Mr. Smith, based on my calculations, Option B will result in more money for the foundation.
Under Option A, the donation amounts decrease by Php 1 each day. So the total donation after n days is:
S_A = 1000 + 999 + 998 + ... + 2 + 1
= 1000(1000 + 1)/2
= 500,000
Under Option B, the donation amounts double each day. So the donation on day n is 2^(n-1).
The total donation after 1000 days is:
S_B = 2^0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + ... + 2^998 + 2^999
= 2^{1000} - 1
Mr. Smith, based on my calculations, Option B will result in more money for the foundation.
Under Option A, the donation amounts decrease by Php 1 each day. So the total donation after n days is:
S_A = 1000 + 999 + 998 + ... + 2 + 1
= 1000(1000 + 1)/2
= 500,000
Under Option B, the donation amounts double each day. So the donation on day n is 2^(n-1).
The total donation after 1000 days is:
S_B = 2^0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + ... + 2^998 + 2^999
= 2^{1000} - 1
Mr. Smith, based on my calculations, Option B will result in more money for the foundation.
Under Option A, the donation amounts decrease by Php 1 each day. So the total donation after n days is:
S_A = 1000 + 999 + 998 + ... + 2 + 1
= 1000(1000 + 1)/2
= 500,000
Under Option B, the donation amounts double each day. So the donation on day n is 2^(n-1).
The total donation after 1000 days is:
S_B = 2^0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + ... + 2^998 + 2^999
= 2^{1000} - 1
Mr. Smith, based on my calculations, Option B will result in more money for the foundation.
Under Option A, the donation amounts decrease by Php 1 each day. So the total donation after n days is:
S_A = 1000 + 999 + 998 + ... + 2 + 1
= 1000(1000 + 1)/2
= 500,000
Under Option B, the donation amounts double each day. So the donation on day n is 2^(n-1).
The total donation after 1000 days is:
S_B = 2^0 + 2^1 + 2^2 + ... + 2^998 + 2^999
= 2^{1000} - 1
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Direction: Find the next two term of the sequence.
5, 10,15,20,…
15, 7,-1,-9,..
3, 7, 11,15,..
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
It is a common experience to be confronted with a set of numbers arranged in some order. The order and arrangement may be given to you or you have to discover a rule for it from data.
For example, the businessman comes every other day. He came on August 17, and he come on September 12?
Consider that you are given the set of dates. 17, 19, 21,…
arranged from left to right in the order of increasing time. Continuing the set we have 17, 19, 21, ..,29, 31,2,4, …,28,30..
So, the answer to our question is yes.
Any such ordered arrangement of a set of numbers is called a SEQUENCE.
FINITE SEQUENCE
A sequence having finite number of terms is called a finite sequence.
Examples: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….8 INFINITE SEQUENCE
A sequence that has an infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.
Examples: 1, 3, 5, 7, ….
1, 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 8 , ….
Given at least the first 3 terms of a sequence, you can easily find the next term in that sequence by simply discovering a pattern as how the 3rd term is derived from the 2nd term, and 2nd from the 1st term. You will find that either a constant number is added or subtracted or multiplied or divided to get the next term or a certain series of operations is performed to get the next term.
Examples: Find the next term in each sequence.
1. 17, 22, 27, 32, …
2. 1/2 , 1/5 , 1/8 , 1/11 , …
3. 5,10,20,40, …
Solutions:
Notice that 5 is added 17 to get 22, the same is added to 22 to get 27, and the same (5) is added to 27 to get 32. So to get the next term add 5 to the preceding term that is 32 + 5 = 37. The next term is 37.
Notice that 1 is the numerator of all the fractions in the sequence while the denominators 2, 5, 8, 11 form a sequence. 3 is added to 2 to get 5, 3 is also added to 5 to get 8. So that 3 is added to 11 to get 14. The next term is .
For this example,2 is multiplied to get 5 to get 10, 2 is multiplied to 10 to get 20 and 2 is also multiplied to 20 to get 40. So the next is 80, the result of multiplying 40 by 2.
Write F if the sequence is finite or I if the sequence is infinite. Write your answer before the number. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, …,10 4. -2,4,-8,16,…
2. 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25
3. 4,9,14,19,…
Finding the Terms of a Sequence
Frequently, a sequence has a definite pattern that can be expressed by a rule or formula. In the simple sequence 2,4,6,8,10,…each term is paired with a natural number by the rule an = 2n . Hence the sequence can be written as
Notice how the formula an = 2n gives all the terms of the sequence. For instance, substituting 1,2,3 and 4 for n gives the 1st four terms:
1. Write the 1st 4 terms of the sequence defined by an = 1𝑛+1 .
2. Find the 1st 5 terms of the sequence defined by an = (−1) 2𝑛+1 .
Finding the nth Term of a Sequence
In previous lessons, some terms of a sequence were found after being given the general term. In this lesson, the reverse is done. That is given some terms of the sequence, try to find the formula for the general term.
Example 1: Find the formula for the nth term of the sequence 2,8,18,32…
Solution: Solving a problem like this involve some guessing. Looking over the first 4 terms see that each is twice a perfect square.
By writing each sequence with an exponent of 2, the formula for the nth term becomes obvious. a1 = 2 = 2(1)2 a2 = 8 = 2(2)2 a3 = 18 = 2(3)2 a4 = 32= 2(4)2
an = 2(n)2 = 2n2
Example 2: Find the general term for the sequence 2, ,…
Solution: The first term can be written as . The denominators are all perfect cubes while the numerators are all 1 more than the base of the denominators:
SUM OF FINITE SERIES
The sum of the terms of a finite sequence: a1, a2, a3,…, an is called finite series, and is denoted by Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 …+ an.
To describe the sum of the terms of a sequence, we use the summation notation. The Greek letter ∑ (sigma) is used to indicate a sum. To illustrate the use of the summation notation, consider the following example:
+ an
In the above example, I is called the index of summation, n is the upper limit of the summation, and 1 is the lower limit of the summation. It is read as “ the sum from i = 1 to n of a1” .
For example, the sum of the first five terms of the sequence an = n2 + 1 can be written as . It is read as “ the sum from n = 1 to 5 of n2 +1.”
It is a sequence whose consecutive terms have a common difference. The sequence a1, a2, a3, an, is arithmetic if there is a number d which is the common difference in the arithmetic sequence.
Find the an for each arithmetic sequence.
a1 = 7 , d = 3, n = 11
a1 = 25 , d = -4, n = 5
a1 = 4 , d = 5, n = 7 Sum of Arithmetic Sequence
Example: Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the arithmetic sequence 17, 22, 27, 32,37,…
Solution: First, find a25 with a1 = 17, d = 5 , and n = 25
an = a1 + (n -1)d
a25 = 17 + (25 – 1)5 Substitute all the known values; then simplify
= 17 + (24)5
= 17 + 120
= 137
Solve for S25:
Sn=n/2(a_1+a_2) formula for solving the sum of the nth term of
arithmetic sequence
S_25=25/2(27+137) Substitute all the known values
= 1925 simplify
Therefore, the sum of the first 25 terms of the arithmetic sequence is 1 925.
Find the sum of the first 65 terms of the arithmetic sequence if the first term is 31 and the twenty first terms is 171.
Arithmetic Mean Example: Find the arithmetic mean of 8 and 12.
Solution: To find the arithmetic mean of 8 and 12, we simply add 8 and 12 then divided by 2. Since we have two numbers that being added.
x ̅=(8+12)/2=20/2=10
We call (x+y)/2 the arithmetic mean of number x and y.
The coordinates of the midpoint between the numbers x and (x+y)/2 is :(x+(x+y)/2)/2=(3x+y)/4
To find the coordinates of the midpoint between (x+y)/2 and y ,we have ((x+y)/2+y)/2=(x+3y)/4
Hence, we now have the arithmetic sequence x,(3x+y)/4,(x+y)/2,(x+3y)/4 With the common difference 𝑦−𝑥 4 .
In the process that we have done, we have inserted three arithmetic means between x and y. We can generalize the concept presented by finding k other numbers m1 , m2 , m3, …, mk
x, m1 , m2 , m3, …, mk, y.
In the said process, we say that we have “ inserted k arithmetic means between x and y.”
Example: Insert four arithmetic means between 15 and 45.
Solution: Look for numbers m1, m2, m3 and m4 such that 15, m1, m2 , m3, m4, 45 is an arithmetic sequence. TRY THIS!
If Mary’s scores in 5 math tests are 94, 90, 96, 93 and 95 what is her average score?
Gladys C. Nireva, Ph.D. et. Al.2018 Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities revised edition, Antonio Rnaiz cor. Chino Roces Avenues, Makati, City, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press Inc.
