfunctional behaviours. When this happens, we may (eventually) come to recognise them,
acknowledge them as ours and do something about them. This is never easy, and often painful, but
otherwise, such demons might remain hidden, gnawing away at us from within.
Further notes on the magical possibilities of the Cthulhu Mythos can be found in my short chapbook,
The Pseudonomicon (Dagon Productions, 1997).
FURTHER READING
Adair, John, Effective Leadership, Pan Books, 1988
Angerford & Lea, Thundersqueak, TMTS, 1979
Artaud, Antonin, The Theatre and Its Double, John Calder, 1989
Bey, Hakim, T.A.Z., Autonomedia, 1991
Benson, Jarlath, Working More Creatively with Groups, Tavis
tock Publications, 1987
Burroughs, William S., The Place of Dead Roads, John Calder,
1984
Burroughs, William S., & Gysin, B., The Third Mind, John
Calder, 1972
Carroll, Peter J., Liber Null, The Morton Press, 1978
Carroll, Peter J., Liber Null & Psychonaut, Samuel Weiser, 1987
Carroll, Peter J., Liber Kaos, Samuel Weiser, 1992
Crowley, Aleister, Magick, Samuel Weiser, 1994
Crowley, Aleister, The Book of Lies, Samuel Weiser, 1981
De Bono, Edward, I am Right/You are Wrong, Penguin, 1991
Dimock, Hedlock, Groups: Leadership and Group Development,
University Associates, Inc. 1987
Dukes, Ramsay, SSOTBME: An Essay on Magick, TMTS, 1979
Finlay, Linda, Groupwork in Occupational Therapy, Stanley
Thornes, 1993
Fries, Jan, Visual Magick, Mandrake of Oxford, 1992
Fries, Jan, Seidways, Mandrake of Oxford, 1996
Gleick, J., Chaos, Cardinal, 1987
Grant, Kenneth, Nightside of Eden, Muller, 1977
Harvey, D., The Condition of Postmodernity, Blackwell, 1989
Harvey, G., & Hardman, C., Paganism Today, Thorsons, 1995
Hine, Phil, Condensed Chaos, New Falcon Publications, 1995
Hine, Phil, The Pseudonomicon, Dagon Productions 1997
Hine, Phil, Permutations, an online collection of essays (Adobe
PDF format), 1997
Hofstadter, Douglas R., Metamagical Themas, Penguin, 1985
Hyatt, Christopher S., (ed.) Rebels & Devils, New Falcon
Publications, 1997
Johnstone, Keith, IMPRO, Methuen, 1991
Lee, Dave, Chaotopia!: Magick & Ecstasy in the Pandaemon
Aeon, Attractor, 1997
Mace, Stephen, Addressing Power, Privately Printed, 1996.
MacLellan, Gordon, Touching Earth, Capall Bann Publishing,1996
Orpheus, Rodney, Abrahadabra, Looking Glass Publications,
1993
Pagels, Elaine, The Origin of Satan, Penguin, 1995
Rushkoff, Douglas, Children of Chaos, Flamingo 1997
Rushkoff, Douglas, Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace,
Flamingo, 1994
Semple, Gavin, W., ZOSKIA, Fulgur, 1995
Sennitt, Stephen, Liber Koth, Logos Press 1997
Shea, Gordon F., Mentoring, Kogan Page Ltd., 1992
Sherwin, Ray, Theatre of Magic, Sorcerer's Apprentice Press,
1985
Sherwin, Ray, The Book of Results, Revelations 23 Press, 1992
Starhawk, Dreaming the Dark, Beacon Press, 1982
Starhawk, Truth or Dare, HarperCollins, 1990
Wilson, Robert Anton & Shea, Robert, Illuminatus!, Sphere
Books, 1982
Wilson, Steve, Chaos Ritual, Neptune Press, 1994
Zohar, Danah & Marshall, Ian, The Quantum Society, Flamingo,
1994
Comics
The Invisibles, Grant Morrison, D.C. Comics
Those Annoying Post Brothers, Matt Howarth, Ripoff Press
Worldwide web
Chaos Matrix: www.sonic.net/fenwick
Phil Hine's Fifth Aeon Egregore: www.phhine.ndirect.co.uk