1. Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to the soil and include spread footings, strip footings, and mat foundations. Deep foundations like piles are used for heavier loads or when the soil cannot support shallow foundations.
2. There are two modes of foundation failure: settlement and bearing capacity failure. Settlement is the elastic or consolidation compression of soil under the load. Bearing capacity failure occurs when the soil shear strength is exceeded, causing shear planes to form.
3. The ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure the soil can support without failure. The allowable bearing capacity takes into account factors of safety and is less than the ultimate capacity.
1. Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to the soil and include spread footings, strip footings, and mat foundations. Deep foundations like piles are used for heavier loads or when the soil cannot support shallow foundations.
2. There are two modes of foundation failure: settlement and bearing capacity failure. Settlement is the elastic or consolidation compression of soil under the load. Bearing capacity failure occurs when the soil shear strength is exceeded, causing shear planes to form.
3. The ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure the soil can support without failure. The allowable bearing capacity takes into account factors of safety and is less than the ultimate capacity.
1. Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to the soil and include spread footings, strip footings, and mat foundations. Deep foundations like piles are used for heavier loads or when the soil cannot support shallow foundations.
2. There are two modes of foundation failure: settlement and bearing capacity failure. Settlement is the elastic or consolidation compression of soil under the load. Bearing capacity failure occurs when the soil shear strength is exceeded, causing shear planes to form.
3. The ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure the soil can support without failure. The allowable bearing capacity takes into account factors of safety and is less than the ultimate capacity.
1. Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to the soil and include spread footings, strip footings, and mat foundations. Deep foundations like piles are used for heavier loads or when the soil cannot support shallow foundations.
2. There are two modes of foundation failure: settlement and bearing capacity failure. Settlement is the elastic or consolidation compression of soil under the load. Bearing capacity failure occurs when the soil shear strength is exceeded, causing shear planes to form.
3. The ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure the soil can support without failure. The allowable bearing capacity takes into account factors of safety and is less than the ultimate capacity.
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SOIL BEARING CAPACITY For foundations to function properly: (1)
settlement within tolerable limit, (2) no shear
FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS failure of the soil supporting the foundation 1.1 ULTIMATE SOIL-BEARING CAPACITY TWO MODES OF FAILURE THAT OCCUR TO A FOUNDATION: Lowest part of a structure generally is 1. Settlement – elastic, consolidation referred to as the foundation. 2. Bearing Capacity- deforming the soil Its function is to transfer the load of the through development of a shear plane structure to the soil on which it is resting. beneath a foundation It transfers the load throughout the soil without overstressing the soil.
spread footing- enlargement of a load-bearing
wall or column that makes it possible to spread the load of the structure over a larger area of the soil
strip footing-a long wall footing (length-to-
width ratio more than about five)
mat foundation- concrete pad
Pile and drilled shaft foundations-used for
heavier structures when great depth is General Shear Failure - soil passes into a state required for supporting the load of plastic equilibrium and failure occurs by sliding Types of pile foundations friction piles-resisted by the shear stresses Local Shear Failure - slip surfaces end end-bearing piles- load transmitted at its tip to somewhere inside the soil a firm stratum
drilled shafts-a shaft is drilled into the subsoil DEFINITION OF TERMS
and then is filled with concrete 1. Foundation - a structure that transmits FOUNDATION TYPES: loads to the underlying soil. shallow foundations-foundations that have a 2. Footing - a foundation consisting of a small depth-of-embedment-to-width ratio of slab for transmitting the structural load to the approximately less than four underlying soil (Spread, Combined, Strip, Mat deep foundations-ratio greater than 4 or Raft) 3. Shallow Foundation - is one in which the ratio of the embedment depth to the width of foundation, Df/B <= 2.5 4. Embedment depth (Df) = is the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests. 5. Ultimate Bearing Capacity - the maximum pressure/stress that the soil can support. 6. Ultimate net bearing capacity/ Safe bearing pressure - is the maximum pressure that the soil can support in excess of its current overburden stress. 7. Safe bearing Capacity (qs) = is the intensitiy of applied pressure or stress that the soil will safely support without risk of a shear failure qs =qult.net/FS
8. Allowable bearing capacity (qall) - is
allowable intensity of the applied pressure or stress taking into account both bearing capacity and settlement. 9. FS - is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing capacity to the allowable bearing capacity. In GE FS = 1.5 to 5.
1.2 GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE
Shallow foundation: Df ≤ B Strip Foundation: Df /B >5 Square qu: Deep Foundation: Df ≥ B
TERZAGHI’S ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY Circular qu:
B = diameter of the footing
MODIFIED BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
CONTINUOUS: REISSNER
PRANDTL
MEYERHOF
CORRECTIONS: For undrained condition, if the footing is subjected to vertical loading (that is, a=0 ), then
Depth factor: To account for the shearing
resistance developed along the failure surface in soil above the base of the footing. Shape factor: To determine the bearing 1.2.2 KRIZEK (1965) APPROXIMATION WITH capacity of rectangular and circular footings. SD OF 15% Inclination factor: To determine the bearing capacity of a footing on which the direction of load application is inclined at a certain angle to the vertical MODIFIED GENERAL ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION (MEYERHOF):
VERTICAL: Ф’ - soil friction angle in degrees
valid for Ф’ = 0° to 35° INCLINED: 1.2.3 LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE
Strip qu:
Square qu:
Circular qu: Net Allowable Bearing Capacity: allowable load per unit area of the foundation in excess of the existing vertical effective stress at the level of the foundation
1.3 EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER
CASE 1: groundwater at D distance above
bottom of foundation
CASE 2: groundwater coincides with bottom
of foundation q=γDf γ, in the third term of the bearing capacity equations should be replaced by γ’
CASE 3: groundwater at D distance below
bottom of foundation q=γDf γ, in the third term of the bearing capacity equations should be replaced by γave
1.4 FACTOR OF SAFETY
Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity: allowable
load per unit area to which the soil under the foundation should be subjected to avoid any chance of bearing capacity failure
