Slide 1 ___________________________________

Farm Machinery Technology II ___________________________________

Academic Year 2022/2023
Semester II
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Slide 2 ___________________________________
Bachelor of Engineering Technology Honours in Mechanical Engineering
Department of Engineering Technology

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Course Title: Farm Machinery Technology II
Course Code: MET 477-3 ___________________________________
Commencement of Lectures: 24th April 2023

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Slide 3 ___________________________________

Lecture 01 ___________________________________

24th April, 2023

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Slide 4 ___________________________________
ILOs
After successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
Explain the operation principles of different plant protection
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LO-1: Machinery
machineries
LO-2: Explain the operation principles of different harvesters
Learning
Outcomes LO-3:
Explain the operation principles of different water pumps
and select them depending on the requirement ___________________________________
LO-4: Design suitable micro irrigation systems for different crops
Select suitable mechanization package for a given condition
LO-5:
by evaluating existing situation
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Slide 5 ___________________________________
Lessons Course Content:
Topic 1 : 4 h Plant Protection Equipment
Sprayers, Pumps for Sprayers, Sprayer Calibration, Other types of Sprayers, Mechanical

Topic 2: 5h
Weed Controlling
Harvesters
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Seed Harvesting Machines, Root Crop Harvesters
Topic 3: 4h Agricultural Water pumps
Introduction to water pumps, Pump Performance curves and pump selection

Topic 4: 5h
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Irrigation Machineries
Introduction to irrigation, Micro Irrigation, Designing of Micro Irrigation systems
Agricultural Hand Tools
Topic 5: 3h
Weeders, Seeders, Harvesting tools etc.
Machineries Used in Animal Husbandry
Topic 6: 3h Forage harvesting, Bailing Machines, Silage compacters, Milking Machines, Manure

Topic 7: 3h
Handling
Selection of Agriculture Machineries
Selection criteria’s, Field Capacity, Economic factors, Ergonomic factors, Topographic
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factors, Supplier performance

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Slide 6 ___________________________________
Evaluations
• Assessments:
• Continues Assessment 40%
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• Quiz 01: Week 05 (10%)
• Mid-term paper: Week 10 (20%)
• Assignment 01: Week 13 (10%) ___________________________________
•
• End Examination 60%

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Slide 7 ___________________________________

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Overview of Sri Lankan Situation
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Slide 8
Sri Lankan Statistics
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1.01 : Agriculture Production Index- Annual (1997- 2019)
Base Period: (2007 - 2010 = 100)

Item 2018 2019 2020(a) 2021(b)

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Agriculture and Fishing 126.1 126.0 129.4 133.3
1. Agriculture 119.6 120.8 129.6 133.8
1.1 Agricultural crops 112.5 113.3 123.7 126.9
Tea
Rubber
97.5
61.5
96.3
55.7
89.5
58.3
96.1
57.3
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Coconut 92.6 108.9 98.6 110.1
Paddy 105.1 122.8 136.9 137.7
Other crops 152.8 136.3 167.1 166.9
1.2 Livestock
2. Fishing
176.4
158.0
180.5
151.6
176.4
128.5
188.7
130.7 ___________________________________
(a) Revised Source:Central Bank of Sri Lanka
(b) Provisional

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Slide 9
Central Bank Report 2021
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Slide 10 ___________________________________

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Slide 11 ___________________________________

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Slide 12 ___________________________________

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YOU ___________________________________

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Slide 13 ___________________________________

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Topic 01: Plant Protection Machinery
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Slide 14 ___________________________________
Topic 01: Plant Protection Machinery
• What is mean by plant protection ___________________________________
• Application of chemicals for control diseases, insects and weeds in
the crop

• Importance:
• Save crops from pest attack
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• Save the applied amount of chemicals; chemicals are costly;
equipment for uniform application
• Sprayers and dusters for applying chemicals ___________________________________

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Slide 15 ___________________________________
Plant Protection
From WHOM?
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Insects
Weeds
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Pest management

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Slide 16
Methods of Application
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Broadcast application
Direct spray application
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Foliar Application
Spot treatment
Soil incorporation ___________________________________
Soil injection
……………………….
………………………..
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Slide 17 Crop losses/Pest attack ___________________________________

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Slide 18 ___________________________________

• Sprayer: is a machine /equipment used for applying the chemical in

the form of liquid droplets ___________________________________
• Duster: is a machine/equipment used for applying the chemical which
are in powder form
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Slide 19 ___________________________________
Activity [in class]
• Tanks
• Agitators
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• Pumps
• Strainers
• Hoses ___________________________________
• Pressure Regulators
• Pressure Gauge
• Nozzles
All 10 words are correctly written by
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two students

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Slide 20 ___________________________________
Sprayer Duster

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• Application of; • Form of powder
• Herbicide • Small particle (1 to 10 mm)
• Fungicide • Application rate: 22-55 kg/ha
• Insecticide
• Micro-nutrients
• Should apply under low wind velocity ___________________________________
• Manually or power operated
Main function: break the liquid
into droplets of effective size and
distribute them uniformly
Reduce wastage of chemicals
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Slide 21 ___________________________________
Classification of Sprayers (Homework)

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Slide 22 ___________________________________

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Lecture 02
08.05.2023
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Slide 23 ___________________________________
Classification of Sprayers
According to source of According to According to source of
energy application rate power ___________________________________
Hydraulic energy High volume sprayer Manually operated
sprayer (HV) sprayers
Gaseous energy Low volume sprayer Bullock operated
sprayer (LV) sprayer ___________________________________
Centrifugal energy Ultra low volume Tractor/Power tiller
sprayer sprayers operated
Electric power
operated ___________________________________

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Slide 24
According to source of energy
Knapsack Plastic Sprayer ___________________________________
• Hydraulic energy sprayer
• Lever operated knapsack sprayers
•
•
Rocker sprayer
Foot sprayer
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• Hand compression sprayer
• Tractor operated boom sprayer Tractor Mounted Mist Blower Air

• Gaseous energy sprayer

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• Air carrier sprayers mist blower
Spinning disc sprayer

• Centrifugal energy sprayer

• Spinning disc sprayers
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Slide 25
According to application rate
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• High volume sprayer (HV)
• The application rate > 400 l/ha
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• Low volume sprayer (LV)
• The application rate : varies from 5-400 l/ha ___________________________________
• Ultra low volume sprayers
• The application rate < 5 l/ha ___________________________________

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Slide 26 ___________________________________
According to source of energy
• Manually operated sprayers
• Lever operated knapsack sprayers
•
•
Rocker sprayer
Foot sprayer ___________________________________
• Stirrup-pump sprayer

• Bullock operated sprayer

• Bullock operated boom sprayer

• Tractor/Power tiller operated

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• Boom sprayer
• Mist sprayer
• Air assisted sprayer
• Electric power operated
• Motorized knapsack sprayer
• Electrodynamic sprayer
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• Electrostatic sprayer https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/agricultural-sprayers.html

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Slide 27 Motorized Knapsack Sprayer

(15Litres)- Petrol Driven.
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Boom Sprayer
Bullock drawn sprayer

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Foot sprayer

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Slide 28
Operating pressure and discharge of various
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sprayers
Type Operating pressure
[kg/cm2]
Discharge [ml/min]
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Lever operated knapsack 1-3 500
sprayers
Stirrup-pump sprayer
Rocker sprayer
1-3
14-18
500
1200
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Foot operated sprayer 17-21 1200
Tractor operated sprayer 21-55 150-190 l/min
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Slide 29 ___________________________________
Activity [in class]
1. Sprayers
2. Operating pressure ___________________________________
3. Various
4. Herbicide
5. Particle
6. Application
7. Hydraulic
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8. Bullock
9. Gaseous
10. Centrifugal
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All 10 words are correctly written by three students

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Slide 30
Major components of a manually operated
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sprayer
• Chemical Tank
• Nozzle
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• Filter
• Valves
• Pressure regulator
• Hose pipe
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• Handle
• Spray gun
• Spray lance ___________________________________

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Slide 31 Home work: Read the given article and label the below picture ___________________________________

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Ansar et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1088 012050

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Slide 32 ___________________________________
Nozzles
• Types of Nozzle
• Regular flat fan nozzle
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• Flooding flat-fan nozzle
• Hollow-cone whirl
chamber nozzle
• Raindrop nozzle ___________________________________

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Slide 33
Nomenclature:
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Extended Range

Trade Name
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Stainless Steel Insert Orifice

VisiFlo Color Coding

Fan angle and flow rate-orifice size

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Rated Pressure = 40 psi for most nozzle types
10 psi for turbo flood nozzles ___________________________________

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Slide 34 MATERIALS AND WEAR ___________________________________
0.4
Thermoplastic

Hard Stainless
1.2
2.1
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Kematal
6.1
Stainless

Zytel
7.5

11.4
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Brass

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Percent increase in nozzle flow rate

Flat-fan spray nozzles after 40 hour test
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Slide 35 ___________________________________
Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand:

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Slide 36
Selecting the proper nozzle: ___________________________________

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Slide 37 ___________________________________

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Selection and Design of sprayers
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Slide 38 • Chemical Tank: Actual capacity is generally kept 5 to 15 % more ___________________________________

than the required capacity, which will facilitate the agitation.

• Capacity of the tank:

=2w x Lx ___________________________________
Where,
Type of Sprayer Capacity, L
CT= Minimum capacity of the Tank, m3 Hand operated small 1
L = Length of the plot, m
w = Width of coverage, m
sprayer
Knapsack sprayer 15
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AR= Maximum application rate, l/ha Tractor Sprayer 400 to 2500

• Material of tank: Aluminum, galvanized steel, stainless steel and polyethylene

plastics are commonly used for the construction of sprayer tank ___________________________________

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Slide 39 ___________________________________
Pump
Positive Displacement Pump

• Piston (Plunger) Pump

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Suitable for high pressure application
Operating pressure: 4.1 to 5.5 MPa
Flow rate: 75 to 225 L/min
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Slide 40 ___________________________________
Pump
• Rotary Pump
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Good for low pressure sprayers
Common type: Roller pumps
Maximum pressure: 1 to 3 MPa ___________________________________
Flow rate: 19 to 114 L/min

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Slide 41 ___________________________________
Pump
• Diaphragm pump
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Good for low pressure sprayers
Maximum pressure: up to 3.4 MPa
Flow rate: 19 to 23 L/min
Good for abrasive materials
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Slide 42 ___________________________________
Non-positive displacement pump
• Centrifugal pump
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https://sprayers101.com/pumps/

High speed and high volume pump

These are not suitable for high pressure
application
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Operating pressure: 206 to 275 kPa

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Slide 43 Plumbing Diagram ___________________________________

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Slide 44 Plumbing Diagram ___________________________________

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Slide 45 Plumbing Diagram: ___________________________________

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Slide 46 ___________________________________
Power requirement of a pump
• ___________________________________
• Where,
P= Power (KW)
Q= Flow rate (L/min) ___________________________________
p = Pressure (kPa)
= Mechanical Efficiency (%)

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Slide 47 ___________________________________

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Lecture 03
15.05.2023
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Slide 48 Job opportunities……..!

Canopy Management
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https://youtu.be/3pWFsALFm3c Motivation

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Slide 49 ___________________________________

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Calibration/Nozzle Selection
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Slide 50 ___________________________________
Classification of Spray Droplet Size
Volume median DIA OF Droplets μm Droplet Classification

<50
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Aerosol
51-100 Mist
101-200 Fine spray ___________________________________
201-400 Medium spray
>400 Coarse spray ___________________________________

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Slide 51 Degree of
atomization
Droplet size
(microns)
Relative size
related to ___________________________________
common objects

Fog Up to 20 Point of needle

Fine mist 20-100 Human hair

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Fine Drizzle 100-250 Sewing thread
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Light Rain 250-1000 Staple Droplet size halved
8 times the droplets!
Same water
Thunderstorm
rain
1000-4000 quantity! ___________________________________

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Slide 52
Factors Affecting Distribution
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There are a number of factors contributing to the spray quality. During a static measurement, the
following factors can significantly affect the distribution.
Nozzle:
Type
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Pressure
Spacing
Spray angle
offset angle
spray pattern quality
flow rate
overlap ___________________________________
Height
Worn Nozzles
Pressure Losses
Plugged Filters
Plugged Nozzles
Plumbing Factors Influencing Liquid Turbulence at Nozzle
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52

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Slide 53 ___________________________________
Simple testing https://youtu.be/HBeVwM_SaoU

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Slide 54 ___________________________________
Nozzles functions

Nozzles have six main functions:

1.
2.
Nozzles regulate spray liquid emission rates (dosage)
Nozzles break the liquid into droplets.
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3. Nozzles ensure the spray is distributed as intended.
4. Quality of distribution
5. Drop retention and reflection
6. The degree of drift and down fall ___________________________________

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54

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Slide 55
Selecting the Right Spray Tip
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a) Check which type of spraying technique you will be using – broadcast or banding.

b) Check your sprayer speed.

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c) Select the application rate from the pesticide label.

d) Determine the flow rate (GPM) needed for the spray tip,

e) Select the pattern type.

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f) Select tip size and pressure that provides the desired flow rate and application rate.

g) Check the spray quality tables

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55

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Slide 56
Technique
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Which

Herbicides
nozzles?
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(weed) Fungicides
(fungus)
Insecticides
(insect) ___________________________________
Deflector

Hollow
Deflector
Flat fan
cone ___________________________________
valve
56

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Slide 57 ___________________________________

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Slide 58 Nozzles on knapsack sprayers: main ___________________________________
types in use

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Uniform, overall spraying of Insecticides and fungicides are In very common use to apply
bare ground or low usually applied using hollow herbicides. Low drift, wide
vegetation best achieved cone nozzles swaths, non blocking nozzle
with flat fan nozzles holes are benefits offered.

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58

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Slide 59 Hollow Cone Nozzles are typically made from two ___________________________________
components
Higher volumes of spray liquid can be atomised into smaller drops – very
appropriate for many insecticides and fungicides

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Spray distribution Colour-coded nozzle

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59

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Slide 60 ___________________________________
Hollow cone Nozzle

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60

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Slide 61 Flat fan nozzles: Standard and even spray types ___________________________________
These standard types can be used on small multi-nozzle booms whilst even spray
designs produce uniform deposits from a single nozzle

Standard
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Even spray

Spray distribution Colour-coded nozzle

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61

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Slide 62 Nozzles: Low drift types not yet in much knapsack use
but………… could be in the future
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Pre-orifice Flat fan Air induction Flat fan TT-type Deflector

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Large to very large drops

produced with deflector/flood
jet design commonly used on
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large boom sprayers

These low drift nozzles are often not available in areas where knapsack sprayers
are used, this might change in the future offering a range of different nozzles
that would work well with knapsacks.
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62

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Slide 63 Drift reducing nozzles: cross sectional drawings ___________________________________

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Pictures from Spraying Systems

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63

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Slide 64 Air inclusion nozzle: detailed cross
sectional drawing
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These designs have become
extensively used on boom sprayers in
many countries – especially those
where legislation demands that
products must not drift onto surface
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water

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64

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Slide 65 Nozzle manufacturing material and wear ___________________________________

Material Wear resistance Remarks

Brass 1 Soft, Cheap ___________________________________

Plastic 3 Soft, Cheap
Stainless steel 19
Stainless steel, 77 Resistant, expensive
hardened
Ceramic above 77 Resistant, relatively
cheap
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65

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Slide 66 ___________________________________
Plastic nozzle Materials

• Kematal
• Actal ABS
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• Syntal

Properties ___________________________________
Durable
Do not absorb wear or swell

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66

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Slide 67 ___________________________________
Nozzle Threads
Gas and Metric
Nominal Dia
1/4
No. of Threads
19
Pitch
1.3337
External Dia mm
13.157
Applications
Spray TIPS,
PRESSURE
___________________________________
REGULATORS
3/8 19 1.337 16.662 Nuts
3/4 14 1.814 26.441

Nominal Dia Pitch mm Applications ___________________________________

M12 1.5 Spray TIPS,
PRESSURE
REGULATORS
M18 1.5 Nuts
M27 2.0
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67

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Slide 68 Nozzle selection: spray volume rates ___________________________________

Water volume rates are usually stated on product labels to ensure adequate coverage of
target surfaces.
Too low volume rate 
- Poor coverage ___________________________________
- Poor penetration
Too high volume rate 
- Product run off from the target
- Over dilution of product and
surfactants ___________________________________
- More time taken to spray the crop

Note: Label stated volumes may be a range to consider the need to

ensure adequate drop movement/placement through the canopies of
developing crops. ___________________________________
68

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Slide 69 Nozzle selection: optimum coverage can be ___________________________________

checked in the field with water sensitive
papers
Good

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Excessive – run off

Not uniform
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www.stewardshipcommunity.com
69

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Slide 70 Nozzle selection and use: nozzle guidance ___________________________________
supported with clear pictograms vital to
knapsack users
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70

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Slide 71
Calibration/Nozzle Selection
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What is the first step?
• Use label to select the
• application volume
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• product rate
• Choose an appropriate travel speed
• Effective width of application
• nozzle spacing
___________________________________
• Calculate gallons per minute [GPM] – Flow rate
per nozzle
• Select the correct size of nozzle ___________________________________

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Slide 72 Calibration ___________________________________

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72

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Slide 73 ___________________________________
Nozzle size - Variables

• Nozzle flow rate (GPM) ___________________________________

• Ground speed (MPH)
• Effective sprayed width (W)
___________________________________
•Application rate (GPA)

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Slide 74 ___________________________________
GPA= gallons per acre
GPM= gallons per minute
MPH= miles per hour ___________________________________
W= nozzle spacing - inches

5940 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles

per hour, and inches to gallons per acre ___________________________________

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Slide 75 ___________________________________
Application Rate Equation [Eq 01]

GPA 
GPM X 5940 ___________________________________
MPH X W

• Calculates for application rate

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• Represents total amount applied for an acre

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Slide 76
Flow Rate Equation [Eq 02] ___________________________________

GPM 
GPA x MPH x W ___________________________________
5940

• Calculates for amount of flow from one ___________________________________

nozzle
• Represents the size of nozzle to put on
the sprayer ___________________________________

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Slide 77 ___________________________________
Example
• You want to broadcast a foliar herbicide at 12 GPA traveling 12 MPH
using extended range flat-fan nozzles on 20-inch spacing.
• Use equation to calculate flow rate? ___________________________________

___________________________________
GPA x MPH x W
GPM 
5940

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Slide 78
Example ___________________________________
GPA=12
GPM 
GPA x MPH x W
MPH=12
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5940
W=20
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12 x 12 x 20
GPM 
5940
Answer ___________________________________
0.48

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Slide 79
Selecting the proper nozzle….
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Page 51 TeeJet Catalog

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Slide 80
Selecting the proper
___________________________________
nozzle….

• Calculate GPM (formula)

• Look under ‘Capacity of 1
___________________________________
nozzle in GPM’ column
• Match to pressure-psi
• Choose the size needed
• Operate at given pressure
___________________________________
and speed used in formula to
achieve GPA

0.48 ___________________________________

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Slide 81
Spray Solution Characteristics
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A. Surface Tension
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B. Density Effects droplet size, not flow

C. Viscosity Weight/unit volume

 density - flow rate decreases
___________________________________
Resistance to flow
___________________________________

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Slide 82
MEASURE SPEED
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Speed(MPH) 
Distance(ft) x 60
Time(seconds) x 88
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(1 MPH = 88 Feet traveled in 60 seconds)
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Measure the ground speed in an area
similar to the conditions of the area to
be sprayed! ___________________________________

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Slide 83
Weed controlling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxQn7eoGyaU ___________________________________

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Weed control

Discussed at the class using video

Home work on Weed control machine

Due date: mid night 21st May, 2023