1

PROTOZOA

Slide Name: ACANTHAMOEBA wet mount

Slide Name: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA amebic dysentery
Classification: Tissue and Blood Protozoa
smear or section
Morphologic Form: Trophozoites
Classification: Intestinal protozoa
Infective Stage: Cyst
Morphologic Form: Trophozoites
Pathogenic stage: Trophozoite
Infective Stage: Cyst
Source of Infection: Water is the main source of infection (Can
Pathogenic stage: Trophozoite
survive cold water) and dust
Source of Infection: Water is the main source of infection
Mode of Transmission: Direct contact to contaminated
contaminated with human feces; soil can also be a source
water (when swimming), and Inhalation
Mode of Transmission: Fecal oral route (ingestion of cyst)
and sexual transmission
Disease:
1. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)
Disease: AMOEBIASIS
● Infection in immunocompromised
1. Acute Amoebiasis
individuals
● Dysentery, flatulence and tenesmus
● GAE and brain abscesses.
● Chronic inflammation, occasional diarrhea,
● Stiff neck, headache, seizure, nausea, and
weight loss, and fatigue.
vomiting
● Ameboma in cecum or rectosigmoid colon
● Cyst and trophozoites on brain lesions
2. Extraintestinal Amoebiasis
● Granulomatous lesions in kidneys, pancreas,
● Amebic liver abscess
prostate, and uterus
● Amoebic pneumonitis
2. Keratitis
● Pericardium, spleen, slalom and brain
● Infection of cornea
3. . Asymptomatic carrier state
● Loss of vision dues to perforation of the cornea
● Severe eye pain and vision problems
Diagnostic Test:
● Trophozoites in diarrheic stool and cysts and formed
Diagnostic Test:
stool
● Finding both trophozoite and cysts in the
● Trophozoites with ingested RBCs
cerebrospinal fluid as well as brain tissue and corneal
● Immediate examination (1 hour) after collection for
scrapings.
trophozoite motility
● Calcofluor white, a stain used to demonstrate fungi,
● Serologic testing
may be used to demonstrate the parasite in corneal
scrapings specimens.
Treatment: Drugs
- asymptomatic amoebiasis and liver abscess is
Treatment: Drugs
metronidazole.
- Pentamidine, Ketoconazole or Flucytosine
- tinidazole is both good for intestinal and
- eyes and skin involvement, topical miconazole,
extraintestinal amoebiasis.
chlorhexidine, itraconazole, rifampicin, or
- The asymptomatic carriers should be treated with
propamidine
diloxanide furoate, metronidazole, or
- Propamidine most effective
paromomycin

Prevention:
Prevention:
- Prevented through adequate boiling of water.
- Good personal; washing hands, especially for food
- Regular disinfection of contact lenses is also advised.
handlers.
- Contact lens wearers are also advised to avoid using
- Proper waste disposal to avoid fecal contamination of
homemade non-sterile saline solutions.
water sources.
- Avoid the use of ‘night soil’ (human feces) for
fertilization of crops.
- Adequate washing and cooking of vegetables should
be observed
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Slide Name: LEISHMANIA DONOVANI Kala-Azar smear or

section Slide Name: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Classification: Blood and Tissue Protozoa Classification: Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Morphologic Form: Promastigote Morphologic Form: Merozoites
Infective Stage: Promastigote Infective Stage: Sporozoites
Pathogenic stage: Amastigotes Pathogenic stage: Merozoites (infection of young and old
Source of Infection: Vectors and reservoir (rodents, RBCs)
anteaters, dogs, and cats) Source of Infection: Infected mosquito
Mode of Transmission: Vector sandfly (Lutzomyia for Mode of Transmission: Vector Anopheles mosquito
Chagasi, Phlebotumus for infantum & donovani)
Disease: MALIGNANT TERTIAN MALARIA
Disease: VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (Dumdum fever or (Life-threatening and most aggressive)
Kala-Azar) ● Black water fever
● 2 weeks - 18 months after incubation manifest ● Cerebral Malaria
intermittent fever, weakness, and weight loss
● Affects the Spleen, Liver, and Bone marrow Diagnostic Test:
● Manifest leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia; ● The thick smears are used for screening purposes
hyperthyroidism and hepatomegal while the thin blood smears are used to
differentiate the various Plasmodium spp.
Diagnostic Test: ● P. falciparum will show characteristic
● Montenegro Skin test crescent-shaped or banana-shaped gametocytes.
● Demonstration of amastigotes with Giemsa Stained Infection is highly considered if there are more than
slides 10 infected red blood cells consisting of only ring
● Cultures of blood, bone marrow, and other tissue may forms.
show promastigotes form
● ELISA, DAT, and IFA Treatment: Drugs
● chloroquine or parenteral quinine
Treatment: Drugs ● Artesunate is the drug of choice for severe malaria,
● Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) in combination with amodiaquine, mefloquine, or
● Sodium stibogluconate has also been found to be sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
effective but resistance development is possible ● For chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum
● Other patients have shown favorable responses to agents may be used including
gamma interferon in combination with pentavalent ○ Mefloquine+artesunate,
antimony. ○ Artermether-lumafantrine,
○ Atovaquone-proguanil
Prevention: ○ Quinine
● Control of the vector (Insecticide, repellents, ○ Quinidine
protective clothing, and installation of screens) ○ Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar)
● Prompt treatment of the disease Prevention:
● Chemoprophylaxis of mefloquine and doxycycline.
● Travelers, where the other plasmodium are found,
should take Chloroquine starting 2 weeks before
arrival and continuing for 6 weeks after departure,
followed by a 2 week course of primaquine if the
exposure was high.

Other preventive measures:

- Avoidance of the bite of the vector through the use of
mosquito nets, window screens, protective clothing,
and insect repellants.
- Protection is important during the night.
- Drainage of stagnant water
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● Cats should not be fed raw meat

Slide Name: TOXOPLASMA GONDII (TOXOPLASMOSIS)

Classification: Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Morphologic Form: Trophozoite
Infective Stage: Oocyst
Pathogenic Stage: Trophozoites (Bradyzoites and
Tachyzoites)
Source of Infection: Contaminated water (cat feces/
feline feces) and Undercooked meat (mammals)
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of raw/undercooked
meat and Ingestion of contaminated water

Disease: TOXOPLASMOSIS
1. Infection in immunocompetent individuals
(usually asymptomatic)
● Acute infection (chills, fever, headache, and
fatigue) lymphadenitis
● Chronic infection may manifest lymphadenitis,
hepatitis, myocarditis, and encephalomyelitis
● Infection of the eye may manifest
Chorioretinitis and may lead to blindness
2. Congenital Infection
● Infection in the first trimester may lead to
miscarriage and stillbirth.
● Encephalitis, microcephaly, hydrocephalus,
mental retardation, pneumonia
● Chorioretinitis
● Infection in the last trimester may manifest
months after birth
3. Infection in an immunocompromised host
● Neurologic symptoms
● Reactivation of latent toxoplasma

Diagnostic Tests:
● Demonstration of high antibody titers through
immunofluorescence assay
● Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained
preparations will show the crescent-shaped
trophozoites during the acute infection.
● Cysts may be seen in the tissues.
● Prenatal diagnosis can be done through
ultrasonography and amniocentesis with PCR
analysis of the amniotic fluid.

Treatment: Drugs
● Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine for
Immunocompromised individual
● Clindamycin plus Pyrimethamine for people who
develop drug toxicity
● Clindamycin or Spiramycin for pregnant women

Prevention:
● Thorough cooking of meat
● Proper handling of cat litters
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CESTODES

Slide Name: TAENIA SOLIUM SCOLEX WET MOUNT Slide Name: TAENIA SAGINATAN MONIEZIA SP.
Common Name: Pork tapeworm TAPEWORM
Classification: Cestodes Common Name: beef tapeworm
Morphologic Form: Adult worm Classification: Cestodes
Infective Stage: Embryonated Egg and Larvae Morphologic Form: Adult worm
Pathogenic stage: Encysted larvae and Adult worm Infective Stage: Embryonated Egg and Larvae
Source of Infection: Contaminated water or food, and Pathogenic stage: Encysted larvae and Adult worm
undercooked meat Source of Infection: Contaminated water or food, and
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food undercooked meat
or water; undercooked pork meat Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food
Site of Infection: Skeletal muscle, Eyes, and Brain or water; undercooked pork meat
(cysticercosis); Intestines (larva and adult worm) Site of Infection: Skeletal muscle, Eyes, and Brain
(cysticercosis); Intestines (larva and adult worm)
Disease: TAENIASIS
1. Taeniasis Disease: TAENIASIS
● produced by adult worms, asymptomatic but 5. Taeniasis
may manifest symptoms in high worm burden. ● produced by adult worms, asymptomatic but
2. Cysticercosis may manifest symptoms in high worm burden.
● Encystation to various tissues of the body most 6. Cysticercosis
commonly on skeletal muscles ● Encystation to various tissues of the body most
● Manifest pain commonly on skeletal muscles
3. Neurocysticercosis ● Manifest pain
● Increased intracranial pressure manifests 7. Neurocysticercosis
through seizures, headaches, and vomiting. ● Increased intracranial pressure manifests
4. Ocular cysticercosis through seizures, headaches, and vomiting.
● uvea (uveitis) and retina (retinitis) 8. Ocular cysticercosis
● uvea (uveitis) and retina (retinitis)
Diagnostic Test:
● Microscopic examination of stool specimens Diagnostic Test:
● Demonstration of ova or proglottids may help ● Microscopic examination of stool specimens
establish the diagnosis. The demonstration of the ● Demonstration of ova or proglottids may help
typical morphology of the scolex can differentiate establish the diagnosis. The demonstration of the
pork tapeworm from beef tapeworm. typical morphology of the scolex can differentiate
● For cysticercosis, demonstration of the cyst in pork tapeworm from beef tapeworm.
tissue, through biopsy or CT scan. ● For cysticercosis, demonstration of the cyst in
tissue, through biopsy or CT scan.
Treatment: Drugs
The drug of choice is praziquantel. Treatment: Drugs
Praziquantel may also be effective for cysticercosis The drug of choice is praziquantel.
but is usually not recommended for ocular and CNS Praziquantel may also be effective for cysticercosis
involvement. but is usually not recommended for ocular and CNS
Alternative drugs include albendazole, involvement.
paromomycin, and quinacrine hydrochloride. Alternative drugs include albendazole,
Anticonvulsants may be given in cases of paromomycin, and quinacrine hydrochloride.
neurocysticercosis. Anticonvulsants may be given in cases of
Surgical removal of the larvae may be necessary neurocysticercosis.
Surgical removal of the larvae may be necessary
Prevention:
- proper waste disposal and sanitary measures. Prevention:
- thorough cooking of pork meat; and - proper waste disposal and sanitary measures.
- the prompt treatment of infected persons to prevent - thorough cooking of pork meat; and
the spread of the parasite - the prompt treatment of infected persons to prevent
the spread of the parasite
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TREMATODES (FLUKES)

Slide Name: ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS scolices

and cyst wall section
Common Name: Dog tapeworm Slide Name: SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI BILHARZIASIS
Classification: Cestodes Common Name: Blood Fluke
Morphologic Form: Cyst Classification: Trematodes
Infective Stage: Egg Morphologic Form: A. egg (lateral spime), B. Redia, and
Pathogenic stage: Hydatid cyst Cercaria, and C Adult male or female
Source of Infection: viscera of sheep, and food & water Infective Stage: Cercaria
contaminated with dog feces Pathogenic stage: Adult worm
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food or Source of Infection: Snails in water contaminated with
water human urine or feces
Site of Infection: Intestine (oncosphere), various organs Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration of cercaria
including the liver, lungs, brain. Site of Infection: Lower mesenteric vein

Disease: ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HYDATID CYST DISEASE, Disease: S. MANSONI MAINLY AFFECTS THE LOWER
HYDATID DISEASE, HYDATIDOSIS MESENTERIC VEINS
● Most patients are asymptomatic during the 1. Asymptomatic infection
early stages of the disease. 2. Early acute
● However, as the cysts enlarge, necrosis of ● Characterized by pruritic papules seen at the
the infected tissues occurs. Involvement of site of entry of the parasite. This is called
the liver may result in obstructive jaundice. “swimmer’s itch” or “clam digger’s itch.” -
● Patients with lung involvement may manifest ● This is followed after 2-3 weeks by fever and
with cough, chest pain, and shortness of chills, abdominal pain, cough, bloody
breath. diarrhea, and weight loss
● Other organs that may be infected include the 3. Associated condition: Infection with S. mansoni or
spleen, kidneys, heart, bone, and central S. japonicum may predispose to repeated
nervous system, including the brain and eyes Salmonella infections
● Cyst rupture may lead to anaphylactic shock
leading to the death of the patient. Diagnostic Test:
● Diagnosis relies on the demonstration of
Diagnostic Test: characteristic eggs in the feces or rectal biopsy
● (1) examination of biopsy specimen; specimen for S. mansoni or S. japonicum
● (2) serologic tests (e.g. ELISA or indirect
hemagglutination test) ; and Treatment: Drugs
● (3) radiography to demonstrate the hydatid cysts ● The recommended drug for all three species is
(e.g. CT scan or ultrasound. praziquantel.
● An alternative drug for S. mansoni is oxamniquine.
Treatment: Drugs ● Anti-malaria drugs such as artemether and
● Surgery: removal of cysts has been considered as artemisinins have also been proven effective.
the treatment of choice.
● Medical management: if the cyst is located in Prevention:
inaccessible areas, drugs proven effective include ● Control transmission through snail control, health
mebendazole, albendazole, and praziquantel. education, and provision of sanitary facilities and
water supply; and
Prevention: ● Control of disease.
- Improvement of personal hygiene practices, ● Chemotherapy using praziquantel is the main thrust of
prevention of contamination of food and water with the Philippine program for schistosomiasis control
dog feces, avoidance of feeding pet dogs with (Department of Health).
contaminated viscera, and the prompt treatment of ● In order to prevent infection, swimming in endemic
infected canines and humans are some measures to areas should be avoided.
prevent the spread of the parasite.
- Chemoprophylaxis should be given to dogs in
endemic areas.
- Health education is essential
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Slide Name: FASCIOLA HEPATICA

Slide Name: SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM MALE WORM
Common Name: Sheep liver fluke
Common Name: Blood Fluke
Classification: Trematodes
Classification: Trematodes
Morphologic Form: A. Cercaria B. Adult worm
Morphologic Form: Male worm
Infective stage: metacercaria
Infective stage: cercaria
Pathogenic stage: adult worm
Pathogenic stage: adult worm
Source of Infection: Kangkong and watercress; contaminated
Source of Infection: Snails in water contaminated with human
water
urine or feces
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated water and
Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration of cercaria
aquatic plant
Site of Infection: Upper mesenteric veins, portal circulation,
Site of infection: Liver, bile ducts;In migration from intestines to
liver, and GIT
the liver, the parasite may wander to other sites (e.g., lungs,
subcutaneous tissues, brain, or orbit)
Disease: S. JAPONICUM MAINLY AFFECTS THE UPPER
MESENTERIC VEINS AND THE PORTAL CIRCULATION
Disease: FASCIOLIASIS OR SHEEP LIVER ROT
1. Asymptomatic infection
● Migration of the larval worm through the liver irritates the
2. Early acute
organ, manifesting as tenderness and hepatomegaly.
● Characterized by pruritic papules seen at the site
● Characteristic clinical features include right upper
of entry of the parasite. This is called “swimmer’s
quadrant pain, fever and chills, and marked
itch” or “clam digger’s itch.” -
eosinophilia.
● This is followed after 2-3 weeks by fever and
● Hepatitis may develop with biliary obstruction. Some
chills, abdominal pain, cough, bloody diarrhea,
worms may cause necrotic foci in the liver.
and weight loss
● Ingestion of raw sheep liver may lead to temporary
3. Katayama fever
lodgment of the adult worm in the pharynx leading to
● It is characterized by a rapid onset of fever,
suffocation
myalgia, body malaise. cough, diarrhea, and
eosinophilia occurring 1-2 months after exposure
Diagnostic Test:
to the parasite.
● Examination of a sample of the patient’s bile may aid in the
● Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) and
differentiation. If the eggs are present in the bile, then
enlargement of the liver and spleen
this is indicative of F. hepatica
(hepatosplenomegaly) may also occur.
● ELISA and the Enterotest, and liver ultrasonography
● It can lead to hepatic dysfunction, leading to
portal hypertension.
Treatment: Drugs
● The most common cause of death, in this case, is
● The treatment of choice is dichlorophenol (bithionol).
internal bleeding from ruptured esophageal
● An alternative drug is triclabendazole.
varices
4. Associated condition:
Prevention:
● Infection with S. mansoni or S. japonicum may
● Preventive measures include proper human waste
predispose to repeated Salmonella infections
disposal, improvement of hygiene, control of snail
● S. japonicum is associated with the development
population, and avoidance of consumption of raw aquatic
of hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer
plants and contaminated water.
● In endemic areas, it is highly recommended to boil water
Diagnostic Test:
before consumption or use.
● Diagnosis relies on the demonstration of characteristic
● Avoidance of ingesting raw sheep liver is also important,
eggs (mga operculum) (RUDEMENTARY FOR
as well as prompt treatment of infected individuals.
JAPONICUM) in the feces or rectal biopsy specimen for
S. mansoni or S. japonicum

Treatment: Drugs
● The recommended drug for all three species is
praziquantel.
● Anti-malaria drugs such as artemether and artemisinins
have also been proven effective.
Prevention:
● Control transmission through snail control, health
education, and provision of sanitary facilities and water
supply; and control of disease
● Chemotherapy using praziquantel is the main thrust of the
Philippine program for schistosomiasis control (Department
of Health).
● In order to prevent infection, swimming in endemic areas
should be avoided.
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NEMATODES

Slide Name: ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE

Common Name: old world hookworm
Classification: Intestinal Nematode
Slide Name: ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES Morphologic Form: A. Adult female
Common Name: Large intestinal roundworm Infective Stage: Filaform larva
Classification: Intestinal Nematode Pathogenic stage: Adult worm and filarial form
Morphologic Form: A. Egg; B. Adult worm Source of Infection: Environment; Contaminated soil
Infective Stage: embryonated egg Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration
Pathogenic stage: Adult worm Site of infection: skin (filarial), larva (lungs), small intestines
Source of Infection: Contaminated soil (adult)
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg
from contaminated soil Disease: HOOKWORM INFECTION
Site of infection: Lungs and small intestine (may infect 1. Penetration of the skin by the filarial larvae produces
other organs such as the appendix, and the liver) a pruritic papule or vesicle – known as “ground
itch”.
Disease: ASCARIASIS 2. Pneumonia with eosinophilia may occur during the
1. Asymptomatic infection lung phase.
2. Symptomatic Infection 3. The presence of adult worms in the intestines can
● Pneumonia manifest nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
● Loeffer’s syndrome 4. Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
3. Bowel obstruction ● As the worm feeds on blood, a microcytic,
4. Liver and Bile duct infection hypochromic (the type of anemia in which
5. Appendicitis the circulating RBCs are smaller than the usual
6. Bowel perforation size of RBCs (microcytic) and have decreased
red color (hypochromic), and iron-deficiency
Diagnostic Test: anemia may occur.
● Diagnosis is established by finding the eggs in a ● Intestinal sites may be secondary infected
stool specimen. by bacteria.
● In cases of heavy worm burden, the adult worm may 5. Chronic blood loss in the intestine
be present in the stool or be regurgitated.
● Larvae may be recovered from the sputum during Diagnostic Test:
the pulmonary phase of the disease. - Stool examination will show the characteristic
thin-shelled eggs.
Treatment: Drugs - Occult blood in the stool and blood eosinophilia are
- Drugs that have been proven are mebendazole, frequent findings.
albendazole, and pyrantel pamoate - A peripheral blood smear will show microcytic,
hypochromic anemia.
Prevention and Control - Larvae may be recovered from sputum
- proper disposal of human feces, health education of
the population, and improved personal hygiene. Treatment: Drugs
- It is also recommended to avoid using human feces - The recommended drugs for treatment are
as fertilizer. mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate
- A program of mass chemotherapy (MDA) is - Iron replacement therapy is recommended for
recommended especially in areas with high anemia.
incidence of parasitism. - In severe cases, a blood transfusion may be
necessary.

Prevention and Control

- The preventive measures are similar to those for
Ascaris lumbricoides and the other intestinal
roundworms.
- Wearing shoes or any protective footwear is also
important,especially in endemic areas.
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Diagnostic Test:
- Definitive diagnosis is done by demonstrating the
encysted larvae in muscle biopsy specimens.
- Blood examination results include eosinophilia,
leukocytosis, and elevated serum muscle enzyme
levels (lactate

Prevention and Control

- Health Education is important in preventing infection.
- It is also important to thoroughly and adequately cook
meat before consumption.
- Freezing meat may also kill the encysted larvae.
Slide Name: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS larva wet mount - Avoidance of feeding pork scraps to hogs may help
Common Name: Muscle worm, Trichina worm break the life cycle of the parasite.
Classification: Intestinal-Tissue nematode - Other measures include strict meat inspection and
Morphologic Form: A. larva keeping pigs and other farm animals in rat-free pens.
Infective Stage: Encysted larva
Pathogenic stage: Adult worms and Encysted larva
Source of Infection: Undercooked meat of infected
mammal (most likely pigs) deer, bear, walrus, and rodents
(rats).
Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked meat
Site of infection: Small intestine (adult), larva (mucosa) and
Tissue (encysted larvae)

Disease: TRICHINOSIS, TRICHINELLOSIS

- Trichinosis may be divided into three phases –
enteric phase, invasion phase, and convalescent
phase.
- These correspond to the incubation and intestinal
invasion stage (enteric phase), the larval
migration and muscle invasion stage (invasion Slide Name: CAPILLARIA OVA wet mount
phase), and the encystation and encapsulation Common Name: Pudoc worm
stage of the larvae (convalescent phase) Classification: Intestinal nematode
- The enteric or intestinal phase may manifest with Morphologic Form: A. larva
diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Infective Stage: Infective larva
- In the invasion phase, potentially any organ with Pathogenic stage: Adult worms
striated muscles may be the target of the parasite. Source of Infection: Fish-eating migratory birds, infected
Symptoms may include periorbital and facial edema, fish
conjunctivitis, fever, muscle pain (myalgia), splinter Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked raw or
hemorrhages, rashes, and peripheral eosinophilia. undercooked fish
- Involvement of the heart can lead to life-threatening Site of infection: The intestine (adult and larval form)
myocarditis.
- During the convalescent phase, the manifestations Disease: INTESTINAL CAPILLARIASIS
start to decline. - Adult worms can cause micro-ulcers in the
- The disease is self-limiting, hence full recovery is intestinal mucosa that if severe, can lead to
expected. Rare causes of death are congestive malabsorption syndrome.
heart failure and respiratory paralysis. - Intestinal capillariasis is characterized by
- Stool examination will show the characteristic abdominal pain with a gurgling stomach
thin-shelled eggs. (borborygmus) and chronic diarrhea.
- Occult blood in the stool and blood eosinophilia are - Chronic diarrhea leads to weight loss which is
frequent findings. aggravated by the accompanying loss of appetite
- A peripheral blood smear will show microcytic, (anorexia), nausea, and vomiting.
hypochromic anemia. - Malabsorption of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins as
- Larvae may be recovered from sputum well as electrolyte abnormalities can be fatal.

Treatment: Drugs Treatment: Drugs

- The disease is self-limiting and therefore does not - The drug of choice for treatment is albendazole, with
require medication. mebendazole as an alternative, especially for adult
- Supportive measures include bed rest as well as the patients,
giving of analgesics and antipyretics to relieve - Chemotherapy is given for at least 20 days in order
muscle pain and fever. to totally eradicate the parasite.
- Corticosteroids may be given for severe infections. - Relapses may occur if the treatment regimen is not
- Thiabendazole may be given during the early stages followed.
of the disease, especially during the first week, to kill - Patients with severe infections with electrolyte loss
adult worms. and malabsorption must be managed with
- The drug has no effect on the migrating larvae. electrolyte replacement and high-protein fat.
 9

Diagnostic Test:
- Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of the
characteristic eggs in stool specimens.
- In high worm burden, larvae, as well as adult worms,
may also be demonstrated in the stool.

Prevention and Control

- Adequate and thorough cooking of seafood before
consumption, especially in endemic areas.
- Other measures include proper human waste
disposal, health education, and prompt treatment of
infected persons.