IB Biology HL2

5.3 Classification and Biodiversity

Essential idea: Species are named and classified using an internationally

agreed system.

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5.3.U2 When species are discovered they are given scientific names using
the binomial system.

• Species – _________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

• Genus – ___________________________________________________________________________

• An organism is given a genus and species name

• Eg. ________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

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 • Binomial nomenclature
• 2 named naming system

Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

Genus species
capitalized lower case

• The binomial system was

developed by Carolus
Linnaeus, a Swedish
botanist and taxonomist

• It is based on the physical

traits of species

5.3.U1 The binomial system of names for species is universal among

biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.

• Carl Linnaeus originally published Systema Naturae in 1758 in which he

gave binomial names for all species known at that time
• The IBC (International Botanical Congress) of Vienna in 1905 voted to
accept his naming convention
• Since then both the IBC and ICZ (International Congress of Zoology)
have been the bodies that oversee the international efforts to maintain
consistent naming conventions and use of taxon
• Periodically the congresses meet to discuss issues affecting classification

5.3.U2 When species are discovered they are given scientific names using
the binomial system.

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5.3.U7 Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new
evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved
from different ancestral species.

 Historically classification systems have been revised repeatedly based on

emerging evidence

 Previously in the second half of the 20th century all living organisms
were classified in __________________________________________________________.

 This included prokaryotes being placed in one kingdom and eukaryotes

were split-up into the remaining four kingdoms

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  Recent evidence from genetic studies of ______________________________________
has shown that "prokaryotes" are far more diverse than anyone had
suspected

 ribosomal RNA is found in all organisms and evolves slowly so is a good

way to track evolution over long time periods

5.3.U4 All organisms are classified into three domains.

 Revision of the classification system lead to a new level of taxon called

_____________________________________________

 The Prokaryotae are now divided into two domains, the ____________________
and the ___________________________________________

 Bacteria and the Archaea are as different from each other as either is from
the _______________________________________________________, the third domain

 No one of these groups is ancestral to the others, and each shares certain
features with the others as well as having unique characteristics of its
own

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5.3.U4 All organisms are classified into three domains.

Features and examples of each domain:

Archaea Bacteria (Eubacteria) Eukaryota

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 5.3.U3 Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.

 Taxonomy is the practice and science of organizing organisms into levels

of classification

 As we move from kingdom to phylum, all the way to species, organisms

share more and more characteristics

 This system allows us to group organisms while also assigning unique

species names and is very helpful in identifying and naming new species

5.3.U5 The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum,
class, order, family, genus and species.

(D) K P C O P G S (SS)

Does
Kerry
Play
Classical
Or
Folk
Guitar
Songs?

5.3.A1 Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to
species level.

Learn a mnemonic, one animal example and one plant example

Domain Eukaryota Eukaryota

Kingdom Animalia Plantae

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5.3.A2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and
angiospermophyta

• Bryophyta – __________________________________________________________

• Filicinophyta – _______________________________________________________

• Coniferophyta – ______________________________________________________

• Angiospermophyta – ________________________________________________

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5.3.A2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and
angiospermophyta.

Leave, roots Vascular tissue Reproductive

and stems structures
Bryophytes No roots, but
structures
similar to root
hairs called
rhizoids.
Mosses have
simple leaves
and stems.
Liverworts
have a
flattened
thallus.
Filicinophytes Roots present
Short non-
woody stems.
Leaves usually
divided into
pairs of
leaflets.

Coniferophytes Roots, present

Woody stems.
Leaves usually
narrow with a
thick waxy
cuticle.

Angiospermophytes Leaves and

roots variable
in structure.
Stems maybe
woody
(shrubs and
trees)

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5.3.A4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and
fish

The most familiar animal from the chordata phyla belong the to subphylum
vertebrata. Can you match the different classes with the images?

__________________________________ ______________________________ ___________________________

____________________________________________ ___________________________________________

1. Birds (Aves)
2. Amphibians (Amphibia)
3. Mammals (Mammalia)
4. Reptiles (Reptilia)
5. Fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes)

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 5.3.A4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles
and fish

A summary of key features that can be used to distinguish between the

vertebrate classes

Limbs Gas Exchange Reproduction Other features

Mammals 4 Lungs with • Internal • Hairs growing

Pentadactyl alveoli fertilization from the skin
limbs • Give birth to • Teeth including
live young living tissue
• Mammary
glands secrete
milk
birds 4 Lungs with • Internal • Feathers growing
Pentadactyl parabronchial fertilization from skin
limbs, 2 tubes • Hard shells • Beak but no teeth
limbs around the
modified as eggs
wings
reptiles 4 Lungs with • Internal • Dry scaly
Pentadactyl extensive fertilization impermeable
limbs folding • Soft shells skin
around eggs • Simple teeth – no
living tissue
amphibians 4 Simple lungs • External • Soft moist
Pentadactyl with small fertilization in permeable skin
limbs internal folds water
and moist • Protective jelly
surfaces around eggs
• Larval stage
lives in water
fish Fins Gills • External • Scales grow from
fertilization in the skin
most species • with a single gill
slit
• Swim bladder for
buoyancy

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5.3.A3 Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha,
annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and chordata

What about other phyla? Can you match the names with the images?

________________________ _______________________ _____________________________

_____________________________ ___________________________ _____________________________

___________________________________

1. Cnidaria
2. Platyhelmintha
3. Chordata
4. Annelida
5. Mollusca
6. Porifera
7. Arthropoda

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A summary of key features that can be used to distinguish between animal phyla

Symmetry Segmentation Digestive tract Other features

porifera None None No mouth or anus • Porous

(sponges) • attached to rocks
• Filter feeder

cnidaria Radial None Mouth but no anus • Stinging cells

(corals, jellyfish) • Tentacles

platylhelmintha Bilateral None Mouth but no anus • Flattened body

(flatworms)

annelida Bilateral Very Mouth and anus • bristles often

(earthworms, segmented present
leeches)
Mollusca Bilateral Non-visible Mouth and anus • Most have shell
(oyster, snails, segmentation made of CaCO3
octopus)
Arthropoda Bilateral Segmented Mouth and anus • Exoskeleton
(ant, scorpion, • jointed appendages
crab)
Chordata Bilateral Segmented Mouth and anus • notochord
(fish, birds, • hollow dorsal nerve
mammals) cord
• (some have )
pharyngeal slits

5.3.S1 Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

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 • Use the link below to complete the Dichotomous Key Gizmo

https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cUser.dspLoginJoin

5.3.U6 In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa

consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral
species

 Natural classification groups together species that share a common

ancestor from which they evolved. This is called the Darwinian principle
of common descent

 It is expected that members of a group share important attributes or

__________________________________________ traits that are inherited from

_________________________________________________________________________________.
For example Lions share more traits with Jaguars than with Clouded
Leopards.

 Grouping together birds, bats and bees because they fly would be an

___________________________________________________________ as they do not share a

common ancestor and evolved the ability to fly independently.

 Plants and fungi were once classified together because they both
possessed shared characteristics such as cell walls. It is now known that
this is an artificial grouping as their cell walls have a different molecular
makeup and they evolved separately

 Natural classification is not straightforward as _______________________________

can make distantly related organisms appear similar and

______________________________________________________ can make similar organisms

appear very different from each other

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5.3.U8 Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the
prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group

Natural classification is very helpful when dealing with new species:

 Dichotomous keys can be used to help identify the species. The keys can
place a specimen with the most closely related species, genus, family or
phyla using natural classification. To what level of classification a
specimen can be placed depends on how unique it is

 If a new species of Ant is discovered then scientists would predict that

the species should possess amongst other characteristics six jointed legs,
a head, thorax, abdomen, elbowed antennae, ‘antibiotic’ secretory glands.
If the species does not match the expected set of characteristics this
brings into question either the classification of the species or of Ants as a
family

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