General Biology Reviewer

Plants form and function
BOTANY
From 3 Greek words:
Botanikos/Botane- Botanical
Boskein- To feed
● the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure distribution,
classification, and economic importance.
The reason that Sets Plants Apart
● Multicellular Eukaryotic and sessile
● Their development of tissues into specialized tissues like roots and stems
● Mostly autotrophic and surrounded by cell wall
Cuticle- reduce loss of water through transpiration
Xylem- the vascular tissue that carries water throughout the plant
Dermal- plant tissue covers the outer surface of the plant and acts as a protective layer
The reproductive system of plants consists of Flower and Fruit
Autotrophic is an organism that can produce its own food from raw materials and light.
decomposers
Hetotrograpic- can’t make their own food and they’re the consumers like fish
Stem- supports the leaves and the storage of food and transportation and produce food
andStems transport water and solutes between roots and leaves.
Leaves- food chain
Flowers- may attract Pollinators and Drive Plant Fertilization to attract pollinating insects
and protect the essential organs.
Plant cells- are eukaryotic cells that vary in fundamental factors from other eukaryotic
organisms.
● Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, which sets them apart from other
organisms with cell walls, such as bacteria (peptidoglycan) and fungi (chitin). Algal
cell walls are similar to those of plants, and many contain specific polysaccharides
that are useful for taxonomy.
● It can also be seen by the other cells in the presence of chloroplasts, which are also
found in certain algae. Also, plant moves because of the direction of sunlight.
Chloroplast- Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy(green
pigment) and produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which
sustain plant growth. The chloroplast organelle's main function is to convert light energy into
chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Chromosomes- carriers of the genetic material
Cuticle- Leaf structure that prevents water loss
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
● the process by which cells break down glucose into energy.
Sexual Reproduction- the fusion of haploid female gamete (egg cell) and haploid male
gamete (sperm cell). The fusion of these gametes occurs at fertilisation resulting in the
formation of a diploid.
Asexual Reproduction- no gametes involved.
Mitochondria- a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm, produce the energy
necessary for the cell's survival and functioning and synthesis of ATP.
Pollination -transfer of pollen grains from the stamens, the flower parts that produce them
produce them
Product of photosynthesis •Glucose and carbon dioxide
Robert Rooke
-Discover the cell,
looking at the dead plant cell as an experiment of genes
Raw materials that produce photosynthesis
•Carbon dioxide, water
Two types of tissue in plant
1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent Tissue
Meristematic tissue •A tissue in which the cell division and growth continue.
Three types of Meristematic tissue
1. Apical Meristems- found at the tip of roots and shoots. extension
2. Lateral Meristems- responsible for secondary growth.
3. Intercalary- found in grasses and give more strength to the plant
Two types of Permanent Tissue

1. Simple tissue
2. Complex Tissue
Simple tissue- compose of single-type cells with the same structure form a group.
•Parenchyma- photosynthesis, and storage
•Collenchyma- flexible support for both growing and mature organs
•Sclerenchyma- support of older plant organs, and also hardening of different parts of
plants.
Complex Tissue- composed of more than one cell with different structures and forms
Xylem- transportation of water and mechanical% support
Phloem- transportation of sugar
Vascular Tissue- protect
Epidermis- are transpiration, gas exchange, and defense.
Periderm- separates the epidermis to water transport
Epidermal- Ground tissue
Plant Organs
Roots- plant factor that absorbs the water and minerals
Two types of roots, dicots have a tap root system, while monocots have a fibrous root
system
Root Structure
Root cap- protect the young root tip as it Region Of elongation- cell becomes wider than their
pushes through the soil particles original length
Region Of cell division- capable of cell Region Of differentiation- when a cell becomes
division mature. The root hair zone
Pathway of water movement in roots

1. Apoplast- between cells ( in between)
2. Symplast- water passes from cytoplasm to cytoplasm through plasmodesmata
3. Transmembrane- water crosses plasma membranes, entering and exiting each cell.
Water moving through the transmembrane pathway thus moves through both the
symplast and apoplast.
Seadcoat- protects the seed,
Coty tendon- storage of food
How water enters- through the transpiration conclusion hypothesis
Diffusion- water and molecules
Osmosis- a movement of water through higher to lower
Parts of a leaf
Function of the leaf are photosynthesis, transpiration, gustation, gas exchange and etc.
is composed of 3 major parts:

1. Epipodium-green and conspicuous part of the leaf which is specialized to
perform photosynthesis
2. Mesopodium
3. Lycopodium
Epipodium
● Apex -water droplets accumulate
● Margin -hard surface and reduce water loss
● Veins -support the leaf in an upright position
● Midrib during the wind.
● Base -Bottom-up of the leaf and Petiole-the

stalk that joins the leaf to stem.
● Blade The veins carry out food
● Axil
Diploid- Consist of 46 chromosomes
Haploid- Consist of 23 chromosomes
● To create a new cell and for haploid to achieve its own original number, the egg and
sperm cell of two people need to combine to create a new cell that will serve as the
child.
Pathways of water
Apoplast- In between, stop in casparian trip( connecting and barrier)
Symplast- Cytoplasm to The help of plasmodesmata
Transmembrane- entering through cytoplasm.

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General Biology Reviewer

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Plants form and function

Two types of Permanent Tissue

Pathway of water movement in roots

is composed of 3 major parts:

● Base -Bottom-up of the leaf and Petiole-the

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