Lecture Slides 74-89

3/27/2013
Transport Layer and associated

protocols
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At level three (Network Layer), what have we

got!
• Up to this point we have established:
– Logical addressing and distribution
– Route discovery and processing
– Hop-by-Hop (network by network) processing
• However, our IP based system is
– Connectionless
– Unacknowledged
– And thus unreliable
• Transport layer’s responsibilities are to handle some
of these issues
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Transport layer protocols

• Transmission control protocol (TCP) and User datagram
protocol (UDP) are the two major transport layer protocols
• This lecture is focused at highlighting the significance of each
of these protocols
• The services they offer
• The significance of various fields in the headers
• The working mechanism of each service offered by TCP
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TCP interaction
• TCP operates in a client-server architecture

• A server (a program) offers its services over a network
• A client (which is also a program) requests the use of those
services
• Iterative servers
• Concurrent servers
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TCP – what does it offer?

• TCP offers connection-oriented, reliable and byte-stream
transport service
• Connection-oriented transfer
– A connection is established prior to actual transmission of
data
– A connection means that a server has agreed(Ack) to serve
a client’s requests for the services that it offers
– TCP has a ‘famous’ three-way handshake mechanism for
connection establishment
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• Reliable transfer
– Application data is divided into small sized chunks with a
higher probability of successful delivery over a network
(fragmentation)
– Fragmentation is followed by reassembly process on a TCP
peer
– Received segments are Acknowledged by TCP peers
– A missing ACK depicts loss of previously sent segment
– TCP uses timers to track the ACKs and sent segments
– A recovery (retransmission) policy is invoked in case of a
TCP level loss
– Maintains a checksum on data and header for end to end
reliable transfer
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• In order delivery to higher layers from potentially out of order
reception of segments
• Duplicate segment detection and removal
• Flow & Congestion control- telling one end how much the
other end can afford
• Multiplexing of outbound application data
• De-multiplexing of inbound data to rightful applications using
ports
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Quiz-5
1. Explain the working mechanism of the traceroute
application
2. Fragmentation is an important process in a TCP/IP

based network. Why do we need fragmentation and
what are the potential disadvantages associated with
fragmentation
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TCP Header – the first step!
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The Ports story

• Transport layer protocols use port numbers for multiplexing
• Data may be exchanged between two stations by several
different network applications, e.g. email, web server, etc
• Stations can be identified through their IP address and data
delivered as a whole
• To deliver it to the rightful application between peers, another
identifier is required along with IP (Network) address
• Port number identifies a source and destination application
service
• The combination of source IP address, source port number
and destination IP address, destination port number forms a
socket
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The Ports story
• Socket has to be unique

• Server’s port numbers should be well-known
• Clients port numbers can be selected randomly
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The Ports story

• Three ranges of port numbers
• Well known port numbers are from 0 through 1023
• Registered ports are from 1024 through 49151
• The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152
through 65535
• The port numbers used by clients are called empirical port
numbers
• Most implementation use ports between 1024 to 5000 as
empirical ports
• Managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
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TCP Header – rest of the fields!

•The sequence number represents the first byte of data in the
current segment
•This sequence number is a 32-bit unsigned number that wraps
back around to 0 after reaching 232 - 1
•When a new connection is being established, the SYN flag is
turned on
•The sequence number field contains the initial sequence
number (ISN)
•SYN flag essentially tells the other end … “synchronize the
sequence number that you have for me…”
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•A receiver acknowledges the receipt of datagrams (byte

numbered)
•The Acknowledgement Number in the header contains the
sequence number of the next byte of data that it is expecting to
receive
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• Header length/Offset: shows the size of TCP header where
the unit is 32 bits.
• The max size of TCP header can be (24-1)*32/8=60 bytes
• Without options the length is 20 bytes
• This indicates where the data begins
• ACK: When this flag is set, the acknowledgment field contains
the acknowledgement sequence number
• URG The urgent pointer is valid
• PSH The receiver should pass this data to the application as
soon as possible
• RST Reset the connection
• SYN Synchronize sequence numbers to initiate a connection
• FIN The sender is finished sending data.
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• Window: Window size is used for flow control
• Each end advertises the size of next datagram that it can
accept
• With 16-bit field the value is limited to 65535
• Checksum: The checksum field is the 16-bit one's
complement of the one's complement sum of all relevant 16-
bit words.
Checksum is calculated on the TCP segment (Header +
Data) + a Pseudo-header and verified by receiver
• Urgent pointer: is a positive offset added to the sequence
number to show the end of data. TCP’s urgent mode enables a
sender to send emergency data to the other end
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3/27/2013

Transport Layer and associated

At level three (Network Layer), what have we

Transport layer protocols

• TCP operates in a client-server architecture

TCP – what does it offer?

TCP – what does it offer?

TCP – what does it offer?

2. Fragmentation is an important process in a TCP/IP

TCP Header – the first step!

The Ports story

The Ports story

• Socket has to be unique

The Ports story

TCP Header – rest of the fields!

TCP Header – rest of the fields!

•A receiver acknowledges the receipt of datagrams (byte

TCP Header – rest of the fields!

TCP Header – rest of the fields!

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