The 16 Personality Types

The Analysis of personality and Philosophy of occupation
THE 16 PERSONALITY TYPES
1. ENFJ
Extraverted iNtuitive Feeling Judging
ENFJs have tremendous power to manipulate others with their phenomenal

interpersonal skills and unique salesmanship. But it's usually not meant as
manipulation -- ENFJs generally believe in their dreams, and see themselves as
helpers and enablers, which they usually are.
ENFJs are global learners. They see the big picture. The ENFJs focus is expansive.
Some can juggle an amazing number of responsibilities or projects simultaneously.
Many ENFJs have tremendous entrepreneurial ability.
ENFJs are, by definition, Js, with whom we associate organization and decisiveness.
But they don't resemble the SJs or even the NTJs in organization of the environment
nor occasional recalcitrance. ENFJs are organized in the arena of interpersonal affairs.
Their offices may or may not be cluttered, but their conclusions (reached through
feelings) about people and motives are drawn much more quickly and are more
resilient than those of their NFP counterparts.
ENFJs know and appreciate people. Like most NFs, (and Feelers in general), they are
apt to neglect themselves and their own needs for the needs of others. They have
thinner psychological boundaries than most, and are at risk for being hurt or even
abused by less sensitive people. ENFJs often take on more of the burdens of others
than they can bear.
TRADEMARK: "The first shall be last"
This refers to the open-door policy of ENFJs.One ENFJ colleague always welcomes
me into his office regardless of his own circumstances. If another person comes to
the door, he allows them to interrupt our conversation with their need. While
discussing that need, the phone rings and he stops to answer it. Others drop in with
a 'quick question.' I finally get up, go to my office and use the call waiting feature on
the telephone. When he hangs up, I have his undivided attention!
The Initiative Ideas 1

Career choice for ENFJ

Social Services Health and Technical/science Management
medicine
Counseling Physician Science(technical) Management
Psychology Computer science Fashion
and software merchandising
Social work Politics
Education
ENFJ Learning Style

How ENFJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ENFJ’s interest in a subject is driven by the answer to the question, “Is this
helpful to people?” The more they see a topic to be beneficial to others, the greater
their interest in the topic and the greater their desire to actively engage in it and
apply what they learn. Their interest in studying the material is motivated by their
desire to find solutions to people-related issues.
ENFJs easily and quickly pick up new material, especially when it is delivered on a
conceptual basis. Concrete information is also well received by individuals of this
type. ENFJs are capable of grasping material lacking strong logical connection. For
example, learning the rules of the road is no more difficult for them than grasping
some theory. As a rule, they develop a great depth and breadth of understanding of
new material. Learned material is better retained when a significant portion of it is
devoted to highlighting the topic’s connection and relevance to people.
ENFJs are capable of independently learning expansive and complex material. They
are good at both retention of information on a logical basis and mechanical
memorization, although the latter is less effective. ENFJs are able to precisely recall
learned information, whether or not it is all conceptually related. ENFJs can benefit
from studying both independently and in a group setting.
ENFJs are able to actively apply acquired knowledge and skills to their work. They
can apply it to concrete tasks or creatively develop it in a given direction. Working
with material they have learned, understood, and internalized brings them great
enjoyment.
ENFJs are able to remain very stable when experiencing a high level of learning
related stress. They prefer to evenly distribute their efforts in learning new material,
although they are capable of learning through short periods of overexertion.

An ENFJ’s learning is improved when:
 Material is of great interest to many people

 Active learning methods such as debates, brainstorming and contests are
used
 Learning is systematic (e.g., an organized degree or certification program)
 Material is delivered at a fast pace, as ENFJs quickly sort and process
information
 Material is delivered from various viewpoints or using various examples
(improves retention)
 Their successes and achievements are recognized by others
An ENFJ’s learning is hindered when
 They do not consider the material to be of personal importance

 The material studied is insufficient to make them proficient on the topic (reduces
interest)
 The material is of purely practical and mundane nature
ENFJ: Strategies for Successful Communication

An ENFJ finds it easy to establish a common ground with people of a mindset similar
to theirs - or, in other words, the representatives of intuitive/feeling types (NF),
including ENFJ, INFJ, ENFP, and INFP personality types. ENFJs are usually open to
active communication with people of this type. They have a similar way of perceiving
the world, which is why an ENFJ finds it easy to share their feelings and views with
other NFs, and is also likely to relate to other NFs’ feelings and views.
In their interaction with the representatives of intuitive/thinking types (NT),

including ENTJ, INTJ, ENTP, and INTP personality types, INFJs should rely on
conceptual and logical communication. ENFJs’ communication with people from this
group often involves a variety of topics and is seen as beneficial by both parties. And
while many ENFJs form their opinion based on their feelings, whereas the NT people
try to maintain an objective view of events for the most part, they often find
common ground for compelling discussion and search of solutions.
In their communication with the representatives of sensing/feeling types (SF),

including ESFJ, ISFJ, ESFP, and ISFP personality types, ENFJs should try to orient their
manner of communication toward feelings, facts, and actual sensations. ENFJs can
usually adapt to this manner of communication easily enough, although they may
find prolonged or frequent contacts with the representatives of the SF group taxing.
ENFJs may find it challenging to communicate with the representatives of

sensing/thinking types (ST), including ESTJ, ISTJ, ESTP, and ISTP. ENFJs should strive
to confine their communication with ST people to facts and their direct implications.
However, some of the manifestly feeling (F) representatives of the ENFJ type find it
taxing to maintain this sort of communication. They have to struggle to find
argumentation that people from the ST group will understand, and therefore they
may often resort to keeping their communication brief, or become annoyed that the
other party doesn’t “get it”. In order to establish a level of discussion that both
parties will find acceptable, an ENFJ has to tune into the communicative style
compatible with the ST group in advance.
What helps successful communication for an ENFJ:
 the matter of discussion deals with feelings in some way

 the matter of discussion is of a conceptual nature
 the matter of discussion requires a creative approach
 the matter of discussion requires that active measures be taken
What hinders successful communication for an ENFJ:
 the matter of discussion is of a wholly practical and mundane nature

 the discussion is predominantly analytic in nature
 prolonged communication with people from the ST group

2. ENFP
Extraverted iNtuitive Feeling Perceiving
ENFPs are both "idea"-people and "people"-people, who see everyone and
everything as part of a cosmic whole. They want to both help and to be liked and
admired by other people, on both an individual and a humanitarian level. This is
rarely a problem for the ENFP, as they are outgoing and warm, and genuinely like
people. Some ENFPs have a great deal of zany charm, which can ingratiate them to
more stodgy types in spite of their unconventionality.
ENFPs often have strong, if sometimes surprising, values and viewpoints. They tend
to try to use their social skills and contacts to persuade others gently (though
enthusiastically) of the rightness of these views; this sometimes results in the ENFP
neglecting their nearest and dearest while caught up their efforts to change the
world.
ENFPs can be the warmest, kindest, and most sympathetic of mates; affectionate,
demonstrative, and spontaneous. Many in relationships with an ENFP literally say,
"They light up my life." But there is usually a trade-off: the partner must be willing to
deal with the practical and financial aspects of the relationship, and the ENFP must
be allowed the freedom to follow their latest path, whatever that entails.
For some ENFPs, relationships can be seriously tested by their short attention spans
and emotional needs. They are easily intrigued and distracted by new friends and
acquaintances, forgetting their older and more familiar emotional ties for long
stretches at a time. And the less mature ENFP may need to feel they’re the constant
center of attention, to confirm their image of themselves as a wonderful and
fascinating person.
In the workplace, ENFPs are pleasant and friendly, and interact in a positive and
creative manner with both their co-workers and the public. ENFPs are also a major
asset in brainstorming sessions; follow-through on projects can be a problem,
however. ENFPs do get distracted, especially if another interesting issue comes along.
They also tend towards procrastination, and dislike performing small, uninteresting
tasks. ENFPs are most productive when working in a group with a few Js to handle
the details and the deadlines.
ENFPs are friendly folks. Most are really enjoyable people. Some of the most
soft-hearted people are ENFPs.
ENFPs have what some call a "silly switch." They can be intellectual, serious, all
business for a while, but whenever they get the chance, they flip that switch and
become CAPTAIN WILDCHILD, the scourge of the swimming pool, ticklers par
excellence. Sometimes they may even appear intoxicated when the "switch" is
flipped.

One study has shown that ENFPs are significantly overrepresented in psychodrama.
Most have a natural propensity for role-playing and acting.
ENFPs like to tell funny stories, especially about their friends. This penchant may be
why many are attracted to journalism. I kid one of my ENFP friends that if I want the
sixth fleet to know something, I'll just tell him.
ENFPs are global learners. Close enough is satisfactory to the ENFP, which may
unnerve more precise thinking types, especially with such things as piano practice
("three quarter notes or four ... what's the difference?") Amazingly, some ENFPs are
adept at exacting disciplines such as mathematics.
Friends are what life is about to ENFPs, moreso even than the other NFs. They hold
up their end of the relationship, sometimes being victimized by less caring
individuals. ENFPs are energized by being around people. Some have real difficulty
being alone, especially on a regular basis.
Career choice for ENFP
Social Services Arts Management

Journalist/reporter Musician Public relations
Psychology Performing arts Marketing
Counseling Literature and writing Fashion merchandising
Fitness Film producer
Nutrition
Recreation specialist
Social work
Education

ENFP Learning Style
How ENFPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ENFP’s interest in studying something is driven by the search for solutions to

people-related issues, as well as the relevance and usefulness of what they learn to
other people. The more positively they think that people will respond to the subject,
the greater the ENFP’s interest and enjoyment in it, and the greater their desire to
apply what they learn.
ENFPs easily grasp material, especially if a large portion of it is devoted to the topic’s
relevance or connection to the behavior or actions of people. They are good at
remembering theoretical material, especially when it actively engages their feelings.
ENFPs can also easily grasp a significant amount of information lacking strong
conceptual connections. Whether or not material is presented in a systematic and
logical way is not of great importance to them. ENFPs strive to define their feelings
toward the information that they are receiving.
ENFPs are able to learn independently. Even so, they are generally active
communicators in the learning process, and group work is favorable. They like to
discuss the topic of study and seek feedback on their work. They learn well through
active learning methods like debates, contests, and educational games.
ENFPs are able to work with material they have learned well in a variety of ways.
They are able to effectively apply it in different projects and develop it creatively
beyond what they have been taught. They get excited and absorbed working with
material they have learned and understood well, and really enjoy it.
ENFPs do not always evenly distribute their effort when learning and studying, and
may put off work until the last minute.
An ENFP’s learning is improved when:
 The subject engages their feelings

 Visual aids and active learning methods such as debates, contests and
educational games are used
 The given topic is one they enjoy
 The material is presented from varied viewpoints or using various examples
An ENFP’s learning is hindered when:
 The material is purely logical or is not centered around human issues

 The material does not engage their feelings

ENFP Communication Skills
The wish to understand others and to help them is what fills an ENFP’s life with
meaning and serves as their main motivation. This is how they perceive the world
and the people around them - their emotions and actions. One might say that
orientation of an ENFP’s feelings is primarily defined by the following factors:
opportunity to offer assistance vs. lack thereof, and acceptance vs. rejection. They
feel their best when they have the opportunity to help and they are accepted by
others and their worst when they encounter withdrawal and rejection.
Few can rival an ENFP in their ability to convince people and to earn their trust. They
excel in feeling and understanding human relationships, and are always ready to pay
attention to the other party’s feelings. An ENFP’s style of communication is
characterized by their readiness to help by activating and developing other party’s
abilities.
Communication with an ENFP is pleasant and easy. They often improvise in their
discussion of various topics, although they can prepare a conversation agenda in
advance. Many ENFPs are very energetic and always ready to join a discussion of any
sort. They often initiate riveting discussions.
ENFPs dislike solitude and require company in everything they do. They try to
diversify their interaction with others as much as possible so as to avoid monotony in
communication.
ENFPs find it easy enough to communicate with people of different personality types
on a variety of subjects, although their interest in topics that are heavily analytical in
nature is somewhat lower.
An ENFP will have an extensive and diverse circle of friends and acquaintances. They
do a great deal of active communicating at receptions and meetings, or during public
events and recreational activities.
ENFPs tend to have a large number of business contacts, and their communication
routine can be rather intense. Their co-workers (or others who work in the same
field) are often reliant on, or interested in, their competent opinion of counsel on
professional subjects. An ENFP’s communication agenda usually involves an
exchange of ideas and opinions, professional consultation, and practical advice.

3. ENTJ
Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging
ENTJs have a natural tendency to marshall and direct. This may be expressed with
the charm and finesse of a world leader or with the insensitivity of a cult leader. The
ENTJ requires little encouragement to make a plan. One ENTJ put it this way... "I
make these little plans that really don't have any importance to anyone else, and
then feel compelled to carry them out." While "compelled" may not describe ENTJs
as a group, nevertheless the bent to plan creatively and to make those plans reality
is a common theme for NJ types.
ENTJs are often "larger than life" in describing their projects or proposals. This ability
may be expressed as salesmanship, story-telling facility or stand-up comedy. In
combination with the natural propensity for filibuster, our hero can make it very
difficult for the customer to decline.
TRADEMARK: -- "I'm really sorry you have to die." (I realize this is an overstatement.
However, most Fs and other gentle souls usually chuckle knowingly at this
description.)
ENTJs are decisive. They see what needs to be done, and frequently assign roles to
their fellows. Few other types can equal their ability to remain resolute in conflict,
sending the valiant (and often leading the charge) into the mouth of hell. When
challenged, the ENTJ may by reflex become argumentative. Alternatively (s)he may
unleash an icy gaze that serves notice: the ENTJ is not one to be trifled with.
Career choices for ENTJ
Management Social services Technical/science

Business management Law Engineering
Management of education Counseling Industrial management
Military education Manufacturing
management
Politics Higher/post secondary
education

ENTJ Learning Style
How ENTJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ENTJ’s interest in learning a subject lies in the answer to the question “Will this
help me solve a problem?” If the answer is yes, the more thoroughly and extensively
they can learn how, the greater the ENTJ’s interest in the given topic, and the
greater their desire to apply what they learn. Their interest in studying something is
driven both by the desire to learn about ideas of popular interest, as well as by the
need to find practical solutions to pressing problems.
ENTJs are easily receptive to learning material when it is presented in a theoretical

form, and new information flows logically from information given earlier. This type
has a comprehensive understanding of new material and immediately grasps how it
can be applied in various ways. ENTJs learn well in an organized educational system
(e.g., an organized degree or certification program), but learn just as well from
sources not unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses or
readings).
They are capable of mechanical memorization, although the amount retained this
way is less than when memorization is based on a generalized understanding of the
material. ENTJs retain information best when it is presented from various
perspectives and using various examples. Memorizing material presented as a
collection of poorly interrelated items is mentally straining for an ENTJ.
ENTJs are capable of actively applying material they have learned well to their work.
They are able to use it in clearly defined applications as well as by drawing creative
conclusions on how it can be used for other purposes.
ENTJs are able to remain very stable when experiencing a high level of learning
related stress. They prefer to evenly distribute their efforts in learning new material,
although they are capable of learning through short periods of overexertion.

An ENTJ’s learning is improved when:
 Learning is systematic and intensive

 Material is presented on a conceptual basis
 Material is presented as unexplored and of popular interest
 Active learning methods such as debates, brainstorming and contests are used
 Their learning-related successes and achievements are recognized by others
 Material is delivered at a fast pace, as ENTJs quickly sort and process
information
An ENTJ’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is of no strong personal interest to the ENTJ

 Material is trivial
 The knowledge received does not significantly expand the boundaries of their
understanding and opportunities for application in the given area
 What they learn is insufficient to allow them to present themselves as
knowledgeable on the topic
ENTJ Communication Skills
ENTJs respect and maintain the manners and order accepted in their circle. They
may often come across as demanding, but as a rule, not when it comes to minor
issues. ENTJs are ready to share their opinion with those around them and to find
out theirs. At the same time, they often strive to ensure that their opinion be the
one recognized as the right one. Their objective, business-like, confident and at
times bossy conversation style can be upsetting to people of a more feeling type or
result in counteraction on the part of others who are also disposed toward
leadership.
ENTJs can encounter difficulties when communication requires finer soft skills, such
as being very tactful or particularly patient, or involves the finer feelings of the soul.
The topics of love or lyric poetry can fail to elicit a strong emotional response in
them. At the same time, they often take an active part at events or gatherings
related to expressions of feelings, for instance, in organizing charity or other public
events.
ENTJs usually have a large social circle including their friends, colleagues, and
contacts made at parties, gatherings, during time off work or entertainment events
they might be attending.
Business communication of ENTJs tends to be pretty intense. Their colleagues (or

others who work in the same field) often find it important or necessary to get their
authoritative and/or expert opinion on professional subjects. For ENTJs,
communication usually includes opinions, ideas, discussing organizational
management aspects and practical solutions.

What helps successful communication for an ENTJ:
 A need to find hidden, unobvious possibilities

 The topic of conversation requires good understanding of logical connections
and the development course of events
 The topic of discussion is conceptual in nature
 A need for a creative approach to the discussion topic
 The subject being discussed requires an active response
What hinders successful communication for an ENTJ:
 Discussion material with weak logical connections

 Discussion material of a purely practical and mundane nature
 The conversation involves the finer feelings of the soul for too long

4. ENTP
Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Perceiving
"Clever" is the word that perhaps describes ENTPs best. The professor who juggles
half a dozen ideas for research papers and grant proposals in his mind while giving a
highly entertaining lecture on an abstruse subject is a classic example of the type. So
is the stand-up comedian whose lampoons are both funny and incisively accurate.
ENTPs are usually verbally as well as cerebrally quick, and generally love to
argue--both for its own sake, and to show off their debating skills. ENTPs tend to
have a perverse sense of humor as well, and enjoy playing devil's advocate. This
sometimes confuses, even angers, those who don't understand or accept the
concept of argument as a sport.
ENTPs are as innovative and ingenious at problem-solving as they are at verbal

gymnastics; on occasion, however, they manage to outsmart themselves. ENTPs can
be prone to "sharp practice" – especially cutting corners without regard to the rules
if it's expedient – or, their juggling acts may simply be so over-ambitious they
collapse.
Both at work and at home, ENTPs are very fond of "toys" -- physical or intellectual,
the more sophisticated the better. Once these have been "solved" or become too
familiar, however, they’ll be replaced with new ones.
ENTPs are basically optimists, but in spite of this (perhaps because of it?), they can
become petulant about small setbacks and inconveniences. (Major setbacks they
regard as challenges, and tackle with determination.) ENTPs have little patience with
those they consider wrongheaded or unintelligent, and show little restraint in
demonstrating this. In general, however, they are genial, even charming, when not
being harassed by life.
In terms of their relationships with others, ENTPs are capable of bonding very closely
and suddenly with their loved ones. Some appear deceptively offhand with their
nearest and dearest; others are so demonstrative that they succeed in shocking
co-workers who've only seen their professional side. ENTPs are also quick to spot a
kindred spirit, and good at acquiring friends of similar temperament and interests.
ENTPs may sometimes give the impression of being largely oblivious to the rest of
humanity except as an audience: good, bad, or potential. In general this is unfair –
but it can be difficult to get an ENTP’s attention when they’re not immediately
aware of you, especially for an Introvert.
The best approach in communicating with an ENTP is to be straightforward. No

games – they’ll win. No "pulling rank" – they’ll just want to put you in your place. No
apologies – you’ll undermine yourself. Try "I need/want to talk to you."

Career choices for ENTP
Technical/science Management
Education Counseling
Engineering Business management
Natural science Management of education
Information system
ENTP Learning Style
How ENTPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ENTP’s interest in learning a subject is motivated by their desire to answer the

question, “In what ways can the given problem be solved?” The more solutions they
learn of, the greater their interest in the given topic and the greater their desire to
understand it.
They are motivated to study something when it allows them to find solutions to
complex, intellectually challenging tasks.
ENTPs easily take in material when it is presented in a conceptual form and new
information logically flows from that previously given. People of this type
understand new material from multiple angles - beyond what they are explicitly
taught - and immediately pick up on how it can be applied. They are capable of
independently learning expansive and complex material; the complexity of the
material only intensifies their drive to master it. Material laid out in an intriguing way
and/or presented as new and unexplored sharply increases the interest of an ENTP.
They are capable of learning from sources not unified by a single formal learning
process (e.g., individual courses or readings).
ENTPs are able to accurately reproduce theoretical information and information that
lacks logical flow. Group work with the material being studied does not give an ENTP
any advantage over individual work.
ENTPs are capable of actively applying material they have learned well and
internalized. They are good at using it in obvious, straightforward applications as
well as taking an innovative approach to the material.
ENTPs have a significant degree of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
They don’t always evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material.

An ENTP’s learning is improved when:

 Material is delivered on a conceptual basis
 The subject really captures their interest or is intellectually challenging
 Material is presented from multiple points of view or using various examples
 Material is delivered at a fast pace, as ENTPs quickly sort and process
information
An ENTP’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is trivial
 They don’t feel that the knowledge they gain takes their understanding of the
topic to the next level
 There is a need to carry out a large number of routine task
ENTP Communication Skills
In the process of communication, ENTPs try to bring to light the logical connections
between phenomena and events and provide explanations for them. They find great
satisfaction in having their inferences recognized by the other party.
ENTPs are interesting and easy to talk to, although some of their conversation
partners may be exhausted by the somewhat adversarial form their communication
takes. As a rule, ENTPs feel at ease conversing in a group, while they actively assert
their independent view on the topic of discussion. For them, friendly conversations
usually work out with people of equal intellect.
In communication, ENTPs usually come across as confident, precise and objective.

They strive to maintain their characteristic objective and methodical evaluation,
even when discussing topics relating to the finer feelings of the soul. Thus, for
example, topics of love and lyric poetry also make them want to find ways to analyze
the subject of the emotions.
The typical social circle of ENTPs for the most part consists of relatives, friends and
co-workers. At the same time, ENTPs are quick off the mark and communicate fairly
actively with a variety of different people at parties, meetings and recreational
gatherings.
As a rule, business communication of ENTPs is intense. To their colleagues (or other

people working in the same field), it is important to figure out an ENTP’s in-depth
expert opinion on many professional issues. The topics of discussion for ENTPs

usually include exchange of opinions and ideas, and critical analysis of new
approaches and methods.
What helps successful communication for an ENTP:

 There is a need to find hidden, unobvious possibilities
 The discussion requires a good understanding of logical connections
 The topic calls for a creative approach
 The other party is an NT or NF person
What hinders successful communication for an ENTP:
 The topic material has weak logical connections

 The topic is of purely practical, mundane nature
 The topic heavily involves the finer feelings of the soul for too long
 Long communication with SF people

5. ESFJ
Extraverted Sensing Feeling Judging
Guardians of birthdays, holidays and celebrations, ESFJs are generous entertainers.
They enjoy and joyfully observe traditions and are liberal in giving, especially where
custom prescribes.
All else being equal, ESFJs enjoy being in charge. They see problems clearly and
delegate easily, work hard and play with zest. ESFJs, as do most SJs, bear strong
allegiance to rights of seniority. They willingly provide service (which embodies life's
meaning) and expect the same from others.
ESFJs are easily wounded. And when wounded, their emotions will not be contained.
They by nature "wear their hearts on their sleeves," often exuding warmth and
bonhomie, but not infrequently boiling over with the vexation of their souls. Some
ESFJs channel these vibrant emotions into moving dramatic performances on stage
and screen.
Strong, contradictory forces consume the ESFJ. Their sense of right and wrong
wrestles with an overwhelming rescuing, 'mothering' drive. This sometimes results in
swift, immediate action taken upon a transgressor, followed by stern reprimand;
ultimately, however, the prodigal is wrested from the gallows of their folly, just as
the noose tightens and all hope is lost, by the very executioner!
Guardians of birthdays, holidays and celebrations, ESFJs are generous entertainers.

They enjoy and joyfully observe traditions and are liberal in giving, especially where
custom prescribes.
All else being equal, ESFJs enjoy being in charge. They see problems clearly and
delegate easily, work hard and play with zest. ESFJs, as do most SJs, bear strong
allegiance to rights of seniority. They willingly provide service (which embodies life's
meaning) and expect the same from others.
ESFJs are easily wounded. And when wounded, their emotions will not be contained.
They by nature "wear their hearts on their sleeves," often exuding warmth and
bonhomie, but not infrequently boiling over with the vexation of their souls. Some
ESFJs channel these vibrant emotions into moving dramatic performances on stage
and screen.
Strong, contradictory forces consume the ESFJ. Their sense of right and wrong
wrestles with an overwhelming rescuing, 'mothering' drive. This sometimes results in
swift, immediate action taken upon a transgressor, followed by stern reprimand;
ultimately, however, the prodigal is wrested from the gallows of their folly, just as
the noose tightens and all hope is lost, by the very executioner!

Career choices for ESFJ:
Management Health care Social services

Management Nursing Education
Public administration Social work
Hotel & restaurant
management
Sale / marketing specialist
Fashion management
ESFJ Learning Style
How ESFJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
ESFJs, interest in learning a subject is related to the question, “Will this help me in
work with others?” The more positive the answer to this question, the greater their
interest in the topic, and the greater their desire to actively engage in it and apply
what they learn.
ESFJ’s are interested in studying something when they see the possibility of gaining
new skills and putting them to practice.
ESFJs find it easy to take in material when a significant part of it is devoted to the
topic’s connection and relevance to people, and when it can be demonstrated with
straightforward, real-life examples, as opposed to theoretical ones. They are capable
of independently grasping material - mostly that of practical nature. ESFJs are also
able to take in a substantial amount of information lacking significant logical flow.
Whether or not the material is presented in a systematic and logical way has little
impact on their learning.
ESFJs are good at remembering new material when their feelings and emotions are
engaged, and when they communicate actively during the learning process. ESFJs are
able to precisely reproduce learned information, especially if they associate it with
any feelings. As a rule, mechanical memorization is highly accurate in ESFJs, so they
are able to recall many details about rapidly changing information, like in a
fast-paced slide show.
ESFJs are capable of applying new material once they understand its details and
nuances. They apply it most effectively in straightforward tasks. Working with
material they have learned, understood, and internalized brings them great joy.
Although ESFJs are highly tolerant to high levels of learning related stress, they
prefer to evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material.

An ESFJ’s learning is improved when:
 The subject engages their feelings and emotions

 Connections between the material delivered and human interests are
emphasized
 Active learning methods such as debates, learning games and contests are used
 Material is delivered at a moderate pace
 The same material is repeatedly presented (significantly improves retention)
 The material is delivered from different angles (significantly improves retention)
 Lecture materials are available (can improve exam preparation)
An ESFJ’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is overly conceptual

 Material lacks practical application (strongly reduces interest)
 The information being taught does not appeal to their feelings and emotions
ESFJ Communication Skills
In communication, ESFJs are practical, concrete, and at the same time supportive
and responsive toward the needs of the other party. They are certain of their
reasoning and they want others to share it. ESFJs keep to a soft, but assertive
communication style. They are clear sticklers to following communication standards
and rules accepted in their circle or community.
ESFJs have a fairly wide social circle including friends and acquaintances, e.g. people
they have met during their travels, or at entertainment events. Many people like to
converse with ESFJs about various issues of a practical or day-to-day nature, as well
as about their impressions and experiences.
Business communication of ESFJs is intense and for the most part deals with solving
practical problems, often related to management. Usually they are apt at on-the-fly
communication on immediate practical tasks. However, such topics as scientific
discussion or very technical ones can fail to elicit a strong response from ESFJs.

What helps successful communication for an ESFJ:
 The topic includes feelings and emotions

 The topic touches on issues around practical solutions
 The topic mostly relates to concrete, ongoing issues
 The topic requires that action be taken
What hinders successful communication for an ESFJ:
 The topic mostly relates to abstract, theoretical issues

 The discussion requires searching for hidden, unobvious possibilities
 Long communication with people from the NT group

6. ESFP
Extraverted Sensing Feeling Perceiving
"Where's the party?" ESFPs love people, excitement, telling stories and having fun.
The spontaneous, impulsive nature of this type is almost always entertaining. And
ESFPs love to entertain -- on stage, at work, and/or at home. Social gatherings are an
energy boost to these "people" people.
SPs sometimes think and talk in more of a spider-web approach. Several of my ESFP
friends jump from thought to thought in mid-sentence, touching here or there in a
manner that's almost incoherent to the listener, but will eventually cover the
waterfront by skipping on impulse from one piece of information to another. It's
really quite fascinating.
New! ESFPs are attracted to new ideas, new fashions, new gadgets, new. Perhaps it's
the newness of life that attracts ESFPs to elementary education, especially to
preschool and kindergarten.
ESFPs love to talk to people about people. Some of the most colorful storytellers are
ESFPs. Their down-to-earth, often homespun wit reflects a mischievous
benevolence.
Almost every ESFP loves to talk. Some can be identified by the twenty minute
conversation required to ask or answer a simple factual question.
Career choices for ESFP:
Arts Customer Social services Management

services
Acting and Public relations Early childhood Fashion
performances education merchandising
Dressmaking and Sales / marketing
design specialist
Advertising Fitness
Nutrition

ESFP Learning Style
How ESFPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ESFP’s interest in learning a certain subject revolves around the question “Am I
enjoying this?” The more they enjoy what they are learning, the greater their
interest in the topic and the greater their desire to learn and take part in the direct
application of what they learn. Their desire to study something is driven by the
possibility of using what they learn to bring joy to others.
ESFPs learn easily and quickly when the new material is delivered in a concrete,
visual way. They quickly grasp its various practical applications. They try to define
their feelings towards to the topic and communicate actively during the learning
process, seeking feedback from their peers on their work. They find it easy to learn
through active methods such as debates, contests and educational games, and group
work with the material is preferable. Whether or not the material is presented in a
systematic and logical way has little impact on their learning. They can easily take in
a substantial amount of information lacking significant logical flow.
This type is able to accurately reproduce information they receive. They can precisely
recall large rapidly changing sequences of information.
ESFPs are capable of varied practical work involving learned material. Applying
material they have learned, understood, and internalized bring them great joy.
ESFPs have a moderate level of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
They tend to put off work until the last minute.
An ESFP’s learning is improved when:

 The topic is of concrete nature
 Visual aids and active learning methods such as debates, contests and
educational games are used
 The topics are ones that they really like (greatly increases interest)
 The same material is repeatedly presented (improves retention)
 Material is taught using various examples (improves retention)
 Material is presented in an artistic, aesthetically appealing way
An ESFP’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is overly conceptual and theoretical

 The material lacks practical application (strongly reduces interest)
 The material does not engage their feelings and emotions (reduces interest)

ESFP Communication Skills
Feelings and more feelings fill the life of ESFPs and give it meaning. They are easy to
communicate with, and a lot can be discussed and laughed about with ESFPs. They
exhibit great warmth when talking about others, even if they sometimes tease them.
When it comes to gatherings of friends and acquaintances, ESFPs are always the life
of the party. That is how trusting and warm relationships start, which are especially
strengthened by their sincere attentiveness to the pressing problems of their
conversation parties. ESFPs’ energy and capacity for empathy inevitably engage
others in the lively atmosphere they create around themselves. It is true, however,
that their drive to create a festive or cheerful atmosphere can lead to displeasure
among some who may find it inappropriate.
Some topics are not particularly interesting to ESFPs, for instance those related to
theoretical and logical reasoning. Elaborate discussions of scientific or technical
topics do not particularly engage them. They can sometimes keep up a conversation
around these topics, but it mostly has to do with their drive to have a wide social
circle.
ESFPs have a large circle of acquaintances and friends. After all, a lot of people like to
engage in communication with people who are open and who exude an elevated
happy mood.
As a rule, business communication among ESFPs is connected to participating in

solving current problems that are often related to public relations, advertising or
sales. They often manage to find quick solutions to practical tasks where establishing
trusting and warm relationships plays an important role.
What helps successful communication for an ESFP:
 The topic involves feelings and emotions

 The topic includes something that helps reduce stress and elevate the mood
 The topic mostly deals with concrete, current issues
 Communication with people from the SF or NF groups
What hinders successful communication for an ESFP:
 The topic mostly deals with abstract, theoretical issues

 The topic requires complex, deep reflection

7. ESTJ
Extraverted Sensing Thinking Judging
Every right-minded man has a philosophy of life, whether he knows it or not. Hidden
away in his mind are certain governing principles, whether he formulates them in
words or not, which govern his life. Surely his ideal ought to be to contribute all that
he can, however little it may be, whether of money or service, to human progress.
John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events
ESTJs thrive on order and continuity. Being extraverted, their focus involves
organization of people, which translates into supervision. While ENTJs enjoy
organizing and mobilizing people according to their own theories and tactically
based agendas, ESTJs are content to enforce "the rules," often dictated by tradition
or handed down from a higher authority.
ESTJs are joiners. They seek out like-minded companions in clubs, civic groups,
churches and other service organizations. The need for belonging is woven into the
fiber of SJs. The family likewise is a central focus for ESTJs, and attendance at such
events as weddings, funerals and family reunions is obligatory.
Tradition is important to the ESTJ. Holidays, birthdays and other annual celebrations
are remembered and observed often religiously by this type. The ESTJ is inclined to
seek out his roots, to trace the family heritage back to honored ancestors both for a
sense of family respectability and for a sense of security and belonging.
Service, the tangible expression of responsibility, is another key focus for ESTJs. They
love to provide and to receive good service. The ESTJ merchant who provides
dependable service has done much to enhance his or her self image.
ESTJs have an acute sense for orthodoxy. Much of their evaluation of persons and
activities reflects their strong sense of what is "normal" and what isn't. ESTJ humor is
frequently centered around something or someone being off center or behaving
abnormally.
ESTJs promote the work ethic. Power, position and prestige should be worked for
and earned. Laziness is rarely viewed with ambivalence nor benevolence by this
type.
Some men can make decisions and some cannot. Some men fret and delay under
criticism. I used to have a saying1 that applies here, and I note that some people
have picked it up.
Harry S. Truman, Mr. Citizen

1"If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen."
The ESTJ is outspoken, a person of principles, which are readily expressed. The ESTJ
is not afraid to stand up for what he or she believes is right even in the face of
overwhelming odds. ESTJs are able to make the tough calls.
Occupations attracting ESTJs include teaching, coaching, banking, political office, and
management at all levels.
Career choices for ESTJ:
Management Technical Legal and law

enforcement
Management Engineering Military training
Business management Construction specialist Police
Management in public Truck driver Security services
sector
Stock broker Bus driver Law
Accounting
ESTJ Learning Style
How ESTJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An ESTJ’s interest in learning a subject is stimulated by the question, “Does this solve
a problem?” If the answer is yes, the more thoroughly and specifically they can learn
how, the greater their interest in the topic and the greater their desire to apply what
they learn. Their interest in studying something is driven by the desire to gain
practical experience in the implementation of certain ideas or activities.
ESTJs are capable of processing material built on a logical framework, as well as large
amounts of information lacking logical cohesion. They easily comprehend new
material when it is demonstrated using straightforward, real-life examples. ESTJs
understand the material in a concrete, factual way, and they immediately grasp how
it can be used. Visual aids and active learning methods substantially improve their
learning. ESTJs learn noticeably well in an organized educational system (e.g., an
organized degree or certification program), but can also learn from sources not
unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses or readings).
ESTJs are able to actively, accurately, and proficiently apply material they have
learned well and understood in straightforward tasks.
ESTJs are highly tolerant to high levels learning related stress. They prefer to evenly
distribute their efforts when learning new material, although they are also capable
of learning through relatively short periods of overexertion.

An ESTJ’s learning is improved when:
 Material is presented in practical terms

 There is logical consistency in the delivery of material
 Material is presented from varied viewpoints or using varied examples
 They do group work with the material (gives an advantage over independent
work)
 Material is delivered at a moderate or fast pace
An ESTJ’s learning is hindered when:

 Material lacks practical application (noticeably reduces interest)
 Material appeals primarily to the finer feelings
ESTJ Communication Skills
In communication ESTJs are open but often demanding. They expect others to fulfill
what was discussed and agreed upon, in due time and in the proper manner. ESTJs
most often embody this attitude just as well toward themselves.
ESTJs are usually not comfortable with situations requiring especially good people
skills, e.g. being particularly delicate or patient. Their open and direct proclamation
of their principles and intentions may sometimes hurt the feelings of the more
feeling types (F) or provoke strong resistance on part of other leadership-oriented
people who may have a different opinion.
ESTJs often find it hard to express themselves when they have to talk about finer
feelings: such topics as love or lyric poetry may not produce a strong emotional
response in them. However, they are usually actively involved in events and
gatherings that involve expression of feelings and emotions, such as feting persons
of extraordinary bravery, or in charity events.
An ESTJ will normally have an extensive circle of friends, colleagues, and contacts
they make during such events as receptions, meetings, entertainment events, and
recreational activities.
An ESTJ's business communication is likely to be active and frequent. Their

colleagues (or others who work in the same field) are often reliant on, or interested
in, their competent opinion of counsel on professional subjects. Their business
communication usually involves an exchange of opinions, as well as a discussion of
management issues and practical solutions.

What helps successful communication for an ESTJ:
 the topic deals with practical solutions

 the topic requires that active measures be taken
 the topic mostly deals with concrete, tangible issues
 the topic requires a clear understanding of how events unfold as well as of their
logical interconnections
What hinders successful communication for an ESTJ:
 the topic relates to abstract and theoretical issues

 the topic has to do with the finer feelings of the soul
 prolonged communication with people from the NF group

8. ESTP
Extraverted Sensing Thinking Perceiving
ESTPs are spontaneous, active folks. Like the other SPs, ESTPs get great satisfaction
from acting on their impulses. Activities involving great power, speed, thrill and risk
are attractive to the ESTP. Chronic stifling of these impulses makes the ESTP feel
"dead inside".
Gamesmanship is the calling card of the ESTP. Persons of this type have a natural
drive to best the competition. Some of the most successful salespersons are ESTPs.
P.T. Barnum ("Never give a sucker an even break") illustrates the unscrupulous
contingent of this type.
Almost unconsciously ESTPs look for nonverbal, nearly subliminal cues as to what
makes their quarry "tick". Once they know, they wait for just the right time to trump
the unsuspecting victim's ace and glory in their conquest. Oddly enough, ESTPs seem
to admire and respect anyone who can beat them at their own game.
"If I was any better, I couldn't stand it!" To an ESTP, admission of weakness feels like
failure. He admires strength in himself and in others.
"Shock effect" is a favored technique of this type to get the attention of his audience.
ESTPs love to be at center stage, demonstrating feats of wonder and daring.
Career choices for ESTP:
Management Customer services

Business management Public and personal safety, Bodyguards
Sales / marketing specialist Sport coaching
Entrepreneurship Seafaring
Stock broker Emergency medical services

ESTP Learning Style
How ESTPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
In ESTPs, interest in learning a subject is driven by the question, “Will learning this
help me act more effectively?” If the answer is yes, the more thoroughly and
specifically they can learn what they can do, the greater their interest in the topic,
and the greater their desire to apply what they learn. Their interest in studying
something is stimulated by the desire to find practical solutions to pressing
problems.
ESTPs understand learned information in a concrete, factual way and immediately

grasp how it can be applied. They can learn well in both an organized educational
system (e.g., an organized degree or certification program), as well as from sources
not unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses or readings).
They are able to learn material on their own - mostly that of practical nature.
They easily and quickly retain new material if it is presented as a practical guide for
action. ESTPs are capable of remembering material built on a logical framework, as
well as substantial amounts of information lacking logical cohesion. Retention is
improved if the material is delivered using a variety of examples. ESTPs are able to
accurately reproduce received information, including details of rapidly changing
environment.
ESTPs are capable of actively using material they have learned well and understood
in concrete, straightforward applications.
ESTPs have a moderate level of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
They do not always evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material.
An ESTP’s learning is improved when:
 Material is illustrated using concrete, real-life examples

 Material is of a practical nature
 Logical flow is evident in the delivery of the material
 They participate in group work with the material
An ESTP’s learning is hindered when:


ESTP Communication Skills
ESTPs are active communicators who know how to persuade and engage others with
their speech. However, some people may be offended by their straightforwardness.
The more variety ESTPs have in their communication, the more energetic they are
and the greater their sense of fulfillment in life. ESTPs find it easy to communicate
with various personality types, although they tend to be more superficial with some
of them. ESTPs sometimes find it hard to express finer feelings; such topics as love,
lyric poetry, and any subtleties of emotional experience may not evoke a strong
emotional response in them.
ESTPs often have many friends and acquaintances, with whom they discuss practical
measures and actions that need to be taken to address certain issues.
ESTPs tend to have a large number of business contacts, and they actively and
frequently interact with them. Those who work in their field are often interested in
their professional opinion. An ESTP's business communication is usually focused on
the exchange of opinions, as well as the discussion of concrete measures and
practical solutions.
What helps successful communication for an ESTP:
 the topic deals with aspects of practical solutions

 the topic requires that active measures be taken
 the topic mostly deals with concrete current issues
 the topic calls for a quick reaction (e.g. an emergency)
What hinders successful communication for an ESTP:
 the topic relates to abstract and theoretical issues

 the topic heavily involves finer feelings
 prolonged communication with NF people

9. INFJ
Introverted iNtuitive Feeling Judging
INFJs are distinguished by both their complexity of character and the unusual range
and depth of their talents. Strongly humanitarian in outlook, INFJs tend to be
idealists, and because of their J preference for closure and completion, they are
generally "doers" as well as dreamers. This rare combination of vision and
practicality often results in INFJs taking a disproportionate amount of responsibility
in the various causes to which so many of them seem to be drawn.
INFJs are deeply concerned about their relations with individuals as well as the state
of humanity at large. They are, in fact, sometimes mistaken for extroverts because
they appear so outgoing and are so genuinely interested in people -- a product of the
Feeling function they most readily show to the world. On the contrary, INFJs are true
introverts, who can only be emotionally intimate and fulfilled with a chosen few
from among their long-term friends, family, or obvious "soul mates." While
instinctively courting the personal and organizational demands continually made
upon them by others, at intervals INFJs will suddenly withdraw into themselves,
sometimes shutting out even their intimates. This apparent paradox is a necessary
escape valve for them, providing both time to rebuild their depleted resources and a
filter to prevent the emotional overload to which they are so susceptible as inherent
"givers." As a pattern of behavior, it is perhaps the most confusing aspect of the
enigmatic INFJ character to outsiders, and hence the most often misunderstood --
particularly by those who have little experience with this rare type.
Due in part to the unique perspective produced by this alternation between

detachment and involvement in the lives of the people around them, INFJs may well
have the clearest insights of all the types into the motivations of others, for good and
for evil. The most important contributing factor to this uncanny gift, however, are
the empathic abilities often found in Fs, which seem to be especially heightened in
the INFJ type (possibly by the dominance of the introverted N function).
This empathy can serve as a classic example of the two-edged nature of certain INFJ
talents, as it can be strong enough to cause discomfort or pain in negative or
stressful situations. More explicit inner conflicts are also not uncommon in INFJs; it is
possible to speculate that the causes for some of these may lie in the specific
combinations of preferences which define this complex type. For instance, there can
sometimes be a "tug-of-war" between NF vision and idealism and the J practicality
that urges compromise for the sake of achieving the highest priority goals. And the I
and J combination, while perhaps enhancing self-awareness, may make it difficult for
INFJs to articulate their deepest and most convoluted feelings.
Usually self-expression comes more easily to INFJs on paper, as they tend to have
strong writing skills. Since in addition they often possess a strong personal charisma,
INFJs are generally well-suited to the "inspirational" professions such as teaching

(especially in higher education) and religious leadership. Psychology and counseling
are other obvious choices, but overall, INFJs can be exceptionally difficult to
pigeonhole by their career paths. Perhaps the best example of this occurs in the
technical fields. Many INFJs perceive themselves at a disadvantage when dealing
with the mystique and formality of "hard logic", and in academic terms this may
cause a tendency to gravitate towards the liberal arts rather than the sciences.
However, the significant minority of INFJs who do pursue studies and careers in the
latter areas tend to be as successful as their T counterparts, as it is *iNtuition* -- the
dominant function for the INFJ type -- which governs the ability to understand
abstract theory and implement it creatively.
In their own way, INFJs are just as much "systems builders" as are INTJs; the
difference lies in that most INFJ "systems" are founded on human beings and human
values, rather than information and technology. Their systems may for these reasons
be conceptually "blurrier" than analogous NT ones, harder to measure in strict
numerical terms, and easier to take for granted -- yet it is these same underlying
reasons which make the resulting contributions to society so vital and profound.
Beneath the quiet exterior, INFJs hold deep convictions about the weightier matters
of life.Those who are activists - INFJs gravitate toward such a role - are there for the
cause, not for personal glory or political power.
INFJs are champions of the oppressed and downtrodden.They often are found in the
wake of an emergency, rescuing those who are in acute distress.INFJs may fantasize
about getting revenge on those who victimize the defenseless.The concept of 'poetic
justice' is appealing to the INFJ.
"There's something rotten in Denmark." Accurately suspicious about others' motives,

INFJs are not easily led.These are the people that you can rarely fool any of the
time.Though affable and sympathetic to most, INFJs are selective about their friends.
Such a friendship is a symbiotic bond that transcends mere words.
INFJs have a knack for fluency in language and facility in communication. In addition,
nonverbal sensitivity enables the INFJ to know and be known by others intimately.
Writing, counseling, public service and even politics are areas where INFJs frequently
find their niche.
Career choices for INFJ:
Social services Health care Arts and humanities

Social work Early childhood education Graphics design and
multimedia
Education Psychology Arts
Librarian Psychotherapy Humanities
Law

INFJ Learning Style
How INFJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An INFJ’s interest in learning a subject is related to the question, “Is it good for
people?” The more they see a topic to be beneficial to others, the greater their
interest in the topic and the greater their desire to actively engage in it. Their
interest in studying the material is motivated by their desire to find solutions to
people-related issues.
INFJs easily take in information when a significant part of it is devoted to the topic’s
relevance and connection to people. They also learn easily if the knowledge they
receive significantly expands the boundaries of their understanding and
opportunities for application in the given area, and appeals to their feelings or moral
values. They are able to quite easily comprehend material even when it consists of
information that lacks significant logical flow. For example, learning the rules of the
road may be no more difficult for an INFJ than grasping a theory. They are capable of
independently learning and understanding new material.
INFJs are capable of mechanical memorization, but the amount retained this way is
less than from memory based on understanding. INFJs are capable of accurately
reproducing received information, especially if they associate it with any feelings.
INFJs are able to actively apply acquired knowledge and skills to their work. They can
apply them in concrete assignments or further develop them in a given direction.
Working with material they have learned, understood, and internalized brings them
great enjoyment.
INFJs have a high level of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress, but they
prefer to evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material and avoid
last-minute cramming.

An INFJ’s learning is improved when:
 Material is delivered on a theoretical basis, especially as it relates to the

humanities and social sciences
 They work independently with the study material
 They participate in group work with the material (can be a good supplement to
independent work)
 Material is delivered from different viewpoints and using varied examples
 Material is complex (often increases their drive to learn it)
 Visual aids and active learning methods are used
An INFJ’s learning is hindered when:

 Large amounts of information lacking substantial conceptual connection are
delivered at a fast pace
 The knowledge gained does not significantly broaden and deepen their
understanding in the field (reduces interest)
 The material does not engage their feelings
INFJ Communication Skills
To help others wherever possible, and even when it seems impossible, is what fills an
INFJ’s life with meaning and serves as their main motivation. This is their main
orientation in the world, and it defines how they relate to events and to people
around them.
In communication INFJs come across as thoughtful, supportive, and caring.

Communication with an INFJ is pleasant and easy, since they are inherently
well-disposed towards the other party. They are attentive and empathetic to other
people's feelings. Whenever one communicates with an INFJ, he or she instantly
feels just how much they care about the people they know.
INFJs find it easy to communicate with people of various types and on a variety of
topics. However, INFJs can occasionally come across as somewhat reserved in their
communication. Yet what they do when they appear reserved is taking time to sort
out their feelings and thoughts of other people or current events.
An INFJ’s everyday social circle is unlikely to be extensive. It mostly consists of close

friends, colleagues, and family members.
However, INFJs tend to have a large number of business contacts, and their
communication routine can be rather intense. Those who work in the same field (e.g.
coworkers or colleagues) are often reliant on, or interested in, an INFJ’s expert
opinion of counsel on professional subjects. An INFJ is perfectly capable of
maintaining an eventful business communication agenda involving an exchange of
ideas and opinions, as well as practical solutions.
What helps successful communication for an INFJ:
 the matter of discussion touches the fine feelings of the soul

 the matter of discussion is of a conceptual nature
 the matter of discussion requires a creative approach
 there is ample time to ponder a given topic
What hinders successful communication for an INFJ:
 the matter of discussion is of a wholly practical, mundane nature

 the matter of discussion does not involve feelings
 prolonged business communication with people from the ST group

10. INFP
Introverted iNtuitive Feeling Perceiving
"I remember the first albatross I ever saw. ... At intervals, it arched forth its vast
archangel wings, as if to embrace some holy ark. Wondrous flutterings and
throbbings shook it. Though bodily unharmed, it uttered cries, as some king's ghost
in super natural distress. Through its inexpressible, strange eyes, methought I
peeped to secrets not below the heavens. As Abraham before the angels, I bowed
myself..." --(Herman Melville, Moby Dick)
INFPs never seem to lose their sense of wonder. One might say they see life through
rose-colored glasses. It's as though they live at the edge of a looking-glass world
where mundane objects come to life, where flora and fauna take on near-human
qualities.
INFP children often exhibit this in a 'Calvin and Hobbes' fashion, switching from
reality to fantasy and back again. With few exceptions, it is the NF child who readily
develops imaginary playmates (as with Anne of Green Gables's "bookcase
girlfriend"--her own reflection) and whose stuffed animals come to life like the
Velveteen Rabbit and the Skin Horse:
"...Generally, by the time you are Real, most of your hair has been loved off, and
your eyes drop out and you get loose in the joints and very shabby. But these things
don't matter at all, because once you are Real you can't be ugly, except to people
who don't understand..." (the Skin Horse)
INFPs have the ability to see good in almost anyone or anything. Even for the most
unlovable the INFP is wont to have pity.
 Rest you, my enemy,

 Slain without fault,
 Life smacks but tastelessly
 Lacking your salt!
 Stuck in a bog whence naught
 May catapult me,
 Come from the grave, long-sought,
 Come and insult me!
(Steven Vincent Benet, Elegy for an Enemy)
Their extreme depth of feeling is often hidden, even from themselves, until
circumstances evoke an impassioned response:

"I say, Queequeg! Why don't you speak? It's I--Ishmael." But all remained still as
before. ... Something must have happened. Apoplexy!
And running up after me, she caught me as I was again trying to force open the
door. ... "Have to burst it open," said I, and was running down the entry a little, for a
good start, when the landlady caught me, again vowing I should not break down her
premises; but I tore from her, and with a sudden bodily rush dashed myself full
against the mark.--(Melville, Moby Dick)
Of course, not all of life is rosy, and INFPs are not exempt from the same
disappointments and frustrations common to humanity. As INTPs tend to have a
sense of failed competence, INFPs struggle with the issue of their own ethical
perfection, e.g., performance of duty for the greater cause. An INFP friend describes
the inner conflict as not good versus bad, but on a grand scale, Good vs. Evil. Luke
Skywalker in Star Wars depicts this conflict in his struggle between the two sides of
"The Force." Although the dark side must be reckoned with, the INFP believes that
good ultimately triumphs.
Some INFPs have a gift for taking technical information and putting it into layman's
terms. Brendan Kehoe's Zen and the Art of the Internet is one example of this
"de-jargoning" talent in action.
(INFP stands for Introvert, iNtuitive, Feeling, Perceiving and represents individual's
preferences in four dimensions characterising personality type, according to Jung's
and Briggs Myers' theories of personality type.)
Career choices for INFP:
Social services Arts and humanities Health care

Counseling Humanities Psychology
Religious education Graphics design and Psychotherapy
multimedia
Education Musician
Literature and writing
Archaeology
Anthropology
INFP Learning Style
How INFPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An INFP’s interest in learning a subject is related to the question, “Are we doing the
right thing?” The more complete and in-depth the answer they receive during the
learning process, the stronger their interest in the topic and the greater their desire
to delve deeper into it. Their desire to study something is driven by their desire to
find solutions to issues facing humanity.

INFPs easily grasp material, especially if a large part of it is devoted to how the topic
relates to human behavior or activity. They are good at retaining theoretical material,
especially when it actively engages their feelings. Needing to understand material
that is purely logical or not related to the humanities or social sciences is boring to
an INFP. For example, they may find studying the rules of the road to be a tedious
task.
INFPs understand new material with great depth and breadth. They are able to
deeply grasp material independently. INFPs are capable of mechanical memorization,
but the amount retained this way is less than in memory based on understanding.
They are able to accurately reproduce received information, especially if they
associate it with any feelings.
Group work on study material does not give INFPs any advantage in comparison to
individual work. Visual aids, though they do improve their capacity for learning, are
not a very significant factor.
INFPs are able to actively work with material they have learned well and understood.
They are capable of applying it in obvious, straightforward ways or creatively
developing it beyond what they have been taught.
INFPs do not have a high level of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
An INFP’s learning is improved when:
 Material is delivered on a theoretical basis, especially as it applies to the

humanities and social sciences
 Concrete material touches on the humanities
 The same material is delivered from varied viewpoints (improves retention)
 Material is complex (often intensifies their drive)
An INFP’s learning is hindered when:

 They need to understand material that is purely logical or not related to the
humanities or social sciences
 Large amounts of information lacking substantial conceptual connection are
delivered at a fast pace
 The information received does not significantly deepen their understanding in
the area of study (reduces interest)
 The material does not appeal to their feelings and emotions
 Studying is left until the last minute (can be stressful)

INFP Communication Skills
An INFP's perception of the world is defined by such notions as just/unjust and

right/wrong. They feel best when they do what they believe to be right and just.
Few can rival an INFP in their ability to deeply empathize with the other party's
emotions and the struggle in their lives. They are capable of seeing deep into the
other party's motives and sensing what the other party is concerned about the most.
INFPs are capable of inspiring people to develop their abilities and talents. They are
capable of providing effective support to the other party so that the latter may
better understand their spiritual side and the way they relate to others.
INFPs can be emotional in their communication with other people, although they
always treat everyone with respect.
INFPs are able to speak with people of various personality types in their “language”,
and on a variety of topics. However, at times INFPs can come across as distant and
reserved. Those are the periods when they reflect on their views of the world and
people.
INFPs tend to have a wide circle of acquaintances — however, their inner circle of
people they constantly communicate with is much more limited (it consists of close
friends and like-minded individuals for the most part).
INFPs tend to have a large number of business contacts, and their communication
routine can be rather intense. Their colleagues (or others who work in the same field)
are often reliant on, or interested in, their expert opinion of counsel on professional
subjects. An INFP is capable of maintaining an eventful business communication
agenda involving an exchange of ideas, opinions, and advice. Some INFPs are capable
of having ideas of such great depth and importance that they become shared by a
large number of people. In such cases, the number of those who wish to
communicate with such a person grows enormously, so this INFP will have to
communicate through a media, being unable to establish personal contact with
everyone.
What helps successful communication for an INFP:
 the discussion touches on the finer feelings of the soul

 the discussion is of a conceptual nature
 there is ample time to ponder the topic
 the discussion calls for a creative approach
What hinders successful communication for an INFP:

 the discussion is of a wholly practical and mundane nature

 the matter of discussion requires fast and active action
 prolonged business communication with people from the ST group
11. INTJ
Introverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging
To outsiders, INTJs may appear to project an aura of "definiteness", of
self-confidence. This self-confidence, sometimes mistaken for simple arrogance by
the less decisive, is actually of a very specific rather than a general nature; its source
lies in the specialized knowledge systems that most people of this type start building
at an early age. When it comes to their own areas of expertise -- and INTJs can have
several -- they will be able to tell you almost immediately whether or not they can
help you, and if so, how. INTJs know what they know, and perhaps still more
importantly, they know what they don't know.
People of this type are perfectionists, with a seemingly endless capacity for
improving upon anything that takes their interest. What prevents them from
becoming chronically bogged down in this pursuit of perfection is the pragmatism so
characteristic of the type: INTJs apply (often ruthlessly) the criterion "Does it work?"
to everything from their own research efforts to the prevailing social norms. This in
turn produces an unusual independence of mind, freeing them from the constraints
of authority, convention, or sentiment for its own sake.
INTJs are known as the "Systems Builders" of the types, perhaps in part because they
possess the unusual trait combination of imagination and reliability. Whatever
system this type happens to be working on is for them the equivalent of a moral
cause to an INFJ; both perfectionism and disregard for authority may come into play,
as INTJs can be unsparing of both themselves and the others on the project. Anyone
considered to be "slacking," including superiors, will lose their respect -- and will
generally be made aware of this; INTJs have also been known to take it upon
themselves to implement critical decisions without consulting their supervisors or
co-workers. On the other hand, they do tend to be scrupulous and even-handed
about recognizing the individual contributions that have gone into a project, and
have a gift for seizing opportunities which others might not even notice.
In the broadest terms, what INTJs "do" tends to be what they "know". Typical INTJ
career choices are in the sciences and engineering, but they can be found wherever a
combination of intellect and incisiveness are required (e.g., law, some areas of
academia). People of this type can rise to management positions when they are
willing to invest time in marketing their abilities as well as enhancing them, and
(whether for the sake of ambition or the desire for privacy) many also find it useful
to learn to simulate some degree of surface conformism in order to mask their
inherent unconventionality.
Personal relationships, particularly romantic ones, can be the INTJ's Achilles heel.
While they are capable of caring deeply for others (usually a select few), and are
willing to spend a great deal of time and effort on a relationship, the knowledge and
self-confidence that make them so successful in other areas can suddenly abandon
or mislead them in interpersonal situations.
This happens in part because many INTJs do not readily grasp the social rituals; for
instance, they tend to have little patience and less understanding of such things as
small talk and flirtation (which most types consider half the fun of a relationship). To
complicate matters, people of this type are usually extremely private, and can often
be naturally impassive as well, which makes them easy to misread and
misunderstand. Perhaps the most fundamental problem, however, is that INTJs
really want people to make sense. :-) This sometimes results in a peculiar naivete',
paralleling that of many Fs -- only instead of expecting inexhaustible affection and
empathy from a romantic relationship, the INTJ will expect inexhaustible
reasonability and directness.
Probably the strongest INTJ assets in the interpersonal area are their intuitive
abilities and their willingness to "work at" a relationship. Although as Ts they do not
always have the kind of natural empathy that many Fs do, the Intuitive function can
often act as a good substitute by synthesizing the probable meanings behind such
things as tone of voice, turn of phrase, and facial expression. This ability can then be
honed and directed by consistent, repeated efforts to understand and support those
they care about, and those relationships which ultimately do become established
with an INTJ tend to be characterized by their robustness, stability, and good
communications.
(INTJ stands for Introvert, iNtuitive, Thinking, Judging and represents individual's
Career choices for INTJ:
Technical / sciences Management Social services

Computer science and Management Law
software engineering
Natural science Entrepreneurship Librarian
Teaching natural science
engineering

INTJ Learning Style
How INTJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
In INTJs, interest in learning a subject revolves around finding the answer to the
question, “Why is this so?” The clearer and deeper the answer this type receives
during the learning process, the greater their interest in the topic, and the greater
their desire to delve deeper into the subject.
Their desire to study something is driven by a search for ideas that can answer not
only fundamental questions, but also practical questions of popular interest.
INTJs are easily receptive to difficult material when it is presented in conceptual

form and new information follows logically from that given before. A moderate pace
is best when delivering material, because INTJs spend time forming and retaining
theoretical connections between different pieces of information.
INTJs connect the information they receive to a unifying theoretical basis. They can
retain knowledge remembered in this way for decades. INTJs are also capable of
mechanical memorization, although the amount thus retained is substantially lower
than from memory based on a generalized understanding of the material.
Repeatedly presenting the same material helps INTJs remember it, but presenting it
from different points of view and using various examples is even more effective.
INTJ’s are able to accurately reproduce received information, especially if it is

mentally organized in a conceptual way. Mechanical reproduction is substantially
less accurate, which is usually linked to this type’s relative weakness when it comes
to remembering material with poor logical flow. On top of this, they are capable of
highly accurate recollection of visual information that lacks logical flow, if it was
received under intensely focused attention. For example, INTJs can reproduce many
details of the rapidly changing scenery when driving in a car. This seems to be
related to the fact that they are shutting off the reflection process when taking in the
information.
INTJs learn best when teaching is systematic (e.g., an organized degree or

certification program) and intensive. However, they are also able to learn material
from sources not unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses
or readings). Independent work with the material being studied is valuable to their
learning. The difficulty of the material only increases an INTJ’s drive to understand it,
and INTJs are capable of learning material on their own. Visual aids help them learn,
but are not very important for their overall assimilation of a topic.

INTJs are good at actively working with material they understand and receive great
satisfaction from it. They are able to apply it in concrete tasks or develop it and
expand on it in an assigned direction.
INTJs have a high tolerance to high levels of learning related stress. However, they
prefer to evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material, rather than
resorting to last-minute cramming.
An INTJ’s learning is improved when:

 Material is presented on a conceptual basis
 Material is delivered at moderate pace
 Material is presented from different viewpoints or using various examples
 Material is presented in a historical context and with its historical applications
 The same material is presented more than once (improves retention)
An INTJ’s learning is hindered when:
 Significant amounts of information lacking substantial theoretical connection are

presented at a fast pace
 Material is trivial (sharply reduces interest)
 The knowledge received does not significantly broaden and deepen their
understanding
 The material calls for a strong emotional reaction
INTJ Communication Skills
INTJs try to figure out how the world around them is structured and what can be
changed in it. They feel the best when they have figured something out and know
how to improve it.
INTJs are comfortable carrying out a conversation. They are neither arrogant nor are
they formal, but might refrain from becoming quick acquaintances. They can come
up against difficulties in situations requiring finer soft skills when communicating,
such as being very tactful or particularly patient. On the whole, INTJs respect the
established rules of communications although at times they may see them as a
formality or a relic of tradition.
INTJs may find it difficult to express themselves about the finer feelings of the soul:
the topics of love or lyric poetry can fail to elicit a strong emotional response in
them.
In communication INTJs usually come across as well thought out and to the point.
Despite their introversive attitude, when they have something they find profoundly
interesting, like an idea or project of some sort, their enthusiasm about it may
become quite “contagious” and can spread to those around them.
At times, INTJs seem somewhat closed and distant in communication. But it is during
this time that they are revising their views and conceptions, and/or are involved in
forming new ones. Those who can guess the reasons for their apparent
detachedness can easily engage INTJs in conversation by making some critical
comment regarding the concepts INTJs have deduced. In these situations INTJs can
quite often become wordy and very talkative.
An INTJ’s social contacts are, as a rule, low in number and mostly limited to his or
her circle of relatives, friends, colleagues and others of a like mind.
That being said, INTJs can have quite a few business contacts, because many people
find it interesting or important to get an INTJ’s in-depth expert opinion, which they
can offer on many serious issues. Their business communication usually includes
exchange of points of view, ideas, discussing organizational methods and solutions.
What helps successful communication for an INTJ:
 Enough time to ponder the discussion topic

 The possibility of taking a break during the conversation (see the previous bullet)
 Conceptual nature of the conversation (strategic vs. being focused on details)
 The topic calls for finding unobvious solutions/hidden possibilities
 The topic requires clear understanding of perspective and how events can
unfold
 The topic calls for creativity
 Communication with people from the NT or NF groups
What hinders successful communication for an INTJ:
 Fast-paced communication with poor logical flow

 The conversation is of a purely practical nature
 The conversation involves the finer feelings of the soul (love, sorrow) for too
long
 Communication with people from the SF group for too long

12. INTP
Introverted iNtuitive Thinking Perceiving
INTPs are pensive, analytical folks. They may venture so deeply into thought as to
seem detached, and often actually are oblivious to the world around them.
Precise about their descriptions, INTPs will often correct others (or be sorely
tempted to) if the shade of meaning is a bit off. While annoying to the less concise,
this fine discrimination ability gives INTPs so inclined a natural advantage as, for
example, grammarians and linguists.
INTPs are relatively easy-going and amenable to almost anything until their
principles are violated, about which they may become outspoken and inflexible.
They prefer to return, however, to a reserved albeit benign ambiance, not wishing to
make spectacles of themselves.
A major concern for INTPs is the haunting sense of impending failure. They spend
considerable time second-guessing themselves. The open-endedness (from
Perceiving) conjoined with the need for competence (NT) is expressed in a sense that
one's conclusion may well be met by an equally plausible alternative solution, and
that, after all, one may very well have overlooked some critical bit of data. An INTP
arguing a point may very well be trying to convince himself as much as his opposition.
In this way INTPs are markedly different from INTJs, who are much more confident in
their competence and willing to act on their convictions.
Mathematics is a system where many INTPs love to play, similarly languages,

computer systems--potentially any complex system. INTPs thrive on systems.
Understanding, exploring, mastering, and manipulating systems can overtake the
INTP's conscious thought. This fascination for logical wholes and their inner workings
is often expressed in a detachment from the environment, a concentration where
time is forgotten and extraneous stimuli are held at bay. Accomplishing a task or goal
with this knowledge is secondary.
Games NTs seem to especially enjoy include Risk, Bridge, Stratego, Chess, Go, and
word games of all sorts. (I have an ENTP friend that loves Boggle and its variations.
We've been known to sit in public places and pick a word off a menu or mayonnaise
jar to see who can make the most words from its letters on a napkin in two minutes.)
The INTP mailing list has enjoyed a round of Metaphore, virtual volleyball, and a few
'finish the series' brain teasers.

INTPs in the main are not clannish. The INTP mailing list, with a readership now in
triple figures, was in its incipience fraught with all the difficulties of the Panama
canal: we had trouble deciding:
 whether or not there should be such a group,

 exactly what such a group should be called, and
 which of us would have to take the responsibility for organization and
maintenance of the aforesaid group/club/whatever.
(INTP stands for Introvert, iNtuitive, Thinking, Perceiving and represents individual's
Career choices for INTP:
Technical / sciences Social services

Education Law
Natural science Librarian
Computer science and software
engineering
Engineering
INTP Learning Style
How INTPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
An INTP’s interest in learning a subject is driven by the search for an answer to the
question, “How is this structured?” The more in-depth and multi-faceted the answer
they receive during the learning process, the greater their interest in the topic and
the greater their desire to figure it out.
Their desire to study something is driven both by the search for solutions to
fundamental issues, as well as by the desire to get to the bottom of how complex
systems work.
INTPs easily comprehend learning material when it is presented in a conceptual form

and new information flows logically from that given before. They constantly look for
a theoretical basis to which new information can be linked. Their understanding of
new material is deep and analytical. INTPs are capable of independently studying
expansive and complex material. In addition to learning well systematically (e.g., an
organized degree or certification program), they are also capable of learning from
sources not unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses or
readings).

INTPs can accurately reproduce received information, especially if it is mentally

organized in a conceptual form. They essentially reproduce information based on its
theoretical foundation. Active learning methods such as debates, presentations, and
educational games do not significantly improve their learning.
INTPs are capable of actively applying material they have learned well and
understood to their work, and they can further develop it in a direction that interests
them. Working with this material engages them and fully absorbs their attention.
INTPs have a significant degree of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
They do not always balance their efforts in learning new material but are capable of
learning it through short periods of intensive effort.
An INTP’s learning is improved when:

 Material is delivered at a moderate pace (INTPs can get distracted, trying to
come up with a theoretical connection between pieces of information)
 The same material is presented from different points of view (improves
retention)
 The subject significantly expands and deepens their knowledge and
understanding of the topic and is presented on a conceptual basis
 The material is complex (increases drive)
An INTP’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is trivial (sharply reduces interest)

 The knowledge gained does not significantly broaden and deepen their
understanding in the given field
 They participate in group work with the study material
 Significant amounts of information lacking logical flow are presented at a fast
pace (INTPs try to find a unifying pattern and lose acuity and focus in
receptiveness)
INTP Communication Skills
INTPs try to categorize everything around them and to validate the logical rigor of
these categorizations. They feel the best when their categorizations turn out not
only to be logically correct, but are also confirmed in real life.
When communicating, INTPs come across as respectful, well thought out, and to the
point, but at times may appear a bit remote. They may appear lacking warmness and
cordiality. But, with people of equal intelligence they may enter into discussions or
debates. INTPs often distance themselves from superficial acquaintanceship and
keep to a social circle of colleagues and like-minded individuals.

INTPs try to maintain an objective assessment, even when discussing topics relating
to the finer feelings of the soul. Thus, for instance, discussions of love and lyric
poetry do not elicit in them as much of an emotional resonance compared to the
drive to analyze the subject of the feelings.
At times, INTPs seem a bit closed and distanced in conversation. But it is during this
time that they revise their categorizations and/or engage in the creation of new ones.
Those who can gather the reasons behind INTPs’ tendency to seem distant can easily
initiate a conversation by making a critical comment regarding categorizations they
build.
The social contacts of INTPs can be few in number and are mostly limited to their
circle of relatives and friends - the majority of the latter are made up by people from
the same intuitive/thinking typological group (NT).
Although INTPs often do not have that many business contacts, nonetheless, their
business communication can be fairly intense. This is explained by the fact that their
colleagues (or other people working in the same field) find it important to get an
INTP’s in-depth expert opinion on many professional issues. Their business
communication usually includes exchange of opinions, ideas, concepts, and
methodological approaches.
What helps successful communication for an INTP:
 There is enough time available for thinking about the topic

 A need to find hidden, unobvious possibilities
 A need to clearly understand how events may unfold
 The topic calls for a creative approach
 The other party is an NT or ST person
What hinders successful communication for an INTP:
 Fast-paced conversation on a topic with weak logical connections

 The topic is of purely practical nature
 The topic heavily involves the finer feelings of the soul for too long
 Long communication with SF people

13. ISFJ
Introverted Sensing Feeling Judging
ISFJs are characterized above all by their desire to serve others, their "need to be
needed." In extreme cases, this need is so strong that standard give-and-take
relationships are deeply unsatisfying to them; however, most ISFJs find more than
enough with which to occupy themselves within the framework of a normal life.
(Since ISFJs, like all SJs, are very much bound by the prevailing social conventions,
their form of "service" is likely to exclude any elements of moral or political
controversy; they specialize in the local, the personal, and the practical.)
ISFJs are often unappreciated, at work, home, and play. Ironically, because they
prove over and over that they can be relied on for their loyalty and unstinting,
high-quality work, those around them often take them for granted--even take
advantage of them. Admittedly, the problem is sometimes aggravated by the ISFJs
themselves; for instance, they are notoriously bad at delegating ("If you want it done
right, do it yourself"). And although they're hurt by being treated like doormats, they
are often unwilling to toot their own horns about their accomplishments because
they feel that although they deserve more credit than they're getting, it's somehow
wrong to want any sort of reward for doing work (which is supposed to be a virtue in
itself). (And as low-profile Is, their actions don't call attention to themselves as with
charismatic Es.) Because of all of this, ISFJs are often overworked, and as a result
may suffer from psychosomatic illnesses.
In the workplace, ISFJs are methodical and accurate workers, often with very good
memories and unexpected analytic abilities; they are also good with people in
small-group or one-on-one situations because of their patient and genuinely
sympathetic approach to dealing with others. ISFJs make pleasant and reliable
co-workers and exemplary employees, but tend to be harried and uncomfortable in
supervisory roles. They are capable of forming strong loyalties, but these are
personal rather than institutional loyalties; if someone they've bonded with in this
way leaves the company, the ISFJ will leave with them, if given the option.
Traditional careers for an ISFJ include: teaching, social work, most religious work,
nursing, medicine (general practice only), clerical and and secretarial work of any
kind, and some kinds of administrative careers.
While their work ethic is high on the ISFJ priority list, their families are the centers of
their lives. ISFJs are extremely warm and demonstrative within the family circle--and
often possessive of their loved ones, as well. When these include Es who want to
socialize with the rest of the world, or self-contained ITs, the ISFJ must learn to
adjust to these behaviors and not interpret them as rejection. Being SJs, they place a
strong emphasis on conventional behavior (although, unlike STJs, they are usually as
concerned with being "nice" as with strict propriety); if any of their nearest and
dearest depart from the straight-and-narrow, it causes the ISFJ major
embarrassment: the closer the relationship and the more public the act, the more
intense the embarrassment (a fact which many of their teenage children take gleeful
advantage of). Over time, however, ISFJs usually mellow, and learn to regard the
culprits as harmless eccentrics :-). Needless to say, ISFJs take infinite trouble over
meals, gifts, celebrations, etc., for their loved ones--although strong Js may tend to
focus more on what the recipient should want rather than what they do want.
Like most Is, ISFJs have a few, close friends. They are extremely loyal to these, and
are ready to provide emotional and practical support at a moment's notice.
(However, like most Fs they hate confrontation; if you get into a fight, don't expect
them to jump in after you. You can count on them, however, run and get the nearest
authority figure.) Unlike with EPs, the older the friendship is, the more an ISFJ will
value it. One ISFJ trait that is easily misunderstood by those who haven't known
them long is that they are often unable to either hide or articulate any distress they
may be feeling. For instance, an ISFJ child may be reproved for "sulking," the actual
cause of which is a combination of physical illness plus misguided "good manners."
An adult ISFJ may drive a (later ashamed) friend or SO into a fit of temper over the
ISFJ's unexplained moodiness, only afterwards to explain about a death in the family
they "didn't want to burden anyone with." Those close to ISFJs should learn to watch
for the warning signs in these situations and take the initiative themselves to
uncover the problem.
(ISFJ stands for Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging and represents individual's
Career choices for ISFJ:
Social services Health care Customer Arts

service
Social work Health care Customer service Translator
administration specialist
Religious education Medical record Real estate Computer science
administration broker/Agent and software
engineering
Education Nursing Secretary and Graphics design
executive assistant and multimedia
Child care Radiology Paralegal Interior design
management technician
Engineering

ISFJ Learning Style
How ISFJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
In ISFJs, interest in learning a subject is related to the question, “Will this help me in
my work?” The more positive the answer to this question, the greater their interest
in the topic and the greater their desire to engage in it and apply what they learn.
Their interest studying something is driven by the possibility of applying what they
learn to practical work.
ISFJs easily take in material when a significant part is devoted to how it can be
practically used for people and if it is presented using practical examples. Whether
or not there is logical flow in the presentation of the material is of little importance
to an ISFJ. They are capable of independently assimilating material, but mostly that
of a concrete nature. They can easily take in a significant volume of information
lacking substantial conceptual connections. They are able to accurately reproduce
received information, especially if they associate it with any feeling. As a rule,
mechanical memorization is highly precise in ISFJs.
ISFJs are capable of actively applying new material when they understand its details
and nuances. They are able to proficiently apply it in concrete tasks. Working with
material they have learned, understood, and internalized brings them a sense of
fulfillment.
ISFJs have a high degree of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
However, they prefer to evenly distribute their efforts when studying new material.
An ISFJ’s learning is improved when:

 There is a connection between the material being taught and the general
interests of people
 The same material is repeatedly presented (significantly improves retention)
 Lecture material is available (generally improves exam preparation)
An ISFJ’s learning is hindered when:

 Material being taught does not appeal to their feelings and emotions

ISFJ Communication Skills
As a rule, in communication ISFJs are friendly and supportive, as well as practical and
to the point. They are ready to come to the aid. At the same time, they might feel
unhappy if their help is disregarded. They strive to build consensus among those
involved in the conversation. During communication, it is important for ISFJs to sense
that they are with a group of friends, co-workers, or like-minded individuals that
share their interests and opinions. They are obvious proponents of minding manners
and rules of communication accepted in their circle or community. As a rule, ISFJs
stand firmly behind their values.
Topics requiring theoretical and logical reasoning might not particularly pique the
interest of ISFJs. Thus, for example, scientific discussions may not lead them to much
of a response.
Typically, an ISFJ’s social circle is not very large, and mostly made up of friends and
relatives. Many of an ISFJ’s communication partners seek their company to share
their experiences with them and find out their opinion on questions of behaviour,
morality and practical questions of more of a material nature.
For ISFJs, business communication is, as a rule, related to partaking in tackling

practical, current issues, often in relation to office or management activities. They
often succeed at effectively resolving practical, immediate issues.
What helps successful communication for an ISFJ:

 Conversation touches on issues around practical solutions
 The topic is mostly related to concrete, current problems
 The topic touches on moral aspects
What hinders successful communication for an ISFJ:
 The conversation mostly relates to abstract, theoretical issues

 The conversation calls for finding hidden, unobvious possibilities
 Long communication with NT people

14. ISFP
Introverted Sensing Feeling Perceiving
ISFPs are the first to hear the different drummer. Many eagerly plunge into new
fashions, avant garde experiences, 'hip' trends--some even setting the trends.
More in touch with the reality of their senses than their INFP counterparts, ISFPs live
in the here and now. Their impulses yearn to be free, and are often loosed when
others least expect it. The ISFP who continually represses these impulses feels 'dead
inside' and may eventually cut and run. (One ISFP friend has become nonambulatory
within the past few years. He will still, on impulse, leave home in the middle of the
night and go to Las Vegas or wherever, regardless of the difficulties of his physical
condition.)
ISFPs may be quite charming and ingratiating on first acquaintance, flowing with
compliments which may (or may not) be deserved. On other occasions, the same
individual may be aloof and detached. Some ISFP males are fiercely competitive,
especially in sport or table games, and may have great difficulty losing. This
competitive nature, also seen in other SP types, sometimes fosters 'lucky,' 'gut'
feelings and a willingness to take risks.
Organized education is difficult for the majority of ISFPs, and many drop out before
finishing secondary education. Their interest can be held better through experiential
learning, at which many excel. ISFPs will practice playing an instrument or honing a
favored skill for hours on end, not so much as practice as for the joy of the
experience.
Differential diagnosis:
ISFPs are less fantasy-oriented than INFPs. These types are often confused, however,
INFPs lean strongly to daydreams, poetry, prose and more philosophical pursuits;
ISFPs often live out 'id' experiences rather than writing or even talking about them.
Because of these variant expressions of Feeling judgement, ISFPs are sometimes

confused with ESFJs, but keep themselves more aloof, more often concealing the
feelings that ESFJs are so apt to expose.
ESFPs express thoughts more readily (and, in the main, skillfully). ISFPs can and do
perform admirably in the spotlight, but generally have little to say about the
performance. For example, few ISFPs would be disc-jockeys, a field strongly
represented by ES_Ps.

ISFP stands for Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving and represents individual's
Career choices for ISFP:
Visual arts and Social services Customer Health care

multimedia services
Graphics design Religious education Customer services Medical records
and multimedia specialist administration
Interior design Early childhood Cosmetology
education
Artist / animator Child care
management
Fashion designer
ISFP Learning Style
How ISFPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
In ISFPs, interest in learning a subject is related to a sense of “I like this, this is

beautiful”. The more they enjoy the given topic, the greater their interest in it and
the greater their desire to participate in the direct application of what they learn.
Their desire to study something increases with the possibility of receiving aesthetic
pleasure from it.
ISFPs easily take in practical material, especially if it is demonstrated using

straightforward, real-life examples. Active learning methods help their learning of
new information. Although they are capable of independently assimilating material
from recommended sources, this is not the best method for ISFPs.
Strict logical consistency in how the material is presented does not make a big
difference to how well an ISFP learns. Learning material lacking significant logical
flow is not especially straining for ISFPs. In fact, a task like learning the rules of the
road may be simpler for an ISFP than studying a theory. A moderate pace of delivery
of the information is favorable. ISFPs are capable of learning from sources not
unified by a single formal learning process (e.g., individual courses or readings).
ISFPs easily and quickly retain new material when it actively engages their feelings
and emotions. Information retained this way remains in their memory for a long
time, and such memory is generally stronger and more accurate than memory that
requires deep reflection and understanding. Mechanical memorization, as a rule, is
also accurate. The repetition of material for better retention is of great value to ISFPs.
Retention is also significantly improved when the same material is delivered in a
number of different ways, such as with the help of multimedia aids.

ISFPs are able to apply new material once they have a good sense of its details and
nuances. ISFPs are capable of varied practical work with material they have learned
well and understood, and it brings them great joy.
ISFPs, as a rule, have a moderate degree of tolerance to high levels of learning

related stress. They do not always evenly distribute their efforts when learning new
material and may resort to last-minute cramming.
An ISFP’s learning is improved when:
 The subject actively engages their feelings and emotions

 Material is presented in an aesthetic way
 They participate in group work with the study material
 Lecture materials are available (significantly helps their exam preparation)
An ISFP’s learning is hindered when:
 Material is overly theoretical

 Material lacks practical application
 Information does not engage their feelings and emotions (reduces interest)
 There is a lack of visual aids and active learning methods
ISFP Communication Skills
Feelings and impressions are what ISFPs live by, and what fills their lives. Their world
is full of feelings.
ISFPs take the pains and concerns of other people as their own. During
communication, their attention is directed toward all the different shades of
emotions. ISFPs are ready to provide emotional support and help to their
conversation party. They are especially good at creating a climate of good-natured
communication among those participating in the conversation.
Topics that heavily rely on theoretical and logical reasoning, such as very scientific
and technical ones do not particularly pique the interest of ISFPs.
At times, ISFPs can appear somewhat detached from active communication. As a

rule, those are the times they are immersed in their own emotional experience.
ISFPs can have a fairly broad circle of acquaintances and friends and many seek out
company of ISFPs in order to share their feelings and experiences or to just have a
chat to lighten their spirits.
Business communication with ISFPs is, as a rule related to participating in finding

solutions to practical, ongoing problems that often have to do with sales, office or
creative design activities. They often are able to solve practical problems where it is
important to establish trusting and warm relationships.
What helps successful communication for an ISFP:

 The topic touches on aspects of beauty, attractiveness and visible/tangible
qualities
 The topic mostly relates to concrete, current issues
 Communication with people from the SF or NF groups
What hinders successful communication for an ISFP:
 The topic is mostly abstract, theoretical in nature

 The topic is complex and deep in nature
 The topic requires finding hidden, unobvious possibilities

15. ISTJ
Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging
"It is in keeping with tradition throughout our history that I should express simply
and directly the opinions which I hold concerning some of the matters of present
importance." --Herbert Hoover, Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1929.
ISTJs are often called inspectors. They have a keen sense of right and wrong,
especially in their area of interest and/or responsibility. They are noted for devotion
to duty. Punctuality is a watchword of the ISTJ. The secretary, clerk, or
business(wo)man by whom others set their clocks is likely to be an ISTJ.
As do other Introverted Thinkers, ISTJs often give the initial impression of being aloof
and perhaps somewhat cold. Effusive expression of emotional warmth is not
something that ISTJs do without considerable energy loss.
ISTJs are most at home with "just the facts, Ma'am." They seem to perform at
highest efficiency when employing a step-by-step approach. Once a new procedure
has proven itself (i.e., has been shown "to work,") the ISTJ can be depended upon to
carry it through, even at the expense of their own health.
ISTJs are easily frustrated by the inconsistencies of others, especially when the
second parties don't keep their commitments. But they usually keep their feelings to
themselves unless they are asked. And when asked, they don't mince words. Truth
wins out over tact. The grim determination of the ISTJ vindicates itself in officiation
of sports events, judiciary functions, or an other situation which requires making
tough calls and sticking to them.
Their SJ orientation draws the ISTJ into the service of established institutions. Home,
social clubs, government, schools, the military, churches -- these are the bastions of
the SJ. "We've always done it this way" is often reason enough for many ISTJs.
Threats to time-honored traditions or established organizations (e.g., a "run" on the
bank) are the undoing of SJs, and are to be fought at all costs.
(ISTJ stands for Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Judging and represents individual's
Career choices for ISTJ:
Management Technical Health care

Management Computer science and Surgeon
software engineering
Administrative Technical education Dentist
management
Accounting Dental assistant
ISTJ Learning Style

How ISTJs acquire, memorize and recollect information
In ISTJs, interest in learning a subject stems from the question, “Is this practical and
useful to me?” The more precisely they can learn how something can be put to use
or how they can operate it, the greater their interest in the topic and the greater
their desire to apply what they learn.
Their interest in studying something is driven by the desire to gain experience in

successfully implementing plans or carrying out hands-on activities.
ISTJs are capable of grasping material that has logical flow and material that consists
of a set of practical information. They can take in large sets of conceptually unrelated
information like facts or instructions. They are most receptive to new material when
it is delivered using straightforward, real-life examples. ISTJs understand learned
information concretely, and they immediately grasp how it can be practically applied.
They are capable of learning independently, especially if the material is of practical
nature. Group work with the material gives an ISTJ no advantage compared to
independent work.
ISTJs are able to actively and effectively apply material they have learned and
understood well in concrete tasks.
ISTJs have a high degree of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress. They
prefer to evenly distribute their efforts when learning new material.
An ISTJ’s learning is improved when:
 Material is practical in nature

 There is logical flow in the presentation of material
 The same material is presented repeatedly (improves retention)
 Material is presented using various examples (improves retention)
 Teaching is systematic (e.g., an organized degree or certification program)
 They receive praise for their hard work and success
An ISTJ’s learning is hindered when:

 Material deals mostly with problems, rather than their solutions
 Material lacks practical application

ISTJ Communication Skills
ISTJs come across in communication as open and natural, as well as precise and
to-the-point, but they can also be somewhat formal. They are great sticklers for the
rules and communication norms of their social milieu.
ISTJs occasionally find it hard to discuss the finer feelings of the soul: topics of love,
and lyric poetry may not evoke a strong emotional reaction from them.
An ISTJ’s everyday social circle is likely to be comprised of their close friends,

relatives, and acquaintances - many of the last two will also be a sensing/thinking (ST)
type (ESTJ, ISTJ, ESTP, or ISTP).
ISTJs tend to have a large number of business contacts, because they are in demand
whenever there is a need to determine what practical steps or action need to be
taken in relation to an important issue. Their business communication usually
involves an exchange of opinions and practical solutions, as well as discussing
management activities.
What helps successful communication for an ISTJ:
 the matter of discussion touches on aspects of practical solutions

 the matter of discussion mostly deals with concrete, current issues
 the matter of discussion requires a clear understanding of how events unfold as
well as comprehension of logical connections between them
 the communication involves people from the ST or the SF group
What hinders successful communication for an ISTJ:
 the matter of discussion largely relates to abstract and theoretical issues

 the matter of discussion has to do with the finer feelings of the soul (e.g., love)
 prolonged communication with people from the NF group

16. ISTP
Introverted Sensing Thinking Perceiving
Like their fellow SPs, ISTPs are fundamentally Performers (note the capital 'P' :-)), but
as Ts their areas of interest tend to be mechanical rather than artistic like those of
ISFPs, and unlike most ESPs they do not present an impression of constant activity.
On the contrary, they lie dormant, saving their energy until a project or an adventure
worthy of their time comes along--and then they launch themselves at it. The
apparently frenzied state that inevitably ensues is actually much more controlled
than it appears--ISTPs always seem to know what they're doing when it comes to
physical or mechanical obstacles--but the whole chain of events presents a confusing
and paradoxical picture to an outsider.
ISTPs are equally difficult to understand in their need for personal space, which in
turn has an impact on their relationships with others. They need to be able to
"spread out"--both physically and psychologically--which generally implies
encroaching to some degree on others, especially if they decide that something of
someone else's is going to become their next project. (They are generally quite
comfortable, however, with being treated the same way they treat others--at least in
this respect.) But because they need such a lot of flexibility to be as spontaneous as
they feel they must be, they tend to become as inflexible as the most rigid J when
someone seems to be threatening their lifestyle (although they usually respond with
a classic SP rage which is yet another vivid contrast to their "dormant," impassive,
detached mode). These territorial considerations are usually critical in relationships
with ISTPs; communication also tends to be a key issue, since they generally express
themselves non-verbally. When they do actually verbalize, ISTPs are masters of the
one-liner, often showing flashes of humor in the most tense situations; this can
result in their being seen as thick-skinned or tasteless.
Like most SPs, ISTPs may have trouble with rote and abstract classroom learning,
which tend not to be good measures of their actual intelligence. They tend,
sometimes with good reason, to be highly skeptical of its practical value, and often
gravitate towards classes in industrial arts; part-time vocational/ technical programs
can be useful to even the college-bound ISTP. In terms of careers, mechanics and any
of the skilled trades are traditional choices, and those ISTPs with strong numerical as
well mechanical gifts tend to do extremely well in most areas of engineering.
Working as paramedics or firefighters can fulfill the ISTP need to live on the edge;
they are at their best in a crisis, where their natural disregard for rules and authority
structures allows them to focus on and tackle the emergency at hand in the most
effective way.
ISTPs with more sedate careers usually take on high-risk avocations like racing,
skydiving, and motorcycling. While aware of the dangers involved, they are so in
touch with the physical world that they know they can get away with much smaller
safety margins than other types.
(ISTP stands for Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving and represents individual's
Career choices for ISTP:
Technical Social services

Mechanics and automotive repair Sport coaching
Computer hardware support and repair Fire fighter
Electronics technician
Aviation technology
Engineering
ISTP Learning Style
How ISTPs acquire, memorize and recollect information
ISTPs, interest in learning a subject stems from the question, “How does this work?”
The more precisely they can learn how something can be put to use or how they can
operate it, the greater their interest in learning about it and actually putting the
knowledge to practice.
Their interest in studying something is driven by their desire to learn skills that will
allow them to work actively with (e.g., operate, maintain, repair) various devices and
systems.
ISTPs are capable of grasping sets of practical information, as well as information

based on logical conclusions. They easily comprehend new material when it is
delivered using straightforward, real-life examples. ISTPs understand the learning
material concretely and immediately grasp how it can be applied. They are capable
of independently assimilating new material. Group work with the material being
studied does not give an ISTP any advantage compared to independent work. ISTPs
are capable of accurately reproducing received information and are able to notice
and remember many small details of a rapidly changing sequence of events.
ISTPs are also capable of working actively with material they have learned and
understood well. They can precisely and skillfully apply it in concrete tasks.
ISTPs have a moderate degree of tolerance to high levels of learning related stress.
They do not always evenly distribute their efforts when it comes to learning new
material.

An ISTP’s learning is improved when:
 Material is practical in nature

 Material is presented using various examples (improves retention)
 There is logical flow in the presentation of learning material
 Lecture materials are available (may improve exam preparation)
An ISTP’s learning is hindered when:

 Material deals mostly with problems, rather than their solutions
 Material appeals to the finer feelings
ISTP Communication Skills
ISTPs are open and straightforward in their communication. They tend to observe
the rules and communication norms of their social milieu. However, they may have
difficulty establishing a good relationship with people that they consider to be overly
demanding.
ISTPs feel ill at ease in situations requiring finer people skills e.g. particular
tactfulness and consideration. Some people may be offended by the ISTPs' direct
manner of expressing their opinions.
ISTPs often find it hard to express themselves when it comes to finer feelings. So, for
instance, the discussion of love, lyric poetry or subtleties of emotional experiences
may not evoke a strong reaction from them.
ISTPs often have many friends and acquaintances, with whom they discuss practical
measures and actions to address day-to-day issues.
An ISTP's business communication is likely to be focused on the solution of tangible,

current issues, which often involve an exchange of opinions and practical solutions.
Most of their contacts are people who belong to the same sensing/thinking
typological group (ST).

What helps successful communication for an ISTP:
 the topic deals with aspects of practical solutions

 the topic mostly deals with concrete, current issues
 the discussion deals with functional specifics
 the topic demands that effective measures be taken
What hinders successful communication for an ISTP:
 the topic largely relates to abstract and theoretical issues

 the discussion deals with finer feelings
 the communication is with NF people

The 16 Personality Types

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The 16 Personality Types

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The Analysis of personality and Philosophy of occupation

THE 16 PERSONALITY TYPES

ENFJs have tremendous power to manipulate others with their phenomenal

TRADEMARK: "The first shall be last"

The Initiative Ideas 1

Career choice for ENFJ

ENFJ Learning Style

The Initiative Ideas 2

An ENFJ’s learning is improved when:

 Material is of great interest to many people

An ENFJ’s learning is hindered when

 They do not consider the material to be of personal importance

ENFJ: Strategies for Successful Communication

In their interaction with the representatives of intuitive/thinking types (NT),

In their communication with the representatives of sensing/feeling types (SF),

ENFJs may find it challenging to communicate with the representatives of

What helps successful communication for an ENFJ:

 the matter of discussion deals with feelings in some way

What hinders successful communication for an ENFJ:

 the matter of discussion is of a wholly practical and mundane nature

The Initiative Ideas 4

The Initiative Ideas 5

Career choice for ENFP

Social Services Arts Management

The Initiative Ideas 6

ENFP Learning Style

How ENFPs acquire, memorize and recollect information

An ENFP’s interest in studying something is driven by the search for solutions to

An ENFP’s learning is improved when:

 The subject engages their feelings

An ENFP’s learning is hindered when:

 The material is purely logical or is not centered around human issues

The Initiative Ideas 7

ENFP Communication Skills

The Initiative Ideas 8

Career choices for ENTJ

Management Social services Technical/science

The Initiative Ideas 9

ENTJ Learning Style

How ENTJs acquire, memorize and recollect information

ENTJs are easily receptive to learning material when it is presented in a theoretical

The Initiative Ideas 10

An ENTJ’s learning is improved when:

 Learning is systematic and intensive

An ENTJ’s learning is hindered when:

 Material is of no strong personal interest to the ENTJ

ENTJ Communication Skills

Business communication of ENTJs tends to be pretty intense. Their colleagues (or

The Initiative Ideas 11

What helps successful communication for an ENTJ:

 A need to find hidden, unobvious possibilities

What hinders successful communication for an ENTJ:

 Discussion material with weak logical connections

The Initiative Ideas 12

ENTPs are as innovative and ingenious at problem-solving as they are at verbal

The best approach in communicating with an ENTP is to be straightforward. No

The Initiative Ideas 13

Career choices for ENTP

ENTP Learning Style

How ENTPs acquire, memorize and recollect information