07 - Workbook Part 2 - Business Statistics

BUSINESS STATISTICS
The fascinating world of numbers…
Workbook Part 2
Prof. S. Arvind
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA
CONTINUOUS DISCRETE
DATA DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
CONTINUOUS DATA
As the name suggests, with continuous data, the variable can take any
value in a defined range without any breaks. In other words, there are
an ‘infinite’ number of possible values the variable can take.
Continuous data should be measured (not counted). To specify the

value of a variable using continuous data, we should ask the question,
“How much?”
Examples: Measurement of weight, height, temperature, purity
DISCRETE DATA
Discrete classes of data involve breaks between the classes. Usually, the
number of possible values the variable can take are limited and known.
Discrete data should be counted (not measured). To specify the value of

a variable using discrete data, we should ask the question,
“How many?”
Examples: Measurement of students present in class, number of

textbooks prescribed for a course, seats on a plane
CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Normal or Gaussian Distribution
MOST WIDELY USED/ABUSED
OF ALL DISTRIBUTIONS
Example: Volume of beer in filled bottles
IT IS A SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION
Each half is a mirror-image of the other.
Total area under the curve = 1 or 100%.

The distribution has a single mode.
To specify a normal distribution, we need just
two characteristics:
1 Mean 2 Standard deviation
Joint-sufficiency condition. Degrees of freedom = ?

Same mean; different standard deviations
Both are normal distributions.

Different means; same standard deviation
Both are normal distributions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1 It is symmetrical about the mean.

Hence, mean = median = mode.
2 It is unimodal, with a bell shape. Area = 1.00 or 100%.
3 The two tails extend indefinitely (to infinity);

they never touch the X-axis. The range is infinite.
4 We only need the mean and standard deviation to

specify the distribution.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The Benchmark:
Serves as a representative for all normal distributions.
Has a Mean of 0 and a Standard Deviation of 1.
AREAS UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
µ = 0.0; σ = ± 1.0
Area = 68%
µ = 0.0; σ = ± 2.0
Area = 95%
AREAS UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The ‘Emperical Rule’
68%
95%
99.73%
HOW DO WE CONVERT TO THE
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION?
Conversion factor: Standardised Value Z.
Z-Transformation
For a population: Z = (X - µ)/σ
For a sample: Z = (X – xbar)/s
What does the Z-Score signify?

EXAMPLE:
What is the Z score at X = 80? Interpretation?
Mean
X = 80
Z = (80 – 52)/24 = 1.17 Absolute Terms:

X is greater than the mean by 28 units.
Relative Terms:
X is greater than the mean by 1.17 SDs.
Relative measures are
often more meaningful
than absolute measures.
SHOULD DAVID SPECIALISE IN MARKETING OR FINANCE?
David’s Performance in Marketing Management
Batch size : N = 37
Mean score of the batch : 56%
Standard deviation of the batch : 11%
David’s score : 64%
David’s Performance in Financial Accounting
Batch size : N = 37
Mean score of the batch : 86%
Standard deviation of the batch : 14%
David’s score : 92%
David’s Relative Performance

Z-score for Marketing: [64% - 56%]/11 = 0.727 {Plus}
Z-score for Finance: [92% - 86%]/14 = 0.429 {Plus}
Z-Table: Areas from Minus Infinity to Z
Example: Z = 2.28
Z-Table: Areas from Mean to Z
We shall not be using this

table for our calculations.
Why?
Because Excel works from
minus infinity.
STRUCTURE OF THE Z-TABLE
FIRST COLUMN:
Z-score to first decimal place.
FIRST ROW:
Z-score - second decimal place.
ALL OTHER VALUES:

Area under the Normal curve
to 4 decimal places.
EXAMPLE: When Z = + 1.35, Area from Minus Infinity = 0.9115 [91.15%]
HOW WOULD WE KNOW IF A DISTRIBUTION IS NORMAL?
Normal Probability Density Function
Is this distribution normal?
Only for outliers…

NORM.S.DIST - Input Z-score, obtain Area
NORM.S.INV - Input Area, obtain Z-score

WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT…
…this bottle contains exactly 650 ml?
EXERCISES ON THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Exercise 1
A set of scores has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 15. Transform the
following to z scores and check the area under the normal curve till that point.
a) 65 b) 35 c) 50 d) 80 e) 45 f) 5
Exercise 2
If z is a normally distributed random variable with µ = 0 and σ = 1, determine the
percentage of the area under the standard normal curve for the following.
a) Above z = 2
b) Below z = -3
c) From µ to z = 2.5
d) Between z = 1 and z = -2
e) Between z = -1 and z = 1.5
Exercise 3
Compute the X score corresponding to each of the following z scores. The original
distribution had a mean of 150 and a standard deviation of 20.
a) 3.3
b) -1.0
c) 1.645
d) -2.75
Exercise 4
A teacher grades her students by plotting their percentage scores on a normal curve.
The mean for an exam is 50 with a standard deviation of 10. If 10% of the class
receives the highest grade A, what is the lowest score that qualifies for an A grade?
Exercise 5
The manager of a small postal substation is trying to quantify the variation in the weekly
demand for mailing tubes. She assumes that the data distribution of weekly demand is
normal. She knows that on average 100 tubes are purchased weekly and that 90% of
the time, weekly demand is below 115 tubes.
a) Compute the standard deviation of this distribution.
b) The manager wants to stock enough mailing tubes each week so that the probability
of running out of tubes is no higher than 5%. What should be the lowest stock level?
1
Exercise 6
The Gilbert Machinery Company has received a large order to produce electric motors
for one of its important clients. In order to fit in its bearing, the drive shaft of the motor
must have a diameter of 5.1 ± 0.05 inches. The company’s purchasing agent realizes
that there is a large stock of steel rods in inventory with a mean diameter of 5.07” and a
standard deviation of 0.07”.
What is the probability of a steel rod from inventory fitting the bearing?
Exercise 7
The manager of a car maintenance garage is trying to revise his policy for ordering
grease gun cartridges. Currently, he orders 110 cartridges per week, but he runs out of
cartridges one out of every four weeks. He knows that, on average, the shop uses 95
cartridges per week. He also knows that the data distribution is close to normal.
a) What is the standard deviation of this distribution?
b) If the manager wants to order enough cartridges so that the probability of running
out of stock during any week is no greater that 20%, how many cartridges should
he order per week?
Exercise 8
The coffee vending machine on our campus delivers coffee with a mean temperature of
85 degrees C and standard deviation of 4 degrees C.
Assuming the temperature of coffee is normally distributed, compute the probability that
a) A cup of coffee drawn at random will be at 85 degrees C
b) A cup of coffee drawn at random will be at 73 degrees C
2
Statistical Tables
A Standard Normal Distribution
B Standard Normal Distribution
C Standard Normal Distribution
D Critical Values of t
E Binomial Probabilities
F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities
G Poisson Probabilities
H Critical Values of c2
I Critical Values of F
J Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Table A
A Standard Normal Distribution
Numerical entries represent the probability that a standard normal

x−µ
random variable is between -∞ and z where z = .
σ
Area
z
z 0
z 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
-3.4 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
-3.3 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.2 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007
-3.1 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010
-3.0 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013
-2.9 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019
-2.8 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026
-2.7 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035
-2.6 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047
-2.5 0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.0060 0.0062
-2.4 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.0080 0.0082
-2.3 0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107
-2.2 0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139
-2.1 0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179
-2.0 0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228
-1.9 0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287
-1.8 0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359
-1.7 0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446
-1.6 0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548
-1.5 0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668
-1.4 0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808
-1.3 0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968
-1.2 0.0985 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1056 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151
-1.1 0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357
-1.0 0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587
-0.9 0.1611 0.1635 0.1660 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841
-0.8 0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119
-0.7 0.2148 0.2177 0.2206 0.2236 0.2266 0.2296 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420
-0.6 0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743
-0.5 0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085
-0.4 0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446
-0.3 0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821
-0.2 0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207
-0.1 0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602
-0.0 0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000
882
Table B
B Standard Normal Distribution
Numerical entries represent the probability that a standard normal

x−µ
random variable is between -∞ and z where z = .
σ Area
z
0 z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
Critical Values of z
Level of Confidence, c α = 1− c zα 2
0.80 0.20 1.28

0.85 0.15 1.44
c
0.90 0.10 1.645 α2 α2
0.95 0.05 1.96
0.98 0.02 2.33 z
−z α 2 0 zα 2
0.99 0.01 2.575
883
Table C
C Standard Normal Distribution
Numerical entries represent the probability that a standard normal random variable Area
x−µ
is between 0 and z where z = .
σ
z
0 z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
884
Table D
D Critical Values of t
Area in One Tail
0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005 Left Tail
Area in Two Tails
df 0.200 0.100 0.050 0.020 0.010
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 Area
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
t
−t 0
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 Right Tail
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
Area
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
t
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
0 t
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
Two Tails
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 Area Area
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 2 2
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
t
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 −t 0 t
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744
32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738
34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728
36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719
38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601
300 1.284 1.650 1.968 2.339 2.592
400 1.284 1.649 1.966 2.336 2.588
500 1.283 1.648 1.965 2.334 2.586
750 1.283 1.647 1.963 2.331 2.582
1000 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.330 2.581
∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576
885
Table E
E Binomial Probabilities
Numerical entries represent P ( X = x ) .
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000
1 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100
1 0.1800 0.3200 0.4200 0.4800 0.5000 0.4800 0.4200 0.3200 0.1800
2 0.0100 0.0400 0.0900 0.1600 0.2500 0.3600 0.4900 0.6400 0.8100
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010
1 0.2430 0.3840 0.4410 0.4320 0.3750 0.2880 0.1890 0.0960 0.0270
2 0.0270 0.0960 0.1890 0.2880 0.3750 0.4320 0.4410 0.3840 0.2430
3 0.0010 0.0080 0.0270 0.0640 0.1250 0.2160 0.3430 0.5120 0.7290
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001
1 0.2916 0.4096 0.4116 0.3456 0.2500 0.1536 0.0756 0.0256 0.0036
2 0.0486 0.1536 0.2646 0.3456 0.3750 0.3456 0.2646 0.1536 0.0486
3 0.0036 0.0256 0.0756 0.1536 0.2500 0.3456 0.4116 0.4096 0.2916
4 0.0001 0.0016 0.0081 0.0256 0.0625 0.1296 0.2401 0.4096 0.6561
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000
1 0.3281 0.4096 0.3602 0.2592 0.1563 0.0768 0.0284 0.0064 0.0005
2 0.0729 0.2048 0.3087 0.3456 0.3125 0.2304 0.1323 0.0512 0.0081
3 0.0081 0.0512 0.1323 0.2304 0.3125 0.3456 0.3087 0.2048 0.0729
4 0.0005 0.0064 0.0284 0.0768 0.1563 0.2592 0.3602 0.4096 0.3281
5 0.0000 0.0003 0.0024 0.0102 0.0313 0.0778 0.1681 0.3277 0.5905
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.3543 0.3932 0.3025 0.1866 0.0938 0.0369 0.0102 0.0015 0.0001
2 0.0984 0.2458 0.3241 0.3110 0.2344 0.1382 0.0595 0.0154 0.0012
3 0.0146 0.0819 0.1852 0.2765 0.3125 0.2765 0.1852 0.0819 0.0146
4 0.0012 0.0154 0.0595 0.1382 0.2344 0.3110 0.3241 0.2458 0.0984
5 0.0001 0.0015 0.0102 0.0369 0.0938 0.1866 0.3025 0.3932 0.3543
6 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0041 0.0156 0.0467 0.1176 0.2621 0.5314
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3720 0.3670 0.2471 0.1306 0.0547 0.0172 0.0036 0.0004 0.0000
2 0.1240 0.2753 0.3177 0.2613 0.1641 0.0774 0.0250 0.0043 0.0002
3 0.0230 0.1147 0.2269 0.2903 0.2734 0.1935 0.0972 0.0287 0.0026
4 0.0026 0.0287 0.0972 0.1935 0.2734 0.2903 0.2269 0.1147 0.0230
5 0.0002 0.0043 0.0250 0.0774 0.1641 0.2613 0.3177 0.2753 0.1240
6 0.0000 0.0004 0.0036 0.0172 0.0547 0.1306 0.2471 0.3670 0.3720
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0016 0.0078 0.0280 0.0824 0.2097 0.4783
886
Table E
E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3826 0.3355 0.1977 0.0896 0.0313 0.0079 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.1488 0.2936 0.2965 0.2090 0.1094 0.0413 0.0100 0.0011 0.0000
3 0.0331 0.1468 0.2541 0.2787 0.2188 0.1239 0.0467 0.0092 0.0004
4 0.0046 0.0459 0.1361 0.2322 0.2734 0.2322 0.1361 0.0459 0.0046
5 0.0004 0.0092 0.0467 0.1239 0.2188 0.2787 0.2541 0.1468 0.0331
6 0.0000 0.0011 0.0100 0.0413 0.1094 0.2090 0.2965 0.2936 0.1488
7 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0079 0.0313 0.0896 0.1977 0.3355 0.3826
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0039 0.0168 0.0576 0.1678 0.4305
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3874 0.3020 0.1556 0.0605 0.0176 0.0035 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.1722 0.3020 0.2668 0.1612 0.0703 0.0212 0.0039 0.0003 0.0000
3 0.0446 0.1762 0.2668 0.2508 0.1641 0.0743 0.0210 0.0028 0.0001
4 0.0074 0.0661 0.1715 0.2508 0.2461 0.1672 0.0735 0.0165 0.0008
5 0.0008 0.0165 0.0735 0.1672 0.2461 0.2508 0.1715 0.0661 0.0074
6 0.0001 0.0028 0.0210 0.0743 0.1641 0.2508 0.2668 0.1762 0.0446
7 0.0000 0.0003 0.0039 0.0212 0.0703 0.1612 0.2668 0.3020 0.1722
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0035 0.0176 0.0605 0.1556 0.3020 0.3874
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0020 0.0101 0.0404 0.1342 0.3874
10 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3874 0.2684 0.1211 0.0403 0.0098 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.1937 0.3020 0.2335 0.1209 0.0439 0.0106 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.0574 0.2013 0.2668 0.2150 0.1172 0.0425 0.0090 0.0008 0.0000
4 0.0112 0.0881 0.2001 0.2508 0.2051 0.1115 0.0368 0.0055 0.0001
5 0.0015 0.0264 0.1029 0.2007 0.2461 0.2007 0.1029 0.0264 0.0015
6 0.0001 0.0055 0.0368 0.1115 0.2051 0.2508 0.2001 0.0881 0.0112
7 0.0000 0.0008 0.0090 0.0425 0.1172 0.2150 0.2668 0.2013 0.0574
8 0.0000 0.0001 0.0014 0.0106 0.0439 0.1209 0.2335 0.3020 0.1937
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0016 0.0098 0.0403 0.1211 0.2684 0.3874
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0010 0.0060 0.0282 0.1074 0.3487
11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3835 0.2362 0.0932 0.0266 0.0054 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2131 0.2953 0.1998 0.0887 0.0269 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0710 0.2215 0.2568 0.1774 0.0806 0.0234 0.0037 0.0002 0.0000
4 0.0158 0.1107 0.2201 0.2365 0.1611 0.0701 0.0173 0.0017 0.0000
5 0.0025 0.0388 0.1321 0.2207 0.2256 0.1471 0.0566 0.0097 0.0003
6 0.0003 0.0097 0.0566 0.1471 0.2256 0.2207 0.1321 0.0388 0.0025
7 0.0000 0.0017 0.0173 0.0701 0.1611 0.2365 0.2201 0.1107 0.0158
8 0.0000 0.0002 0.0037 0.0234 0.0806 0.1774 0.2568 0.2215 0.0710
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0052 0.0269 0.0887 0.1998 0.2953 0.2131
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0054 0.0266 0.0932 0.2362 0.3835
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0036 0.0198 0.0859 0.3138
887
Table E
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3766 0.2062 0.0712 0.0174 0.0029 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2301 0.2835 0.1678 0.0639 0.0161 0.0025 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0852 0.2362 0.2397 0.1419 0.0537 0.0125 0.0015 0.0001 0.0000
4 0.0213 0.1329 0.2311 0.2128 0.1208 0.0420 0.0078 0.0005 0.0000
5 0.0038 0.0532 0.1585 0.2270 0.1934 0.1009 0.0291 0.0033 0.0000
6 0.0005 0.0155 0.0792 0.1766 0.2256 0.1766 0.0792 0.0155 0.0005
7 0.0000 0.0033 0.0291 0.1009 0.1934 0.2270 0.1585 0.0532 0.0038
8 0.0000 0.0005 0.0078 0.0420 0.1208 0.2128 0.2311 0.1329 0.0213
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0015 0.0125 0.0537 0.1419 0.2397 0.2362 0.0852
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0025 0.0161 0.0639 0.1678 0.2835 0.2301
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0029 0.0174 0.0712 0.2062 0.3766
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0022 0.0138 0.0687 0.2824
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3672 0.1787 0.0540 0.0113 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2448 0.2680 0.1388 0.0453 0.0095 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0997 0.2457 0.2181 0.1107 0.0349 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0277 0.1535 0.2337 0.1845 0.0873 0.0243 0.0034 0.0001 0.0000
5 0.0055 0.0691 0.1803 0.2214 0.1571 0.0656 0.0142 0.0011 0.0000
6 0.0008 0.0230 0.1030 0.1968 0.2095 0.1312 0.0442 0.0058 0.0001
7 0.0001 0.0058 0.0442 0.1312 0.2095 0.1968 0.1030 0.0230 0.0008
8 0.0000 0.0011 0.0142 0.0656 0.1571 0.2214 0.1803 0.0691 0.0055
9 0.0000 0.0001 0.0034 0.0243 0.0873 0.1845 0.2337 0.1535 0.0277
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0065 0.0349 0.1107 0.2181 0.2457 0.0997
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0095 0.0453 0.1388 0.2680 0.2448
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0016 0.0113 0.0540 0.1787 0.3672
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0013 0.0097 0.0550 0.2542
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3559 0.1539 0.0407 0.0073 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2570 0.2501 0.1134 0.0317 0.0056 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1142 0.2501 0.1943 0.0845 0.0222 0.0033 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0349 0.1720 0.2290 0.1549 0.0611 0.0136 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0078 0.0860 0.1963 0.2066 0.1222 0.0408 0.0066 0.0003 0.0000
6 0.0013 0.0322 0.1262 0.2066 0.1833 0.0918 0.0232 0.0020 0.0000
7 0.0002 0.0092 0.0618 0.1574 0.2095 0.1574 0.0618 0.0092 0.0002
8 0.0000 0.0020 0.0232 0.0918 0.1833 0.2066 0.1262 0.0322 0.0013
9 0.0000 0.0003 0.0066 0.0408 0.1222 0.2066 0.1963 0.0860 0.0078
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0136 0.0611 0.1549 0.2290 0.1720 0.0349
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0033 0.0222 0.0845 0.1943 0.2501 0.1142
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0056 0.0317 0.1134 0.2501 0.2570
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0009 0.0073 0.0407 0.1539 0.3559
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0008 0.0068 0.0440 0.2288
888
Table E
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3432 0.1319 0.0305 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2669 0.2309 0.0916 0.0219 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1285 0.2501 0.1700 0.0634 0.0139 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0428 0.1876 0.2186 0.1268 0.0417 0.0074 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0105 0.1032 0.2061 0.1859 0.0916 0.0245 0.0030 0.0001 0.0000
6 0.0019 0.0430 0.1472 0.2066 0.1527 0.0612 0.0116 0.0007 0.0000
7 0.0003 0.0138 0.0811 0.1771 0.1964 0.1181 0.0348 0.0035 0.0000
8 0.0000 0.0035 0.0348 0.1181 0.1964 0.1771 0.0811 0.0138 0.0003
9 0.0000 0.0007 0.0116 0.0612 0.1527 0.2066 0.1472 0.0430 0.0019
10 0.0000 0.0001 0.0030 0.0245 0.0916 0.1859 0.2061 0.1032 0.0105
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0074 0.0417 0.1268 0.2186 0.1876 0.0428
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0016 0.0139 0.0634 0.1700 0.2501 0.1285
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0032 0.0219 0.0916 0.2309 0.2669
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0047 0.0305 0.1319 0.3432
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0047 0.0352 0.2059
16 0 0.1853 0.0281 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3294 0.1126 0.0228 0.0030 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2745 0.2111 0.0732 0.0150 0.0018 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1423 0.2463 0.1465 0.0468 0.0085 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0514 0.2001 0.2040 0.1014 0.0278 0.0040 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0137 0.1201 0.2099 0.1623 0.0667 0.0142 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0028 0.0550 0.1649 0.1983 0.1222 0.0392 0.0056 0.0002 0.0000
7 0.0004 0.0197 0.1010 0.1889 0.1746 0.0840 0.0185 0.0012 0.0000
8 0.0001 0.0055 0.0487 0.1417 0.1964 0.1417 0.0487 0.0055 0.0001
9 0.0000 0.0012 0.0185 0.0840 0.1746 0.1889 0.1010 0.0197 0.0004
10 0.0000 0.0002 0.0056 0.0392 0.1222 0.1983 0.1649 0.0550 0.0028
11 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0142 0.0667 0.1623 0.2099 0.1201 0.0137
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0040 0.0278 0.1014 0.2040 0.2001 0.0514
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0085 0.0468 0.1465 0.2463 0.1423
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0018 0.0150 0.0732 0.2111 0.2745
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0030 0.0228 0.1126 0.3294
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0033 0.0281 0.1853
889
Table E
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
17 0 0.1668 0.0225 0.0023 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3150 0.0957 0.0169 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2800 0.1914 0.0581 0.0102 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1556 0.2393 0.1245 0.0341 0.0052 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0605 0.2093 0.1868 0.0796 0.0182 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0175 0.1361 0.2081 0.1379 0.0472 0.0081 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0039 0.0680 0.1784 0.1839 0.0944 0.0242 0.0026 0.0001 0.0000
7 0.0007 0.0267 0.1201 0.1927 0.1484 0.0571 0.0095 0.0004 0.0000
8 0.0001 0.0084 0.0644 0.1606 0.1855 0.1070 0.0276 0.0021 0.0000
9 0.0000 0.0021 0.0276 0.1070 0.1855 0.1606 0.0644 0.0084 0.0001
10 0.0000 0.0004 0.0095 0.0571 0.1484 0.1927 0.1201 0.0267 0.0007
11 0.0000 0.0001 0.0026 0.0242 0.0944 0.1839 0.1784 0.0680 0.0039
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0081 0.0472 0.1379 0.2081 0.1361 0.0175
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0021 0.0182 0.0796 0.1868 0.2093 0.0605
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0052 0.0341 0.1245 0.2393 0.1556
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0010 0.0102 0.0581 0.1914 0.2800
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0019 0.0169 0.0957 0.3150
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0023 0.0225 0.1668
18 0 0.1501 0.0180 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3002 0.0811 0.0126 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2835 0.1723 0.0458 0.0069 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1680 0.2297 0.1046 0.0246 0.0031 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0700 0.2153 0.1681 0.0614 0.0117 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0218 0.1507 0.2017 0.1146 0.0327 0.0045 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0052 0.0816 0.1873 0.1655 0.0708 0.0145 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0010 0.0350 0.1376 0.1892 0.1214 0.0374 0.0046 0.0001 0.0000
8 0.0002 0.0120 0.0811 0.1734 0.1669 0.0771 0.0149 0.0008 0.0000
9 0.0000 0.0033 0.0386 0.1284 0.1855 0.1284 0.0386 0.0033 0.0000
10 0.0000 0.0008 0.0149 0.0771 0.1669 0.1734 0.0811 0.0120 0.0002
11 0.0000 0.0001 0.0046 0.0374 0.1214 0.1892 0.1376 0.0350 0.0010
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0012 0.0145 0.0708 0.1655 0.1873 0.0816 0.0052
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0045 0.0327 0.1146 0.2017 0.1507 0.0218
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0117 0.0614 0.1681 0.2153 0.0700
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0031 0.0246 0.1046 0.2297 0.1680
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0069 0.0458 0.1723 0.2835
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0012 0.0126 0.0811 0.3002
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0016 0.0180 0.1501
890
Table E
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
19 0 0.1351 0.0144 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.2852 0.0685 0.0093 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2852 0.1540 0.0358 0.0046 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1796 0.2182 0.0869 0.0175 0.0018 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0798 0.2182 0.1491 0.0467 0.0074 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0266 0.1636 0.1916 0.0933 0.0222 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0069 0.0955 0.1916 0.1451 0.0518 0.0085 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0014 0.0443 0.1525 0.1797 0.0961 0.0237 0.0022 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.0002 0.0166 0.0981 0.1797 0.1442 0.0532 0.0077 0.0003 0.0000
9 0.0000 0.0051 0.0514 0.1464 0.1762 0.0976 0.0220 0.0013 0.0000
10 0.0000 0.0013 0.0220 0.0976 0.1762 0.1464 0.0514 0.0051 0.0000
11 0.0000 0.0003 0.0077 0.0532 0.1442 0.1797 0.0981 0.0166 0.0002
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0022 0.0237 0.0961 0.1797 0.1525 0.0443 0.0014
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0085 0.0518 0.1451 0.1916 0.0955 0.0069
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0024 0.0222 0.0933 0.1916 0.1636 0.0266
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0074 0.0467 0.1491 0.2182 0.0798
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0018 0.0175 0.0869 0.2182 0.1796
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0046 0.0358 0.1540 0.2852
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0093 0.0685 0.2852
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0011 0.0144 0.1351
20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.2702 0.0576 0.0068 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.2852 0.1369 0.0278 0.0031 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.1901 0.2054 0.0716 0.0123 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0898 0.2182 0.1304 0.0350 0.0046 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0319 0.1746 0.1789 0.0746 0.0148 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0089 0.1091 0.1916 0.1244 0.0370 0.0049 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0020 0.0545 0.1643 0.1659 0.0739 0.0146 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.0004 0.0222 0.1144 0.1797 0.1201 0.0355 0.0039 0.0001 0.0000
9 0.0001 0.0074 0.0654 0.1597 0.1602 0.0710 0.0120 0.0005 0.0000
10 0.0000 0.0020 0.0308 0.1171 0.1762 0.1171 0.0308 0.0020 0.0000
11 0.0000 0.0005 0.0120 0.0710 0.1602 0.1597 0.0654 0.0074 0.0001
12 0.0000 0.0001 0.0039 0.0355 0.1201 0.1797 0.1144 0.0222 0.0004
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0146 0.0739 0.1659 0.1643 0.0545 0.0020
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0049 0.0370 0.1244 0.1916 0.1091 0.0089
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0148 0.0746 0.1789 0.1746 0.0319
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0046 0.0350 0.1304 0.2182 0.0898
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0123 0.0716 0.2054 0.1901
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0031 0.0278 0.1369 0.2852
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0068 0.0576 0.2702
20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0115 0.1216
891
Table F
F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities
Numerical entries represent P ( X ≤ x ) .
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100
1 0.9900 0.9600 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010
1 0.9720 0.8960 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280
2 0.9990 0.9920 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710
3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001
1 0.9477 0.8192 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037
2 0.9963 0.9728 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523
3 0.9999 0.9984 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000
1 0.9185 0.7373 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005
2 0.9914 0.9421 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086
3 0.9995 0.9933 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815
4 1.0000 0.9997 0.9976 0.9898 0.9688 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.8857 0.6554 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001
2 0.9842 0.9011 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013
3 0.9987 0.9830 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9891 0.9590 0.8906 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8503 0.5767 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000
2 0.9743 0.8520 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002
3 0.9973 0.9667 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0333 0.0027
4 0.9998 0.9953 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257
5 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
892
Table F
F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8131 0.5033 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.9619 0.7969 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000
3 0.9950 0.9437 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004
4 0.9996 0.9896 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7748 0.4362 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9470 0.7382 0.4628 0.2318 0.0898 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000
3 0.9917 0.9144 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001
4 0.9991 0.9804 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009
5 0.9999 0.9969 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
10 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.7361 0.3758 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9298 0.6778 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000
3 0.9872 0.8791 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000
4 0.9984 0.9672 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001
5 0.9999 0.9936 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016
6 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6974 0.3221 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9104 0.6174 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9815 0.8389 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002 0.0000
4 0.9972 0.9496 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000
5 0.9997 0.9883 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003
6 1.0000 0.9980 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
893
Table F
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6590 0.2749 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8891 0.5583 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9744 0.7946 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000
4 0.9957 0.9274 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000
5 0.9995 0.9806 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001
6 0.9999 0.9961 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.6213 0.2336 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8661 0.5017 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9658 0.7473 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9935 0.9009 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002 0.0000
5 0.9991 0.9700 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9930 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001
7 1.0000 0.9988 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009
8 1.0000 0.9998 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5846 0.1979 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8416 0.4481 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9559 0.6982 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9908 0.8702 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9985 0.9561 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004 0.0000
6 0.9998 0.9884 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9976 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002
8 1.0000 0.9996 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
894
Table F
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5490 0.1671 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8159 0.3980 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9444 0.6482 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9873 0.8358 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9978 0.9389 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001 0.0000
6 0.9997 0.9819 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9958 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9992 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 0.1841
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
16 0 0.1853 0.0281 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.5147 0.1407 0.0261 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.7892 0.3518 0.0994 0.0183 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9316 0.5981 0.2459 0.0651 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9830 0.7982 0.4499 0.1666 0.0384 0.0049 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9967 0.9183 0.6598 0.3288 0.1051 0.0191 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9995 0.9733 0.8247 0.5272 0.2272 0.0583 0.0071 0.0002 0.0000
7 0.9999 0.9930 0.9256 0.7161 0.4018 0.1423 0.0257 0.0015 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9985 0.9743 0.8577 0.5982 0.2839 0.0744 0.0070 0.0001
9 1.0000 0.9998 0.9929 0.9417 0.7728 0.4728 0.1753 0.0267 0.0005
10 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9809 0.8949 0.6712 0.3402 0.0817 0.0033
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9951 0.9616 0.8334 0.5501 0.2018 0.0170
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9349 0.7541 0.4019 0.0684
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9817 0.9006 0.6482 0.2108
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9739 0.8593 0.4853
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9719 0.8147
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
895
Table F
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
17 0 0.1668 0.0225 0.0023 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.4818 0.1182 0.0193 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.7618 0.3096 0.0774 0.0123 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9174 0.5489 0.2019 0.0464 0.0064 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9779 0.7582 0.3887 0.1260 0.0245 0.0025 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9953 0.8943 0.5968 0.2639 0.0717 0.0106 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9992 0.9623 0.7752 0.4478 0.1662 0.0348 0.0032 0.0001 0.0000
7 0.9999 0.9891 0.8954 0.6405 0.3145 0.0919 0.0127 0.0005 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9974 0.9597 0.8011 0.5000 0.1989 0.0403 0.0026 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9995 0.9873 0.9081 0.6855 0.3595 0.1046 0.0109 0.0001
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9968 0.9652 0.8338 0.5522 0.2248 0.0377 0.0008
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9894 0.9283 0.7361 0.4032 0.1057 0.0047
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9975 0.9755 0.8740 0.6113 0.2418 0.0221
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9936 0.9536 0.7981 0.4511 0.0826
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9988 0.9877 0.9226 0.6904 0.2382
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9807 0.8818 0.5182
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9977 0.9775 0.8332
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
18 0 0.1501 0.0180 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.4503 0.0991 0.0142 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.7338 0.2713 0.0600 0.0082 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9018 0.5010 0.1646 0.0328 0.0038 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9718 0.7164 0.3327 0.0942 0.0154 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9936 0.8671 0.5344 0.2088 0.0481 0.0058 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9988 0.9487 0.7217 0.3743 0.1189 0.0203 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9998 0.9837 0.8593 0.5634 0.2403 0.0576 0.0061 0.0002 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9957 0.9404 0.7368 0.4073 0.1347 0.0210 0.0009 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9991 0.9790 0.8653 0.5927 0.2632 0.0596 0.0043 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9998 0.9939 0.9424 0.7597 0.4366 0.1407 0.0163 0.0002
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9986 0.9797 0.8811 0.6257 0.2783 0.0513 0.0012
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9942 0.9519 0.7912 0.4656 0.1329 0.0064
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9846 0.9058 0.6673 0.2836 0.0282
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9962 0.9672 0.8354 0.4990 0.0982
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9918 0.9400 0.7287 0.2662
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9858 0.9009 0.5497
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9820 0.8499
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
896
Table F
p
n x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
19 0 0.1351 0.0144 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.4203 0.0829 0.0104 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.7054 0.2369 0.0462 0.0055 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.8850 0.4551 0.1332 0.0230 0.0022 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9648 0.6733 0.2822 0.0696 0.0096 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9914 0.8369 0.4739 0.1629 0.0318 0.0031 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9983 0.9324 0.6655 0.3081 0.0835 0.0116 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9997 0.9767 0.8180 0.4878 0.1796 0.0352 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9933 0.9161 0.6675 0.3238 0.0885 0.0105 0.0003 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9984 0.9674 0.8139 0.5000 0.1861 0.0326 0.0016 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9895 0.9115 0.6762 0.3325 0.0839 0.0067 0.0000
11 1.0000 1.0000 0.9972 0.9648 0.8204 0.5122 0.1820 0.0233 0.0003
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9884 0.9165 0.6919 0.3345 0.0676 0.0017
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9682 0.8371 0.5261 0.1631 0.0086
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9904 0.9304 0.7178 0.3267 0.0352
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9978 0.9770 0.8668 0.5449 0.1150
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9945 0.9538 0.7631 0.2946
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9896 0.9171 0.5797
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9989 0.9856 0.8649
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3917 0.0692 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.6769 0.2061 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.8670 0.4114 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9568 0.6296 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9887 0.8042 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.9976 0.9133 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.9996 0.9679 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9900 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001 0.0000
9 1.0000 0.9974 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006 0.0000
10 1.0000 0.9994 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001
12 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004
13 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.0113
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
897
Table G
G Poisson Probabilities
Numerical entries represent P ( X = x ) .
λ
x 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.20 0.30
0 0.9802 0.9704 0.9608 0.9512 0.9418 0.9324 0.9231 0.9139 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408
1 0.0196 0.0291 0.0384 0.0476 0.0565 0.0653 0.0738 0.0823 0.0905 0.1637 0.2222
2 0.0002 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0017 0.0023 0.0030 0.0037 0.0045 0.0164 0.0333
3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0011 0.0033
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003
x 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40
0 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066 0.3679 0.3329 0.3012 0.2725 0.2466
1 0.2681 0.3033 0.3293 0.3476 0.3595 0.3659 0.3679 0.3662 0.3614 0.3543 0.3452
2 0.0536 0.0758 0.0988 0.1217 0.1438 0.1647 0.1839 0.2014 0.2169 0.2303 0.2417
3 0.0072 0.0126 0.0198 0.0284 0.0383 0.0494 0.0613 0.0738 0.0867 0.0998 0.1128
4 0.0007 0.0016 0.0030 0.0050 0.0077 0.0111 0.0153 0.0203 0.0260 0.0324 0.0395
5 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0012 0.0020 0.0031 0.0045 0.0062 0.0084 0.0111
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 0.0018 0.0026
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005
8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
x 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50
0 0.2231 0.2019 0.1827 0.1653 0.1496 0.1353 0.1225 0.1108 0.1003 0.0907 0.0821
1 0.3347 0.3230 0.3106 0.2975 0.2842 0.2707 0.2572 0.2438 0.2306 0.2177 0.2052
2 0.2510 0.2584 0.2640 0.2678 0.2700 0.2707 0.2700 0.2681 0.2652 0.2613 0.2565
3 0.1255 0.1378 0.1496 0.1607 0.1710 0.1804 0.1890 0.1966 0.2033 0.2090 0.2138
4 0.0471 0.0551 0.0636 0.0723 0.0812 0.0902 0.0992 0.1082 0.1169 0.1254 0.1336
5 0.0141 0.0176 0.0216 0.0260 0.0309 0.0361 0.0417 0.0476 0.0538 0.0602 0.0668
6 0.0035 0.0047 0.0061 0.0078 0.0098 0.0120 0.0146 0.0174 0.0206 0.0241 0.0278
7 0.0008 0.0011 0.0015 0.0020 0.0027 0.0034 0.0044 0.0055 0.0068 0.0083 0.0099
8 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0006 0.0009 0.0011 0.0015 0.0019 0.0025 0.0031
9 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009
10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
x 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60
0 0.0743 0.0672 0.0608 0.0550 0.0498 0.0450 0.0408 0.0369 0.0334 0.0302 0.0273
1 0.1931 0.1815 0.1703 0.1596 0.1494 0.1397 0.1304 0.1217 0.1135 0.1057 0.0984
2 0.2510 0.2450 0.2384 0.2314 0.2240 0.2165 0.2087 0.2008 0.1929 0.1850 0.1771
3 0.2176 0.2205 0.2225 0.2237 0.2240 0.2237 0.2226 0.2209 0.2186 0.2158 0.2125
4 0.1414 0.1488 0.1557 0.1622 0.1680 0.1733 0.1781 0.1823 0.1858 0.1888 0.1912
5 0.0735 0.0804 0.0872 0.0940 0.1008 0.1075 0.1140 0.1203 0.1264 0.1322 0.1377
6 0.0319 0.0362 0.0407 0.0455 0.0504 0.0555 0.0608 0.0662 0.0716 0.0771 0.0826
7 0.0118 0.0139 0.0163 0.0188 0.0216 0.0246 0.0278 0.0312 0.0348 0.0385 0.0425
8 0.0038 0.0047 0.0057 0.0068 0.0081 0.0095 0.0111 0.0129 0.0148 0.0169 0.0191
9 0.0011 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0027 0.0033 0.0040 0.0047 0.0056 0.0066 0.0076
10 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0023 0.0028
11 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009
12 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003
13 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
898
Table G
G Poisson Probabilities (cont.)
λ
x 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70
0 0.0247 0.0224 0.0202 0.0183 0.0166 0.0150 0.0136 0.0123 0.0111 0.0101 0.0091
1 0.0915 0.0850 0.0789 0.0733 0.0679 0.0630 0.0583 0.0540 0.0500 0.0462 0.0427
2 0.1692 0.1615 0.1539 0.1465 0.1393 0.1323 0.1254 0.1188 0.1125 0.1063 0.1005
3 0.2087 0.2046 0.2001 0.1954 0.1904 0.1852 0.1798 0.1743 0.1687 0.1631 0.1574
4 0.1931 0.1944 0.1951 0.1954 0.1951 0.1944 0.1933 0.1917 0.1898 0.1875 0.1849
5 0.1429 0.1477 0.1522 0.1563 0.1600 0.1633 0.1662 0.1687 0.1708 0.1725 0.1738
6 0.0881 0.0936 0.0989 0.1042 0.1093 0.1143 0.1191 0.1237 0.1281 0.1323 0.1362
7 0.0466 0.0508 0.0551 0.0595 0.0640 0.0686 0.0732 0.0778 0.0824 0.0869 0.0914
8 0.0215 0.0241 0.0269 0.0298 0.0328 0.0360 0.0393 0.0428 0.0463 0.0500 0.0537
9 0.0089 0.0102 0.0116 0.0132 0.0150 0.0168 0.0188 0.0209 0.0232 0.0255 0.0281
10 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0053 0.0061 0.0071 0.0081 0.0092 0.0104 0.0118 0.0132
11 0.0011 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0043 0.0049 0.0056
12 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0022
13 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008
14 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003
15 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
x 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80
0 0.0082 0.0074 0.0067 0.0061 0.0055 0.0050 0.0045 0.0041 0.0037 0.0033 0.0030
1 0.0395 0.0365 0.0337 0.0311 0.0287 0.0265 0.0244 0.0225 0.0207 0.0191 0.0176
2 0.0948 0.0894 0.0842 0.0793 0.0746 0.0701 0.0659 0.0618 0.0580 0.0544 0.0509
3 0.1517 0.1460 0.1404 0.1348 0.1293 0.1239 0.1185 0.1133 0.1082 0.1033 0.0985
4 0.1820 0.1789 0.1755 0.1719 0.1681 0.1641 0.1600 0.1558 0.1515 0.1472 0.1428
5 0.1747 0.1753 0.1755 0.1753 0.1748 0.1740 0.1728 0.1714 0.1697 0.1678 0.1656
6 0.1398 0.1432 0.1462 0.1490 0.1515 0.1537 0.1555 0.1571 0.1584 0.1594 0.1601
7 0.0959 0.1002 0.1044 0.1086 0.1125 0.1163 0.1200 0.1234 0.1267 0.1298 0.1326
8 0.0575 0.0614 0.0653 0.0692 0.0731 0.0771 0.0810 0.0849 0.0887 0.0925 0.0962
9 0.0307 0.0334 0.0363 0.0392 0.0423 0.0454 0.0486 0.0519 0.0552 0.0586 0.0620
10 0.0147 0.0164 0.0181 0.0200 0.0220 0.0241 0.0262 0.0285 0.0309 0.0334 0.0359
11 0.0064 0.0073 0.0082 0.0093 0.0104 0.0116 0.0129 0.0143 0.0157 0.0173 0.0190
12 0.0026 0.0030 0.0034 0.0039 0.0045 0.0051 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0082 0.0092
13 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.0041
14 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017
15 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
16 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
x 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90
0 0.0027 0.0025 0.0022 0.0020 0.0018 0.0017 0.0015 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010
1 0.0162 0.0149 0.0137 0.0126 0.0116 0.0106 0.0098 0.0090 0.0082 0.0076 0.0070
2 0.0477 0.0446 0.0417 0.0390 0.0364 0.0340 0.0318 0.0296 0.0276 0.0258 0.0240
3 0.0938 0.0892 0.0848 0.0806 0.0765 0.0726 0.0688 0.0652 0.0617 0.0584 0.0552
4 0.1383 0.1339 0.1294 0.1249 0.1205 0.1162 0.1118 0.1076 0.1034 0.0992 0.0952
5 0.1632 0.1606 0.1579 0.1549 0.1519 0.1487 0.1454 0.1420 0.1385 0.1349 0.1314
899
Table G
λ
x 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90
6 0.1605 0.1606 0.1605 0.1601 0.1595 0.1586 0.1575 0.1562 0.1546 0.1529 0.1511
7 0.1353 0.1377 0.1399 0.1418 0.1435 0.1450 0.1462 0.1472 0.1480 0.1486 0.1489
8 0.0998 0.1033 0.1066 0.1099 0.1130 0.1160 0.1188 0.1215 0.1240 0.1263 0.1284
9 0.0654 0.0688 0.0723 0.0757 0.0791 0.0825 0.0858 0.0891 0.0923 0.0954 0.0985
10 0.0386 0.0413 0.0441 0.0469 0.0498 0.0528 0.0558 0.0588 0.0618 0.0649 0.0679
11 0.0207 0.0225 0.0244 0.0265 0.0285 0.0307 0.0330 0.0353 0.0377 0.0401 0.0426
12 0.0102 0.0113 0.0124 0.0137 0.0150 0.0164 0.0179 0.0194 0.0210 0.0227 0.0245
13 0.0046 0.0052 0.0058 0.0065 0.0073 0.0081 0.0089 0.0099 0.0108 0.0119 0.0130
14 0.0019 0.0022 0.0025 0.0029 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0052 0.0058 0.0064
15 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.0029
16 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0010 0.0011 0.0013
17 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005
18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002
19 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
x 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00
0 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
1 0.0064 0.0059 0.0054 0.0049 0.0045 0.0041 0.0038 0.0035 0.0032 0.0029 0.0027
2 0.0223 0.0208 0.0194 0.0180 0.0167 0.0156 0.0145 0.0134 0.0125 0.0116 0.0107
3 0.0521 0.0492 0.0464 0.0438 0.0413 0.0389 0.0366 0.0345 0.0324 0.0305 0.0286
4 0.0912 0.0874 0.0836 0.0799 0.0764 0.0729 0.0696 0.0663 0.0632 0.0602 0.0573
5 0.1277 0.1241 0.1204 0.1167 0.1130 0.1094 0.1057 0.1021 0.0986 0.0951 0.0916
6 0.1490 0.1468 0.1445 0.1420 0.1394 0.1367 0.1339 0.1311 0.1282 0.1252 0.1221
7 0.1490 0.1489 0.1486 0.1481 0.1474 0.1465 0.1454 0.1442 0.1428 0.1413 0.1396
8 0.1304 0.1321 0.1337 0.1351 0.1363 0.1373 0.1381 0.1388 0.1392 0.1395 0.1396
9 0.1014 0.1042 0.1070 0.1096 0.1121 0.1144 0.1167 0.1187 0.1207 0.1224 0.1241
10 0.0710 0.0740 0.0770 0.0800 0.0829 0.0858 0.0887 0.0914 0.0941 0.0967 0.0993
11 0.0452 0.0478 0.0504 0.0531 0.0558 0.0585 0.0613 0.0640 0.0667 0.0695 0.0722
12 0.0263 0.0283 0.0303 0.0323 0.0344 0.0366 0.0388 0.0411 0.0434 0.0457 0.0481
13 0.0142 0.0154 0.0168 0.0181 0.0196 0.0211 0.0227 0.0243 0.0260 0.0278 0.0296
14 0.0071 0.0078 0.0086 0.0095 0.0104 0.0113 0.0123 0.0134 0.0145 0.0157 0.0169
15 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0057 0.0062 0.0069 0.0075 0.0083 0.0090
16 0.0014 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0030 0.0033 0.0037 0.0041 0.0045
17 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021
18 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
19 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004
20 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
21 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001
x 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10
0 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
1 0.0025 0.0023 0.0021 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010
2 0.0100 0.0092 0.0086 0.0079 0.0074 0.0068 0.0063 0.0058 0.0054 0.0050 0.0046
3 0.0269 0.0252 0.0237 0.0222 0.0208 0.0195 0.0183 0.0171 0.0160 0.0150 0.0140
4 0.0544 0.0517 0.0491 0.0466 0.0443 0.0420 0.0398 0.0377 0.0357 0.0337 0.0319
900
Table G
λ
x 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10
5 0.0882 0.0849 0.0816 0.0784 0.0752 0.0722 0.0692 0.0663 0.0635 0.0607 0.0581
6 0.1191 0.1160 0.1128 0.1097 0.1066 0.1034 0.1003 0.0972 0.0941 0.0911 0.0881
7 0.1378 0.1358 0.1338 0.1317 0.1294 0.1271 0.1247 0.1222 0.1197 0.1171 0.1145
8 0.1395 0.1392 0.1388 0.1382 0.1375 0.1366 0.1356 0.1344 0.1332 0.1318 0.1302
9 0.1256 0.1269 0.1280 0.1290 0.1299 0.1306 0.1311 0.1315 0.1317 0.1318 0.1317
10 0.1017 0.1040 0.1063 0.1084 0.1104 0.1123 0.1140 0.1157 0.1172 0.1186 0.1198
11 0.0749 0.0776 0.0802 0.0828 0.0853 0.0878 0.0902 0.0925 0.0948 0.0970 0.0991
12 0.0505 0.0530 0.0555 0.0579 0.0604 0.0629 0.0654 0.0679 0.0703 0.0728 0.0752
13 0.0315 0.0334 0.0354 0.0374 0.0395 0.0416 0.0438 0.0459 0.0481 0.0504 0.0526
14 0.0182 0.0196 0.0210 0.0225 0.0240 0.0256 0.0272 0.0289 0.0306 0.0324 0.0342
15 0.0098 0.0107 0.0116 0.0126 0.0136 0.0147 0.0158 0.0169 0.0182 0.0194 0.0208
16 0.0050 0.0055 0.0060 0.0066 0.0072 0.0079 0.0086 0.0093 0.0101 0.0109 0.0118
17 0.0024 0.0026 0.0029 0.0033 0.0036 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0053 0.0058 0.0063
18 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 0.0026 0.0029 0.0032
19 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015
20 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
21 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003
22 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
x 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 11.00 12.00
0 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001
2 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0027 0.0025 0.0023 0.0010 0.0004
3 0.0131 0.0123 0.0115 0.0107 0.0100 0.0093 0.0087 0.0081 0.0076 0.0037 0.0018
4 0.0302 0.0285 0.0269 0.0254 0.0240 0.0226 0.0213 0.0201 0.0189 0.0102 0.0053
5 0.0555 0.0530 0.0506 0.0483 0.0460 0.0439 0.0418 0.0398 0.0378 0.0224 0.0127
6 0.0851 0.0822 0.0793 0.0764 0.0736 0.0709 0.0682 0.0656 0.0631 0.0411 0.0255
7 0.1118 0.1091 0.1064 0.1037 0.1010 0.0982 0.0955 0.0928 0.0901 0.0646 0.0437
8 0.1286 0.1269 0.1251 0.1232 0.1212 0.1191 0.1170 0.1148 0.1126 0.0888 0.0655
9 0.1315 0.1311 0.1306 0.1300 0.1293 0.1284 0.1274 0.1263 0.1251 0.1085 0.0874
10 0.1210 0.1219 0.1228 0.1235 0.1241 0.1245 0.1249 0.1250 0.1251 0.1194 0.1048
11 0.1012 0.1031 0.1049 0.1067 0.1083 0.1098 0.1112 0.1125 0.1137 0.1194 0.1144
12 0.0776 0.0799 0.0822 0.0844 0.0866 0.0888 0.0908 0.0928 0.0948 0.1094 0.1144
13 0.0549 0.0572 0.0594 0.0617 0.0640 0.0662 0.0685 0.0707 0.0729 0.0926 0.1056
14 0.0361 0.0380 0.0399 0.0419 0.0439 0.0459 0.0479 0.0500 0.0521 0.0728 0.0905
15 0.0221 0.0235 0.0250 0.0265 0.0281 0.0297 0.0313 0.0330 0.0347 0.0534 0.0724
16 0.0127 0.0137 0.0147 0.0157 0.0168 0.0180 0.0192 0.0204 0.0217 0.0367 0.0543
17 0.0069 0.0075 0.0081 0.0088 0.0095 0.0103 0.0111 0.0119 0.0128 0.0237 0.0383
18 0.0035 0.0039 0.0042 0.0046 0.0051 0.0055 0.0060 0.0065 0.0071 0.0145 0.0255
19 0.0017 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028 0.0031 0.0034 0.0037 0.0084 0.0161
20 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0046 0.0097
21 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0024 0.0055
22 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0012 0.0030
23 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006 0.0016
24 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008
901
Table G
λ
x 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0027 0.0013 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.0070 0.0037 0.0019 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 0.0152 0.0087 0.0048 0.0026 0.0014 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0281 0.0174 0.0104 0.0060 0.0034 0.0019 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
8 0.0457 0.0304 0.0194 0.0120 0.0072 0.0042 0.0024 0.0013 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002
9 0.0661 0.0473 0.0324 0.0213 0.0135 0.0083 0.0050 0.0029 0.0017 0.0009 0.0005
10 0.0859 0.0663 0.0486 0.0341 0.0230 0.0150 0.0095 0.0058 0.0035 0.0020 0.0012
11 0.1015 0.0844 0.0663 0.0496 0.0355 0.0245 0.0164 0.0106 0.0067 0.0041 0.0024
12 0.1099 0.0984 0.0829 0.0661 0.0504 0.0368 0.0259 0.0176 0.0116 0.0075 0.0047
13 0.1099 0.1060 0.0956 0.0814 0.0658 0.0509 0.0378 0.0271 0.0188 0.0127 0.0083
14 0.1021 0.1060 0.1024 0.0930 0.0800 0.0655 0.0514 0.0387 0.0282 0.0199 0.0136
15 0.0885 0.0989 0.1024 0.0992 0.0906 0.0786 0.0650 0.0516 0.0395 0.0292 0.0209
16 0.0719 0.0866 0.0960 0.0992 0.0963 0.0884 0.0772 0.0646 0.0518 0.0401 0.0301
17 0.0550 0.0713 0.0847 0.0934 0.0963 0.0936 0.0863 0.0760 0.0640 0.0520 0.0407
18 0.0397 0.0554 0.0706 0.0830 0.0909 0.0936 0.0911 0.0844 0.0747 0.0635 0.0520
19 0.0272 0.0409 0.0557 0.0699 0.0814 0.0887 0.0911 0.0888 0.0826 0.0735 0.0629
20 0.0177 0.0286 0.0418 0.0559 0.0692 0.0798 0.0866 0.0888 0.0867 0.0809 0.0724
21 0.0109 0.0191 0.0299 0.0426 0.0560 0.0684 0.0783 0.0846 0.0867 0.0847 0.0793
22 0.0065 0.0121 0.0204 0.0310 0.0433 0.0560 0.0676 0.0769 0.0828 0.0847 0.0829
23 0.0037 0.0074 0.0133 0.0216 0.0320 0.0438 0.0559 0.0669 0.0756 0.0810 0.0829
24 0.0020 0.0043 0.0083 0.0144 0.0226 0.0328 0.0442 0.0557 0.0661 0.0743 0.0794
25 0.0010 0.0024 0.0050 0.0092 0.0154 0.0237 0.0336 0.0446 0.0555 0.0654 0.0731
26 0.0005 0.0013 0.0029 0.0057 0.0101 0.0164 0.0246 0.0343 0.0449 0.0553 0.0646
27 0.0002 0.0007 0.0016 0.0034 0.0063 0.0109 0.0173 0.0254 0.0349 0.0451 0.0551
28 0.0001 0.0003 0.0009 0.0019 0.0038 0.0070 0.0117 0.0181 0.0262 0.0354 0.0452
29 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0011 0.0023 0.0044 0.0077 0.0125 0.0190 0.0269 0.0359
30 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0013 0.0026 0.0049 0.0083 0.0133 0.0197 0.0275
31 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0015 0.0030 0.0054 0.0090 0.0140 0.0204
32 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0004 0.0009 0.0018 0.0034 0.0059 0.0096 0.0147
33 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0010 0.0020 0.0038 0.0064 0.0102
34 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0012 0.0023 0.0041 0.0069
35 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0014 0.0026 0.0045
36 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0008 0.0016 0.0029
37 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0009 0.0018
38 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0011
39 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006
40 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004
41 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002
42 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
43 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
902
Table H
H Critical Values of c2
Area
χ2
χ2
2
Area to the Right of the Critical Value of χ
df 0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
903
Table I
I Critical Values of F (Area = 0.995)
Area
F
F
Numerator Degrees of Freedom
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 0.0001 0.0050 0.0180 0.0319 0.0439 0.0537 0.0616 0.0681 0.0735
2 0.0001 0.0050 0.0201 0.0380 0.0546 0.0688 0.0806 0.0906 0.0989
3 0.0000 0.0050 0.0211 0.0412 0.0605 0.0774 0.0919 0.1042 0.1147
4 0.0000 0.0050 0.0216 0.0432 0.0643 0.0831 0.0995 0.1136 0.1257
5 0.0000 0.0050 0.0220 0.0445 0.0669 0.0872 0.1050 0.1205 0.1338
6 0.0000 0.0050 0.0223 0.0455 0.0689 0.0903 0.1092 0.1258 0.1402
7 0.0000 0.0050 0.0225 0.0462 0.0704 0.0927 0.1125 0.1300 0.1452
8 0.0000 0.0050 0.0227 0.0468 0.0716 0.0946 0.1152 0.1334 0.1494
9 0.0000 0.0050 0.0228 0.0473 0.0726 0.0962 0.1175 0.1363 0.1529
10 0.0000 0.0050 0.0229 0.0477 0.0734 0.0976 0.1193 0.1387 0.1558
11 0.0000 0.0050 0.0230 0.0480 0.0741 0.0987 0.1209 0.1408 0.1584
12 0.0000 0.0050 0.0230 0.0483 0.0747 0.0997 0.1223 0.1426 0.1606
13 0.0000 0.0050 0.0231 0.0485 0.0752 0.1005 0.1235 0.1441 0.1625
Denominator Degrees of Freedom
14 0.0000 0.0050 0.0232 0.0487 0.0757 0.1012 0.1246 0.1455 0.1642

15 0.0000 0.0050 0.0232 0.0489 0.0761 0.1019 0.1255 0.1468 0.1658
16 0.0000 0.0050 0.0233 0.0491 0.0764 0.1025 0.1263 0.1479 0.1671
17 0.0000 0.0050 0.0233 0.0492 0.0767 0.1030 0.1271 0.1489 0.1684
18 0.0000 0.0050 0.0233 0.0494 0.0770 0.1035 0.1278 0.1498 0.1695
19 0.0000 0.0050 0.0234 0.0495 0.0773 0.1039 0.1284 0.1506 0.1705
20 0.0000 0.0050 0.0234 0.0496 0.0775 0.1043 0.1290 0.1513 0.1715
21 0.0000 0.0050 0.0234 0.0497 0.0777 0.1046 0.1295 0.1520 0.1723
22 0.0000 0.0050 0.0234 0.0498 0.0779 0.1050 0.1300 0.1526 0.1731
23 0.0000 0.0050 0.0234 0.0499 0.0781 0.1053 0.1304 0.1532 0.1739
24 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0499 0.0782 0.1055 0.1308 0.1538 0.1745
25 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0500 0.0784 0.1058 0.1312 0.1543 0.1752
26 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0501 0.0785 0.1060 0.1315 0.1547 0.1758
27 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0501 0.0787 0.1063 0.1319 0.1552 0.1763
28 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0502 0.0788 0.1065 0.1322 0.1556 0.1768
29 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0502 0.0789 0.1067 0.1325 0.1560 0.1773
30 0.0000 0.0050 0.0235 0.0503 0.0790 0.1069 0.1327 0.1563 0.1778
40 0.0000 0.0050 0.0236 0.0506 0.0798 0.1082 0.1347 0.1590 0.1812
60 0.0000 0.0050 0.0237 0.0510 0.0806 0.1096 0.1368 0.1619 0.1848
120 0.0000 0.0050 0.0238 0.0514 0.0815 0.1111 0.1390 0.1649 0.1887
∞ 0.0000 0.0050 0.0239 0.0517 0.0823 0.1126 0.1413 0.1681 0.1928
904
Table I
I Critical Values of F (Area = 0.995) (cont.)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 0.0780 0.0818 0.0851 0.0879 0.0904 0.0926 0.0946 0.0963 0.0979
2 0.1061 0.1122 0.1175 0.1222 0.1262 0.1299 0.1331 0.1360 0.1386
3 0.1238 0.1316 0.1384 0.1444 0.1497 0.1544 0.1586 0.1625 0.1659
4 0.1362 0.1453 0.1533 0.1604 0.1667 0.1723 0.1774 0.1819 0.1861
5 0.1455 0.1557 0.1647 0.1727 0.1798 0.1861 0.1919 0.1971 0.2018
6 0.1528 0.1639 0.1737 0.1824 0.1902 0.1972 0.2035 0.2093 0.2145
7 0.1587 0.1705 0.1810 0.1904 0.1988 0.2063 0.2131 0.2193 0.2250
8 0.1635 0.1760 0.1871 0.1970 0.2059 0.2139 0.2212 0.2278 0.2339
9 0.1676 0.1806 0.1922 0.2026 0.2120 0.2204 0.2281 0.2351 0.2415
10 0.1710 0.1846 0.1966 0.2075 0.2172 0.2261 0.2341 0.2414 0.2481
11 0.1740 0.1880 0.2005 0.2117 0.2218 0.2310 0.2393 0.2469 0.2539
12 0.1766 0.1910 0.2038 0.2154 0.2258 0.2353 0.2439 0.2518 0.2591
13 0.1789 0.1936 0.2068 0.2187 0.2294 0.2392 0.2481 0.2562 0.2637
14 0.1810 0.1960 0.2094 0.2216 0.2326 0.2426 0.2517 0.2601 0.2678

15 0.1828 0.1981 0.2118 0.2242 0.2355 0.2457 0.2551 0.2636 0.2715
16 0.1844 0.2000 0.2139 0.2266 0.2381 0.2485 0.2581 0.2669 0.2749
17 0.1859 0.2017 0.2159 0.2287 0.2404 0.2511 0.2608 0.2698 0.2780
18 0.1873 0.2032 0.2177 0.2307 0.2426 0.2534 0.2634 0.2725 0.2809
19 0.1885 0.2047 0.2193 0.2325 0.2446 0.2556 0.2657 0.2749 0.2835
20 0.1896 0.2060 0.2208 0.2342 0.2464 0.2576 0.2678 0.2772 0.2859
21 0.1906 0.2072 0.2221 0.2357 0.2481 0.2594 0.2698 0.2793 0.2881
22 0.1916 0.2083 0.2234 0.2371 0.2496 0.2611 0.2716 0.2813 0.2902
23 0.1925 0.2093 0.2246 0.2384 0.2511 0.2627 0.2733 0.2831 0.2922
24 0.1933 0.2103 0.2257 0.2397 0.2524 0.2641 0.2749 0.2848 0.2940
25 0.1941 0.2112 0.2267 0.2408 0.2537 0.2655 0.2764 0.2864 0.2957
26 0.1948 0.2120 0.2276 0.2419 0.2549 0.2668 0.2778 0.2879 0.2973
27 0.1954 0.2128 0.2285 0.2429 0.2560 0.2680 0.2791 0.2893 0.2988
28 0.1961 0.2135 0.2294 0.2438 0.2570 0.2692 0.2803 0.2906 0.3002
29 0.1967 0.2142 0.2302 0.2447 0.2580 0.2702 0.2815 0.2919 0.3015
30 0.1972 0.2149 0.2309 0.2455 0.2589 0.2712 0.2826 0.2930 0.3028
40 0.2014 0.2197 0.2365 0.2519 0.2660 0.2789 0.2909 0.3020 0.3124
60 0.2058 0.2250 0.2425 0.2587 0.2736 0.2873 0.3001 0.3119 0.3230
120 0.2105 0.2306 0.2491 0.2661 0.2819 0.2965 0.3102 0.3229 0.3348
∞ 0.2156 0.2367 0.2562 0.2742 0.2910 0.3067 0.3214 0.3351 0.3480
905
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 0.0993 0.1006 0.1047 0.1089 0.1133 0.1177 0.1223
2 0.1410 0.1431 0.1501 0.1574 0.1648 0.1726 0.1805
3 0.1690 0.1719 0.1812 0.1909 0.2010 0.2115 0.2224
4 0.1898 0.1933 0.2045 0.2163 0.2286 0.2416 0.2551
5 0.2061 0.2100 0.2229 0.2365 0.2509 0.2660 0.2818
6 0.2192 0.2236 0.2380 0.2532 0.2693 0.2864 0.3044
7 0.2302 0.2349 0.2506 0.2673 0.2850 0.3038 0.3239
8 0.2394 0.2445 0.2613 0.2793 0.2985 0.3190 0.3410
9 0.2474 0.2528 0.2706 0.2898 0.3104 0.3324 0.3561
10 0.2543 0.2599 0.2788 0.2990 0.3208 0.3443 0.3697
11 0.2603 0.2663 0.2860 0.3072 0.3302 0.3550 0.3819
12 0.2657 0.2719 0.2924 0.3146 0.3386 0.3647 0.3931
13 0.2706 0.2769 0.2982 0.3212 0.3463 0.3735 0.4033
14 0.2749 0.2815 0.3034 0.3272 0.3532 0.3816 0.4127

15 0.2788 0.2856 0.3081 0.3327 0.3596 0.3890 0.4215
16 0.2824 0.2893 0.3124 0.3377 0.3654 0.3959 0.4296
17 0.2856 0.2927 0.3164 0.3423 0.3708 0.4023 0.4371
18 0.2886 0.2958 0.3200 0.3466 0.3758 0.4082 0.4442
19 0.2914 0.2987 0.3234 0.3506 0.3805 0.4137 0.4508
20 0.2939 0.3014 0.3265 0.3542 0.3848 0.4189 0.4570
21 0.2963 0.3039 0.3295 0.3577 0.3889 0.4238 0.4629
22 0.2985 0.3062 0.3322 0.3609 0.3927 0.4283 0.4684
23 0.3006 0.3083 0.3347 0.3639 0.3963 0.4326 0.4737
24 0.3025 0.3104 0.3371 0.3667 0.3997 0.4367 0.4787
25 0.3043 0.3123 0.3393 0.3693 0.4029 0.4406 0.4834
26 0.3059 0.3140 0.3414 0.3718 0.4059 0.4442 0.4879
27 0.3075 0.3157 0.3434 0.3742 0.4087 0.4477 0.4922
28 0.3090 0.3173 0.3452 0.3764 0.4114 0.4510 0.4964
29 0.3104 0.3188 0.3470 0.3785 0.4140 0.4542 0.5003
30 0.3118 0.3202 0.3487 0.3805 0.4164 0.4572 0.5040
40 0.3220 0.3310 0.3616 0.3962 0.4356 0.4810 0.5345
60 0.3333 0.3429 0.3762 0.4141 0.4579 0.5096 0.5725
120 0.3459 0.3564 0.3927 0.4348 0.4846 0.5452 0.6229
∞ 0.3602 0.3717 0.4119 0.4596 0.5177 0.5922 0.6988
906
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 0.0002 0.0102 0.0293 0.0472 0.0615 0.0728 0.0817 0.0888 0.0947
2 0.0002 0.0101 0.0325 0.0556 0.0753 0.0915 0.1047 0.1156 0.1247
3 0.0002 0.0101 0.0339 0.0599 0.0829 0.1023 0.1183 0.1317 0.1430
4 0.0002 0.0101 0.0348 0.0626 0.0878 0.1093 0.1274 0.1427 0.1557
5 0.0002 0.0101 0.0354 0.0644 0.0912 0.1143 0.1340 0.1508 0.1651
6 0.0002 0.0101 0.0358 0.0658 0.0937 0.1181 0.1391 0.1570 0.1724
7 0.0002 0.0101 0.0361 0.0668 0.0956 0.1211 0.1430 0.1619 0.1782
8 0.0002 0.0101 0.0364 0.0676 0.0972 0.1234 0.1462 0.1659 0.1829
9 0.0002 0.0101 0.0366 0.0682 0.0984 0.1254 0.1488 0.1692 0.1869
10 0.0002 0.0101 0.0367 0.0687 0.0995 0.1270 0.1511 0.1720 0.1902
11 0.0002 0.0101 0.0369 0.0692 0.1004 0.1284 0.1529 0.1744 0.1931
12 0.0002 0.0101 0.0370 0.0696 0.1011 0.1296 0.1546 0.1765 0.1956
13 0.0002 0.0101 0.0371 0.0699 0.1018 0.1306 0.1560 0.1783 0.1978
14 0.0002 0.0101 0.0371 0.0702 0.1024 0.1315 0.1573 0.1799 0.1998

15 0.0002 0.0101 0.0372 0.0704 0.1029 0.1323 0.1584 0.1813 0.2015
16 0.0002 0.0101 0.0373 0.0707 0.1033 0.1330 0.1594 0.1826 0.2031
17 0.0002 0.0101 0.0373 0.0708 0.1037 0.1336 0.1603 0.1837 0.2045
18 0.0002 0.0101 0.0374 0.0710 0.1041 0.1342 0.1611 0.1848 0.2058
19 0.0002 0.0101 0.0374 0.0712 0.1044 0.1347 0.1618 0.1857 0.2069
20 0.0002 0.0101 0.0375 0.0713 0.1047 0.1352 0.1625 0.1866 0.2080
21 0.0002 0.0101 0.0375 0.0715 0.1050 0.1356 0.1631 0.1874 0.2090
22 0.0002 0.0101 0.0375 0.0716 0.1052 0.1360 0.1636 0.1881 0.2099
23 0.0002 0.0101 0.0376 0.0717 0.1054 0.1364 0.1641 0.1888 0.2107
24 0.0002 0.0101 0.0376 0.0718 0.1056 0.1367 0.1646 0.1894 0.2115
25 0.0002 0.0101 0.0376 0.0719 0.1058 0.1371 0.1651 0.1900 0.2122
26 0.0002 0.0101 0.0376 0.0720 0.1060 0.1374 0.1655 0.1905 0.2128
27 0.0002 0.0101 0.0377 0.0721 0.1062 0.1376 0.1659 0.1910 0.2135
28 0.0002 0.0101 0.0377 0.0721 0.1063 0.1379 0.1662 0.1915 0.2141
29 0.0002 0.0101 0.0377 0.0722 0.1065 0.1381 0.1666 0.1920 0.2146
30 0.0002 0.0101 0.0377 0.0723 0.1066 0.1383 0.1669 0.1924 0.2151
40 0.0002 0.0101 0.0379 0.0728 0.1076 0.1400 0.1692 0.1955 0.2190
60 0.0002 0.0101 0.0380 0.0732 0.1087 0.1417 0.1717 0.1987 0.2231
120 0.0002 0.0101 0.0381 0.0738 0.1097 0.1435 0.1743 0.2022 0.2274
∞ 0.0002 0.0101 0.0383 0.0743 0.1109 0.1453 0.1770 0.2058 0.2320
907
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 0.0996 0.1037 0.1072 0.1102 0.1128 0.1152 0.1172 0.1191 0.1207
2 0.1323 0.1388 0.1444 0.1492 0.1535 0.1573 0.1606 0.1636 0.1663
3 0.1526 0.1609 0.1680 0.1742 0.1797 0.1846 0.1890 0.1929 0.1964
4 0.1668 0.1764 0.1848 0.1921 0.1986 0.2044 0.2095 0.2142 0.2184
5 0.1774 0.1881 0.1975 0.2057 0.2130 0.2195 0.2254 0.2306 0.2354
6 0.1857 0.1973 0.2074 0.2164 0.2244 0.2316 0.2380 0.2438 0.2491
7 0.1923 0.2047 0.2155 0.2252 0.2338 0.2415 0.2484 0.2547 0.2604
8 0.1978 0.2108 0.2223 0.2324 0.2415 0.2497 0.2571 0.2638 0.2699
9 0.2023 0.2159 0.2279 0.2386 0.2482 0.2568 0.2645 0.2716 0.2780
10 0.2062 0.2203 0.2328 0.2439 0.2538 0.2628 0.2709 0.2783 0.2850
11 0.2096 0.2241 0.2370 0.2485 0.2588 0.2681 0.2765 0.2842 0.2912
12 0.2125 0.2274 0.2407 0.2525 0.2631 0.2728 0.2815 0.2894 0.2967
13 0.2151 0.2303 0.2439 0.2561 0.2670 0.2769 0.2859 0.2941 0.3015
14 0.2174 0.2329 0.2468 0.2592 0.2704 0.2806 0.2898 0.2982 0.3059

15 0.2194 0.2352 0.2494 0.2621 0.2735 0.2839 0.2933 0.3020 0.3099
16 0.2212 0.2373 0.2517 0.2647 0.2763 0.2869 0.2966 0.3054 0.3134
17 0.2229 0.2392 0.2539 0.2670 0.2789 0.2897 0.2995 0.3085 0.3167
18 0.2244 0.2409 0.2558 0.2691 0.2812 0.2922 0.3022 0.3113 0.3197
19 0.2257 0.2425 0.2576 0.2711 0.2833 0.2945 0.3046 0.3139 0.3224
20 0.2270 0.2440 0.2592 0.2729 0.2853 0.2966 0.3069 0.3163 0.3250
21 0.2281 0.2453 0.2607 0.2745 0.2871 0.2985 0.3090 0.3185 0.3273
22 0.2292 0.2465 0.2620 0.2761 0.2888 0.3003 0.3109 0.3206 0.3295
23 0.2302 0.2476 0.2633 0.2775 0.2903 0.3020 0.3127 0.3225 0.3315
24 0.2311 0.2487 0.2645 0.2788 0.2918 0.3036 0.3144 0.3243 0.3334
25 0.2320 0.2497 0.2656 0.2800 0.2931 0.3050 0.3160 0.3260 0.3352
26 0.2328 0.2506 0.2667 0.2812 0.2944 0.3064 0.3174 0.3276 0.3369
27 0.2335 0.2515 0.2676 0.2823 0.2956 0.3077 0.3188 0.3290 0.3385
28 0.2342 0.2523 0.2685 0.2833 0.2967 0.3089 0.3201 0.3304 0.3399
29 0.2348 0.2530 0.2694 0.2842 0.2977 0.3101 0.3213 0.3317 0.3413
30 0.2355 0.2537 0.2702 0.2851 0.2987 0.3111 0.3225 0.3330 0.3426
40 0.2401 0.2591 0.2763 0.2919 0.3062 0.3193 0.3313 0.3424 0.3527
60 0.2450 0.2648 0.2828 0.2993 0.3143 0.3282 0.3409 0.3528 0.3637
120 0.2502 0.2710 0.2899 0.3072 0.3232 0.3379 0.3515 0.3642 0.3760
∞ 0.2558 0.2776 0.2975 0.3159 0.3329 0.3486 0.3633 0.3769 0.3897
908
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 0.1222 0.1235 0.1278 0.1322 0.1367 0.1413 0.1460
2 0.1688 0.1710 0.1781 0.1855 0.1931 0.2009 0.2089
3 0.1996 0.2025 0.2120 0.2217 0.2319 0.2424 0.2532
4 0.2222 0.2257 0.2371 0.2489 0.2612 0.2740 0.2874
5 0.2398 0.2437 0.2567 0.2703 0.2846 0.2995 0.3151
6 0.2539 0.2583 0.2727 0.2879 0.3039 0.3206 0.3383
7 0.2656 0.2704 0.2860 0.3026 0.3201 0.3386 0.3582
8 0.2754 0.2806 0.2974 0.3152 0.3341 0.3542 0.3755
9 0.2839 0.2893 0.3071 0.3261 0.3463 0.3679 0.3908
10 0.2912 0.2969 0.3156 0.3357 0.3571 0.3800 0.4045
11 0.2977 0.3036 0.3232 0.3442 0.3667 0.3908 0.4168
12 0.3033 0.3095 0.3299 0.3517 0.3753 0.4006 0.4280
13 0.3084 0.3148 0.3359 0.3585 0.3830 0.4095 0.4382
14 0.3130 0.3195 0.3413 0.3647 0.3901 0.4177 0.4476

15 0.3171 0.3238 0.3462 0.3703 0.3966 0.4251 0.4563
16 0.3209 0.3277 0.3506 0.3755 0.4025 0.4320 0.4643
17 0.3243 0.3313 0.3548 0.3802 0.4080 0.4384 0.4718
18 0.3274 0.3346 0.3585 0.3846 0.4131 0.4443 0.4788
19 0.3303 0.3376 0.3620 0.3886 0.4178 0.4498 0.4854
20 0.3330 0.3404 0.3652 0.3924 0.4221 0.4550 0.4915
21 0.3355 0.3430 0.3682 0.3959 0.4262 0.4598 0.4973
22 0.3378 0.3454 0.3710 0.3991 0.4301 0.4644 0.5028
23 0.3399 0.3476 0.3736 0.4022 0.4337 0.4687 0.5079
24 0.3419 0.3497 0.3761 0.4050 0.4371 0.4727 0.5128
25 0.3438 0.3517 0.3784 0.4077 0.4403 0.4766 0.5175
26 0.3455 0.3535 0.3805 0.4103 0.4433 0.4802 0.5219
27 0.3472 0.3553 0.3826 0.4127 0.4461 0.4836 0.5261
28 0.3487 0.3569 0.3845 0.4149 0.4488 0.4869 0.5301
29 0.3502 0.3584 0.3863 0.4171 0.4514 0.4900 0.5340
30 0.3516 0.3599 0.3880 0.4191 0.4538 0.4930 0.5376
40 0.3622 0.3711 0.4012 0.4349 0.4730 0.5165 0.5673
60 0.3739 0.3835 0.4161 0.4529 0.4952 0.5446 0.6040
120 0.3870 0.3973 0.4329 0.4738 0.5216 0.5793 0.6523
∞ 0.4017 0.4130 0.4523 0.4984 0.5541 0.6247 0.7243
909
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 0.0015 0.0260 0.0573 0.0818 0.0999 0.1135 0.1239 0.1321 0.1387
2 0.0013 0.0256 0.0623 0.0939 0.1186 0.1377 0.1529 0.1650 0.1750
3 0.0012 0.0255 0.0648 0.1002 0.1288 0.1515 0.1698 0.1846 0.1969
4 0.0011 0.0255 0.0662 0.1041 0.1354 0.1606 0.1811 0.1979 0.2120
5 0.0011 0.0254 0.0672 0.1068 0.1399 0.1670 0.1892 0.2076 0.2230
6 0.0011 0.0254 0.0679 0.1087 0.1433 0.1718 0.1954 0.2150 0.2315
7 0.0011 0.0254 0.0684 0.1102 0.1459 0.1756 0.2002 0.2208 0.2383
8 0.0010 0.0254 0.0688 0.1114 0.1480 0.1786 0.2041 0.2256 0.2438
9 0.0010 0.0254 0.0691 0.1123 0.1497 0.1810 0.2073 0.2295 0.2484
10 0.0010 0.0254 0.0694 0.1131 0.1511 0.1831 0.2100 0.2328 0.2523
11 0.0010 0.0254 0.0696 0.1137 0.1523 0.1849 0.2123 0.2357 0.2556
12 0.0010 0.0254 0.0698 0.1143 0.1533 0.1864 0.2143 0.2381 0.2585
13 0.0010 0.0254 0.0699 0.1147 0.1541 0.1877 0.2161 0.2403 0.2611
14 0.0010 0.0254 0.0700 0.1152 0.1549 0.1888 0.2176 0.2422 0.2633

15 0.0010 0.0254 0.0702 0.1155 0.1556 0.1898 0.2189 0.2438 0.2653
16 0.0010 0.0254 0.0703 0.1158 0.1562 0.1907 0.2201 0.2453 0.2671
17 0.0010 0.0254 0.0704 0.1161 0.1567 0.1915 0.2212 0.2467 0.2687
18 0.0010 0.0254 0.0704 0.1164 0.1572 0.1922 0.2222 0.2479 0.2702
19 0.0010 0.0254 0.0705 0.1166 0.1576 0.1929 0.2231 0.2490 0.2715
20 0.0010 0.0253 0.0706 0.1168 0.1580 0.1935 0.2239 0.2500 0.2727
21 0.0010 0.0253 0.0706 0.1170 0.1584 0.1940 0.2246 0.2510 0.2738
22 0.0010 0.0253 0.0707 0.1172 0.1587 0.1945 0.2253 0.2518 0.2749
23 0.0010 0.0253 0.0708 0.1173 0.1590 0.1950 0.2259 0.2526 0.2758
24 0.0010 0.0253 0.0708 0.1175 0.1593 0.1954 0.2265 0.2533 0.2767
25 0.0010 0.0253 0.0708 0.1176 0.1595 0.1958 0.2270 0.2540 0.2775
26 0.0010 0.0253 0.0709 0.1178 0.1598 0.1962 0.2275 0.2547 0.2783
27 0.0010 0.0253 0.0709 0.1179 0.1600 0.1965 0.2280 0.2552 0.2790
28 0.0010 0.0253 0.0710 0.1180 0.1602 0.1968 0.2284 0.2558 0.2797
29 0.0010 0.0253 0.0710 0.1181 0.1604 0.1971 0.2288 0.2563 0.2803
30 0.0010 0.0253 0.0710 0.1182 0.1606 0.1974 0.2292 0.2568 0.2809
40 0.0010 0.0253 0.0712 0.1189 0.1619 0.1995 0.2321 0.2604 0.2853
60 0.0010 0.0253 0.0715 0.1196 0.1633 0.2017 0.2351 0.2642 0.2899
120 0.0010 0.0253 0.0717 0.1203 0.1648 0.2039 0.2382 0.2682 0.2948
∞ 0.0010 0.0253 0.0719 0.1211 0.1662 0.2062 0.2414 0.2725 0.3000
910
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 0.1442 0.1487 0.1526 0.1559 0.1588 0.1613 0.1635 0.1655 0.1673
2 0.1833 0.1903 0.1962 0.2014 0.2059 0.2099 0.2134 0.2165 0.2193
3 0.2072 0.2160 0.2235 0.2300 0.2358 0.2408 0.2453 0.2493 0.2529
4 0.2238 0.2339 0.2426 0.2503 0.2569 0.2629 0.2681 0.2729 0.2771
5 0.2361 0.2473 0.2570 0.2655 0.2730 0.2796 0.2855 0.2909 0.2957
6 0.2456 0.2577 0.2682 0.2774 0.2856 0.2929 0.2993 0.3052 0.3105
7 0.2532 0.2661 0.2773 0.2871 0.2959 0.3036 0.3106 0.3169 0.3226
8 0.2594 0.2729 0.2848 0.2952 0.3044 0.3126 0.3200 0.3267 0.3327
9 0.2646 0.2787 0.2910 0.3019 0.3116 0.3202 0.3280 0.3350 0.3414
10 0.2690 0.2836 0.2964 0.3077 0.3178 0.3268 0.3349 0.3422 0.3489
11 0.2729 0.2879 0.3011 0.3127 0.3231 0.3325 0.3409 0.3485 0.3554
12 0.2762 0.2916 0.3051 0.3171 0.3279 0.3375 0.3461 0.3540 0.3612
13 0.2791 0.2948 0.3087 0.3210 0.3320 0.3419 0.3508 0.3589 0.3663
14 0.2817 0.2977 0.3119 0.3245 0.3357 0.3458 0.3550 0.3633 0.3709

15 0.2840 0.3003 0.3147 0.3276 0.3391 0.3494 0.3587 0.3672 0.3750
16 0.2860 0.3026 0.3173 0.3304 0.3421 0.3526 0.3621 0.3708 0.3787
17 0.2879 0.3047 0.3196 0.3329 0.3448 0.3555 0.3652 0.3741 0.3821
18 0.2896 0.3066 0.3217 0.3352 0.3473 0.3582 0.3681 0.3770 0.3853
19 0.2911 0.3084 0.3237 0.3373 0.3496 0.3606 0.3706 0.3798 0.3881
20 0.2925 0.3100 0.3254 0.3393 0.3517 0.3629 0.3730 0.3823 0.3908
21 0.2938 0.3114 0.3271 0.3410 0.3536 0.3649 0.3752 0.3846 0.3932
22 0.2950 0.3128 0.3286 0.3427 0.3554 0.3668 0.3773 0.3868 0.3955
23 0.2961 0.3140 0.3300 0.3442 0.3570 0.3686 0.3792 0.3888 0.3976
24 0.2971 0.3152 0.3313 0.3456 0.3586 0.3703 0.3809 0.3907 0.3996
25 0.2981 0.3163 0.3325 0.3470 0.3600 0.3718 0.3826 0.3924 0.4014
26 0.2990 0.3173 0.3336 0.3482 0.3614 0.3733 0.3841 0.3940 0.4031
27 0.2998 0.3183 0.3347 0.3494 0.3626 0.3746 0.3856 0.3956 0.4048
28 0.3006 0.3191 0.3357 0.3505 0.3638 0.3759 0.3869 0.3970 0.4063
29 0.3013 0.3200 0.3366 0.3515 0.3649 0.3771 0.3882 0.3984 0.4077
30 0.3020 0.3208 0.3375 0.3525 0.3660 0.3783 0.3894 0.3997 0.4091
40 0.3072 0.3267 0.3441 0.3598 0.3739 0.3868 0.3986 0.4095 0.4194
60 0.3127 0.3329 0.3512 0.3676 0.3825 0.3962 0.4087 0.4201 0.4308
120 0.3185 0.3397 0.3588 0.3761 0.3919 0.4063 0.4196 0.4319 0.4433
∞ 0.3247 0.3469 0.3670 0.3853 0.4021 0.4175 0.4317 0.4450 0.4573
911
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 0.1689 0.1703 0.1749 0.1796 0.1844 0.1892 0.1941
2 0.2219 0.2242 0.2315 0.2391 0.2469 0.2548 0.2628
3 0.2562 0.2592 0.2687 0.2786 0.2887 0.2992 0.3099
4 0.2810 0.2845 0.2959 0.3077 0.3199 0.3325 0.3455
5 0.3001 0.3040 0.3170 0.3304 0.3444 0.3589 0.3740
6 0.3153 0.3197 0.3339 0.3488 0.3644 0.3806 0.3976
7 0.3278 0.3325 0.3480 0.3642 0.3811 0.3989 0.4176
8 0.3383 0.3433 0.3598 0.3772 0.3954 0.4147 0.4349
9 0.3472 0.3525 0.3700 0.3884 0.4078 0.4284 0.4501
10 0.3550 0.3605 0.3788 0.3982 0.4187 0.4405 0.4636
11 0.3617 0.3675 0.3866 0.4069 0.4284 0.4513 0.4757
12 0.3677 0.3737 0.3935 0.4146 0.4370 0.4610 0.4867
13 0.3730 0.3792 0.3997 0.4215 0.4448 0.4698 0.4966
14 0.3778 0.3842 0.4052 0.4278 0.4519 0.4778 0.5057

15 0.3821 0.3886 0.4103 0.4334 0.4583 0.4851 0.5141
16 0.3860 0.3927 0.4148 0.4386 0.4642 0.4919 0.5219
17 0.3896 0.3964 0.4190 0.4434 0.4696 0.4981 0.5291
18 0.3928 0.3998 0.4229 0.4477 0.4747 0.5039 0.5358
19 0.3958 0.4029 0.4264 0.4518 0.4793 0.5093 0.5421
20 0.3986 0.4058 0.4297 0.4555 0.4836 0.5143 0.5480
21 0.4011 0.4084 0.4327 0.4590 0.4877 0.5190 0.5535
22 0.4035 0.4109 0.4356 0.4623 0.4914 0.5234 0.5587
23 0.4057 0.4132 0.4382 0.4653 0.4950 0.5275 0.5636
24 0.4078 0.4154 0.4407 0.4682 0.4983 0.5314 0.5683
25 0.4097 0.4174 0.4430 0.4709 0.5014 0.5351 0.5727
26 0.4115 0.4193 0.4452 0.4734 0.5044 0.5386 0.5769
27 0.4132 0.4210 0.4472 0.4758 0.5072 0.5419 0.5809
28 0.4148 0.4227 0.4491 0.4780 0.5098 0.5451 0.5847
29 0.4163 0.4243 0.4510 0.4802 0.5123 0.5481 0.5883
30 0.4178 0.4258 0.4527 0.4822 0.5147 0.5509 0.5917
40 0.4286 0.4372 0.4660 0.4978 0.5333 0.5734 0.6195
60 0.4406 0.4498 0.4808 0.5155 0.5547 0.6000 0.6536
120 0.4539 0.4638 0.4975 0.5358 0.5800 0.6325 0.6980
∞ 0.4688 0.4795 0.5167 0.5597 0.6108 0.6747 0.7631
912
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 0.0062 0.0540 0.0987 0.1297 0.1513 0.1670 0.1788 0.1881 0.1954
2 0.0050 0.0526 0.1047 0.1440 0.1728 0.1944 0.2111 0.2243 0.2349
3 0.0046 0.0522 0.1078 0.1517 0.1849 0.2102 0.2301 0.2459 0.2589
4 0.0045 0.0520 0.1097 0.1565 0.1926 0.2206 0.2427 0.2606 0.2752
5 0.0043 0.0518 0.1109 0.1598 0.1980 0.2279 0.2518 0.2712 0.2872
6 0.0043 0.0517 0.1118 0.1623 0.2020 0.2334 0.2587 0.2793 0.2964
7 0.0042 0.0517 0.1125 0.1641 0.2051 0.2377 0.2641 0.2857 0.3037
8 0.0042 0.0516 0.1131 0.1655 0.2075 0.2411 0.2684 0.2909 0.3096
9 0.0042 0.0516 0.1135 0.1667 0.2095 0.2440 0.2720 0.2951 0.3146
10 0.0041 0.0516 0.1138 0.1677 0.2112 0.2463 0.2750 0.2988 0.3187
11 0.0041 0.0515 0.1141 0.1685 0.2126 0.2483 0.2775 0.3018 0.3223
12 0.0041 0.0515 0.1144 0.1692 0.2138 0.2500 0.2797 0.3045 0.3254
13 0.0041 0.0515 0.1146 0.1697 0.2148 0.2515 0.2817 0.3068 0.3281
14 0.0041 0.0515 0.1147 0.1703 0.2157 0.2528 0.2833 0.3089 0.3305

15 0.0041 0.0515 0.1149 0.1707 0.2165 0.2539 0.2848 0.3107 0.3327
16 0.0041 0.0515 0.1150 0.1711 0.2172 0.2550 0.2862 0.3123 0.3346
17 0.0040 0.0514 0.1152 0.1715 0.2178 0.2559 0.2874 0.3138 0.3363
18 0.0040 0.0514 0.1153 0.1718 0.2184 0.2567 0.2884 0.3151 0.3378
19 0.0040 0.0514 0.1154 0.1721 0.2189 0.2574 0.2894 0.3163 0.3393
20 0.0040 0.0514 0.1155 0.1723 0.2194 0.2581 0.2903 0.3174 0.3405
21 0.0040 0.0514 0.1156 0.1726 0.2198 0.2587 0.2911 0.3184 0.3417
22 0.0040 0.0514 0.1156 0.1728 0.2202 0.2593 0.2919 0.3194 0.3428
23 0.0040 0.0514 0.1157 0.1730 0.2206 0.2598 0.2926 0.3202 0.3438
24 0.0040 0.0514 0.1158 0.1732 0.2209 0.2603 0.2932 0.3210 0.3448
25 0.0040 0.0514 0.1158 0.1733 0.2212 0.2608 0.2938 0.3217 0.3456
26 0.0040 0.0514 0.1159 0.1735 0.2215 0.2612 0.2944 0.3224 0.3465
27 0.0040 0.0514 0.1159 0.1737 0.2217 0.2616 0.2949 0.3231 0.3472
28 0.0040 0.0514 0.1160 0.1738 0.2220 0.2619 0.2954 0.3237 0.3479
29 0.0040 0.0514 0.1160 0.1739 0.2222 0.2623 0.2958 0.3242 0.3486
30 0.0040 0.0514 0.1161 0.1740 0.2224 0.2626 0.2962 0.3247 0.3492
40 0.0040 0.0514 0.1164 0.1749 0.2240 0.2650 0.2994 0.3286 0.3539
60 0.0040 0.0513 0.1167 0.1758 0.2257 0.2674 0.3026 0.3327 0.3588
120 0.0039 0.0513 0.1170 0.1767 0.2274 0.2699 0.3060 0.3370 0.3640
∞ 0.0039 0.0513 0.1173 0.1777 0.2291 0.2726 0.3096 0.3416 0.3695
913
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 0.2014 0.2064 0.2106 0.2143 0.2174 0.2201 0.2225 0.2247 0.2266
2 0.2437 0.2511 0.2574 0.2628 0.2675 0.2716 0.2752 0.2784 0.2813
3 0.2697 0.2788 0.2865 0.2932 0.2991 0.3042 0.3087 0.3128 0.3165
4 0.2875 0.2979 0.3068 0.3146 0.3213 0.3273 0.3326 0.3373 0.3416
5 0.3007 0.3121 0.3220 0.3305 0.3380 0.3447 0.3506 0.3559 0.3606
6 0.3108 0.3231 0.3338 0.3430 0.3512 0.3584 0.3648 0.3706 0.3758
7 0.3189 0.3320 0.3432 0.3531 0.3618 0.3695 0.3763 0.3825 0.3881
8 0.3256 0.3392 0.3511 0.3614 0.3706 0.3787 0.3859 0.3925 0.3984
9 0.3311 0.3453 0.3576 0.3684 0.3780 0.3865 0.3941 0.4009 0.4071
10 0.3358 0.3504 0.3632 0.3744 0.3843 0.3931 0.4010 0.4082 0.4146
11 0.3398 0.3549 0.3680 0.3796 0.3898 0.3989 0.4071 0.4145 0.4212
12 0.3433 0.3587 0.3722 0.3841 0.3946 0.4040 0.4124 0.4201 0.4270
13 0.3464 0.3621 0.3759 0.3881 0.3988 0.4085 0.4171 0.4250 0.4321
14 0.3491 0.3651 0.3792 0.3916 0.4026 0.4125 0.4214 0.4294 0.4367

15 0.3515 0.3678 0.3821 0.3948 0.4060 0.4161 0.4251 0.4333 0.4408
16 0.3537 0.3702 0.3848 0.3976 0.4091 0.4193 0.4285 0.4369 0.4445
17 0.3556 0.3724 0.3872 0.4002 0.4118 0.4222 0.4316 0.4402 0.4479
18 0.3574 0.3744 0.3893 0.4026 0.4144 0.4249 0.4345 0.4431 0.4510
19 0.3590 0.3762 0.3913 0.4047 0.4167 0.4274 0.4371 0.4459 0.4539
20 0.3605 0.3779 0.3931 0.4067 0.4188 0.4296 0.4395 0.4484 0.4565
21 0.3618 0.3794 0.3948 0.4085 0.4207 0.4317 0.4417 0.4507 0.4589
22 0.3631 0.3808 0.3964 0.4102 0.4225 0.4336 0.4437 0.4528 0.4612
23 0.3643 0.3821 0.3978 0.4117 0.4242 0.4354 0.4456 0.4548 0.4632
24 0.3653 0.3833 0.3991 0.4132 0.4258 0.4371 0.4473 0.4567 0.4652
25 0.3663 0.3844 0.4004 0.4145 0.4272 0.4386 0.4490 0.4584 0.4670
26 0.3673 0.3855 0.4015 0.4158 0.4286 0.4401 0.4505 0.4600 0.4687
27 0.3681 0.3864 0.4026 0.4170 0.4299 0.4415 0.4520 0.4616 0.4703
28 0.3689 0.3874 0.4036 0.4181 0.4311 0.4427 0.4533 0.4630 0.4718
29 0.3697 0.3882 0.4046 0.4191 0.4322 0.4439 0.4546 0.4643 0.4732
30 0.3704 0.3890 0.4055 0.4201 0.4332 0.4451 0.4558 0.4656 0.4746
40 0.3758 0.3951 0.4122 0.4275 0.4412 0.4537 0.4650 0.4753 0.4848
60 0.3815 0.4016 0.4194 0.4354 0.4499 0.4629 0.4749 0.4858 0.4959
120 0.3876 0.4085 0.4272 0.4440 0.4592 0.4730 0.4857 0.4973 0.5081
∞ 0.3940 0.4159 0.4355 0.4532 0.4693 0.4841 0.4976 0.5101 0.5217
914
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 0.2283 0.2298 0.2348 0.2398 0.2448 0.2499 0.2551
2 0.2839 0.2863 0.2939 0.3016 0.3094 0.3174 0.3255
3 0.3198 0.3227 0.3324 0.3422 0.3523 0.3626 0.3731
4 0.3454 0.3489 0.3602 0.3718 0.3837 0.3960 0.4086
5 0.3650 0.3689 0.3816 0.3947 0.4083 0.4222 0.4367
6 0.3805 0.3848 0.3987 0.4131 0.4281 0.4436 0.4598
7 0.3932 0.3978 0.4128 0.4284 0.4446 0.4616 0.4792
8 0.4038 0.4087 0.4246 0.4413 0.4587 0.4769 0.4959
9 0.4128 0.4179 0.4347 0.4523 0.4708 0.4902 0.5105
10 0.4205 0.4259 0.4435 0.4620 0.4814 0.5019 0.5234
11 0.4273 0.4329 0.4512 0.4705 0.4908 0.5122 0.5350
12 0.4333 0.4391 0.4580 0.4780 0.4991 0.5215 0.5453
13 0.4386 0.4445 0.4641 0.4847 0.5066 0.5299 0.5548
14 0.4433 0.4494 0.4695 0.4908 0.5134 0.5376 0.5634

15 0.4476 0.4539 0.4745 0.4963 0.5196 0.5445 0.5713
16 0.4515 0.4579 0.4789 0.5013 0.5253 0.5509 0.5785
17 0.4550 0.4615 0.4830 0.5059 0.5305 0.5568 0.5853
18 0.4582 0.4649 0.4868 0.5102 0.5353 0.5623 0.5916
19 0.4612 0.4679 0.4902 0.5141 0.5397 0.5674 0.5974
20 0.4639 0.4708 0.4934 0.5177 0.5438 0.5721 0.6029
21 0.4665 0.4734 0.4964 0.5210 0.5477 0.5765 0.6080
22 0.4688 0.4758 0.4991 0.5242 0.5512 0.5806 0.6129
23 0.4710 0.4781 0.5017 0.5271 0.5546 0.5845 0.6174
24 0.4730 0.4802 0.5041 0.5298 0.5577 0.5882 0.6217
25 0.4749 0.4822 0.5063 0.5324 0.5607 0.5916 0.6258
26 0.4767 0.4840 0.5084 0.5348 0.5635 0.5949 0.6297
27 0.4784 0.4858 0.5104 0.5371 0.5661 0.5980 0.6333
28 0.4799 0.4874 0.5123 0.5393 0.5686 0.6009 0.6368
29 0.4814 0.4890 0.5141 0.5413 0.5710 0.6037 0.6402
30 0.4828 0.4904 0.5157 0.5432 0.5733 0.6064 0.6434
40 0.4935 0.5016 0.5286 0.5581 0.5907 0.6272 0.6688
60 0.5052 0.5138 0.5428 0.5749 0.6108 0.6518 0.6998
120 0.5181 0.5273 0.5588 0.5940 0.6343 0.6815 0.7397
∞ 0.5325 0.5425 0.5770 0.6164 0.6627 0.7198 0.7975
915
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 0.0251 0.1173 0.1806 0.2200 0.2463 0.2648 0.2786 0.2892 0.2976
2 0.0202 0.1111 0.1831 0.2312 0.2646 0.2887 0.3070 0.3212 0.3326
3 0.0187 0.1091 0.1855 0.2386 0.2763 0.3041 0.3253 0.3420 0.3555
4 0.0179 0.1082 0.1872 0.2435 0.2841 0.3144 0.3378 0.3563 0.3714
5 0.0175 0.1076 0.1884 0.2469 0.2896 0.3218 0.3468 0.3668 0.3831
6 0.0172 0.1072 0.1892 0.2494 0.2937 0.3274 0.3537 0.3748 0.3920
7 0.0170 0.1070 0.1899 0.2513 0.2969 0.3317 0.3591 0.3811 0.3992
8 0.0168 0.1068 0.1904 0.2528 0.2995 0.3352 0.3634 0.3862 0.4050
9 0.0167 0.1066 0.1908 0.2541 0.3015 0.3381 0.3670 0.3904 0.4098
10 0.0166 0.1065 0.1912 0.2551 0.3033 0.3405 0.3700 0.3940 0.4139
11 0.0165 0.1064 0.1915 0.2560 0.3047 0.3425 0.3726 0.3971 0.4173
12 0.0165 0.1063 0.1917 0.2567 0.3060 0.3443 0.3748 0.3997 0.4204
13 0.0164 0.1062 0.1919 0.2573 0.3071 0.3458 0.3767 0.4020 0.4230
14 0.0164 0.1062 0.1921 0.2579 0.3080 0.3471 0.3784 0.4040 0.4253

15 0.0163 0.1061 0.1923 0.2584 0.3088 0.3483 0.3799 0.4058 0.4274
16 0.0163 0.1061 0.1924 0.2588 0.3096 0.3493 0.3812 0.4074 0.4293
17 0.0163 0.1060 0.1926 0.2592 0.3102 0.3503 0.3824 0.4089 0.4309
18 0.0162 0.1060 0.1927 0.2595 0.3108 0.3511 0.3835 0.4102 0.4325
19 0.0162 0.1059 0.1928 0.2598 0.3114 0.3519 0.3845 0.4114 0.4338
20 0.0162 0.1059 0.1929 0.2601 0.3119 0.3526 0.3854 0.4124 0.4351
21 0.0162 0.1059 0.1930 0.2604 0.3123 0.3532 0.3862 0.4134 0.4363
22 0.0162 0.1059 0.1930 0.2606 0.3127 0.3538 0.3870 0.4143 0.4373
23 0.0161 0.1058 0.1931 0.2608 0.3131 0.3543 0.3877 0.4152 0.4383
24 0.0161 0.1058 0.1932 0.2610 0.3134 0.3548 0.3883 0.4160 0.4392
25 0.0161 0.1058 0.1932 0.2612 0.3137 0.3553 0.3889 0.4167 0.4401
26 0.0161 0.1058 0.1933 0.2614 0.3140 0.3557 0.3894 0.4174 0.4408
27 0.0161 0.1058 0.1934 0.2615 0.3143 0.3561 0.3900 0.4180 0.4416
28 0.0161 0.1058 0.1934 0.2617 0.3146 0.3565 0.3904 0.4186 0.4423
29 0.0161 0.1057 0.1935 0.2618 0.3148 0.3568 0.3909 0.4191 0.4429
30 0.0161 0.1057 0.1935 0.2620 0.3151 0.3571 0.3913 0.4196 0.4435
40 0.0160 0.1056 0.1938 0.2629 0.3167 0.3596 0.3945 0.4235 0.4480
60 0.0159 0.1055 0.1941 0.2639 0.3184 0.3621 0.3977 0.4275 0.4528
120 0.0159 0.1055 0.1945 0.2649 0.3202 0.3647 0.4012 0.4317 0.4578
∞ 0.0158 0.1054 0.1948 0.2659 0.3221 0.3674 0.4047 0.4362 0.4631
916
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 0.3044 0.3101 0.3148 0.3189 0.3224 0.3254 0.3281 0.3304 0.3326
2 0.3419 0.3497 0.3563 0.3619 0.3668 0.3710 0.3748 0.3781 0.3811
3 0.3666 0.3759 0.3838 0.3906 0.3965 0.4016 0.4062 0.4103 0.4139
4 0.3838 0.3943 0.4032 0.4109 0.4176 0.4235 0.4287 0.4333 0.4375
5 0.3966 0.4080 0.4177 0.4261 0.4335 0.4399 0.4457 0.4508 0.4554
6 0.4064 0.4186 0.4290 0.4380 0.4459 0.4529 0.4591 0.4646 0.4696
7 0.4143 0.4271 0.4381 0.4476 0.4560 0.4634 0.4699 0.4758 0.4811
8 0.4207 0.4340 0.4455 0.4555 0.4643 0.4720 0.4789 0.4851 0.4907
9 0.4260 0.4399 0.4518 0.4621 0.4713 0.4793 0.4865 0.4930 0.4988
10 0.4306 0.4448 0.4571 0.4678 0.4772 0.4856 0.4931 0.4998 0.5058
11 0.4344 0.4490 0.4617 0.4727 0.4824 0.4910 0.4987 0.5056 0.5119
12 0.4378 0.4527 0.4657 0.4770 0.4869 0.4958 0.5037 0.5108 0.5172
13 0.4408 0.4560 0.4692 0.4807 0.4909 0.5000 0.5081 0.5154 0.5220
14 0.4434 0.4589 0.4723 0.4841 0.4945 0.5037 0.5120 0.5194 0.5262

15 0.4457 0.4614 0.4751 0.4871 0.4976 0.5070 0.5155 0.5231 0.5300
16 0.4478 0.4638 0.4776 0.4897 0.5005 0.5101 0.5187 0.5264 0.5334
17 0.4497 0.4658 0.4799 0.4922 0.5031 0.5128 0.5215 0.5294 0.5365
18 0.4514 0.4677 0.4819 0.4944 0.5054 0.5153 0.5241 0.5321 0.5394
19 0.4530 0.4694 0.4838 0.4964 0.5076 0.5176 0.5265 0.5346 0.5420
20 0.4544 0.4710 0.4855 0.4983 0.5096 0.5197 0.5287 0.5370 0.5444
21 0.4557 0.4725 0.4871 0.5000 0.5114 0.5216 0.5308 0.5391 0.5466
22 0.4569 0.4738 0.4886 0.5015 0.5131 0.5234 0.5327 0.5411 0.5487
23 0.4580 0.4750 0.4899 0.5030 0.5146 0.5250 0.5344 0.5429 0.5506
24 0.4590 0.4762 0.4912 0.5044 0.5161 0.5266 0.5360 0.5446 0.5524
25 0.4600 0.4773 0.4923 0.5056 0.5174 0.5280 0.5375 0.5462 0.5540
26 0.4609 0.4783 0.4934 0.5068 0.5187 0.5294 0.5390 0.5477 0.5556
27 0.4617 0.4792 0.4944 0.5079 0.5199 0.5306 0.5403 0.5491 0.5571
28 0.4625 0.4801 0.4954 0.5089 0.5210 0.5318 0.5415 0.5504 0.5584
29 0.4633 0.4809 0.4963 0.5099 0.5220 0.5329 0.5427 0.5516 0.5597
30 0.4639 0.4816 0.4971 0.5108 0.5230 0.5340 0.5438 0.5528 0.5610
40 0.4691 0.4874 0.5035 0.5177 0.5305 0.5419 0.5522 0.5616 0.5702
60 0.4746 0.4936 0.5103 0.5251 0.5384 0.5504 0.5613 0.5712 0.5803
120 0.4804 0.5001 0.5175 0.5331 0.5470 0.5597 0.5712 0.5817 0.5914
∞ 0.4865 0.5071 0.5253 0.5417 0.5564 0.5698 0.5820 0.5932 0.6036
917
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 0.3345 0.3362 0.3416 0.3471 0.3527 0.3583 0.3639
2 0.3838 0.3862 0.3940 0.4018 0.4098 0.4178 0.4260
3 0.4172 0.4202 0.4297 0.4394 0.4492 0.4593 0.4695
4 0.4412 0.4447 0.4556 0.4668 0.4783 0.4900 0.5019
5 0.4596 0.4633 0.4755 0.4880 0.5008 0.5140 0.5275
6 0.4741 0.4782 0.4914 0.5050 0.5190 0.5334 0.5483
7 0.4859 0.4903 0.5044 0.5190 0.5340 0.5496 0.5658
8 0.4958 0.5004 0.5153 0.5308 0.5468 0.5634 0.5807
9 0.5041 0.5089 0.5246 0.5408 0.5578 0.5754 0.5937
10 0.5113 0.5163 0.5326 0.5496 0.5673 0.5858 0.6052
11 0.5176 0.5228 0.5397 0.5573 0.5757 0.5951 0.6154
12 0.5231 0.5284 0.5459 0.5641 0.5832 0.6033 0.6245
13 0.5280 0.5335 0.5514 0.5702 0.5900 0.6108 0.6328
14 0.5323 0.5380 0.5564 0.5757 0.5960 0.6175 0.6403

15 0.5363 0.5420 0.5608 0.5806 0.6015 0.6237 0.6472
16 0.5398 0.5457 0.5649 0.5851 0.6066 0.6293 0.6536
17 0.5431 0.5490 0.5686 0.5893 0.6112 0.6345 0.6595
18 0.5460 0.5521 0.5720 0.5930 0.6154 0.6393 0.6649
19 0.5487 0.5549 0.5751 0.5965 0.6194 0.6437 0.6700
20 0.5512 0.5575 0.5780 0.5998 0.6230 0.6479 0.6747
21 0.5535 0.5598 0.5807 0.6028 0.6264 0.6517 0.6792
22 0.5557 0.5621 0.5831 0.6056 0.6295 0.6554 0.6833
23 0.5576 0.5641 0.5854 0.6082 0.6325 0.6587 0.6873
24 0.5595 0.5660 0.5876 0.6106 0.6353 0.6619 0.6910
25 0.5612 0.5678 0.5896 0.6129 0.6379 0.6649 0.6945
26 0.5629 0.5695 0.5915 0.6150 0.6403 0.6678 0.6978
27 0.5644 0.5711 0.5933 0.6171 0.6427 0.6705 0.7010
28 0.5658 0.5726 0.5950 0.6190 0.6449 0.6730 0.7040
29 0.5672 0.5740 0.5966 0.6208 0.6469 0.6754 0.7068
30 0.5684 0.5753 0.5980 0.6225 0.6489 0.6777 0.7095
40 0.5781 0.5854 0.6095 0.6356 0.6642 0.6957 0.7312
60 0.5887 0.5964 0.6222 0.6504 0.6816 0.7167 0.7574
120 0.6003 0.6085 0.6364 0.6672 0.7019 0.7421 0.7908
∞ 0.6132 0.6221 0.6524 0.6866 0.7263 0.7743 0.8385
918
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 39.8635 49.5000 53.5932 55.8330 57.2401 58.2044 58.9060 59.4390 59.8576
2 8.5263 9.0000 9.1618 9.2434 9.2926 9.3255 9.3491 9.3668 9.3805
3 5.5383 5.4624 5.3908 5.3426 5.3092 5.2847 5.2662 5.2517 5.2400
4 4.5448 4.3246 4.1909 4.1072 4.0506 4.0097 3.9790 3.9549 3.9357
5 4.0604 3.7797 3.6195 3.5202 3.4530 3.4045 3.3679 3.3393 3.3163
6 3.7759 3.4633 3.2888 3.1808 3.1075 3.0546 3.0145 2.9830 2.9577
7 3.5894 3.2574 3.0741 2.9605 2.8833 2.8274 2.7849 2.7516 2.7247
8 3.4579 3.1131 2.9238 2.8064 2.7264 2.6683 2.6241 2.5893 2.5612
9 3.3603 3.0065 2.8129 2.6927 2.6106 2.5509 2.5053 2.4694 2.4403
10 3.2850 2.9245 2.7277 2.6053 2.5216 2.4606 2.4140 2.3772 2.3473
11 3.2252 2.8595 2.6602 2.5362 2.4512 2.3891 2.3416 2.3040 2.2735
12 3.1765 2.8068 2.6055 2.4801 2.3940 2.3310 2.2828 2.2446 2.2135
13 3.1362 2.7632 2.5603 2.4337 2.3467 2.2830 2.2341 2.1953 2.1638
14 3.1022 2.7265 2.5222 2.3947 2.3069 2.2426 2.1931 2.1539 2.1220

15 3.0732 2.6952 2.4898 2.3614 2.2730 2.2081 2.1582 2.1185 2.0862
16 3.0481 2.6682 2.4618 2.3327 2.2438 2.1783 2.1280 2.0880 2.0553
17 3.0262 2.6446 2.4374 2.3077 2.2183 2.1524 2.1017 2.0613 2.0284
18 3.0070 2.6239 2.4160 2.2858 2.1958 2.1296 2.0785 2.0379 2.0047
19 2.9899 2.6056 2.3970 2.2663 2.1760 2.1094 2.0580 2.0171 1.9836
20 2.9747 2.5893 2.3801 2.2489 2.1582 2.0913 2.0397 1.9985 1.9649
21 2.9610 2.5746 2.3649 2.2333 2.1423 2.0751 2.0233 1.9819 1.9480
22 2.9486 2.5613 2.3512 2.2193 2.1279 2.0605 2.0084 1.9668 1.9327
23 2.9374 2.5493 2.3387 2.2065 2.1149 2.0472 1.9949 1.9531 1.9189
24 2.9271 2.5383 2.3274 2.1949 2.1030 2.0351 1.9826 1.9407 1.9063
25 2.9177 2.5283 2.3170 2.1842 2.0922 2.0241 1.9714 1.9292 1.8947
26 2.9091 2.5191 2.3075 2.1745 2.0822 2.0139 1.9610 1.9188 1.8841
27 2.9012 2.5106 2.2987 2.1655 2.0730 2.0045 1.9515 1.9091 1.8743
28 2.8938 2.5028 2.2906 2.1571 2.0645 1.9959 1.9427 1.9001 1.8652
29 2.8870 2.4955 2.2831 2.1494 2.0566 1.9878 1.9345 1.8918 1.8568
30 2.8807 2.4887 2.2761 2.1422 2.0492 1.9803 1.9269 1.8841 1.8490
40 2.8354 2.4404 2.2261 2.0909 1.9968 1.9269 1.8725 1.8289 1.7929
60 2.7911 2.3933 2.1774 2.0410 1.9457 1.8747 1.8194 1.7748 1.7380
120 2.7478 2.3473 2.1300 1.9923 1.8959 1.8238 1.7675 1.7220 1.6842
∞ 2.7055 2.3026 2.0838 1.9449 1.8473 1.7741 1.7167 1.6702 1.6315
919
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 60.1950 60.4727 60.7052 60.9028 61.0727 61.2203 61.3499 61.4644 61.5664
2 9.3916 9.4006 9.4081 9.4145 9.4200 9.4247 9.4289 9.4325 9.4358
3 5.2304 5.2224 5.2156 5.2098 5.2047 5.2003 5.1964 5.1929 5.1898
4 3.9199 3.9067 3.8955 3.8859 3.8776 3.8704 3.8639 3.8582 3.8531
5 3.2974 3.2816 3.2682 3.2567 3.2468 3.2380 3.2303 3.2234 3.2172
6 2.9369 2.9195 2.9047 2.8920 2.8809 2.8712 2.8626 2.8550 2.8481
7 2.7025 2.6839 2.6681 2.6545 2.6426 2.6322 2.6230 2.6148 2.6074
8 2.5380 2.5186 2.5020 2.4876 2.4752 2.4642 2.4545 2.4458 2.4380
9 2.4163 2.3961 2.3789 2.3640 2.3510 2.3396 2.3295 2.3205 2.3123
10 2.3226 2.3018 2.2841 2.2687 2.2553 2.2435 2.2330 2.2237 2.2153
11 2.2482 2.2269 2.2087 2.1930 2.1792 2.1671 2.1563 2.1467 2.1380
12 2.1878 2.1660 2.1474 2.1313 2.1173 2.1049 2.0938 2.0839 2.0750
13 2.1376 2.1155 2.0966 2.0802 2.0658 2.0532 2.0419 2.0318 2.0227
14 2.0954 2.0729 2.0537 2.0370 2.0224 2.0095 1.9981 1.9878 1.9785

15 2.0593 2.0366 2.0171 2.0001 1.9853 1.9722 1.9605 1.9501 1.9407
16 2.0281 2.0051 1.9854 1.9682 1.9532 1.9399 1.9281 1.9175 1.9079
17 2.0009 1.9777 1.9577 1.9404 1.9252 1.9117 1.8997 1.8889 1.8792
18 1.9770 1.9535 1.9333 1.9158 1.9004 1.8868 1.8747 1.8638 1.8539
19 1.9557 1.9321 1.9117 1.8940 1.8785 1.8647 1.8524 1.8414 1.8314
20 1.9367 1.9129 1.8924 1.8745 1.8588 1.8449 1.8325 1.8214 1.8113
21 1.9197 1.8956 1.8750 1.8570 1.8412 1.8271 1.8146 1.8034 1.7932
22 1.9043 1.8801 1.8593 1.8411 1.8252 1.8111 1.7984 1.7871 1.7768
23 1.8903 1.8659 1.8450 1.8267 1.8107 1.7964 1.7837 1.7723 1.7619
24 1.8775 1.8530 1.8319 1.8136 1.7974 1.7831 1.7703 1.7587 1.7483
25 1.8658 1.8412 1.8200 1.8015 1.7853 1.7708 1.7579 1.7463 1.7358
26 1.8550 1.8303 1.8090 1.7904 1.7741 1.7596 1.7466 1.7349 1.7243
27 1.8451 1.8203 1.7989 1.7802 1.7638 1.7492 1.7361 1.7243 1.7137
28 1.8359 1.8110 1.7895 1.7708 1.7542 1.7395 1.7264 1.7146 1.7039
29 1.8274 1.8024 1.7808 1.7620 1.7454 1.7306 1.7174 1.7055 1.6947
30 1.8195 1.7944 1.7727 1.7538 1.7371 1.7223 1.7090 1.6970 1.6862
40 1.7627 1.7369 1.7146 1.6950 1.6778 1.6624 1.6486 1.6362 1.6249
60 1.7070 1.6805 1.6574 1.6372 1.6193 1.6034 1.5890 1.5760 1.5642
120 1.6524 1.6250 1.6012 1.5803 1.5617 1.5450 1.5300 1.5164 1.5039
∞ 1.5987 1.5705 1.5458 1.5240 1.5046 1.4871 1.4714 1.4570 1.4439
920
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 61.6579 61.7403 62.0020 62.2650 62.5291 62.7943 63.0606
2 9.4387 9.4413 9.4496 9.4579 9.4662 9.4746 9.4829
3 5.1870 5.1845 5.1764 5.1681 5.1597 5.1512 5.1425
4 3.8485 3.8443 3.8310 3.8174 3.8036 3.7896 3.7753
5 3.2117 3.2067 3.1905 3.1741 3.1573 3.1402 3.1228
6 2.8419 2.8363 2.8183 2.8000 2.7812 2.7620 2.7423
7 2.6008 2.5947 2.5753 2.5555 2.5351 2.5142 2.4928
8 2.4310 2.4246 2.4041 2.3830 2.3614 2.3391 2.3162
9 2.3050 2.2983 2.2768 2.2547 2.2320 2.2085 2.1843
10 2.2077 2.2007 2.1784 2.1554 2.1317 2.1072 2.0818
11 2.1302 2.1230 2.1000 2.0762 2.0516 2.0261 1.9997
12 2.0670 2.0597 2.0360 2.0115 1.9861 1.9597 1.9323
13 2.0145 2.0070 1.9827 1.9576 1.9315 1.9043 1.8759
14 1.9701 1.9625 1.9377 1.9119 1.8852 1.8572 1.8280

15 1.9321 1.9243 1.8990 1.8728 1.8454 1.8168 1.7867
16 1.8992 1.8913 1.8656 1.8388 1.8108 1.7816 1.7507
17 1.8704 1.8624 1.8362 1.8090 1.7805 1.7506 1.7191
18 1.8450 1.8368 1.8103 1.7827 1.7537 1.7232 1.6910
19 1.8224 1.8142 1.7873 1.7592 1.7298 1.6988 1.6659
20 1.8022 1.7938 1.7667 1.7382 1.7083 1.6768 1.6433
21 1.7840 1.7756 1.7481 1.7193 1.6890 1.6569 1.6228
22 1.7675 1.7590 1.7312 1.7021 1.6714 1.6389 1.6041
23 1.7525 1.7439 1.7159 1.6864 1.6554 1.6224 1.5871
24 1.7388 1.7302 1.7019 1.6721 1.6407 1.6073 1.5715
25 1.7263 1.7175 1.6890 1.6589 1.6272 1.5934 1.5570
26 1.7147 1.7059 1.6771 1.6468 1.6147 1.5805 1.5437
27 1.7040 1.6951 1.6662 1.6356 1.6032 1.5686 1.5313
28 1.6941 1.6852 1.6560 1.6252 1.5925 1.5575 1.5198
29 1.6849 1.6759 1.6465 1.6155 1.5825 1.5472 1.5090
30 1.6763 1.6673 1.6377 1.6065 1.5732 1.5376 1.4989
40 1.6146 1.6052 1.5741 1.5411 1.5056 1.4672 1.4248
60 1.5534 1.5435 1.5107 1.4755 1.4373 1.3952 1.3476
120 1.4926 1.4821 1.4472 1.4094 1.3676 1.3203 1.2646
∞ 1.4318 1.4206 1.3832 1.3419 1.2951 1.2400 1.1686
921
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 161.4476 199.5000 215.7073 224.5832 230.1619 233.9860 236.7684 238.8827 240.5433
2 18.5128 19.0000 19.1643 19.2468 19.2964 19.3295 19.3532 19.3710 19.3848
3 10.1280 9.5521 9.2766 9.1172 9.0135 8.9406 8.8867 8.8452 8.8123
4 7.7086 6.9443 6.5914 6.3882 6.2561 6.1631 6.0942 6.0410 5.9988
5 6.6079 5.7861 5.4095 5.1922 5.0503 4.9503 4.8759 4.8183 4.7725
6 5.9874 5.1433 4.7571 4.5337 4.3874 4.2839 4.2067 4.1468 4.0990
7 5.5914 4.7374 4.3468 4.1203 3.9715 3.8660 3.7870 3.7257 3.6767
8 5.3177 4.4590 4.0662 3.8379 3.6875 3.5806 3.5005 3.4381 3.3881
9 5.1174 4.2565 3.8625 3.6331 3.4817 3.3738 3.2927 3.2296 3.1789
10 4.9646 4.1028 3.7083 3.4780 3.3258 3.2172 3.1355 3.0717 3.0204
11 4.8443 3.9823 3.5874 3.3567 3.2039 3.0946 3.0123 2.9480 2.8962
12 4.7472 3.8853 3.4903 3.2592 3.1059 2.9961 2.9134 2.8486 2.7964
13 4.6672 3.8056 3.4105 3.1791 3.0254 2.9153 2.8321 2.7669 2.7144
14 4.6001 3.7389 3.3439 3.1122 2.9582 2.8477 2.7642 2.6987 2.6458

15 4.5431 3.6823 3.2874 3.0556 2.9013 2.7905 2.7066 2.6408 2.5876
16 4.4940 3.6337 3.2389 3.0069 2.8524 2.7413 2.6572 2.5911 2.5377
17 4.4513 3.5915 3.1968 2.9647 2.8100 2.6987 2.6143 2.5480 2.4943
18 4.4139 3.5546 3.1599 2.9277 2.7729 2.6613 2.5767 2.5102 2.4563
19 4.3807 3.5219 3.1274 2.8951 2.7401 2.6283 2.5435 2.4768 2.4227
20 4.3512 3.4928 3.0984 2.8661 2.7109 2.5990 2.5140 2.4471 2.3928
21 4.3248 3.4668 3.0725 2.8401 2.6848 2.5727 2.4876 2.4205 2.3660
22 4.3009 3.4434 3.0491 2.8167 2.6613 2.5491 2.4638 2.3965 2.3419
23 4.2793 3.4221 3.0280 2.7955 2.6400 2.5277 2.4422 2.3748 2.3201
24 4.2597 3.4028 3.0088 2.7763 2.6207 2.5082 2.4226 2.3551 2.3002
25 4.2417 3.3852 2.9912 2.7587 2.6030 2.4904 2.4047 2.3371 2.2821
26 4.2252 3.3690 2.9752 2.7426 2.5868 2.4741 2.3883 2.3205 2.2655
27 4.2100 3.3541 2.9604 2.7278 2.5719 2.4591 2.3732 2.3053 2.2501
28 4.1960 3.3404 2.9467 2.7141 2.5581 2.4453 2.3593 2.2913 2.2360
29 4.1830 3.3277 2.9340 2.7014 2.5454 2.4324 2.3463 2.2783 2.2229
30 4.1709 3.3158 2.9223 2.6896 2.5336 2.4205 2.3343 2.2662 2.2107
40 4.0847 3.2317 2.8387 2.6060 2.4495 2.3359 2.2490 2.1802 2.1240
60 4.0012 3.1504 2.7581 2.5252 2.3683 2.2541 2.1665 2.0970 2.0401
120 3.9201 3.0718 2.6802 2.4472 2.2899 2.1750 2.0868 2.0164 1.9588
∞ 3.8415 2.9957 2.6049 2.3719 2.2141 2.0986 2.0096 1.9384 1.8799
922
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 241.8817 242.9835 243.9060 244.6898 245.3640 245.9499 246.4639 246.9184 247.3232
2 19.3959 19.4050 19.4125 19.4189 19.4244 19.4291 19.4333 19.4370 19.4402
3 8.7855 8.7633 8.7446 8.7287 8.7149 8.7029 8.6923 8.6829 8.6745
4 5.9644 5.9358 5.9117 5.8911 5.8733 5.8578 5.8441 5.8320 5.8211
5 4.7351 4.7040 4.6777 4.6552 4.6358 4.6188 4.6038 4.5904 4.5785
6 4.0600 4.0274 3.9999 3.9764 3.9559 3.9381 3.9223 3.9083 3.8957
7 3.6365 3.6030 3.5747 3.5503 3.5292 3.5107 3.4944 3.4799 3.4669
8 3.3472 3.3130 3.2839 3.2590 3.2374 3.2184 3.2016 3.1867 3.1733
9 3.1373 3.1025 3.0729 3.0475 3.0255 3.0061 2.9890 2.9737 2.9600
10 2.9782 2.9430 2.9130 2.8872 2.8647 2.8450 2.8276 2.8120 2.7980
11 2.8536 2.8179 2.7876 2.7614 2.7386 2.7186 2.7009 2.6851 2.6709
12 2.7534 2.7173 2.6866 2.6602 2.6371 2.6169 2.5989 2.5828 2.5684
13 2.6710 2.6347 2.6037 2.5769 2.5536 2.5331 2.5149 2.4987 2.4841
14 2.6022 2.5655 2.5342 2.5073 2.4837 2.4630 2.4446 2.4282 2.4134

15 2.5437 2.5068 2.4753 2.4481 2.4244 2.4034 2.3849 2.3683 2.3533
16 2.4935 2.4564 2.4247 2.3973 2.3733 2.3522 2.3335 2.3167 2.3016
17 2.4499 2.4126 2.3807 2.3531 2.3290 2.3077 2.2888 2.2719 2.2567
18 2.4117 2.3742 2.3421 2.3143 2.2900 2.2686 2.2496 2.2325 2.2172
19 2.3779 2.3402 2.3080 2.2800 2.2556 2.2341 2.2149 2.1977 2.1823
20 2.3479 2.3100 2.2776 2.2495 2.2250 2.2033 2.1840 2.1667 2.1511
21 2.3210 2.2829 2.2504 2.2222 2.1975 2.1757 2.1563 2.1389 2.1232
22 2.2967 2.2585 2.2258 2.1975 2.1727 2.1508 2.1313 2.1138 2.0980
23 2.2747 2.2364 2.2036 2.1752 2.1502 2.1282 2.1086 2.0910 2.0751
24 2.2547 2.2163 2.1834 2.1548 2.1298 2.1077 2.0880 2.0703 2.0543
25 2.2365 2.1979 2.1649 2.1362 2.1111 2.0889 2.0691 2.0513 2.0353
26 2.2197 2.1811 2.1479 2.1192 2.0939 2.0716 2.0518 2.0339 2.0178
27 2.2043 2.1655 2.1323 2.1035 2.0781 2.0558 2.0358 2.0179 2.0017
28 2.1900 2.1512 2.1179 2.0889 2.0635 2.0411 2.0210 2.0030 1.9868
29 2.1768 2.1379 2.1045 2.0755 2.0500 2.0275 2.0073 1.9893 1.9730
30 2.1646 2.1256 2.0921 2.0630 2.0374 2.0148 1.9946 1.9765 1.9601
40 2.0772 2.0376 2.0035 1.9738 1.9476 1.9245 1.9037 1.8851 1.8682
60 1.9926 1.9522 1.9174 1.8870 1.8602 1.8364 1.8151 1.7959 1.7784
120 1.9105 1.8693 1.8337 1.8026 1.7750 1.7505 1.7285 1.7085 1.6904
∞ 1.8307 1.7887 1.7522 1.7202 1.6918 1.6664 1.6435 1.6228 1.6039
923
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 247.6861 248.0131 249.0518 250.0951 251.1432 252.1957 253.2529
2 19.4431 19.4458 19.4541 19.4624 19.4707 19.4791 19.4874
3 8.6670 8.6602 8.6385 8.6166 8.5944 8.5720 8.5494
4 5.8114 5.8025 5.7744 5.7459 5.7170 5.6877 5.6581
5 4.5678 4.5581 4.5272 4.4957 4.4638 4.4314 4.3985
6 3.8844 3.8742 3.8415 3.8082 3.7743 3.7398 3.7047
7 3.4551 3.4445 3.4105 3.3758 3.3404 3.3043 3.2674
8 3.1613 3.1503 3.1152 3.0794 3.0428 3.0053 2.9669
9 2.9477 2.9365 2.9005 2.8637 2.8259 2.7872 2.7475
10 2.7854 2.7740 2.7372 2.6996 2.6609 2.6211 2.5801
11 2.6581 2.6464 2.6090 2.5705 2.5309 2.4901 2.4480
12 2.5554 2.5436 2.5055 2.4663 2.4259 2.3842 2.3410
13 2.4709 2.4589 2.4202 2.3803 2.3392 2.2966 2.2524
14 2.4000 2.3879 2.3487 2.3082 2.2664 2.2229 2.1778

15 2.3398 2.3275 2.2878 2.2468 2.2043 2.1601 2.1141
16 2.2880 2.2756 2.2354 2.1938 2.1507 2.1058 2.0589
17 2.2429 2.2304 2.1898 2.1477 2.1040 2.0584 2.0107
18 2.2033 2.1906 2.1497 2.1071 2.0629 2.0166 1.9681
19 2.1683 2.1555 2.1141 2.0712 2.0264 1.9795 1.9302
20 2.1370 2.1242 2.0825 2.0391 1.9938 1.9464 1.8963
21 2.1090 2.0960 2.0540 2.0102 1.9645 1.9165 1.8657
22 2.0837 2.0707 2.0283 1.9842 1.9380 1.8894 1.8380
23 2.0608 2.0476 2.0050 1.9605 1.9139 1.8648 1.8128
24 2.0399 2.0267 1.9838 1.9390 1.8920 1.8424 1.7896
25 2.0207 2.0075 1.9643 1.9192 1.8718 1.8217 1.7684
26 2.0032 1.9898 1.9464 1.9010 1.8533 1.8027 1.7488
27 1.9870 1.9736 1.9299 1.8842 1.8361 1.7851 1.7306
28 1.9720 1.9586 1.9147 1.8687 1.8203 1.7689 1.7138
29 1.9581 1.9446 1.9005 1.8543 1.8055 1.7537 1.6981
30 1.9452 1.9317 1.8874 1.8409 1.7918 1.7396 1.6835
40 1.8529 1.8389 1.7929 1.7444 1.6928 1.6373 1.5766
60 1.7625 1.7480 1.7001 1.6491 1.5943 1.5343 1.4673
120 1.6739 1.6587 1.6084 1.5543 1.4952 1.4290 1.3519
∞ 1.5865 1.5705 1.5173 1.4591 1.3940 1.3180 1.2214
924
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 647.7890 799.5000 864.1630 899.5833 921.8479 937.1111 948.2169 956.6562 963.2846
2 38.5063 39.0000 39.1655 39.2484 39.2982 39.3315 39.3552 39.3730 39.3869
3 17.4434 16.0441 15.4392 15.1010 14.8848 14.7347 14.6244 14.5399 14.4731
4 12.2179 10.6491 9.9792 9.6045 9.3645 9.1973 9.0741 8.9796 8.9047
5 10.0070 8.4336 7.7636 7.3879 7.1464 6.9777 6.8531 6.7572 6.6811
6 8.8131 7.2599 6.5988 6.2272 5.9876 5.8198 5.6955 5.5996 5.5234
7 8.0727 6.5415 5.8898 5.5226 5.2852 5.1186 4.9949 4.8993 4.8232
8 7.5709 6.0595 5.4160 5.0526 4.8173 4.6517 4.5286 4.4333 4.3572
9 7.2093 5.7147 5.0781 4.7181 4.4844 4.3197 4.1970 4.1020 4.0260
10 6.9367 5.4564 4.8256 4.4683 4.2361 4.0721 3.9498 3.8549 3.7790
11 6.7241 5.2559 4.6300 4.2751 4.0440 3.8807 3.7586 3.6638 3.5879
12 6.5538 5.0959 4.4742 4.1212 3.8911 3.7283 3.6065 3.5118 3.4358
13 6.4143 4.9653 4.3472 3.9959 3.7667 3.6043 3.4827 3.3880 3.3120
14 6.2979 4.8567 4.2417 3.8919 3.6634 3.5014 3.3799 3.2853 3.2093

15 6.1995 4.7650 4.1528 3.8043 3.5764 3.4147 3.2934 3.1987 3.1227
16 6.1151 4.6867 4.0768 3.7294 3.5021 3.3406 3.2194 3.1248 3.0488
17 6.0420 4.6189 4.0112 3.6648 3.4379 3.2767 3.1556 3.0610 2.9849
18 5.9781 4.5597 3.9539 3.6083 3.3820 3.2209 3.0999 3.0053 2.9291
19 5.9216 4.5075 3.9034 3.5587 3.3327 3.1718 3.0509 2.9563 2.8801
20 5.8715 4.4613 3.8587 3.5147 3.2891 3.1283 3.0074 2.9128 2.8365
21 5.8266 4.4199 3.8188 3.4754 3.2501 3.0895 2.9686 2.8740 2.7977
22 5.7863 4.3828 3.7829 3.4401 3.2151 3.0546 2.9338 2.8392 2.7628
23 5.7498 4.3492 3.7505 3.4083 3.1835 3.0232 2.9023 2.8077 2.7313
24 5.7166 4.3187 3.7211 3.3794 3.1548 2.9946 2.8738 2.7791 2.7027
25 5.6864 4.2909 3.6943 3.3530 3.1287 2.9685 2.8478 2.7531 2.6766
26 5.6586 4.2655 3.6697 3.3289 3.1048 2.9447 2.8240 2.7293 2.6528
27 5.6331 4.2421 3.6472 3.3067 3.0828 2.9228 2.8021 2.7074 2.6309
28 5.6096 4.2205 3.6264 3.2863 3.0626 2.9027 2.7820 2.6872 2.6106
29 5.5878 4.2006 3.6072 3.2674 3.0438 2.8840 2.7633 2.6686 2.5919
30 5.5675 4.1821 3.5894 3.2499 3.0265 2.8667 2.7460 2.6513 2.5746
40 5.4239 4.0510 3.4633 3.1261 2.9037 2.7444 2.6238 2.5289 2.4519
60 5.2856 3.9253 3.3425 3.0077 2.7863 2.6274 2.5068 2.4117 2.3344
120 5.1523 3.8046 3.2269 2.8943 2.6740 2.5154 2.3948 2.2994 2.2217
∞ 5.0239 3.6889 3.1161 2.7858 2.5665 2.4082 2.2876 2.1918 2.1137
925
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 968.6274 973.0252 976.7079 979.8368 982.5278 984.8668 986.9187 988.7331 990.3490
2 39.3980 39.4071 39.4146 39.4210 39.4265 39.4313 39.4354 39.4391 39.4424
3 14.4189 14.3742 14.3366 14.3045 14.2768 14.2527 14.2315 14.2127 14.1960
4 8.8439 8.7935 8.7512 8.7150 8.6838 8.6565 8.6326 8.6113 8.5924
5 6.6192 6.5678 6.5245 6.4876 6.4556 6.4277 6.4032 6.3814 6.3619
6 5.4613 5.4098 5.3662 5.3290 5.2968 5.2687 5.2439 5.2218 5.2021
7 4.7611 4.7095 4.6658 4.6285 4.5961 4.5678 4.5428 4.5206 4.5008
8 4.2951 4.2434 4.1997 4.1622 4.1297 4.1012 4.0761 4.0538 4.0338
9 3.9639 3.9121 3.8682 3.8306 3.7980 3.7694 3.7441 3.7216 3.7015
10 3.7168 3.6649 3.6209 3.5832 3.5504 3.5217 3.4963 3.4737 3.4534
11 3.5257 3.4737 3.4296 3.3917 3.3588 3.3299 3.3044 3.2816 3.2612
12 3.3736 3.3215 3.2773 3.2393 3.2062 3.1772 3.1515 3.1286 3.1081
13 3.2497 3.1975 3.1532 3.1150 3.0819 3.0527 3.0269 3.0039 2.9832
14 3.1469 3.0946 3.0502 3.0119 2.9786 2.9493 2.9234 2.9003 2.8795

15 3.0602 3.0078 2.9633 2.9249 2.8915 2.8621 2.8360 2.8128 2.7919
16 2.9862 2.9337 2.8890 2.8506 2.8170 2.7875 2.7614 2.7380 2.7170
17 2.9222 2.8696 2.8249 2.7863 2.7526 2.7230 2.6968 2.6733 2.6522
18 2.8664 2.8137 2.7689 2.7302 2.6964 2.6667 2.6404 2.6168 2.5956
19 2.8172 2.7645 2.7196 2.6808 2.6469 2.6171 2.5907 2.5670 2.5457
20 2.7737 2.7209 2.6758 2.6369 2.6030 2.5731 2.5465 2.5228 2.5014
21 2.7348 2.6819 2.6368 2.5978 2.5638 2.5338 2.5071 2.4833 2.4618
22 2.6998 2.6469 2.6017 2.5626 2.5285 2.4984 2.4717 2.4478 2.4262
23 2.6682 2.6152 2.5699 2.5308 2.4966 2.4665 2.4396 2.4157 2.3940
24 2.6396 2.5865 2.5411 2.5019 2.4677 2.4374 2.4105 2.3865 2.3648
25 2.6135 2.5603 2.5149 2.4756 2.4413 2.4110 2.3840 2.3599 2.3381
26 2.5896 2.5363 2.4908 2.4515 2.4171 2.3867 2.3597 2.3355 2.3137
27 2.5676 2.5143 2.4688 2.4293 2.3949 2.3644 2.3373 2.3131 2.2912
28 2.5473 2.4940 2.4484 2.4089 2.3743 2.3438 2.3167 2.2924 2.2704
29 2.5286 2.4752 2.4295 2.3900 2.3554 2.3248 2.2976 2.2732 2.2512
30 2.5112 2.4577 2.4120 2.3724 2.3378 2.3072 2.2799 2.2554 2.2334
40 2.3882 2.3343 2.2882 2.2481 2.2130 2.1819 2.1542 2.1293 2.1068
60 2.2702 2.2159 2.1692 2.1286 2.0929 2.0613 2.0330 2.0076 1.9846
120 2.1570 2.1021 2.0548 2.0136 1.9773 1.9450 1.9161 1.8900 1.8663
∞ 2.0483 1.9927 1.9447 1.9028 1.8657 1.8326 1.8028 1.7760 1.7515
926
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 991.7973 993.1028 997.2492 1001.4144 1005.5981 1009.8001 1014.0202
2 39.4453 39.4479 39.4562 39.4646 39.4729 39.4812 39.4896
3 14.1810 14.1674 14.1241 14.0805 14.0365 13.9921 13.9473
4 8.5753 8.5599 8.5109 8.4613 8.4111 8.3604 8.3092
5 6.3444 6.3286 6.2780 6.2269 6.1750 6.1225 6.0693
6 5.1844 5.1684 5.1172 5.0652 5.0125 4.9589 4.9044
7 4.4829 4.4667 4.4150 4.3624 4.3089 4.2544 4.1989
8 4.0158 3.9995 3.9472 3.8940 3.8398 3.7844 3.7279
9 3.6833 3.6669 3.6142 3.5604 3.5055 3.4493 3.3918
10 3.4351 3.4185 3.3654 3.3110 3.2554 3.1984 3.1399
11 3.2428 3.2261 3.1725 3.1176 3.0613 3.0035 2.9441
12 3.0896 3.0728 3.0187 2.9633 2.9063 2.8478 2.7874
13 2.9646 2.9477 2.8932 2.8372 2.7797 2.7204 2.6590
14 2.8607 2.8437 2.7888 2.7324 2.6742 2.6142 2.5519

15 2.7730 2.7559 2.7006 2.6437 2.5850 2.5242 2.4611
16 2.6980 2.6808 2.6252 2.5678 2.5085 2.4471 2.3831
17 2.6331 2.6158 2.5598 2.5020 2.4422 2.3801 2.3153
18 2.5764 2.5590 2.5027 2.4445 2.3842 2.3214 2.2558
19 2.5265 2.5089 2.4523 2.3937 2.3329 2.2696 2.2032
20 2.4821 2.4645 2.4076 2.3486 2.2873 2.2234 2.1562
21 2.4424 2.4247 2.3675 2.3082 2.2465 2.1819 2.1141
22 2.4067 2.3890 2.3315 2.2718 2.2097 2.1446 2.0760
23 2.3745 2.3567 2.2989 2.2389 2.1763 2.1107 2.0415
24 2.3452 2.3273 2.2693 2.2090 2.1460 2.0799 2.0099
25 2.3184 2.3005 2.2422 2.1816 2.1183 2.0516 1.9811
26 2.2939 2.2759 2.2174 2.1565 2.0928 2.0257 1.9545
27 2.2713 2.2533 2.1946 2.1334 2.0693 2.0018 1.9299
28 2.2505 2.2324 2.1735 2.1121 2.0477 1.9797 1.9072
29 2.2313 2.2131 2.1540 2.0923 2.0276 1.9591 1.8861
30 2.2134 2.1952 2.1359 2.0739 2.0089 1.9400 1.8664
40 2.0864 2.0677 2.0069 1.9429 1.8752 1.8028 1.7242
60 1.9636 1.9445 1.8817 1.8152 1.7440 1.6668 1.5810
120 1.8447 1.8249 1.7597 1.6899 1.6141 1.5299 1.4327
∞ 1.7291 1.7085 1.6402 1.5660 1.4836 1.3883 1.2685
927
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 4052.1807 4999.5000 5403.3520 5624.5833 5763.6496 5858.9861 5928.3557 5981.0703 6022.4732
2 98.5025 99.0000 99.1662 99.2494 99.2993 99.3326 99.3564 99.3742 99.3881
3 34.1162 30.8165 29.4567 28.7099 28.2371 27.9107 27.6717 27.4892 27.3452
4 21.1977 18.0000 16.6944 15.9770 15.5219 15.2069 14.9758 14.7989 14.6591
5 16.2582 13.2739 12.0600 11.3919 10.9670 10.6723 10.4555 10.2893 10.1578
6 13.7450 10.9248 9.7795 9.1483 8.7459 8.4661 8.2600 8.1017 7.9761
7 12.2464 9.5466 8.4513 7.8466 7.4604 7.1914 6.9928 6.8400 6.7188
8 11.2586 8.6491 7.5910 7.0061 6.6318 6.3707 6.1776 6.0289 5.9106
9 10.5614 8.0215 6.9919 6.4221 6.0569 5.8018 5.6129 5.4671 5.3511
10 10.0443 7.5594 6.5523 5.9943 5.6363 5.3858 5.2001 5.0567 4.9424
11 9.6460 7.2057 6.2167 5.6683 5.3160 5.0692 4.8861 4.7445 4.6315
12 9.3302 6.9266 5.9525 5.4120 5.0643 4.8206 4.6395 4.4994 4.3875
13 9.0738 6.7010 5.7394 5.2053 4.8616 4.6204 4.4410 4.3021 4.1911
14 8.8616 6.5149 5.5639 5.0354 4.6950 4.4558 4.2779 4.1399 4.0297

15 8.6831 6.3589 5.4170 4.8932 4.5556 4.3183 4.1415 4.0045 3.8948
16 8.5310 6.2262 5.2922 4.7726 4.4374 4.2016 4.0259 3.8896 3.7804
17 8.3997 6.1121 5.1850 4.6690 4.3359 4.1015 3.9267 3.7910 3.6822
18 8.2854 6.0129 5.0919 4.5790 4.2479 4.0146 3.8406 3.7054 3.5971
19 8.1849 5.9259 5.0103 4.5003 4.1708 3.9386 3.7653 3.6305 3.5225
20 8.0960 5.8489 4.9382 4.4307 4.1027 3.8714 3.6987 3.5644 3.4567
21 8.0166 5.7804 4.8740 4.3688 4.0421 3.8117 3.6396 3.5056 3.3981
22 7.9454 5.7190 4.8166 4.3134 3.9880 3.7583 3.5867 3.4530 3.3458
23 7.8811 5.6637 4.7649 4.2636 3.9392 3.7102 3.5390 3.4057 3.2986
24 7.8229 5.6136 4.7181 4.2184 3.8951 3.6667 3.4959 3.3629 3.2560
25 7.7698 5.5680 4.6755 4.1774 3.8550 3.6272 3.4568 3.3239 3.2172
26 7.7213 5.5263 4.6366 4.1400 3.8183 3.5911 3.4210 3.2884 3.1818
27 7.6767 5.4881 4.6009 4.1056 3.7848 3.5580 3.3882 3.2558 3.1494
28 7.6356 5.4529 4.5681 4.0740 3.7539 3.5276 3.3581 3.2259 3.1195
29 7.5977 5.4204 4.5378 4.0449 3.7254 3.4995 3.3303 3.1982 3.0920
30 7.5625 5.3903 4.5097 4.0179 3.6990 3.4735 3.3045 3.1726 3.0665
40 7.3141 5.1785 4.3126 3.8283 3.5138 3.2910 3.1238 2.9930 2.8876
60 7.0771 4.9774 4.1259 3.6490 3.3389 3.1187 2.9530 2.8233 2.7185
120 6.8509 4.7865 3.9491 3.4795 3.1735 2.9559 2.7918 2.6629 2.5586
∞ 6.6349 4.6052 3.7816 3.3192 3.0173 2.8020 2.6393 2.5113 2.4074
928
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 6055.8467 6083.3168 6106.3207 6125.8647 6142.6740 6157.2846 6170.1012 6181.4348 6191.5287
2 99.3992 99.4083 99.4159 99.4223 99.4278 99.4325 99.4367 99.4404 99.4436
3 27.2287 27.1326 27.0518 26.9831 26.9238 26.8722 26.8269 26.7867 26.7509
4 14.5459 14.4523 14.3736 14.3065 14.2486 14.1982 14.1539 14.1146 14.0795
5 10.0510 9.9626 9.8883 9.8248 9.7700 9.7222 9.6802 9.6429 9.6096
6 7.8741 7.7896 7.7183 7.6575 7.6049 7.5590 7.5186 7.4827 7.4507
7 6.6201 6.5382 6.4691 6.4100 6.3590 6.3143 6.2750 6.2401 6.2089
8 5.8143 5.7343 5.6667 5.6089 5.5589 5.5151 5.4766 5.4423 5.4116
9 5.2565 5.1779 5.1114 5.0545 5.0052 4.9621 4.9240 4.8902 4.8599
10 4.8491 4.7715 4.7059 4.6496 4.6008 4.5581 4.5204 4.4869 4.4569
11 4.5393 4.4624 4.3974 4.3416 4.2932 4.2509 4.2134 4.1801 4.1503
12 4.2961 4.2198 4.1553 4.0999 4.0518 4.0096 3.9724 3.9392 3.9095
13 4.1003 4.0245 3.9603 3.9052 3.8573 3.8154 3.7783 3.7452 3.7156
14 3.9394 3.8640 3.8001 3.7452 3.6975 3.6557 3.6187 3.5857 3.5561

15 3.8049 3.7299 3.6662 3.6115 3.5639 3.5222 3.4852 3.4523 3.4228
16 3.6909 3.6162 3.5527 3.4981 3.4506 3.4089 3.3720 3.3391 3.3096
17 3.5931 3.5185 3.4552 3.4007 3.3533 3.3117 3.2748 3.2419 3.2124
18 3.5082 3.4338 3.3706 3.3162 3.2689 3.2273 3.1904 3.1575 3.1280
19 3.4338 3.3596 3.2965 3.2422 3.1949 3.1533 3.1165 3.0836 3.0541
20 3.3682 3.2941 3.2311 3.1769 3.1296 3.0880 3.0512 3.0183 2.9887
21 3.3098 3.2359 3.1730 3.1187 3.0715 3.0300 2.9931 2.9602 2.9306
22 3.2576 3.1837 3.1209 3.0667 3.0195 2.9779 2.9411 2.9082 2.8786
23 3.2106 3.1368 3.0740 3.0199 2.9727 2.9311 2.8943 2.8613 2.8317
24 3.1681 3.0944 3.0316 2.9775 2.9303 2.8887 2.8519 2.8189 2.7892
25 3.1294 3.0558 2.9931 2.9389 2.8917 2.8502 2.8133 2.7803 2.7506
26 3.0941 3.0205 2.9578 2.9038 2.8566 2.8150 2.7781 2.7451 2.7153
27 3.0618 2.9882 2.9256 2.8715 2.8243 2.7827 2.7458 2.7127 2.6830
28 3.0320 2.9585 2.8959 2.8418 2.7946 2.7530 2.7160 2.6830 2.6532
29 3.0045 2.9311 2.8685 2.8144 2.7672 2.7256 2.6886 2.6555 2.6257
30 2.9791 2.9057 2.8431 2.7890 2.7418 2.7002 2.6632 2.6301 2.6003
40 2.8005 2.7274 2.6648 2.6107 2.5634 2.5216 2.4844 2.4511 2.4210
60 2.6318 2.5587 2.4961 2.4419 2.3943 2.3523 2.3148 2.2811 2.2507
120 2.4721 2.3990 2.3363 2.2818 2.2339 2.1915 2.1536 2.1194 2.0885
∞ 2.3209 2.2477 2.1848 2.1299 2.0815 2.0385 2.0000 1.9652 1.9336
929
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 6200.5756 6208.7302 6234.6309 6260.6486 6286.7821 6313.0301 6339.3913
2 99.4465 99.4492 99.4575 99.4658 99.4742 99.4825 99.4908
3 26.7188 26.6898 26.5975 26.5045 26.4108 26.3164 26.2211
4 14.0480 14.0196 13.9291 13.8377 13.7454 13.6522 13.5581
5 9.5797 9.5526 9.4665 9.3793 9.2912 9.2020 9.1118
6 7.4219 7.3958 7.3127 7.2285 7.1432 7.0567 6.9690
7 6.1808 6.1554 6.0743 5.9920 5.9084 5.8236 5.7373
8 5.3840 5.3591 5.2793 5.1981 5.1156 5.0316 4.9461
9 4.8327 4.8080 4.7290 4.6486 4.5666 4.4831 4.3978
10 4.4299 4.4054 4.3269 4.2469 4.1653 4.0819 3.9965
11 4.1234 4.0990 4.0209 3.9411 3.8596 3.7761 3.6904
12 3.8827 3.8584 3.7805 3.7008 3.6192 3.5355 3.4494
13 3.6888 3.6646 3.5868 3.5070 3.4253 3.3413 3.2548
14 3.5294 3.5052 3.4274 3.3476 3.2656 3.1813 3.0942

15 3.3961 3.3719 3.2940 3.2141 3.1319 3.0471 2.9595
16 3.2829 3.2587 3.1808 3.1007 3.0182 2.9330 2.8447
17 3.1857 3.1615 3.0835 3.0032 2.9205 2.8348 2.7459
18 3.1013 3.0771 2.9990 2.9185 2.8354 2.7493 2.6597
19 3.0274 3.0031 2.9249 2.8442 2.7608 2.6742 2.5839
20 2.9620 2.9377 2.8594 2.7785 2.6947 2.6077 2.5168
21 2.9039 2.8796 2.8010 2.7200 2.6359 2.5484 2.4568
22 2.8518 2.8274 2.7488 2.6675 2.5831 2.4951 2.4029
23 2.8049 2.7805 2.7017 2.6202 2.5355 2.4471 2.3542
24 2.7624 2.7380 2.6591 2.5773 2.4923 2.4035 2.3100
25 2.7238 2.6993 2.6203 2.5383 2.4530 2.3637 2.2696
26 2.6885 2.6640 2.5848 2.5026 2.4170 2.3273 2.2325
27 2.6561 2.6316 2.5522 2.4699 2.3840 2.2938 2.1985
28 2.6263 2.6017 2.5223 2.4397 2.3535 2.2629 2.1670
29 2.5987 2.5742 2.4946 2.4118 2.3253 2.2344 2.1379
30 2.5732 2.5487 2.4689 2.3860 2.2992 2.2079 2.1108
40 2.3937 2.3689 2.2880 2.2034 2.1142 2.0194 1.9172
60 2.2230 2.1978 2.1154 2.0285 1.9360 1.8363 1.7263
120 2.0604 2.0346 1.9500 1.8600 1.7628 1.6557 1.5330
∞ 1.9048 1.8783 1.7908 1.6964 1.5923 1.4730 1.3246
930
Table I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 16210.7227 19999.5000 21614.7414 22499.5833 23055.7982 23437.1111 23714.5658 23925.4062 24091.0041
2 198.5013 199.0000 199.1664 199.2497 199.2996 199.3330 199.3568 199.3746 199.3885
3 55.5520 49.7993 47.4672 46.1946 45.3916 44.8385 44.4341 44.1256 43.8824
4 31.3328 26.2843 24.2591 23.1545 22.4564 21.9746 21.6217 21.3520 21.1391
5 22.7848 18.3138 16.5298 15.5561 14.9396 14.5133 14.2004 13.9610 13.7716
6 18.6350 14.5441 12.9166 12.0275 11.4637 11.0730 10.7859 10.5658 10.3915
7 16.2356 12.4040 10.8824 10.0505 9.5221 9.1553 8.8854 8.6781 8.5138
8 14.6882 11.0424 9.5965 8.8051 8.3018 7.9520 7.6941 7.4959 7.3386
9 13.6136 10.1067 8.7171 7.9559 7.4712 7.1339 6.8849 6.6933 6.5411
10 12.8265 9.4270 8.0807 7.3428 6.8724 6.5446 6.3025 6.1159 5.9676
11 12.2263 8.9122 7.6004 6.8809 6.4217 6.1016 5.8648 5.6821 5.5368
12 11.7542 8.5096 7.2258 6.5211 6.0711 5.7570 5.5245 5.3451 5.2021
13 11.3735 8.1865 6.9258 6.2335 5.7910 5.4819 5.2529 5.0761 4.9351
14 11.0603 7.9216 6.6804 5.9984 5.5623 5.2574 5.0313 4.8566 4.7173

15 10.7980 7.7008 6.4760 5.8029 5.3721 5.0708 4.8473 4.6744 4.5364
16 10.5755 7.5138 6.3034 5.6378 5.2117 4.9134 4.6920 4.5207 4.3838
17 10.3842 7.3536 6.1556 5.4967 5.0746 4.7789 4.5594 4.3894 4.2535
18 10.2181 7.2148 6.0278 5.3746 4.9560 4.6627 4.4448 4.2759 4.1410
19 10.0725 7.0935 5.9161 5.2681 4.8526 4.5614 4.3448 4.1770 4.0428
20 9.9439 6.9865 5.8177 5.1743 4.7616 4.4721 4.2569 4.0900 3.9564
21 9.8295 6.8914 5.7304 5.0911 4.6809 4.3931 4.1789 4.0128 3.8799
22 9.7271 6.8064 5.6524 5.0168 4.6088 4.3225 4.1094 3.9440 3.8116
23 9.6348 6.7300 5.5823 4.9500 4.5441 4.2591 4.0469 3.8822 3.7502
24 9.5513 6.6609 5.5190 4.8898 4.4857 4.2019 3.9905 3.8264 3.6949
25 9.4753 6.5982 5.4615 4.8351 4.4327 4.1500 3.9394 3.7758 3.6447
26 9.4059 6.5409 5.4091 4.7852 4.3844 4.1027 3.8928 3.7297 3.5989
27 9.3423 6.4885 5.3611 4.7396 4.3402 4.0594 3.8501 3.6875 3.5571
28 9.2838 6.4403 5.3170 4.6977 4.2996 4.0197 3.8110 3.6487 3.5186
29 9.2297 6.3958 5.2764 4.6591 4.2622 3.9831 3.7749 3.6131 3.4832
30 9.1797 6.3547 5.2388 4.6234 4.2276 3.9492 3.7416 3.5801 3.4505
40 8.8279 6.0664 4.9758 4.3738 3.9860 3.7129 3.5088 3.3498 3.2220
60 8.4946 5.7950 4.7290 4.1399 3.7599 3.4918 3.2911 3.1344 3.0083
120 8.1788 5.5393 4.4972 3.9207 3.5482 3.2849 3.0874 2.9330 2.8083
∞ 7.8795 5.2983 4.2794 3.7151 3.3499 3.0913 2.8968 2.7444 2.6211
931
Table I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 24224.4868 24334.3581 24426.3662 24504.5356 24571.7673 24630.2051 24681.4673 24726.7982 24767.1704
2 199.3996 199.4087 199.4163 199.4227 199.4282 199.4329 199.4371 199.4408 199.4440
3 43.6858 43.5236 43.3874 43.2715 43.1716 43.0847 43.0083 42.9407 42.8804
4 20.9667 20.8243 20.7047 20.6027 20.5148 20.4383 20.3710 20.3113 20.2581
5 13.6182 13.4912 13.3845 13.2934 13.2148 13.1463 13.0861 13.0327 12.9850
6 10.2500 10.1329 10.0343 9.9501 9.8774 9.8140 9.7582 9.7086 9.6644
7 8.3803 8.2697 8.1764 8.0967 8.0279 7.9678 7.9148 7.8678 7.8258
8 7.2106 7.1045 7.0149 6.9384 6.8721 6.8143 6.7633 6.7180 6.6775
9 6.4172 6.3142 6.2274 6.1530 6.0887 6.0325 5.9829 5.9388 5.8994
10 5.8467 5.7462 5.6613 5.5887 5.5257 5.4707 5.4221 5.3789 5.3403
11 5.4183 5.3197 5.2363 5.1649 5.1031 5.0489 5.0011 4.9586 4.9205
12 5.0855 4.9884 4.9062 4.8358 4.7748 4.7213 4.6741 4.6321 4.5945
13 4.8199 4.7240 4.6429 4.5733 4.5129 4.4600 4.4132 4.3716 4.3344
14 4.6034 4.5085 4.4281 4.3591 4.2993 4.2468 4.2005 4.1592 4.1221

15 4.4235 4.3295 4.2497 4.1813 4.1219 4.0698 4.0237 3.9827 3.9459
16 4.2719 4.1785 4.0994 4.0314 3.9723 3.9205 3.8747 3.8338 3.7972
17 4.1424 4.0496 3.9709 3.9033 3.8445 3.7929 3.7473 3.7066 3.6701
18 4.0305 3.9382 3.8599 3.7926 3.7341 3.6827 3.6373 3.5967 3.5603
19 3.9329 3.8410 3.7631 3.6961 3.6378 3.5866 3.5412 3.5008 3.4645
20 3.8470 3.7555 3.6779 3.6111 3.5530 3.5020 3.4568 3.4164 3.3802
21 3.7709 3.6798 3.6024 3.5358 3.4779 3.4270 3.3818 3.3416 3.3054
22 3.7030 3.6122 3.5350 3.4686 3.4108 3.3600 3.3150 3.2748 3.2387
23 3.6420 3.5515 3.4745 3.4083 3.3506 3.2999 3.2549 3.2148 3.1787
24 3.5870 3.4967 3.4199 3.3538 3.2962 3.2456 3.2007 3.1606 3.1246
25 3.5370 3.4470 3.3704 3.3044 3.2469 3.1963 3.1515 3.1114 3.0754
26 3.4916 3.4017 3.3252 3.2594 3.2020 3.1515 3.1067 3.0666 3.0306
27 3.4499 3.3602 3.2839 3.2182 3.1608 3.1104 3.0656 3.0256 2.9896
28 3.4117 3.3222 3.2460 3.1803 3.1231 3.0727 3.0279 2.9879 2.9520
29 3.3765 3.2871 3.2110 3.1454 3.0882 3.0379 2.9932 2.9532 2.9173
30 3.3440 3.2547 3.1787 3.1132 3.0560 3.0057 2.9611 2.9211 2.8852
40 3.1167 3.0284 2.9531 2.8880 2.8312 2.7811 2.7365 2.6966 2.6607
60 2.9042 2.8166 2.7419 2.6771 2.6205 2.5705 2.5259 2.4859 2.4498
120 2.7052 2.6183 2.5439 2.4794 2.4228 2.3727 2.3280 2.2878 2.2514
∞ 2.5188 2.4325 2.3583 2.2938 2.2371 2.1868 2.1417 2.1011 2.0643
932
Table I

19 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 24803.3549 24835.9709 24939.5653 25043.6277 25148.1532 25253.1369 25358.5735
2 199.4470 199.4496 199.4579 199.4663 199.4746 199.4829 199.4912
3 42.8263 42.7775 42.6222 42.4658 42.3082 42.1494 41.9895
4 20.2104 20.1673 20.0300 19.8915 19.7518 19.6107 19.4684
5 12.9422 12.9035 12.7802 12.6556 12.5297 12.4024 12.2737
6 9.6247 9.5888 9.4742 9.3582 9.2408 9.1219 9.0015
7 7.7881 7.7540 7.6450 7.5345 7.4224 7.3088 7.1933
8 6.6411 6.6082 6.5029 6.3961 6.2875 6.1772 6.0649
9 5.8639 5.8318 5.7292 5.6248 5.5186 5.4104 5.3001
10 5.3055 5.2740 5.1732 5.0706 4.9659 4.8592 4.7501
11 4.8863 4.8552 4.7557 4.6543 4.5508 4.4450 4.3367
12 4.5606 4.5299 4.4314 4.3309 4.2282 4.1229 4.0149
13 4.3008 4.2703 4.1726 4.0727 3.9704 3.8655 3.7577
14 4.0888 4.0585 3.9614 3.8619 3.7600 3.6552 3.5473

15 3.9127 3.8826 3.7859 3.6867 3.5850 3.4803 3.3722
16 3.7641 3.7342 3.6378 3.5389 3.4372 3.3324 3.2240
17 3.6372 3.6073 3.5112 3.4124 3.3108 3.2058 3.0971
18 3.5275 3.4977 3.4017 3.3030 3.2014 3.0962 2.9871
19 3.4318 3.4020 3.3062 3.2075 3.1058 3.0004 2.8908
20 3.3475 3.3178 3.2220 3.1234 3.0215 2.9159 2.8058
21 3.2728 3.2431 3.1474 3.0488 2.9467 2.8408 2.7302
22 3.2060 3.1764 3.0807 2.9821 2.8799 2.7736 2.6625
23 3.1461 3.1165 3.0208 2.9221 2.8197 2.7132 2.6015
24 3.0920 3.0624 2.9667 2.8679 2.7654 2.6585 2.5463
25 3.0429 3.0133 2.9176 2.8187 2.7160 2.6088 2.4961
26 2.9981 2.9685 2.8728 2.7738 2.6709 2.5633 2.4501
27 2.9571 2.9275 2.8318 2.7327 2.6296 2.5217 2.4079
28 2.9194 2.8899 2.7941 2.6949 2.5916 2.4834 2.3690
29 2.8847 2.8551 2.7594 2.6600 2.5565 2.4479 2.3331
30 2.8526 2.8230 2.7272 2.6278 2.5241 2.4151 2.2998
40 2.6281 2.5984 2.5020 2.4015 2.2958 2.1838 2.0636
60 2.4171 2.3872 2.2898 2.1874 2.0789 1.9622 1.8341
120 2.2183 2.1881 2.0890 1.9840 1.8709 1.7469 1.6055
∞ 2.0307 1.9999 1.8983 1.7891 1.6692 1.5326 1.3638
933
Table J
J Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
n α = 0.05 α = 0.01
4 0.950 0.990
5 0.878 0.959
6 0.811 0.917
7 0.754 0.875
8 0.707 0.834
9 0.666 0.798
10 0.632 0.765
11 0.602 0.735
12 0.576 0.708
13 0.553 0.684
14 0.532 0.661
15 0.514 0.641
16 0.497 0.623
17 0.482 0.606
18 0.468 0.590
19 0.456 0.575
20 0.444 0.561
21 0.433 0.549
22 0.423 0.537
23 0.413 0.526
24 0.404 0.515
25 0.396 0.505
26 0.388 0.496
27 0.381 0.487
28 0.374 0.479
29 0.367 0.471
30 0.361 0.463
35 0.334 0.430
40 0.312 0.403
45 0.294 0.380
50 0.279 0.361
55 0.266 0.345
60 0.254 0.330
65 0.244 0.317
70 0.235 0.306
75 0.227 0.296
80 0.220 0.286
85 0.213 0.278
90 0.207 0.270
95 0.202 0.268
100 0.197 0.256
Note: r is statistically significant if r is greater than or equal to the value given in the table.
934
CHEBYSHEV’S THEOREM OR INEQUALITY RULE
For symmetric & asymmetric distributions
CHEBYSHEV’S THEOREM
Regardless of the shape of the data distribution,
no more than 1/k2 of the distribution’s values can lie
more than k standard deviations from the mean.
(Condition: k > 1)
Minimum proportion of values

lying within ‘k’ std. dev. from 1 – 1/k2
the mean...
CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY
Area between KL & KU ≥ 1 – 1/K2
KL Mean KU
Area beyond KL & KU [both tails] ≤ 1/K2

CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY THEOREM
Let’s compare this for the ‘worst case’ and the
‘best case’ distributions.
Terribly skewed Perfectly symmetrical

CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY THEOREM
‘k’ σ Worst Case Best Case

(values within ± k σ) (values within ± k σ)
1 0% 68.26%
2 75% 95.44%
3 89% 99.73%
4 94% 99.98%
5 96% 99.998%
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 ON CHEBYSHEV’S THEOREM
A market researcher studying the consumption of bananas per
household in Thailand does not know the shape of the data
distribution.
If she wishes to capture at least 60% of the distribution on both

sides of the mean, how many standard deviations would you
suggest she should consider?
What would be your answer for a normal data distribution?

Consider a population of 1024 mutual funds that invest in large
companies. The mean one-year percentage return achieved by all
the funds is 8.2% while the standard deviation is 2.75%.
Between what two annual returns are at least 93.75% of these

funds expected to have?
Normality of the distribution cannot be assumed.
What would
your answer be
had the data
been normally
distributed?
An automatic machine is filling beer bottles, which should contain
500 ml. To avoid a penalty for under-filling the bottles, the
supervisor sets the mean of the filling volume as 510 ml. The
standard deviation of the distribution is 4 ml.
How likely is it that a bottle inspected at random will contain less

that 500 ml of beer?
What if the distribution had been normal?

The president of General Telephone Corporation is upset with the
number of telephones produced that have faulty receivers. On
average, 100 telephones per day are returned because of this
problem and the standard deviation is 64.
The president has decided that unless he can be at least 80%

certain that, on average, no more than 120 telephones per day will
be returned during the next 48 days, he will order the process to
be overhauled.
Will the process be overhauled?

At a mall, the coffee dispensing machine is calibrated so that the
temperature at the moment of serving is 85 degrees C. It is known
that the std. dev. of the temperature (population) is 12.5 degrees C.
If the temperature of coffee at the moment of serving exceeds 95

degrees C, the owner of the machine is liable to be fined because
of the risk to consumers being scaled.
What is the probability that a cup of coffee drawn at random from

this dispensing machine will have a temperature exceeding 95
degrees C? It is not known if the data distribution of the
temperature of coffee is normal.
A SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION…
is the distribution of a statistic (based on a
sample), such as Xbar (mean) or s (std. deviation).
The most popular sampling distribution involves

Xbar (the mean) and is called the
Sampling Distribution of the Mean.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
When sampling is done from a population with mean
µ and a finite standard deviation σ, the sampling
distribution of the sample mean Xbar will tend to a
normal distribution with the population mean µ and
standard deviation σ/√n as the sample size n
becomes large.
EXAMPLE 1
Population is 1, 2, 3, 4 N=4
Nature of data: Discrete
Frequency
1
Sample size = 2;
With replacement
1 2 3 4
X
EXAMPLE 1
Mean of population = µ = 2.5

Std. Dev. of population = σ = 1.118
F
1
Sample size = 2;
With replacement
1 2 3 4
X
Sample Sample Mean Sample Sample Mean
Number Values Xbar Number Values Xbar
1 1, 1 1.0 9 3, 1 2.0
2 1, 2 1.5 10 3, 2 2.5
3 1, 3 2.0 11 3, 3 3.0
4 1, 4 2.5 12 3, 4 3.5
5 2, 1 1.5 13 4, 1 2.5
6 2, 2 2.0 14 4, 2 3.0
7 2, 3 2.5 15 4, 3 3.5
8 2, 4 3.0 16 4, 4 4.0
Sample Sample Mean Sample Sample Mean
Number Values Xbar Number Values Xbar
1 1, 1 1.0 9 3, 1 2.0
8 2, 4 3.0 16 4, 4 4.0
Xdouble bar (mean of means) = 2.5
σXbar = 0.791
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF Xbar
F
Xdouble bar = 2.5
4 σXbar = 0.791
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Xbar
POINTS TO PONDER… 1
The original distribution was a discrete,

rectangular distribution.
The Sampling Distribution of Means (SDM)

is Normal.
------------------------------------------------------------------
As ‘n’ increases, the SDM will more closely
resemble the Normal Distribution.
n ≥ 30 usually gives good normality results.

The mean of the 16 sample means equals the

mean of the population.
Xdouble bar = µ
------------------------------------------------------------
If we take a ‘large’ number of samples from
a population, the mean of sample means will
tend to match the population mean.
The standard deviation of the 16 sample
means is equal to the standard deviation of
the population divided by √n.
σXbar = σ/√n
------------------------------------------------------------
σXbar = σ/√n is known as ‘Standard Error of
the Mean’.
It indicates that there is a difference between
the population’s mean and the statistic Xbar.
It falls as ‘n’ increases, but not proportionately.
CRITICAL POINT
Regardless of the shape of the
population, the means of sufficiently
large samples will be nearly normally
distributed.
The more asymmetric the distribution of

the population is, the larger the sample
size ‘n’ must be for this to hold true.
Guideline of n ≥ 30 is conservative/safe.
Original
distribution
n=2
As n approaches 30,
n=5
the SDM from almost
any population tends
to be normal! n = 30
TWO IMPORTANT SAMPLING VARIABLES
1 Number of samples drawn (trials)
2 Number of members (data points) in each

sample (n)
Sample size n: Small Sample size n: Small
No. of samples: Small No. of samples: Large
4 2
Sample size n: Large

Sample size n: Large
No. of samples: Small
No. of samples: Large
3
1
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM IN PRACTICE

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM – EXAMPLE 2
Population
4, 6, 6, 9, 11, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37,
37, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 64, 72, 78 (N = 30)
SAMPLE # RANDOM SAMPLES (n = 4)
1 11, 17, 35, 42
2 16, 23, 28, 54
3 6, 32, 43, 59
4 9, 19, 46, 64
5 4, 27, 32, 43
6 6, 32, 46, 59
7 9, 28, 43, 54
8 11, 17, 23, 51
9 6, 19, 35, 59
10 9, 16, 28, 72
Number of possible samples/combinations = 27,405 nCr = n!/[r! * (n – r)!]

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM – EXAMPLE 2
4, 6, 6, 9, 11, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37,
37, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 64, 72, 78
SAMPLE # RANDOM SAMPLES SAMPLE MEAN

1 11, 17, 35, 42 26.25
2 16, 23, 28, 54 30.25
3 6, 32, 43, 59 35.00
4 9, 19, 46, 64 34.50
5 4, 27, 32, 43 26.50
6 6, 32, 46, 59 35.75
7 9, 28, 43, 54 33.50
BIG
8 11, 17, 23, 51 25.50
ERRORS!
9 6, 19, 35, 59 29.75
10 9, 16, 28, 72 31.25
µ = 34.30 σ = 20.538 µxbar = 30.825 σXbar = 3.633

DEALING WITH FINITE POPULATIONS
[Relatively small populations]
WHAT IF…
we had to draw samples from a finite

population (relatively small)
or
replacement of elements is not

applicable?
INTRODUCE A CORRECTION FACTOR
Finite Population Multiplier

= √(N – n)/(N – 1)
where N = population size
n = sample size
Ignore if the ratio n/N ≤ 5%.

FOR FINITE POPULATIONS,
Standard Error of the Mean

σXbar = (σ/√n) * √(N – n)/(N – 1)
Note: Finite population multiplier < 1.

What is the implication of this on your
probability calculations?
When the population is relatively small,

σXbar is inflated.
Reduce it using the correction factor.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
EXERCISES ON SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Exercise 1
In a sample of 19 observations from a normal distribution with mean 18 and standard
deviation 4.8,
a) What is the probability that Xbar lies between 16 and 20?
b) Had the sample size been 48, what is the probability that Xbar lies between 16
and 20?
Exercise 2
In a normal distribution with mean 56 and standard deviation 21, how large a sample
must be taken so that there will be at least a 90% chance that its mean is greater than
52?
Exercise 3
In a normal distribution with mean 375 and standard deviation 48, how large a sample
must be taken so that the probability will be at least 0.95 that the sample mean falls
between 370 and 380?
Exercise 4
A ferry carries 25 passengers. The weight of each passenger has a normal distribution
with mean 168 pounds and variance 361 pounds squared. Safety regulations state that
for this particular ferry, the total weight of passengers on board should not exceed 4,250
pounds more than 5% of the time. Determine:
a) the probability that the total weight of passengers on the ferry will exceed 4,250
pounds;
b) whether the ferry is complying with safety regulations.
Exercise 5
For a population of size 80 having a mean of 8.2 and a standard deviation of 2.1, find
the standard error of the mean for the following sample sizes:
a) n = 16
b) n = 25
c) n = 49
Exercise 6
From a population of 75 items with a mean of 364 and a variance of 18, we randomly
selected 32 items without replacement.
a) What is the standard error of the mean?
b) What would be your answer if we sampled with replacement?
1
THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
based on the Bernoulli Trials
BERNOULLI TRIALS
Example: Tossing a coin n times
Possible outcomes of each trial: Binomial (H, T)
Probability of success = p (here 0.5)
Probability of failure = q = (1 – p) (here 0.5)
BERNOULLI TRIALS
Characteristics:
1 A trial can result in one of two

possible outcomes (H/T, S/F, P/F).
2 The values of ‘p’ and ‘q’ remain

constant from trial to trial.
3 The outcomes of trials are

independent of one another.
EXAMPLE: TOSSING A COIN
Suppose we conduct a trial n times.
The probability of r successes in n trials is:
p(X = r) = n! * pr * q(n-r)
r! (n – r)!
Combination Success Failure

Factor Factor Factor
Careful!
0! = 1 y0 = 1
Suppose we toss a coin 5 times.
The probability of 2 successes (H) in 5 trials is:
p(X = 2) = 5! * 0.52 * 0.5(5-2)

2! (5 – 2)!
10 0.25 0.125
P(X = 2) = 10 x 0.25 x 0.125 = 0.3125

IMPORTANT!
The complete probability distribution is:
No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(X = r) 1/32 5/32 10/32 10/32 5/32 1/32
Possible ways of getting 0 or 5 Heads = 1

Total number of possible outcomes = 32
No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(X = r) 1/32 5/32 10/32 10/32 5/32 1/32
Freq. Symmetrical, but not normal!
10
1 r
0 1 2 3 4 5
MEAN AND STD. DEVIATION
OF A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Mean or Expected Value = µ = np
Standard Deviation = σ = √npq
The Normal Distribution is a reasonable

substitute for the Binomial Distribution when
Mean > 5 Variance > 5
CHARACTERISTICS
of the Binomial Distribution
1 When p is small, the distribution is right skewed.
2 When p is large, the distribution is left skewed.
3 When p is 0.5, the distribution is symmetrical.
p = 0.1; n = 20 p = 0.25; n = 20
Where are the Means

(EVs) in these cases?
p = 0.5; n = 20 p = 0.75; n = 20
X-Axis:
Number of successes
in 20 trials.
CHARACTERISTICS
of the Binomial Distribution
As n increases above 30, the Normal Distribution is
quite close to the Binomial Distribution.
Note: ‘p’ may not be 0.5

p = q = 0.5
Mean = np = 20 x 0.5 = 10
Variance = npq = 20 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 5
Standard Deviation = √5 = 2.236
WORKING RULE…
As the number of trials (n) increases, the
normal distribution is a good approximation for
the binomial distribution.
The error becomes acceptable especially when

both np and npq > 5.
EXAMPLE
The probability of our students opting for
marketing as their specialisation is 55%.
If the batch size is 37, compute µ, σ.
Expected Value µ = 37 * 0.55 = 20.35 students
Std. Dev. σ = √ 37 * 0.55 * 0.45 = 3.026 students
Since Mean > 5 and Variance > 5, it is reasonable to

substitute this distribution with the Normal Distribution.
Notice that ‘p’ and ‘q’ are close to 50% in this case.
STATISTICS WITH MESSI…
The probability that Messi would score in a
match for Barcelona was 35%.
In 20 successive matches he played, what

was the probability that Messi would score
in 3 to 7 of these matches?
Work to four
decimal places.
WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT…?
n = 20 p = 0.35 q = 0.65
Mean = np = 7 Variance = npq = 4.55 Std. Deviation = 2.133
r n!/r! (n – r)! = A pr = B q(n – r) = C P = A*B*C

(Combination (Success (Failure (Probability)
Factor) Factor) Factor)
3
4
5
6
7
n = 20 p = 0.35 q = 0.65
Mean = np = 7 Variance = npq = 4.55 Std. Deviation = 2.133
r n!/r! (n – r)! = A pr = B q(n – r) = C P =A*B*C

3 1,140 0.0429 0.0007 0.0342
4 4,845 0.0150 0.0010 0.0727
5 15,504 0.0052 0.0016 0.1289
6 38,760 0.0018 0.0024 0.1674
7 77,520 0.0006 0.0037 0.1721
Probability = P(r = 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) = 0.5753
Now, compare the results with that from the Normal Distribution.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AS AN APPROXIMATION
TO THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Mean = 7.0
Std. Deviation = 2.133
At X1 = 3, Z1 = - 1.875
At X2 = 7, Z2 = 0
Area between X1, X2 = 0.47 (Normal)

Area between X1, X2 = 0.5753 (Binomial)
SIGNIFICANT ERROR!
Normal Distribution Approximation
ZL = (2.5 – 7.0)/2.133 = - 2.11
ZU = (7.5 – 7.0)/2.133 = + 0.2344
Probability = (0.5927 - 0.0174) = 0.5753
NOTE:
While using the Normal Distribution as an approximation for the
Binomial Distribution, considering ± 0.5 units on either side of the
block of values improves the accuracy of the approximation.
Thus, in the exercise above, we have taken 2.5 to 7.5 for the
Normal Distribution instead of 3 to 7.
This adjustment is called the ‘Continuity Correction Factor’.

USING EXCEL’S BINOMDIST FUNCTION
Method 1 (non-cumulative)
1 Probability of 3 successes in 20 trials = 0.0323
Total probability for 3 to 7 successes = 0.5889

USING EXCEL’S BINOMDIST FUNCTION
Method 2 (cumulative)
1 Probability of 0 to 7 successes in 20 trials = 0.6010
2 Probability of 0 to 2 successes in 20 trials = 0.0121
Total probability for 3 to 7 successes = 0.5889

Hi! I’m Paul…
The most famous octopus in history.
THE LEGEND OF PAUL THE OCTOPUS
Born - 26 January 2008 in Weymouth, England

Died - 26 October 2010 in Oberhausen, Germany
PAUL’S AMAZING SUCCESS RATE
FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa
CONTESTANTS MATCH PAUL’S FINAL PAUL’S

DATE PREDICTION SCORE OUTCOME
1 Germany vs. Australia 13 June Germany 4-0 Success
2 Germany vs. Serbia 18 June Serbia 0-1 Success
3 Germany vs. Ghana 23 June Germany 1-0 Success
4 Germany vs. England 27 June Germany 4-1 Success
5 Germany vs. Argentina 3 July Germany 4-0 Success
6 Germany vs. Spain 7 July Spain 0-1 Success
7 Germany vs. Uruguay 10 July Germany 3-2 Success
8 Netherlands vs. Spain 11 July Spain 0-1 Success
Compute the probability of Paul’s success.

EXERCISES
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION: EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Harley Davidson, director of quality control for the Kyoto Motor Company, is conducting
his monthly spot check of automatic transmissions. In this procedure, 10 transmissions
are removed from the pool of components and are checked for manufacturing defects.
Historically, only 2% of all transmissions have such flaws.
a) What is the probability that Harley’s sample contains more than two transmissions
with manufacturing flaws?
b) What is the probability that none of the selected transmissions has any
manufacturing flaws?
Exercise 2
Harry Ohme is in charge of the electronics section of a large departmental store. He has
noticed that the probability that a customer who is just browsing will buy something is
0.3.
Suppose that 15 customers browse in the electronics section each hour.
a) What is the probability that at least one browsing customer will buy something during
a specified hour?
b) What is the probability that at least four browsing customers will buy something
during a specified hour?
c) What is the probability that no browsing customers will buy anything during a
specified hour?
d) What is the probability that no more than four browsing customers will buy something
during a specified hour?
Exercise 3
Anita Daybride is a Red Cross worker aiding earthquake victims in rural Columbia. She
knows that typhus is one of the most prevalent post-earthquake diseases: 44% of
earthquake victim in rural areas are affected by the disease.
If Anita treats 12 earthquake victims, what is the probability that:
a) Six or more have typhus?

b) Seven or fewer?
c) Nine or more?
d) Compare these results with an approximation using the normal distribution.
THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
developed by Simeon Denis Poisson
EXAMPLE
Number of students in a class of 50
infected by Covid.
The possible values (discrete) are:
0
1
2
3
│
│
│
│
50
CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF A
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
1 Possible outcomes should be discrete (whole
numbers); > 2 possible outcomes.
2 It should be possible to estimate the average rate λ
(occurrences in unit time) from past data.
3 Occurrences of the event per interval of time is rare.
4 λ remains constant across intervals.
5 N is large.
6 The number of occurrences during an interval of time
is independent of occurrences during other intervals.
EXAMPLES
1 People killed by electrocution.
2 Defects in a manufactured product.
3 Bank cheques that ‘bounce’.
4 Winning the national lottery.
5 Failing my ASDM course.
N is large
p is small
PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS
X = Variable being analysed (occurrence)

x = Specific value the variable X takes
λ = Mean occurrence rate of X (expected value)
e = base of natural log system = 2.7183
x! = Factorial x
EXERCISE 1
At a bank, the probability that an error will be made in
processing loan applications is 0.0003. If 10,000 loan
applications are received in a typical year, what is the
probability that
a) Exactly 5 errors will be made?
b) 5 or more errors will be made?
λ = Mean occurrences in 10,000 trials

= 0.0003 x 10,000 = 3
a) Probability of exactly 5 errors = [3(5) x e(-3)]/5!

= 10.08%
Or directly use Poisson Distribution function in Excel.

EXERCISE 1b
applications are received in a typical year, what is the
probability that
a) Exactly 5 errors will be made?
b) 5 or more errors will be made?
b) Probability of 5 or more errors

= 1 – Probability of 0-4 errors
From Excel: 1 – 0.8153 = 0.1847 or 18.47%
EXERCISE 1c
applications are received in a typical year, what would
the probability distribution of errors look like?
P (X = 0) = ???
P (X = 1) = ???
P (X = 2) = ???
P (X = 3) = ???
P (X = 4) = ???
P (X = 5) = ???
P (X = ∞) = ???
EXERCISE 1c
applications are received in a typical year, what would
the probability distribution of errors look like?
P (X = 0) = 0.05
P (X = 1) = 0.149
P (X = 2) = 0.224
P (X = 3) = 0.224
P (X = 4) = 0.168
P (X = 5) = 0.101
P (X = 10) = 0.001
P (X = 50) = 0
EXERCISE 2
At the branch office of a bank, during the rush hour
(10 to 11 a.m.) an average of 24 customers queue up at
the teller counters.
A teller can serve up to 6 customers per hour. Hence,

the bank has engaged 4 tellers during rush hour.
What is the probability that 25 to 30 customers will

need to be served during the rush hour on a given
day? This will require an additional teller to be hired.
What is the probability that 31 to 36 customers will

need to be served during the rush hour on a given
day? This will require 2 additional tellers to be hired.
NORMAL APPROXIMATION FOR POISSON
DISTRIBUTION MAY LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT ERRORS
Since λ is typically small, the distribution tends to be right skewed.

The Normal distribution does not fit the histogram well.
TYPICAL SHAPE OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Each value of λ results in a different Poisson distribution.

As the number of occurrence (λ) increases, the distribution becomes
more symmetrical. Not all values of λ give good results on application.
POISSON APPROXIMATION FOR BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION MAY BE ACCEPTABLE
CONDITIONS:
1 n should be large (n > 20)

2 p should be small (p < 5%)
In such cases, we can substitute

Mean value of X (expected value) = λ = np
EXAMPLE:
POISSON APPROXIMATION FOR BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Given a binomial distribution with n = 30 trials
and p = 0.04, compute the binomial probability
for P(r = 4) and the Poisson approximation.
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION CALCULATIONS

P(r = 4) = 30!
------------ * (0.04)4 * (0.96)26
4! * 26!
= 27,405 * 0.00000256 * 0.34598 = 0.0243 (2.43%)

EXAMPLE:
POISSON APPROXIMATION FOR BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Given a binomial distribution with n = 30 trials
and p = 0.04, compute the binomial probability
for P(r = 4) and the Poisson approximation.
POISSON DISTRIBUTION CALCULATIONS
λ = np = 30 * 0.04 = 1.20
P(X = 4) = (1.20)4 * e-1.20

---------------------- = 0.026 (2.6%)
4!
MEAN AND STD. DEVIATION
OF A POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Mean or Expected Value = λ
Standard Deviation = σ = √ λ
For a Poisson distribution, Mean = Variance.

POISSON DISTRIBUTION: EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Given λ = 6.1 for a Poisson distribution, find:
a) P (x ≤ 3)
b) P (x ≥ 2)
c) P (x = 6)
d) P (1 ≤ x ≤ 4)
Exercise 2
Given the binomial distribution with n = 28 trials and p = 0.025, use the Poisson
approximation to the binomial to find:
a) P (r ≥ 3)
b) P (r < 5)
c) P (r = 9)
Compute the error that arises due to using the Normal distribution as a substitute.
Exercise 3
The cook at a pizza joint observes that on average he burns one pizza per hour. What is
the probability that he burns six pizzas during an eight-hour shift?
Exercise 4
If the price of new cars increases an average of four times every three years, find the
probability of:
a) No price hike in a randomly selected period of three years.

b) Two price hikes in three years.
c) Five or more price hikes in three years.
Exercise 5
Concert pianist Donna Prima has become quite upset at the number of coughs
occurring in the audience just before she begins to play. On her latest tour, Donna
estimates that, on average, 8 coughs occur just before the start of her performance.
Donna has clearly told her conductor that if she hears more than 5 coughs at tonight’s
performance, she will refuse to play.
What is the probability she will play tonight?
1
Exercise 6
Guy Ford, production supervisor for the Winstead Company’s Charlottesville plant, is
worried about an elderly employee’s ability to keep up the minimum work pace. In
addition to the normal daily breaks, this particular employee stops for short rest periods
an average of 4.1 times per hour. The rest period is a fairly consistent 3 minutes each
time. Ford has decided that if the probability of the employee resting for 12 minutes or
more per hour (without considering normal breaks) is greater than 50%, he will move
the employee to a different job.
Should the elderly employee be moved out?
Exercise 7
On average 5 birds hit the Washington Monument and are killed each week. Bill Garcy,
an official of the National Parks Service, has requested that Congress allocate funds for
equipment to scare birds away from the monument. A Congressional sub-committee
has replied that funds cannot be allocated unless the probability of more than 3 birds
being killed in any week exceeds 0.7.
Will the funds be allocated?
Exercise 8
A delivery-only restaurant in Hyderabad has functioned with one delivery executive
since the day it opened for business four years ago. As the demand for its services has
risen recently, it is considering engaging a second delivery executive.
To measure the rate of order bookings, the manager timed the interval between
successive orders. The data for 10 successive order bookings in seconds is given
below.
480 910 760 380 410

730 690 270 490 560
The manager has decided that if the probability of more than 10 orders per hour being
booked exceeds 15%, she will engage a second delivery executive.
Based on the information provided, compute the probability that more than 10 orders
will be booked per hour. Will the restaurant hire a second delivery executive?

07 - Workbook Part 2 - Business Statistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

07 - Workbook Part 2 - Business Statistics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

07 - Workbook Part 2 - Business Statistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BUSINESS STATISTICS

The fascinating world of numbers…

QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA

Continuous data should be measured (not counted). To specify the

Examples: Measurement of weight, height, temperature, purity

Discrete data should be counted (not measured). To specify the value of

Examples: Measurement of students present in class, number of

Total area under the curve = 1 or 100%.

Joint-sufficiency condition. Degrees of freedom = ?

Both are normal distributions.

Both are normal distributions.

1 It is symmetrical about the mean.

2 It is unimodal, with a bell shape. Area = 1.00 or 100%.

3 The two tails extend indefinitely (to infinity);

4 We only need the mean and standard deviation to

Conversion factor: Standardised Value Z.

For a sample: Z = (X – xbar)/s

What does the Z-Score signify?

Z = (80 – 52)/24 = 1.17 Absolute Terms:

David’s Performance in Marketing Management

David’s Performance in Financial Accounting

David’s Relative Performance

We shall not be using this

ALL OTHER VALUES:

Normal Probability Density Function

Is this distribution normal?

Only for outliers…

NORM.S.INV - Input Area, obtain Z-score

A Standard Normal Distribution

Numerical entries represent the probability that a standard normal

B Standard Normal Distribution

Numerical entries represent the probability that a standard normal

0.80 0.20 1.28

C Standard Normal Distribution

Numerical entries represent P ( X = x ) .

E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

E Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities

Numerical entries represent P ( X ≤ x ) .

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

F Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cont.)

Numerical entries represent P ( X = x ) .

G Poisson Probabilities (cont.)

G Poisson Probabilities (cont.)

G Poisson Probabilities (cont.)

G Poisson Probabilities (cont.)

I Critical Values of F (Area = 0.995)

Numerator Degrees of Freedom

14 0.0000 0.0050 0.0232 0.0487 0.0757 0.1012 0.1246 0.1455 0.1642

I Critical Values of F (Area = 0.995) (cont.)

14 0.1810 0.1960 0.2094 0.2216 0.2326 0.2426 0.2517 0.2601 0.2678

I Critical Values of F (Area = 0.995) (cont.)

14 0.2749 0.2815 0.3034 0.3272 0.3532 0.3816 0.4127